Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.



“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. 



It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. 



“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.



“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;



“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;



At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;



Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.



Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.



The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.



Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.



Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.



“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.



HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.



This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.



According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.



“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.



The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.



Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.



"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.



"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."



According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;



"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.



Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.



The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;



The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.



Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.



The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.



The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The convergence of these tectonic plates causes uplift, folding, and deformation of the colorful rock layers, and subsequent erosion exposes them."



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "Colorful Mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance. 



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger ecosystem that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/">mountains</a>.



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a large sediment plume from the Yangtze River that extends hundreds of kilometers off the coast of China.



"Brown, sediment-laden water is visible along this shallow, turbid stretch of coast year-round, but a vast plume like the one visible here is a characteristic feature of winter. Scientists have proposed several causes of this seasonal phenomenon," said NASA.



"The ebb and flow of tides contain enough energy to stir up sediments from the seafloor, a 2017 study found. While there are also tides in the summer, the models used in the study showed that sediment only rises to the surface in the winter. That’s when temperatures and salinities at the sea surface and bottom are similar, allowing for vertical mixing to occur and for sediment to churn higher into the water column."



Additional studies have suggested that the summer monsoon’s influence on currents impedes the eastward flow of sediment out of the estuaries, noted NASA.



"Despite what looks like a glut of suspended sediment in the water, the overall amount of it flowing from the Yangtze River has declined steadily over the past several decades. The construction of dams, including the Three Gorges Dam, has been the primary driver of this trend."



It is important for scientists to track the movement of suspended sediment. This material can cause direct harm to marine life, as well as indirect harm by blocking sunlight.



The Yangtze River, also known as the Chang Jiang in Chinese, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, following the Nile and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/">Amazon</a>. It flows for over 6,300 kilometers (about 3,917 miles) from the glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in western China to the East China Sea at Shanghai.&nbsp;



The Yangtze River basin is a key region for China's agriculture, industry, and hydroelectric power production. The river's waters are used for irrigation, navigation, and as a source of freshwater. The basin is home to diverse wildlife, including the critically endangered Yangtze river dolphin or Baiji, which may now be extinct.



The image was captured on February 12, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite sensor on the NOAA-20 satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Sediment flows offshore from the Yangtze River 

Today’s Image of the Day comes from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at Emi Koussi, one of the largest volcanoes in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-discovery-sahara-desert/">Sahara Desert</a>.

Surrounding the dark central crater, which measures 7.5 to 9.5 miles wide, are lava slopes from prior eruptions. The cone of the volcano rises 7,500 feet, high enough to deflect strong winds. Emi Koussi in the Sahara Desert

This image was captured by an astronaut on board the International Space Station.

The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert.

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By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

Emi Koussi in the Sahara Desert

The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with conditions ripe for new records in temperature and humidity. This forecast, based on new research from the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, underscores the escalating impact of climate change coupled with an intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-humidity-makes-heat-dangerous">Why humidity makes heat dangerous</h2>



Our bodies rely heavily on sweating to stay cool. When sweat evaporates from our skin, it carries heat away with it, lowering our internal temperature. However, in high humidity, the air is already heavily laden with water vapor. 



This makes it much harder for our sweat to evaporate, reducing its cooling effect. Essentially, high humidity prevents our natural temperature regulation process from working efficiently, making it much more difficult for our bodies to stay cool in hot conditions. 



"If you can't cool your body to below 98.6°F, or 37°C, then you'll die," said study co-author Professor William Boos. "Sweat is the main way we have to cool ourselves when it gets hot. So if sweating will not allow you to cool below your core body temperature, that's the survivability limit," explained William Boos, a UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-el-nino-and-global-warming-lead-to-tropical-humidity">El Niño and global warming lead to tropical humidity</h2>



The ongoing rise in Earth's average temperature, known as global warming, is increasing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This is because warmer air can hold more moisture.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>, a natural weather pattern that causes warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean, adds even more heat to the system. This further boosts evaporation, sending large amounts of warm, moist air into the upper atmosphere. 



Eventually, some of this moisture descends back to the surface, creating those hot, muggy conditions along with intense thunderstorms that don't always bring lasting relief from the heat.



"When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-detects-early-warning-signs-of-an-el-nino-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> happens," Boos explains, "the upper atmosphere gets warmer, which means that these downdrafts won't be as cold. So your surface overall will move to a higher heat and humidity content."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Predicting tropical heat and humidity</h2>



Scientists at UC Berkeley developed a powerful tool to predict this summer's heat and humidity patterns. They combined statistical analysis with extensive historical climate data, spanning 45 years, and factored in the effects of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-events-cost-the-global-economy-trillions-of-dollars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> and ongoing global warming.



The analysis allowed the experts to isolate specific patterns where El Niño's temporary warming amplifies the longer-term warming trend caused by climate change. The result is a chilling prediction related to tropical heat and humidity: the tropics have a 7 in 10 chance of experiencing record-breaking heat and humidity levels.



It's important to note that this method doesn't pinpoint the exact weather on any given day. Instead, it reveals a large-scale trend for the tropical heat and humidity. This type of prediction is incredibly valuable because it gives governments, health organizations, and communities in these regions precious time to prepare and implement strategies to protect people, livestock, and crops from the dangerous effects of extreme heat and humidity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-location-of-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Location of tropical heat and humidity</h2>



Unfortunately, the tropical heat and humidity won't be evenly distributed. India, large swaths of Africa, Central and South America, Australia, and even Florida and Texas are most at risk. 



"I think it provides a pretty good bar for the supercomputer models that are predicting climate on a seasonal time scale," said Boos. Some areas, like northern India, face a 50 percent chance of suffering record levels of extreme heat this summer.



This isn't a forecast to ignore. Organizations, from governments to humanitarian aid groups, can use this prediction to plan for increased medical needs and resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparation-for-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Preparation for tropical heat and humidity</h2>



Preparing for tropical heat and humidity can significantly reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses and improve comfort. Here are some tips:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stay informed</h3>



<ul>
<li>Weather apps and alerts: Regularly check local weather forecasts and set up alerts for heat advisories on your smartphone or other devices.</li>



<li>Local news: Follow local news for updates on weather conditions and safety advisories.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adjust daily routines</h3>



<ul>
<li>Avoid peak heat: Limit outdoor activities to early morning or late evening when temperatures are cooler.</li>



<li>Dress appropriately: Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-colored clothing to reflect sunlight and help maintain body temperature.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Optimize living spaces</h3>



<ul>
<li>Cooling systems: Ensure air conditioning systems are well-maintained before the onset od predicted tropical heat and humidity. Consider installing energy-efficient window films or blackout curtains to reduce heat absorption.</li>



<li>Fans and ventilation: Use fans to circulate air. Open windows during cooler periods if it is safe to do so and secure against insects.</li>



<li>Insulation: Improve home insulation to keep the heat out and the cool in.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Hydration and diet</h3>



<ul>
<li>Water intake: Increase your water intake to stay hydrated. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as they can lead to dehydration.</li>



<li>Cool foods: Eat smaller meals more frequently. Include fruits and vegetables that are high in water content, such as cucumbers, oranges, and watermelons.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health management</h3>



<ul>
<li>Recognize heat exhaustion signs: Know the signs of heat exhaustion, which include heavy sweating, weakness, cold, pale, and clammy skin, nausea or vomiting, and fainting.</li>



<li>Emergency kit: Keep a well-stocked first aid kit that includes items like water, electrolytes, and basic medical supplies.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Community and vulnerable groups</h3>



<ul>
<li>Check on others: Regularly check on elderly family members, neighbors, and others who may not have air conditioning or who spend much of their time alone.</li>



<li>Community cooling centers: Utilize public spaces that are air-conditioned, like libraries or community centers, which may serve as cooling centers during heat waves.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preparation for power outages</h3>



<ul>
<li>Emergency plans: Have a plan in place for potential power outages. This includes having battery-powered fans, extra batteries, and portable chargers for devices.</li>



<li>Backup power: Consider investing in a generator or solar-powered chargers for essential devices.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pet safety</h3>



<ul>
<li>Pet care: Ensure pets have adequate shade and water. Never leave pets in a closed vehicle, as tropical heat and humidity can rise to dangerous levels rapidly.</li>



<li>Walking hours: Walk pets during cooler parts of the day to prevent overheating and burns from hot pavements.</li>
</ul>



Preparation is key, especially in regions where extreme heat is not just uncomfortable but potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-drives-millions-of-children-into-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dangerous</a>.



The study is published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Record-breaking tropical heat and humidity predicted this summer

The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with...

Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities around the world vanished beneath the waves? It's a chilling thought, but the melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could put that nightmare scenario within reach. Scientists have just uncovered a troubling cycle that's accelerating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a> ice melting even faster than we thought, threatening a future where our coastlines are redrawn forever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vicious-cycle">The vicious cycle</h2>



Ice shelves are vast, floating extensions of the glaciers and ice sheets that cover Antarctica. These immense structures act like protective barriers, helping to slow down the flow of ice from the land into the ocean. 



The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is a particularly vulnerable region - much of its base rests below sea level. This low-lying foundation makes it incredibly susceptible to the effects of a hidden, warm-water threat.



Known as the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), this deep ocean current possesses temperatures significantly higher than the freezing Antarctic waters. The CDW stealthily flows beneath the West Antarctic ice shelves, steadily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-slow-antarctica-ice-melt-with-sunlight-reflecting-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> them from below. 



This constant erosion weakens the ice shelves' structure, potentially destabilizing the entire ice sheet and leading to accelerated ice loss into the ocean.



"This cycle could speed up the melting of ice shelves, potentially making the West Antarctic Ice Sheet less stable in the future," said <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/people/5x2hkq/professor-alberto-naveira-garabato" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Alberto Naveira Garabato</a> from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-ice-melt-creates-stronger-currents">Antarctica's ice melt creates stronger currents</h2>



The melting caused by the warm water intrusion sets off a self-amplifying chain reaction known as a positive feedback loop. In this context, "positive" doesn't imply a beneficial outcome; rather, it means that the process reinforces itself, spiraling into an increasingly destructive cycle. Here's how it works:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-and-mixing">Melting and mixing</h3>



As the CDW erodes the ice shelf from underneath, it mixes with the resulting freshwater melt. This blend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rate-of-melting-ice-in-antarctica-is-not-consistent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melted</a> ice and seawater has a lower density than the surrounding ocean water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-buoyancy-effect">The buoyancy effect</h3>



Driven by its lower density, this lighter meltwater mixture naturally seeks to rise towards the surface. This upward movement has two major consequences:



<ul>
<li>It distorts the layer of warm CDW beneath the ice shelf, generating a swirling effect that further destabilizes the ice.</li>



<li>It seeks out underwater channels and troughs near the coastline. As it flows outwards, it drags along additional warm CDW, exposing even more of the ice shelf to melting.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-runaway-effect">The runaway effect</h3>



This cycle becomes self-perpetuating. The more ice melts, the larger the volume of light "meltwater mix" is generated. This, in turn, strengthens the currents that transport even more warm CDW towards the ice shelf, accelerating the melting process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-antarctica-ice-melt-has-baffled-scientists">Why Antarctica ice melt has baffled scientists</h2>



While scientists knew this warm water was causing trouble, they were stumped about what was driving the currents that pushed the warm water towards the vulnerable ice shelves. 



Thanks to advanced computer simulations, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Los Angeles</a>, <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, and the University of Southampton have cracked the case.



"These simulations reveal that this deep current conveying warm waters toward the ice shelves is driven by the very same ice shelf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geoengineering-can-we-dim-the-sun-to-avoid-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> that such warm waters cause," explained Dr. Alessandro Silvano from the University of Southampton.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-extreme-ice-melt-in-antarctica">Consequences of extreme ice melt in Antarctica</h2>



The potential consequences of the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapsing into the ocean are nothing short of catastrophic. This immense ice sheet contains enough frozen water to raise global sea levels by a staggering five meters (around 16 feet). To put that into perspective, this level of sea-level rise would permanently inundate vast swaths of coastal land around the globe.



Major cities, densely populated regions, and vital infrastructure would be severely impacted or disappear underwater. This would trigger forced mass migrations and create humanitarian crises on an unprecedented scale. Crucial agricultural areas would be lost, disrupting global food supplies. Additionally, the altered salinity and composition of coastal waters would devastate marine ecosystems.



It's important to emphasize that this extreme scenario of total ice sheet collapse would compound the effects of the sea-level rise that's already underway due to global warming. The threat posed by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and its impacts.



The discovery of this feedback loop highlights the urgency of finding ways to slow or reverse the melting. While complex computer models used by scientists often exclude such processes, this study makes a compelling case for their inclusion. 



Understanding the intricate workings of our climate is key to protecting our planet, and studies like this are crucial. Now, it's up to us to take this knowledge and turn it into meaningful action.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl0601" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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This natural process is making Antarctica's ice melt faster

Have you ever wondered what would happen if coastal cities...

Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a planet packed with secrets. One of the most intriguing mysteries of Mars has been swirling around the puzzling presence of methane gas. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-mission-has-surpassed-expectations-in-tracking-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas</a>, mostly produced by living organisms on Earth, has NASA's Curiosity rover sniffing around in Mars' Gale Crater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-methane-behavior">Mars methane behavior</h2>



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> methane has an erratic, unpredictable behavior that defies current scientific understanding. It appears at night within Gale Crater, only to vanish during the Martian day. Additionally, its levels fluctuate dramatically with the seasons – sometimes surging, sometimes remaining undetectable. 



To make matters even more perplexing, spacecraft orbiting Mars, equipped with sensitive instruments specifically designed to detect methane, can't find any trace of it in the wider atmosphere. This contradictory evidence and lack of a clear pattern of origin have left scientists puzzled.



“It’s a story with a lot of plot twists,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://science.jpl.nasa.gov/people/vasavada/">Ashwin&nbsp;Vasavada</a>, Curiosity’s project scientist at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) in Southern California, which leads Curiosity’s mission.



While the tantalizing possibility of methane as a sign of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-the-building-blocks-of-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> (current or ancient) remains, most scientists believe geological processes occurring deep beneath the Martian surface are the more likely culprits. 



However, even those theories fail to fully explain the variability and inconsistency of methane detections. This mystery demands a deeper and more nuanced understanding, motivating scientists to investigate and explore all potential explanations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salt-a-methane-trap-on-mars">Salt: A methane trap on Mars?</h2>



NASA researchers have recently proposed a fascinating explanation for the methane's disappearing act. They suggest that the methane might be temporarily stored beneath a hardened seal of salt within the Martian soil.



To understand this, imagine the Martian soil as a mixture of frozen water and various salts – much like a very salty ice cube. This mixture is likely a result of Mars' past when it might have had liquid water. Scientists theorize that as temperatures fluctuate, some of this salty ice may melt slightly. 



However, in the thin Martian atmosphere, this meltwater quickly evaporates, leaving behind a concentrated, hardened layer of salt on the surface. This salty crust could potentially act as a temporary barrier, trapping any methane gas produced below.



The really intriguing part of the theory is how this methane might escape. The researchers suggest that these salty seals aren't permanent. Fluctuations in temperature or disturbances – even something like a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-may-have-once-been-a-cradle-for-life/">Mars</a> rover driving over the surface – could potentially cause cracks or breaks in the salt crust. 



These openings could allow the trapped methane to release in sudden bursts, creating a "methane burp" detectable by Curiosity. This would explain the localized, sporadic nature of the methane detections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-regolith-and-salt">Martian regolith and salt</h2>



This hypothesis isn't simply speculation. A research team led by NASA scientist Alexander Pavlov has conducted a series of controlled experiments to test its validity. They meticulously recreated Martian environmental conditions within a laboratory setting. 



This involved using samples of Martian regolith (soil) with varying salt concentrations, mimicking the presence of perchlorates commonly found on Mars. The samples were then subjected to temperature and pressure fluctuations that mirrored those experienced on the Martian surface.



Significantly, the experiments yielded promising results. Under specific conditions, particularly with a specific range of salt concentration, the researchers observed the formation of a hardened surface crust within the simulated Martian soil. 



This finding supports the theory that such a salty seal could indeed form on Mars. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrated that the presence of this crust effectively trapped gas beneath its surface, lending credence to the idea that methane could be temporarily stored in this way. 



These laboratory results provide a strong foundation for the salty seal theory, suggesting it may be a viable explanation for the methane's puzzling behavior on Mars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-study-methane-on-mars">Why study methane on Mars?</h2>



Methane matters on Mars for several compelling reasons. Primarily, its presence and behavior offer crucial clues in the ongoing investigation into whether the Red Planet could have ever harbored the conditions necessary for life to exist. Here's why:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-as-a-potential-biosignature">Methane as a potential biosignature</h3>



On Earth, a significant portion of methane is produced by biological processes – the activity of living organisms. While non-biological processes can also produce methane, its detection on Mars raises the tantalizing possibility of either current microbial life or the remnants of ancient life that once thrived on the planet.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-martian-geochemistry">Martian geochemistry</h3>



Even if methane on Mars proves to be entirely geological in origin, studying its source and how it disappears provides valuable insights into the planet's geological activity and history. These processes could shed light on the presence of subsurface water, past volcanic activity, or other unique Martian phenomena.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrobiology-and-beyond">Astrobiology and beyond</h3>



The implications of methane's presence and its potential origins extend beyond Mars. Determining whether life could have existed on our neighboring planet helps us understand the broader question of whether life might exist elsewhere in the universe. It could inform the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-worlds-new-strategy-to-identify-planets-that-may-host-life/">habitable environments</a> on other planets and moons within and beyond our solar system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thrill-of-the-unknown">Thrill of the unknown</h3>



Beyond its significance for astrobiology, the mystery of Martian methane represents a captivating scientific puzzle. Its unpredictable behavior challenges our current understanding of the planet's chemistry and geology, driving scientists to develop innovative theories, conduct rigorous experiments, and push the boundaries of exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



While the salty crust hypothesis offers a potential explanation for methane's behavior, it necessitates further rigorous testing and validation. Researchers need to investigate whether other salt compounds prevalent on Mars exhibit similar properties and could form temporary seals capable of trapping methane. 



To gain a comprehensive understanding of methane dynamics on Mars, dedicated instruments capable of continuous, widespread methane monitoring are crucial. Unfortunately, the Curiosity rover's current capabilities allow for only intermittent methane measurements, limiting the ability to track real-time fluctuations and spatial variations across the Martian surface.



"Some of the methane work will have to be left to future surface spacecraft that are more focused on answering these specific questions," Vasavada said.



Until then, the Martian methane mystery keeps us guessing. Who knows what further surprises the Red Planet holds?



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Mars is releasing mysterious methane burps – but why?

Mars may be a cold, desolate place, but it's a...

Since the 1930s, the <a href="https://www.farmersalmanac.com/">Old Farmers' Almanac</a> has been publishing names for the full moons, drawing from what were termed “Indian” names that have since become widely recognized and utilized. 



The full moon of April, which occurs tonight, is often called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a>, a name attributed to the herb moss pink or creeping phlox - also known as moss phlox, mountain phlox, and creeping phlox - which is native to the eastern United States and one of spring's earliest widespread flowers. 



Other names for this April moon include the “Sprouting Grass Moon,” the “Egg Moon,” and the “Fish Moon,” the latter being used by coastal tribes to mark the time when shad fish move upstream to spawn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-return-of-navigable-waterways">The return of navigable waterways</h2>



Moreover, the names "Breaking Ice Moon" (Algonquin) and "Moon When the Streams Are Again Navigable" (Dakota) capture the thawing of ice and the return of navigable waterways typical of early spring. 



The "Budding Moon of Plants and Shrubs" (Tlingit) and "Moon of the Red Grass Appearing" (Oglala) highlight the imminent surge in plant life as spring progresses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reemergence-of-life-in-april">The reemergence of life in April</h2>



Additional names reflect the reemergence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/">wildlife</a> during this season, such as the "Moon When the Ducks Come Back" (Lakota), "Moon When the Geese Lay Eggs" (Dakota), and "Frog Moon" (Cree), each indicating the return or increased activity of these species.



Similarly, the "Sucker Moon" (Anishinaabe) marks the period for harvesting sucker fish, which migrate to streams or shallow lake areas to spawn. 



According to cultural lore, during this time, the sucker fish returns from the spirit world to cleanse the waterways and the life within them. 



This name is sometimes used for the February Moon as well, to honor the sucker fish's role in sustaining the Anishinaabe people through the winter by providing a crucial food source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-observances-and-april-s-full-moon">Cultural observances and April's full moon </h2>



This moon also corresponds with significant cultural and religious observances in various parts of the world. It aligns with the Jewish festival of Pesach, or Passover, which in 2024 will begin at sundown on April 22 and conclude at nightfall on April 30. 



The celebration starts in the middle of the Hebrew month of Nisan, with the Seder feasts taking place on the first two nights.



In the Hindu lunisolar calendar, which varies by region, this full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tonights-worm-moon-marks-the-beginning-of-spring/">moon</a> typically coincides with Hanuman Jayanti, the celebration of the birth of Lord Hanuman.



For Buddhists in Sri Lanka, this full moon is known as Bak Poya and commemorates the Buddha's visit to Sri Lanka, where he averted a war by settling a dispute between chiefs.



This lunar event falls near the middle of Shawwāl, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar, and during the third month of the Chinese Year of the Dragon.



In light of these diverse celebrations, people all over the world&nbsp; are encouraged to wear festive celestial attire in honor of the full <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeless-mystery-solved-scientists-uncover-what-is-inside-the-moons-core/">moon</a>. 



It’s a time to enjoy the burgeoning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-has-arrived-in-the-northern-hemisphere/">spring</a>, acknowledge these various cultural celebrations, set an extra seat at the table in a spirit of inclusivity, and importantly, strive for peace and not war.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-april-s-full-moon">More about April's full moon</h2>



April’s full moon will reach its brightest point at 7:49 P.M. on Tuesday, April 23. Astronomically, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-pink-moon-will-shine-brightly-in-the-skies-tonight/">Pink Moon</a> signifies the time when the moon is fully illuminated by the sun as seen from Earth, appearing fully round.&nbsp;



“Like Earth, the Moon has a day side and a night side, which change as the Moon rotates,” explained <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a>. “The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark, but how much we are able to see of that illuminated half changes as the Moon travels through its orbit.”



The timing of the full moon varies slightly due to the lunar cycle averaging about 29.5 days. This leads to some variation in the date and time of the full moon each month.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrological-significance-of-the-pink-moon">Astrological significance of the Pink Moon</h2>



In 2024, the Pink Moon falls on April 25th, during the sun’s transit through Taurus. This placement is quite significant astrologically for several reasons:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Taurus Sun Scorpio Moon opposition</h3>



The Pink Moon will be in the opposite sign of Scorpio, creating a full moon in Scorpio. This opposition highlights the balance between Taurus and Scorpio themes - material security and stability versus emotional depth and transformation. 



It’s a potent time for delving into psychological matters, addressing issues of trust, and managing resources in relationships.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Intensity and transformation</h3>



Scorpio is a sign associated with intensity, depth, transformation, and the unseen. A full moon in Scorpio can bring to the surface deep-seated emotions and hidden truths. 



This is a powerful time for healing, as it provides an opportunity to confront and release old wounds, secrets, or things that have been repressed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Financial and emotional investments</h3>



Given Taurus’s influence on possessions and Scorpio’s on investments and shared resources, this full moon could highlight issues around finances, particularly what is owned individually versus jointly. It can prompt decisions about investments, loans, inheritances, or other financial matters.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enhanced intuition</h3>



Scorpio’s watery, intuitive energy combined with the illuminating power of the full moon can enhance psychic abilities and deepen intuitive insights. This period may be particularly potent for those who practice divination or other metaphysical activities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Transformation and rebirth</h3>



Scorpio is the sign of death and rebirth, so this full moon might signal a time of significant personal transformation. It can be an excellent period for ending unhealthy patterns or relationships and for beginning anew with a fresh perspective or renewed purpose.



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April's full "Pink Moon" tonight signifies the reemergence of life 

Since the 1930s, the Old Farmers' Almanac has been publishing...

The tundra, a critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sink</a>, is undergoing significant changes due to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-warming-climate-transforms-soil-into-a-carbon-emitter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming climate</a>. Traditionally known to store carbon, these vast, cold landscapes are now releasing it, potentially exacerbating climate change. 



This shift is the focus of a recent comprehensive study that delves into how the warming climate affects carbon dynamics in tundra regions across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-effect-on-tundra-sites">Warming effect on tundra sites</h2>



To explore this phenomenon, a diverse team of 70 scientists from various countries embarked on an ambitious project. They implemented open-top chambers (OTCs) at 28 tundra sites worldwide to simulate increased temperatures. 



The OTCs, functioning like mini-greenhouses, effectively trap heat and block wind, creating a localized warming effect. As a result, this method led to an average increase of 1.4 degrees Celsius in air temperature and 0.4 degrees in soil temperature. 



Furthermore, soil moisture decreased by 1.6 percent, influencing the tundra's ability to function as a carbon sink.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-warming-and-carbon-release">Tundra warming and carbon release</h2>



The experimental warming significantly impacted the tundra's ecosystem respiration, especially during the growing season, increasing it by 30 percent. 



This increase is due to increased metabolic activities in soil organisms and plants, as noted by Sybryn Maes from <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå University</a>.



"We knew from earlier studies that we were likely to find an increase in respiration with warming, but we found a remarkable increase – nearly four times greater than previously estimated, though it varied with time and location," said Maes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variability-across-tundra-regions">Variability across tundra regions</h2>



The study also revealed that the increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-plants-continue-offsetting-our-carbon-emissions-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem respiration</a> varies with local soil conditions. Factors like nitrogen levels and soil pH play a role. This variability indicates that not all tundra regions respond uniformly to warming. 



Professor Ellen Dorrepaal, also from Umeå University, emphasized the uniqueness of their findings. "Our work represents the first assessment of ecosystem respiration response to experimental warming across such a broad environmental gradient in the tundra, incorporating a comprehensive set of environmental drivers," said Professor Dorrepaal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-arctic-and-alpine-regions">Broader implications for arctic and alpine regions</h2>



The implications of these findings extend beyond the individual study sites. Matti Kummu from <a href="https://www.aalto.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aalto University</a> highlighted the broader perspective.



"We see that some areas, particularly parts of Siberia and Canada, exhibit greater sensitivity to warming," said Kummu. "We anticipate an increase in respiration across the whole Arctic and alpine tundra, but more in situ data, particularly on the local soil conditions, is key to addressing the outstanding uncertainties and refining our predictions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-climate-models">Refining climate models </h2>



The researchers plan to further study how these experimental sites develop over time. They will also broaden their experiments to include new locations. 



This ongoing work is essential for a more accurate understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-pool-of-global-soil-carbon-alters-climate-change-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>'s impact on our planet's ecosystems and the broader climate system.



Additionally, the research highlights an urgent need for continuous exploration and monitoring of tundra regions. This is crucial to improve predictions and counteract global warming.



As the tundra shifts from being a carbon sink to a potential carbon source, grasping these dynamics grows increasingly crucial in our global efforts to effectively manage climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-impacts-of-warming-on-tundra">Additional impacts of warming on tundra</h2>



Warming affects tundra in several critical ways beyond just increasing carbon emissions:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-thawing">Permafrost thawing</h3>



As temperatures rise, permafrost - permanently frozen ground in the tundra - begins to thaw. This releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas, which further accelerates global warming.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altered-plant-life">Altered plant life</h3>



Warming leads to changes in vegetation patterns. Shrubs and trees can start to encroach on traditional tundra landscapes, which alters the habitat and can disrupt the local biodiversity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-soil-erosion">Increased soil erosion</h3>



With less ice to stabilize the soil, warmer temperatures can increase erosion rates. This not only affects the physical landscape but can also release more carbon stored in the soil.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-los-s">Biodiversity loss</h3>



The unique species adapted to cold tundra environments may struggle to survive in warmer conditions, leading to reduced biodiversity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-water-systems">Changes in water systems</h3>



Thawing permafrost affects water flows in the tundra. It can lead to the formation of new lakes and wetlands or the drying up of existing ones, significantly impacting local ecosystems and water availability.



Understanding these effects is crucial for predicting and mitigating the broader impacts of climate change on the tundra and its role in global ecological and climate systems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07274-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Warming climate turns tundra from carbon sink to source

The tundra, a critical carbon sink, is undergoing significant changes...

Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune systems, countless deaths, and untold suffering. Yet, there's hope on the horizon. Scientists are tirelessly unraveling cancer's mysteries. 



One such breakthrough is immunotherapy, a cutting-edge approach that uses the body's own defenses to wage war against cancer cells. Researchers at <a href="https://www.vt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> are at the forefront of this research, developing a new type of immunotherapy with the potential to save lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-system-and-cancer">Immune system and cancer</h2>



Our immune system is a complex defense network made up of different cell types and organs. It works constantly to detect and eliminate threats, including harmful bacteria and viruses.



Cancer cells, unfortunately, develop ways to disguise themselves or suppress the immune system's response. This allows them to grow and spread unchecked.



Immunotherapy aims to outsmart cancer by enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. It introduces substances that either directly boost immune cells or remove the disguises cancer cells use to hide.



Unlike chemotherapy, which targets all rapidly dividing cells (both healthy and cancerous), immunotherapy is more precise. This often results in fewer harsh side effects for patients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-with-immunotherapy">The challenge with immunotherapy</h2>



Cytokines are small proteins that act as communication signals within the immune system. They play a critical role in coordinating the immune response, attracting and activating various immune cells to fight against threats.



“Cytokines are potent and highly effective at stimulating the immune cells to eliminate cancer cells,” said Professor <a href="https://che.vt.edu/People/faculty/Tong.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rong Tong</a>. “The problem is they’re so potent that if they roam freely throughout the body, they’ll activate every immune cell they encounter, which can cause an overactive immune response and potentially fatal side effects.”



The goal of scientists was to harness the power of cytokines to fight cancer while minimizing their potential side effects. This involved developing a method to deliver cytokines specifically to the tumor site, preventing their uncontrolled spread throughout the body.



Researchers at Virginia Tech addressed this challenge with their innovative localized cytokine therapy approach, providing a more targeted and controlled way to boost the immune system against cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-systems-anchored-cytokines-against-cancer">Immune systems anchored cytokines against cancer</h2>



Dr. Tong teamed up with Dr. Wenjun "Rebecca" Cai to engineer a revolutionary approach to localized cytokine therapy. They developed tiny particles designed to carry the cytokine proteins directly to the tumor. These particles act as specialized delivery vehicles.



The particles are engineered with "anchors" – molecules on their surface that can bind specifically to components within the tumor. After injection, these anchors help the particles attach themselves firmly within the tumor environment.



The anchoring mechanism ensures that the cytokines remain primarily within the tumor. This prevents them from spreading throughout the body, minimizing potential harm to healthy cells, while allowing them to send powerful signals to attract immune cells to the tumor site.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combination-therapy">Combination therapy</h2>



Now, this alone is a remarkable advancement, but the researchers went one step further. They paired their anchored cytokine system with FDA-approved therapies called checkpoint blockade antibodies. 



Cancer cells can develop mechanisms to suppress or deactivate immune cells, essentially disabling their ability to fight back. Checkpoint blockade antibodies target these mechanisms, re-activating the immune cells so they can attack the cancer.



The anchored cytokines act as a powerful amplifier, attracting large numbers of immune cells to the tumor site and enhancing their cancer-fighting capabilities. 



This combined approach creates a synergistic effect – checkpoint blockade antibodies take away cancer's defenses, while the cytokines rally a powerful immune attack. Studies have demonstrated the significant success of this strategy in eliminating tumors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-cancer-treatment">The future of cancer treatment</h2>



This research is a tremendous leap forward in the field of immunotherapy, potentially leading to safer and more successful cancer treatments. It also opens doors for the development of similar delivery systems for other potent immune-boosting drugs.



“Researchers are still looking for safer and more effective cancer treatments,” said Tong. “This motivation is what drives us to develop new technologies in the field. The whole class of drugs that are employed to jump-start the immune system to fight cancer cells has largely not yet succeeded. Our goal is to create novel solutions that allow researchers to test these drugs with existing FDA-approved therapeutics, ensuring both safety and enhanced efficacy.”



The Virginia Tech researchers' dedication epitomizes the ongoing battle against cancer. While there's much work still ahead, projects like this provide immense hope that someday cancer will be a word that loses its terrifying power.



“I view this project as a perfect marriage between chemical engineering and materials science,” Cai said. “The former focuses on the synthesis and drug delivery part, the latter on applying advanced materials characterization. This collaboration not only accelerates immunotherapy research, but also has the ability to transform cancer treatment.”



The study is published in the journal Science Advances.



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Reprogramming the immune system to attack cancer cells

Cancer is a pervasive, complex disease responsible for weak immune...

In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults perceive the onset of old age compared to previous generations. The experts found that, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancy</a> increases and retirement ages are pushed back, the public perception of when old age begins is shifting to later in life. 



The study was led by an international team of researchers including psychologist Markus Wettstein from <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a> in Berlin, and his colleagues from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, the <a href="https://www.uni.lu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Luxembourg</a>, and the <a href="https://www.uni-greifswald.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Greifswald</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-notable-shift-in-the-perceived-start-of-old-age-nbsp">Notable shift in the perceived start of old age&nbsp;</h2>



The experts analyzed responses from 14,056 participants in the <a href="https://www.dza.de/en/research/deas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Aging Survey</a>. This longitudinal study spans over 25 years and includes German residents born between 1911 and 1974, assessing their views on aging.



The survey consistently asked participants the age at which they considered someone to be old. Findings indicate a notable shift: participants born earlier in the 20th century identified the start of old age at younger ages than those born later. For instance, participants born in 1911 believed old age started at 71 when they were 65 years old, whereas those born in 1956 placed the threshold at 74.



However, the scientists identified a slowdown in this trend of pushing back the perceived start of old age in recent decades, suggesting that this shift might not continue indefinitely. “The trend toward postponing old age is not linear and might not necessarily continue in the future,” Wettstein explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-changes-the-perspective-nbsp">Aging changes the perspective&nbsp;</h2>



Further analysis showed that as individuals age, they tend to view old age as beginning later in life. For example, at age 64, participants on average believed old age started at 74.7, but by age 74, they adjusted this belief to 76.8. This shift roughly translates to a one-year increase in the perceived start of old age for every four to five years of actual aging.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-gender-equal-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gender</a> and health also play significant roles in how early individuals perceive the onset of old age. The study found that women, on average, believe it starts about two years later than men do, a gap that has widened over time. Moreover, individuals who reported feeling lonelier, being in poorer health, or feeling older themselves tended to say old age starts earlier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-the-trend-of-postponing-old-age">What drives the trend of postponing old age?</h2>



These findings are critical for understanding how individuals plan for their aging and how society views older adults. “It is unclear to what extent the trend towards postponing old age reflects a trend towards more positive views on older people and aging, or rather the opposite - perhaps the onset of old age is postponed because people consider being old to be an undesirable state,” Wettstein said.



The experts call for further research to determine if this trend will persist and to expand the scope of inquiry to more diverse and non-Western populations, to better understand global perceptions of aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-about-old-age">Interesting facts about old age</h2>



Old age can be a period of growth, adaptation, and continued contribution to society, not merely a time of decline. Here are some interesting facts:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-life-expectancy">Increased life expectancy</h3>



Globally, life expectancy has significantly increased over the past century. Advances in healthcare, nutrition, and living conditions have played a major role in extending the average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-senior-years">Healthier senior years</h3>



Many older adults today are healthier than in the past. Improved medical treatments for chronic diseases like heart disease and arthritis mean many seniors can maintain a better quality of life for longer.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-plasticity">Brain plasticity</h3>



Contrary to the belief that the brain's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-adults-brain-cells/">capabilities</a> decline unavoidably with age, research shows that the brain maintains plasticity into older adulthood, meaning it can continue to form new neural connections and adapt.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-population-shifts">Population shifts</h3>



The demographic of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improves-life-quality-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older adults</a> is increasing faster than other age groups. By 2050, the number of people aged 60 years and older will more than double. This shift is challenging societies to adapt infrastructures and policies to meet the needs of an aging population.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



Older adults contribute significantly to the economy, often referred to as the "silver economy." This includes not just their spending power but also their contributions to the workforce and volunteer sectors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wisdom-and-emotions">Wisdom and emotions</h3>



Older adults often experience what is known as the "positivity effect,” a tendency to remember positive experiences over negative ones. Studies suggest that this might be an adaptive mechanism to enhance overall well-being.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-differences">Cultural differences</h3>



Attitudes towards aging vary significantly by culture. In some cultures, older adults are revered and considered wise, whereas, in others, youth is valued more.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pag0000812" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychology and Aging</a>.



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Public perception of ‘old age’ has shifted to later in life

In a new study, researchers have explored how modern adults...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

Swirling sediment in the Caspian Sea is seen here in this Image of the Day from the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> . It features a look at colorful sediment in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/phytoplankton-blooms-caspian-sea/">Caspian Sea</a> off the coast of Turkmenistan.

Swirling sediment in the Caspian Sea

Today’s Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> shows an incredible sunrise from the International Space Station (ISS) when it was positioned high above Massachusetts. 

The astronaut who took the photograph with a Nikon D4 digital camera caught a rare break in the clouds as the Sun’s reflection moved across the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador. According to NASA, clouds are so common in this region that not many pictures are captured with such clarity from the ISS.

This image is provided by the ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility and the Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit at Johnson Space Center.The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit. The ISS programme is a joint project between five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada).The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.]
The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields. The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars. The ISS maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft. It circles the Earth in roughly 92 minutes and completes 15.5 orbits per day

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory