In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do.



This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the most complex problems in science: how species evolve, and even how cancer works.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-with-chopped-up-chromosomes">Butterfly with chopped up chromosomes </h2>



Inside every living thing, from a mushroom to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-whale-species-is-already-threatened-with-extinction/">whale</a>, there’s DNA - the instruction manual of life. That DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs, and most butterflies have 23 or 24 pairs.



The Atlas blue butterfly carries 229 pairs of chromosomes - more than any other multicellular animal. Scientists had long suspected it held the record, and new genome sequencing has now confirmed it.



And here’s what’s even more surprising: the butterfly's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-analysis-can-predict-which-animals-are-at-risk-of-extinction/">DNA</a> hasn’t been duplicated. Instead, the chromosomes have been chopped up into smaller pieces - like taking 24 books and ripping them into 229 booklets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-peek-into-evolution-s-toolbox">A peek into evolution’s toolbox</h2>



The researchers behind the new study came from the <a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> in the UK and the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona. They produced the first-ever high-quality genome for the Atlas blue and discovered that its extra chromosomes were not caused by copying, but by splitting.



This process happened fast in evolutionary terms. In about three million years, the butterfly went from 24 to 229 chromosomes. That’s like a blink of an eye for species development.



The cuts happened in parts of the DNA that were loosely packed. That means the total genetic information didn’t really change, it was just reorganized. All of the chromosomes, except for sex chromosomes, were broken up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-evolving-butterfly">A rapidly evolving butterfly </h2>



Changes in chromosome number are one way that species evolve. They can affect how genes are turned on or off, how traits are passed down, and how well an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genomics-can-help-farm-animals-adapt-to-climate-change/">animal adapts</a> to its environment. The Atlas blue butterfly belongs to a group that evolved rapidly, creating lots of closely related species.



This new research helps explain how that might have happened. The split chromosomes may have allowed more mixing and matching of DNA, possibly helping the species survive in tough environments.



But that same complexity could also come with risks. Too many chromosomes might make a species more vulnerable over time. And unfortunately, the Atlas blue is already in trouble. Climate change, overgrazing, and destruction of cedar forests are putting pressure on its populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-chromosomes-and-cancer">Butterfly chromosomes and cancer</h2>



The implications go far beyond butterflies. Professor Mark Blaxter noted that genomes hold the key to how a creature came to be, but also, where it might go in the future.



“To be able to tell the story of our planet, we must have the story of each species and see where they overlap and interact with each other. It also allows us to apply learnings from one genome to another."



"For example, rearranging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-chromosomes-have-conserved-specific-elements-for-600-million-years/">chromosomes</a> is also seen in human cancer cells, and understanding this process in the Atlas blue butterfly could help find ways to limit or stop this in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-scientist-discovers-that-common-non-cancer-drugs-when-combined-can-kill-cancer-cells/">cancer cells</a> in the future.”



That might seem like a stretch - a tiny insect helping us battle a major disease - but it’s happened before. From bacteria to mice and worms, scientists have used all kinds of living things to understand human health. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-extreme-atlas-blue-butterfly">The extreme Atlas blue butterfly</h2>



There are still big questions to answer. What benefits, if any, come from having so many chromosomes? Are there specific genes that make this butterfly more adaptable? Could this give clues about how life responds to a changing planet?



“When we set out to start to understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/">evolution</a> in butterflies, we knew we had to sequence the most extreme, and somewhat mysterious, Atlas blue butterfly,” said Dr. Charlotte Wright, first author of the study. 



She noted that it was thanks to Dr. Roger Vila, who had previously worked with his colleague to find and identify this elusive butterfly, that the team was able to sequence this species.



"Being able to see, in detail, how the Atlas blue butterfly chromosomes have been split over time in specific places, we can start to investigate what benefits this might have, how it impacts their ability to adapt to their environment, and whether there are any lessons we can learn from their DNA that might aid conservation in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-species-evolution">Understanding species evolution</h2>



This kind of research is just the beginning. The team now has a “gold-standard” genome to compare with other butterflies and moths, opening the door to understanding more about how species split, adapt, or vanish.



“Breaking down chromosomes has been seen in other species of butterflies, but not on this level, suggesting that there are important reasons for this process which we can now start to explore," said Dr. Vila, senior author of the study. 



"Additionally, as chromosomes hold all the secrets of a species, investigating whether these changes impact a butterfly’s behavior could help form a full picture of how and why new species occur."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)01098-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098222501098X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">Current Biology</a>.



Image Credit: Roger Vila



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Butterfly sets an astonishing  chromosome record

In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do. This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the...

At first glance, sea lampreys may be viewed as creatures of horror, notorious for their invasive traits and blood-sucking habits. However, these creatures might just hold scientific secrets about stem cells and some of life’s biggest mysteries.



Stemming from <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> is a study that reveals how these lampreys are aiding scientists in decoding the origins of two crucial stem cells, playing a pivotal role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-rules-natural-selection-change-significantly-often-daphnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertebrate evolution</a>.



Leading the study is Northwestern’s Carole LaBonne, a professor of molecular biosciences who has been exploring the intriguing links between pluripotent blastula cells, embryonic stem cells, and neural crest cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lampreys-hold-stem-cell-secrets">Lampreys hold stem cell secrets</h2>



These jawless, intimidating vertebrates are particularly infamous in Midwestern fisheries for the damage they inflict. 



But when it comes to understanding our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary origins</a>, comparing the biology of jawless and jawed vertebrates is a promising approach. 



"Lampreys may hold the key to understanding where we came from," says LaBonne, an expert in developmental biology.



In this study, lamprey genes were laid side by side with those of Xenopus, a jawed aquatic frog. This comparison revealed a remarkably similar pluripotency gene network even in terms of transcript abundance for major regulatory elements. However, scientists also stumbled upon a key difference.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-missing-piece-pou5-gene">The missing piece: pou5 gene</h2>



Every bit of the puzzle counts when it comes to genetics. Lampreys possess the crucial pou5 gene, a powerful stem cell regulator, in their blastula cells. 



However, in their neural crest stem cells, this gene's expression was notably missing. This lack might be the reason behind lampreys' absence of mandibles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-insight-into-the-first-vertebrates">An insight into the first vertebrates</h2>



Given this discovery, it's plausible that the loss of this gene limited the evolution of lampreys, leaving them jawless. 



This realization helped researchers hypothesize that the absence of this gene in certain creatures wasn't something that jawed vertebrates developed later on.



"Even though pou5 isn't expressed in a lamprey's neural crest, it could promote neural crest formation when we expressed it in frogs," said Joshua York, Northwestern postdoctoral fellow and the study's first author.



This compelling premise suggests that the gene is part of an ancient pluripotency network that was present in our earliest vertebrate ancestors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-regenerative-medicine">Implications for regenerative medicine</h2>



The findings of this study not only shed light on the evolutionary past of vertebrates but also hold significant potential in the realm of regenerative medicine. 



Understanding how the pou5 gene influences stem cell behavior in lampreys can pave the way for new therapies utilizing pluripotent cells.



If researchers can harness similar mechanisms in other species, including humans, it could open doors to novel treatments for injuries and degenerative diseases. 



Enhancing our understanding of gene regulation may lead to breakthroughs in tissue repair and regeneration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-lampreys-and-stem-cells">Future research on lampreys and stem cells</h2>



Moving forward, researchers are eager to delve deeper into the genetic mechanisms that distinguish lampreys from their jawed counterparts. 



By exploring the function and regulation of the pou5 gene, scientists aim to uncover additional genetic factors that contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of jaw structures in vertebrates. 



Future studies will not only focus on lampreys but may also incorporate comparative analyses with other jawless and jawed species to create a comprehensive framework for understanding vertebrate evolution and the genetic underpinnings of life forms. 



This ongoing research is critical in tracing the evolutionary journey that resulted in the diversity of vertebrate life observed today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserved-genetic-blueprint">Conserved genetic blueprint</h2>



Intriguingly, even after 500 million years of evolution, there is a strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-asexual-ants-maintain-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of expression</a> levels of genes needed to promote pluripotency. 



“Another remarkable finding of the study is that even though these animals are separated by 500 million years of evolution, there are stringent constraints on expression levels of genes needed to promote pluripotency.” LaBonne said. “The big unanswered question is, why?”



With every discovery, we take a step closer to understanding ourselves, our history, and maybe in the process, our future as well. 



From decoding the mysteries of genetic evolution to discerning our own origins, every creature, even a seemingly harmful lamprey, holds a piece of the puzzle.



This incredible research on stem cell origins, dedicated to the memory of Dr. Joseph Walder, offers a glimpse into the past, aiding our understanding of our present, and potentially shaping the future. 



As we gaze upon the sea lamprey, let's remember not just its invasive nature, but also its invaluable contribution to our understanding of life’s deepest secrets.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02476-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Sea lampreys help scientists decode stem cell origins

At first glance, sea lampreys may be viewed as creatures...

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals, our sturdy, ancient relatives? Specifically, how they managed to feast on birds -- a fare far removed from their infamous big-game hunting repertoire? 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-food-processing">Neanderthal food processing</h2>



The guide on this prehistoric gastronomical tour is Dr. Mariana Nabais of the <a href="https://www.iphes.cat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social</a> in Spain, lead author of this intriguing study.



Dr. Nabais offers an enlightening perspective on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-provides-insights-into-the-lives-of-neanderthals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nuanced world of Neanderthal</a> food processing and cooking.



“Using a flint flake for butchering required significant precision and effort, which we had not fully valued before this experiment. The flakes were sharper than we initially thought, requiring careful handling to make precise cuts without injuring our own fingers," Dr. Nabais explained.



"These hands-on experiments emphasized the practical challenges involved in Neanderthal food processing and cooking, providing a tangible connection to their daily life and survival strategies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-cuisine-and-neanderthals-cooking">Bird cuisine and Neanderthals cooking</h2>



Despite the well-known big-game hunting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-had-multiple-waves-of-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">practices of Neanderthals</a>, their taste for winged meals remains a facet under a shroud of mystery.



However, thanks to recent discoveries and new techniques, we are now able to delve into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-lived-side-by-side-45000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">secrets of prehistoric</a> bird hunting and butchering methods.



Scientists embarked on a culinary journey into the past, replicating the cooking methods that our Neanderthal ancestors might have used. 



This resulted in an experimental database, providing key insights when compared with actual archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthals-cooking-nbsp">Neanderthals cooking&nbsp;</h2>



For their experiment, the scientists chose five birds similar to the prehistoric species that the Neanderthals hunted. 



Armed with archaeological evidence and ethnographic data, they brought these ancient culinary arts back to life.



After defrocking the birds, they roasted three over hot coals, and butchered two raw using a flint flake.&nbsp;



“Roasting the birds over the coals required maintaining a consistent temperature and carefully monitoring the cooking duration to avoid overcooking the meat,” Dr. Nabais explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-from-the-past">Clues from the Past</h2>



Upon inspection, the scientists discovered intriguing traces of their prehistoric cooking experiment. The raw birds processed with the flint flake offered considerable evidence, including half-moon scars on the tool’s edge and cut marks on the bones.



Roasting turned out to be a double-edged sword. Although it made the meat more accessible, it also increased the brittleness of the bones, leading to their breakage and subsequent loss from the archaeological record.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-cooking-diversity">Neanderthal cooking diversity</h2>



The findings from this culinary experiment suggest that the Neanderthal diet was far more diverse than previously assumed.&nbsp;



They didn't solely rely on large mammals; instead, they incorporated a variety of birds into their meals, which indicates adaptability and a more intricate understanding of their environment.&nbsp;



Birds provided not only a source of protein but also essential nutrients that were critical for survival. This dietary flexibility may have allowed Neanderthals to thrive in diverse habitats, showcasing their resourcefulness in the face of changing climates and landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-cooking">Implications for modern cooking</h2>



The implications of these ancient butchering methods extend beyond historical curiosity; they resonate with contemporary cooking practices.&nbsp;



Learning about the precision required in flint flaking and the careful roasting techniques used by Neanderthals can inspire modern chefs to appreciate traditional methods of food preparation.&nbsp;



By reconnecting with these fundamental skills, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for the food we consume and the efforts that go into sourcing and preparing it.&nbsp;



Emphasizing a return to simpler, more intentional cooking methods provides not only a culinary challenge but also a meaningful way to honor our ancient ancestors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future Directions</h2>



While this pilot study provides a fascinating look into the diet of Neanderthals, there's plenty more to unearth.&nbsp;



"Further research with larger samples, varied species, and more diverse experimental conditions is necessary to expand upon these results,” Dr. Nabais notes.



As we continue to explore Neanderthal dietary practices, integrating innovative technologies with archaeological methodologies could reveal even more about their culinary heritage. 



This could lead to a deeper understanding of their survival strategies and cultural practices.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-archaeology/articles/10.3389/fearc.2024.1411853/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology</a>.



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Eat like a Neanderthal: Unpacking ancient cooking methods

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals,...

Ever found yourself staring at the vibrant, iridescent feathers of tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-behavior-productivity-being-directly-impacted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, wondering if there's more to it than meets the eye? Well, a team of scientists has been pondering the same question, and they've finally lifted the veil on this mystery.



The driving force behind this research is Chad Eliason, a dedicated research scientist stationed at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a> in Chicago. 



With a passion for understanding the nuances in nature's tapestry, Eliason set out to demystify the riddle of bird feather hues, particularly those of tropical feathered friends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorful-mystery-of-tropical-birds">Colorful mystery of tropical birds</h2>



The closer you live to the Equator, the more brightly colored, iridescent birds you're likely to see. This trend towards <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-behavior-productivity-being-directly-impacted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds with vibrant hues</a> in tropical regions had scientists scratching their heads.



They wondered if these colors originated in the tropics or if our feathered friends brought their colorful ancestors' hues with them from other regions.



Eliason and his crew embarked on a feathered journey, where they examined photographs, videos, and scientific illustrations of a staggering 9,409 bird species. 



Their primary focus was to identify which of these species boast iridescent feathers and where those birds are found.



Thus, armed with a database of bird species and their enviable color palettes, the team set out to enlighten themselves and the world on how bird colors spread across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iridescent-bird-feathers">Iridescent bird feathers</h2>



Now, before we delve deeper, let's clear up what "iridescence" is all about. In essence, it's the rainbow shimmer we see on certain surfaces that changes with the viewing angle. 



Feathered creatures can generate such hues using two main strategies: pigments and structures. Cells make pigments like melanin for black and brown shades, while iridescence results from light bouncing off particular cell arrangements.



Enter Eliason's research, centered around this phenomenon of structural color. His study combined data on bird coloration, global distribution, DNA relationships, and some serious math to model how these colorful feathers spread through time and space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-and-where-it-all-began">When and where it all began</h2>



It turns out that birds are descendants of dinosaurs -- with the earliest known bird, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chinese-fossil-provides-a-new-glimpse-into-early-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Archaeopteryx</a>, dating back to 140 million years ago.



Among these ancient birds, a subgroup called Neornithes appeared 80 million years ago, and they became the only birds to survive a mass extinction event 66 million years ago. 



All our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-bird-feathers-contain-traces-of-dinosaur-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern birds are descendants</a> of this feathery lineage, Neornithes.



Eliason's research suggests that the common ancestor of all Neornithes, which started its journey 80 million years ago, sported iridescent feathers. 



These ancient birds were probably shimmering, and their sparkle still glows among their descendants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-evidence-of-iridescent-bird-feathers">Fossil evidence of iridescent bird feathers</h2>



Supporting this theory of an iridescent ancestor are fossil records showing iridescent birds and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feathered-dinosaurs-had-scaly-skin-like-modern-day-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathered dinosaurs</a> from the Cretaceous period. 



This evidence bolsters the idea that iridescence in modern birds harks back to their shimmering ancestors.



Eliason's research suggests that paleontologists will likely uncover more iridescence in bird-related fossils.



Understanding the origins of bird coloration, particularly among iridescent species, has significant implications for bird conservation efforts. 



As habitats undergo changes due to climate change, deforestation, and urbanization, the intricate systems that support these vibrant ecosystems are at risk. 



Protecting areas where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-urban-spaces-support-bird-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorful birds</a> thrive becomes paramount, as it ensures the continuation of not only their aesthetic appeal but also their ecological roles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-iridescent-feathers-benefit-birds">Why iridescent feathers benefit birds</h2>



While this research has significantly advanced our understanding of avian iridescence, some big questions remain. Primarily, why did iridescence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/island-bird-communities-are-changing-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolve</a> in the first place?



Birds often use iridescent feathers to attract mates, but other aspects of a bird's life are also linked to this dazzling feature. 



For example, tree swallows change color with humidity changes, so their iridescence might be tied to the environment or to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-birds-use-sophisticated-thermoregulation-strategies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical properties</a> of feathers, like water-resistance.



So, the journey isn't over yet. As we get closer to understanding why the tropics are brimming with shimmering birds, we might also discover why iridescence evolved in the first place. 



So, stay tuned as Chad Eliason and his team continue to dig deeper into the colorful mysteries of bird evolution!



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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How and why tropical birds are so strikingly colorful and iridescent

Ever found yourself staring at the vibrant, iridescent feathers of...

We share our planet with countless, essential creatures -- mammals. They come in all shapes and sizes, roaming our cities, farms, and lonesome countrysides, in different climates around the world.



Ever wondered what influences where these mammals choose to live? Recent research from North Carolina State University holds the answer.



The undisputed heavyweight champion in determining where mammals can thrive is found not in human activity but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-species-are-shifting-their-habitats-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mother nature</a>. Climate still calls the shots.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impacts-mammal-habitats">Climate impacts mammal habitats</h2>



Roland Kays is the lead author of this study, a research professor at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NC State</a>, and scientist at the <a href="https://naturalsciences.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">N.C. Museum of Natural Sciences</a>. 



He also led the colossal task of analyzing one of the most extensive camera trap data collections ever, with contributions from across the United States.



“One of our ideas was that humans may have changed our landscape so much that we have become the primary determinants of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-geographic-isolation-shaped-global-species-habitat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">which animals live where</a>,” said Kays.



“What we found was that in fact humans were not the most important. Climate, including temperature and the amount of rainfall, was the most important factor across <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most of the species</a> we observed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-vs-habitat">Humans vs. habitat</h2>



However, don't think our actions are insignificant. Large population centers and agriculture strongly influence where some species choose to live.



“There are a lot of species that do well when humans are around. The Eastern gray squirrel for instance is the most common squirrel in Raleigh, and it does great around people. But there’s another species called the Eastern fox squirrel, and that one does well around agriculture but not as well around people," Kays explained.



"We can see those differences in many other species. The snowshoe hare, does poorly around both people and around agriculture. This study allows us to see the species that are sensitive to our impacts, and which ones benefit."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-mammal-distribution">Mapping mammal distribution</h2>



The study provided a unique opportunity to create detailed maps predicting the distribution of various mammal species across the United States. 



By analyzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental factors</a> and habitat preferences, researchers were able to delineate different areas of the country into distinct 'ecoregions.' 



These ecoregions reflect the diversity of ecosystems present and are instrumental in understanding how mammal populations are affected by geographical and climatic variations. 



Traditionally, 'ecoregions' have been used to categorize areas based on plant life, but this innovative approach marks the first time it has been applied to mammal populations, highlighting the interconnectedness of flora and fauna in maintaining ecological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-mammals">Climate change and mammals</h2>



Professor Kays explains how this works, using the example of the Eastern deciduous forest. The area is classified by how common certain trees are, forming an ecoregion. 



Similarly, we can now do this with mammal species. The findings show striking similarities, with more rainfall leading to more plants and more food for animals, resulting in a higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammalian-tree-of-life-traces-evolution-of-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abundance of mammals</a>.



Understanding the importance of climate in mammalian habitat choice is crucial in predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change on these populations. 



As our planet warms, the places where animals can live will change. It will also affect things like rainfall and plant growth -- factors that our mammalian neighbors depend on.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-conservation">Strategies for conservation</h2>



To address these changing challenges, conservation strategies need to focus on strengthening mammal populations.



This could involve creating wildlife corridors that allow species to migrate as their habitats shift, preserving and restoring critical ecosystems, and implementing policies that reduce human impacts on these environments.



Collaborative efforts between scientists, policymakers, and local communities are vital in shaping initiatives that protect both biodiversity and human interests.



By fostering a deeper understanding of mammal distribution patterns in relation to climate, we can work towards sustainable solutions that benefit both wildlife and the people who share their landscapes.



In a nutshell, this study highlights <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-americas-mammals-are-seeking-refuge-in-forest-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how intertwined mammalian life is</a> with climate. As we prepare to face the challenges of rising global temperatures, we need to keep our furry friends in mind. Their survival depends on our understanding of their habitats and our willingness to take sustainable actions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ddi.13900" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diversity and Distributions</a>.



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Where mammals live depends more on climate than human activities

We share our planet with countless, essential creatures -- mammals....

For centuries, the seemingly stable world of zooplankton, specifically the water flea, Daphnia pulex, has captivated biologists interested in natural selection. 



These minute yet fascinating crustaceans, often invisible to the naked eye, play a critical and multifaceted role in aquatic ecosystems. 



They are a primary food source for many fish species. They also help regulate the populations of algae and other microorganisms. This regulation maintains the delicate balance of their habitats.



A recent study has reaffirmed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-deep-sea-crustacean-species-discovered-in-the-bahamas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological significance</a> of our environment. It offers a unique perspective on the mystery of evolution.



This research provides new insights into the intricate mechanisms behind genetic adaptation and also sheds light on the importance of biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daphnia-s-genetic-secrets">Daphnia's genetic secrets</h2>



This groundbreaking research, conducted over a decade, involved scientists from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona State University</a>&nbsp;(ASU),&nbsp;<a href="https://english.ccnu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Central China Normal University</a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Notre Dame</a>.&nbsp;



The team analyzed DNA samples from nearly 1,000 Daphnia, aiming to understand the dynamics of natural selection in this species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuating-force-of-natural-selection">Fluctuating force of natural selection</h2>



The researchers made a very significant discovery. The strength of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coexisting-lizards-challenge-what-we-know-about-natural-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural</a> selection on individual genes fluctuates drastically from year to year, even in seemingly constant environments. 



This surprising and dynamic oscillation could be key for better adaptation to changing environments. It allows populations to stay flexible and responsive. Over time, this helps them cope with varying selective pressures.



Such insights deepen our understanding of evolutionary processes. They highlight the complex interplay between genetics and environmental factors.



"Even in seemingly constant environments, we detected profound fluctuations in the frequency of gene variants at specific chromosomal regions over time," explains Michael Lynch, the lead author of the study and director of the Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution at ASU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-natural-selection">Rethinking natural selection</h2>



These findings challenge the conventional belief. Analyzing genetic diversity and divergence does not easily reveal how natural selection operates. The evidence suggests a more complex relationship than previously understood.



Instead, natural selection appears to function with a higher level of subtlety and complexity than previously acknowledged.



The study revealed that most genetic sites experience varying selection, with an average effect close to zero, indicating little consistent selection pressure over different times.&nbsp;



This fluctuation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-decline-changes-the-behavior-of-zooplankton/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic variation</a> allows populations to remain highly adaptable to environmental changes. 



Gene variants, also known as alleles, are different versions of the same gene that can result in different traits.



Furthermore, the research showed that genes located near each other on chromosomes tend to evolve in a coordinated manner.&nbsp;



This linkage allows for beneficial combinations of gene variants to be inherited together, potentially accelerating the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-songbirds-are-masters-of-memory-and-adaptation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptation</a>&nbsp;process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-water-fleas-to-ecosystem-resilience">From water fleas to ecosystem resilience</h2>



Understanding how Daphnia evolve through natural selection offers valuable insights. It reveals the resilience of entire ecosystems. 



This knowledge could help us predict the impacts of environmental changes. It can also aid in mitigating effects on biodiversity and food webs.



By examining the genetic variations and adaptations of these&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crustaceans-have-what-it-takes-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny crustaceans</a>, scientists can better grasp the underlying mechanisms that enable ecosystems to endure and thrive amidst shifting environmental conditions.&nbsp;



"This study has, for the first time, given us a glimpse into the kinds of temporal changes in gene frequencies that occur even in seemingly constant environments, a sort of ongoing churn of genetic variation distributed across the genome," Lynch states.



This research is crucial for predicting how species might adapt to changing environments, including those caused by climate change.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-daphnia-insights-for-modern-environmental-challenges">Harnessing Daphnia insights for modern environmental challenges</h2>



This groundbreaking research on Daphnia pulex not only enhances our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> but also has far-reaching potential applications in various fields, ranging from conservation biology to climate change adaptation strategies. 



We are facing unprecedented environmental challenges. Habitat loss, pollution, and global warming are major issues. Understanding nature's remarkable ability to adapt and be resilient is more important than ever.



This study reveals important insights about genetic variability and natural selection. These findings provide a strong foundation for new methods in biodiversity conservation. They also pave the way for improved ecosystem management.



By deepening our understanding of evolutionary dynamics, we can anticipate environmental stressors more effectively. 



This knowledge helps us mitigate their impacts. Ultimately, it contributes to the health and stability of our planet's ecosystems.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2307107121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Life's rules of natural selection change significantly and very often

For centuries, the seemingly stable world of zooplankton, specifically the water...

When you think about butterflies and moths, what comes to mind? A peaceful scene of these creatures fluttering around flowers, their delicate bodies brushing against petals while they seek nectar. Well, it's time to add another scene to that mental canvas -- one with static electricity.



New research reveals that these insects amass so much static electricity while in flight that they pull pollen towards them from several millimeters or even centimeters away.



Dr. Sam England from <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/biology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol's School of Biological Sciences</a> leads a team of researchers that has made this striking discovery. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterflies-moths-and-static-electricity">Butterflies, moths, and static electricity</h2>



This fascinating finding holds implications for these insects' effectiveness as high-efficiency pollinators.



Dr. England's team also discovered that the extent of static electricity varies amongst different species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-love-pretty-butterflies-and-that-complicates-data-for-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies and moths</a>. 



These differences align with aspects of their ecology, such as whether they visit flowers, hail from a tropical environment, or are day or night flyers.



This evidence suggests that the quantity of static electricity an animal accumulates is an adaptive trait, making it a candidate for natural selection's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary process</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accumulation-in-butterflies">Accumulation in butterflies</h2>



“We knew many species accumulate static electricity as they fly, likely through friction with the air. It had been suggested that this static electricity might enhance the pollination capabilities of flower-visiting animals, like bees and hummingbirds, by using electrostatic attraction for pollen," Dr. England elaborates.



So, the intriguing question was whether this principle extends to an array of crucial pollinators such as butterflies and moths. If they, too, accumulate significant charge, could that charge attract pollen onto them?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-behind-static-electricity-in-butterflies">Factors behind static electricity in butterflies</h2>



The team studied 269 butterflies and moths across 11 different species, native to five continents and found in various ecological niches. 



Scientists then compared these species to determine whether ecological factors correlated with their charge. This investigation helps establish static charging as a trait upon which evolution can act.



"A clearer picture is developing of how static electricity's influence in pollination might be powerful and widespread," Dr. England shared. 



"By establishing electrostatic charging as a trait upon which evolution can act, it opens up numerous questions about how and why natural selection might lead to animals benefiting or suffering from the quantity of static electricity they accumulate."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-power-of-pollinators">Invisible power of pollinators</h2>



"We've discovered that butterflies and moths accumulate so much static electricity when flying, that pollen is literally pulled through the air towards them as they approach a flower," Dr. England concluded. 



These creatures can pollinate without even touching flowers, making them incredibly effective at their job and highlighting their crucial contribution to our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-butterfly-migration-sparked-by-a-surge-in-vegetation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-triggered-by-nature">Innovation triggered by nature</h2>



This study's practical implications are far-reaching. Technology might harness this knowledge to artificially increase pollinators or pollen's electrostatic charges, thereby enhancing pollination rates in natural and agricultural settings.



The insights gained from Dr. England's study could pave the way for innovative strategies in agriculture, particularly in the context of increasing crop yields. 



By manipulating the electrostatic properties of pollen or enhancing the natural static electricity in pollinators like butterflies and moths, farmers could potentially improve the efficiency of pollination processes.



This approach may lead to a reduced need for chemical pollinators and support more sustainable farming practices. 



Moreover, understanding how static electricity influences interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inform conservation efforts</a> aimed at preserving diverse ecosystems that rely on these critical relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-butterflies-and-electricity">Future research on butterflies and electricity</h2>



As the study opens new avenues of inquiry, future research may delve deeper into the genetic and ecological factors that influence the accumulation of static electricity among pollinators. 



Investigating the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon could shed light on the evolutionary history of these species and their interactions with various plants. 



Additionally, examining the effects of environmental changes -- such as climate change and habitat loss -- on the electrostatic charging capabilities of butterflies and moths will be crucial in assessing the resilience of pollination systems.



This line of research may also contribute to our understanding of how biodiversity loss impacts ecosystem functionality, emphasizing the need for comprehensive conservation strategies.



“For me personally, I would love to do a wider survey of as many different species of animal as possible, see how much static electricity they accumulate, and then look for any correlations with their ecology and lifestyle. Then we can really begin to understand how evolution and static electricity interact!” Dr England concluded.



So, the next time you see a butterfly or a moth flutter by, remember, there's a whole lot of science in that seemingly simple flight!



The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2024.0156" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of The Royal Society Interface</a>. 



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Butterflies use static electricity to catch pollen without touching it

When you think about butterflies and moths, what comes to...

A remarkable revelation is brought to us courtesy of Diego Diel, an associate professor of virology, and director of the Virology Laboratory at the Animal Health Diagnostic Center in the <a href="https://www.vet.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Veterinary Medicine</a>, Cornell University. The team found that the highly pathogenic avian flu can now efficiently spread among mammals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avian-flu-s-journey-to-mammals">Avian flu's journey to mammals</h2>



“This is one of the first times that we are seeing evidence of efficient and sustained mammalian-to-mammalian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/raw-milk-may-transmit-bird-flu-virus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza</a> H5N1,” said Diel.



However, there's a bit of good news too. The sequencing of the virus hasn't revealed any mutations that would increase its transmissibility in humans.&nbsp;



But, the very fact that the virus is showing mammal-to-mammal transmission is cause for worry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-cases-and-the-virus-origin">Human cases and the virus origin</h2>



So how does this impact us humans? Well, the U.S. has reported 11 cases so far, with the first case recorded back in April 2022. 



All these patients have shown mild symptoms, and their exposure to the virus can be linked to either cattle or poultry farms. 



And it seems dairy cows might be the origin of the virus. These patients had contracted the same strain that was found circulating in dairy cows.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-infection">Human infection</h2>



While the virus does infect and replicate in humans, the efficiency is rather low currently. But, Diel cautions about possible future mutations which might make the virus adapt better to mammals and subsequently to humans, potentially leading to efficient transmission amongst us.



Therefore, what's really crucial is to keep monitoring the virus in affected animals and also in humans that might potentially get infected. 



"Early testing, enhanced biosecurity and quarantines in the event of positive results, would be necessary to contain any further spread of the virus," Diel advises.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avian-flu-s-impact-on-mammals">Avian flu's impact on mammals</h2>



H5N1 Infections were first detected in January 2022 and have resulted in over 100 million domestic birds and thousands of wild birds losing their lives.&nbsp;



The virus has increasingly been found in dairy cattle herds, causing reduced appetite, respiratory distress, and abnormal milk in the affected animals, leading to a significant drop in milk production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-avian-flu-s-spread-to-mammals">Preventing avian flu's spread to mammals</h2>



In light of the rising concerns regarding H5N1 outbreaks among livestock, implementing strict biosecurity measures is paramount. 



Farmers and ranchers are advised to limit contact between domestic animals and wild birds, as well as employ robust sanitation protocols within barns and feeding areas. 



Routine health checks for livestock, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universal-influenza-vaccine-could-offer-lifetime-immunity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">along with vaccination</a> where feasible, can help mitigate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-h5n1-marine-mammals-spreading-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risks of transmission</a>.



Additionally, educating farm workers on the signs of avian influenza and ensuring that any symptomatic animals receive immediate veterinary care contributes to early detection and control of the virus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-research-and-surveillance">Role of research and surveillance</h2>



As the situation evolves, ongoing research and surveillance are critical to understand the dynamics of avian flu's transmission to mammals.



Universities and veterinary institutes are ramping up their efforts to study the virus's behaviour in both avian and mammalian hosts. 



This comprehensive approach includes genetic sequencing, epidemiological studies, and close monitoring of infected populations.



Collaborative efforts between agricultural departments and public health agencies are essential to timely identification and response to potential outbreaks. 



Enhanced reporting mechanisms will also ensure that any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-is-killing-thousands-of-seals-and-sea-lions-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emerging threats</a> are swiftly addressed, guarding both animal health and public safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-the-disease-spread">Unearthing the disease spread</h2>



This extensive research involved whole genome sequencing of characterized viral strains, modeling, and epidemiological information to trace the virus's journey. The virus was found capable of moving from Texas cows to healthy ones in Ohio.&nbsp;



Even cats, a raccoon and wild birds found dead on the affected farms tested positive for the virus, likely contracted from consuming raw milk of the infected cows.



This research is a collaborative effort, involving many experts from various institutions. Several authors contributed their expertise to this significant study. They worked under different institutions, pooling their knowledge and resources.



The study was funded by entities like the AHDC, the Ohio Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, the Texas A&amp;M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, and the USDA.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Avian flu is now spreading from mammal-to-mammal, alarming health officials

A remarkable revelation is brought to us courtesy of Diego...

Have you ever pondered the bewildering array of creatures that inhabit our planet? From scaly reptiles to feathered birds and furry beasts, each one piques our curiosity. One such group that stands out because of their unusual stomachs is the monotremes.



Monotremes are egg-laying mammals -- encompassing the platypus and echidnas -- and they bask in the glory of being the oldest living <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unearthing-the-lost-world-of-unique-mammals-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammalian lineage</a>. These oddballs continue to intrigue and confound scientists around the globe.



The recent revelation hits the nail on the head, demystifying why they have unusually small, non-acidic stomachs; in particular, platypuses lack a pyloric sphincter, the gateway that controls the passage of food from the stomach to the intestine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monotremes-anatomy">Monotremes anatomy</h2>



Enter Jackson Dann, the lead author of this groundbreaking study, and a Ph.D. student at the University of Adelaide's <a href="https://set.adelaide.edu.au/biological-sciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Biological Sciences</a>.



"Work from our lab previously had shown that the platypus and echidna had lost the genetic instructions for proteins that break down food and secrete stomach acids, but to me this didn't explain the drastic shift in their stomach anatomy relative to other animals," Dann shared his initial dilemma.



Drawing a unique conclusion from his research, he discovered that an essential gene named Nkx3.2 was inactivated in the common ancestor between platypuses and echidnas, tens of millions of years ago!



"Thanks to novel repositories of genetic data, and physical specimens we had at the lab, we were able to discover that Nkx3.2 wasn't functional in monotremes, and this inactivating event contributed to the evolution of their unique body plans," Dann continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-monotreme-s-stomach-anatomy">Insights into monotreme's stomach anatomy</h2>



Dann and his team's discerning analysis of genetic data endowed us with priceless insights into how the monotreme stomach evolved and how it develops in the fetal period.



Monotremes harbor an enigmatic stomach anatomy. 



"It's likely there is some overarching <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-mammals-play-a-vital-role-in-maintaining-forest-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological factor</a> we're missing as to why these species have lost their stomachs," Dann surmised.



"It's otherwise surprising that we would see these drastic shifts in stomach anatomy in monotremes and then the next closely related species are loose groups of fish."



The lens of curiosity zoomed onto these remarkable creatures based on Dann’s fascination with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mammals-have-evolved-over-66-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of unique animal body plans. 



The published research paper in Open Biology shines a light on a singular aspect of the labyrinthine evolutionary trajectory of monotremes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-significance-of-monotremes">Evolutionary significance of monotremes</h2>



Monotremes hold a pivotal place in the evolutionary timeline, serving as a bridge between reptiles and mammals. Their unique characteristics reveal much about the diversification of mammals over millions of years. 



With a lineage dating back to the Mesozoic era, these creatures exemplify how evolutionary adaptations can lead to distinct biological forms. 



The study of monotremes enables scientists to understand not just their own evolutionary history, but also the evolutionary mechanisms that led to the vast array of mammalian life we see today. 



This knowledge can offer insights into resilience and adaptation in changing environments, shedding light on the pressures that shape species over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-monotreme-stomachs">Significance of monotreme stomachs</h2>



Dann's study is not simply for the biologists and geneticists, but also for us, the ordinary folks. He earnestly believes that the more we know about monotremes -- and all Australian fauna -- the more we can appreciate their role in their ecosystems and celebrate their idiosyncrasies.



"There are fantastic efforts led by my colleagues, Dr. Tahlia Perry, Isabella Wilson, and my supervisor, Professor Frank Grützner, into engaging and educating the public about monotreme biology and conservation, such as through EchidnaCSI," Dann appreciatively said.



"A better understanding of these unique and iconic species provides a significant contribution to Australian ecology and culture -- they help us understand more about mammals, including ourselves."



As we delve deeper into monotreme biology, it becomes evident that their distinct traits not only offer insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-geographic-isolation-shaped-global-species-habitat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammalian evolution</a> but also highlight the delicate balance of ecosystems. 



By studying these remarkable animals, we gain a greater appreciation for biodiversity and the importance of preserving such unique species in our ever-changing world.



So, next time when you see a picture of an echidna or a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unique-museum-collection-of-platypuses-resurfaces-after-150-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">platypus</a>, remember that their small, non-acidic stomach hosts a tale of millions of years of evolution!



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.240071" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Open Biology</a>.



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Egg-laying mammals, called monotremes, are unique in many ways

Have you ever pondered the bewildering array of creatures that...

Ocean whispers, hums and resonates with its very own concert of life. However, noise pollution from human activities is beginning to override this melodious orchestra, introducing a cacophony of decibels that our marine friends, especially baby oysters, find disturbingly loud.



“The ocean's natural sound is gradually hushing due to habitat loss, leading to a quieter natural environment increasingly drowned out by the crescendo of human-made noise pollution,” explained Dr. Brittany Williams from the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>’s Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, and lead author of the research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-baby-oysters-and-noise-from-human-activity">Baby oysters and noise from human activity</h2>



Marine organisms, including the delicate oysters, rely heavily on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean's natural acoustics</a> for their survival. 



Like the conductor of an orchestra, these acoustics guide their activities - sense their surroundings, navigate, communicate, avoid predators, find mates and food. 



Reliant on these natural acoustic cues, baby oysters specifically settle in environments that resonate with the right note. Unfortunately, this ‘note’ is increasingly being drowned by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-is-increasingly-disrupting-whale-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noises of human activity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-is-an-unseen-threat-to-oysters">Noise is an unseen threat to oysters</h2>



The humdrum of shipping, machinery, and construction are some of the many human activities that contribute to the rising noise pollution in our oceans. 



The concern isn't just about the loudness of these noises, but also the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-kills-ocean-embryos-during-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant environmental changes</a> these instigate, impacting both terrestrial and marine animals. 



“Noises from shipping, machinery and construction, for example, are pervasive and pose serious environmental change that affects both terrestrial and marine animals,” Dr. Williams pointed out.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-struggles-of-restoring-reefs">Struggles of restoring reefs</h2>



Reefs rehabilitation comes with its own sets of challenges. Our previous understanding of using sound to lure oysters back to restored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/self-repairing-oyster-reefs-will-help-protect-coastlines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reefs</a> is now under scrutiny. 



“Our previous work demonstrated that novel acoustic technology can bolster oyster recruitment in habitat restoration projects, but this new research indicates potential limitations of this speaker technology,” obscured Dr. Dominic McAfee, another researcher from the University of Adelaide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-pollution-impact-baby-oysters">Noise pollution impact baby oysters </h2>



In areas heavily polluted with human-made noise, the usage of specialized speaker technology to attract larvae failed. 



These noises might effectively cloak the intrinsic sounds of the ocean, creating serious implications for the marine ecosystem vitality and resilience.



“This suggests that noise pollution might cloak the intrinsic sounds of the ocean, potentially exerting profound ramifications on marine ecosystem vitality and resilience," Professor Sean Connell, a co-author of the research at the University of Adelaide and the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environment Institute</a>, rightly said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silver-lining">Silver lining</h2>



Despite the challenges, hope swims in the horizon. In areas with lesser anthropogenic noise, the acoustic technology seems to work well, enhancing the process of oyster recruitment which is key to habitat restoration success. 



 “Where there is little anthropogenic noise, acoustic enrichment appears to enhance the process of recruitment which is key to restoration success," notes Dr. Williams.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-community-engagement">Role of community engagement</h2>



Community involvement is crucial in addressing the challenges posed by noise pollution in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine environments</a>. 



By raising awareness and encouraging local communities to participate in restoration efforts, we can create a more supportive atmosphere for the oceans' symphony to thrive. 



Engaging workshops and educational programs can equip the public with tools to understand the importance of soundscapes in marine ecology, leading to more responsible practices for protecting these vital ecosystems. 



As locals become stewards of their coastal environments, their actions can promote a healthier acoustic ecosystem for all marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-to-fix-the-issue">Next steps to fix the issue</h2>



To combat the detrimental effects of noise pollution, ongoing research is essential. Scientists are exploring innovative methods to integrate acoustic technologies with natural reef rehabilitation strategies effectively. 



Future studies may focus on fine-tuning these technologies to ensure they replicate the acoustic signals prevalent in pristine environments, thus providing optimal cues for marine organisms like oysters. 



By understanding the complexities of marine soundscapes further, researchers hope to develop more effective interventions that bridge the gap between natural and artificial acoustic stimuli, ultimately leading to healthier marine ecosystems.



So, are we still in sync with our oceans? Or are we playing an entirely different tune? 



With the wall of human-made noise rising, it's an important question to ponder upon. The silent underwater world is being silenced further, and in this quiet, one can hear the plea for harmony!



Let's think about it – for the oysters, for all marine life, and for us.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Oyster populations are rapidly declining due to ocean noise

Ocean whispers, hums and resonates with its very own concert...

A new study, published in the scientific journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11658" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a>, has recently explored the potential maximum sizes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-dinosaurs-did-not-necessarily-grow-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>, specifically focusing on the famous Tyrannosaurus Rex. 



Dr. Jordan Mallon of the<a href="https://nature.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Canadian Museum of Nature</a> and Dr. David Hone of <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a> used computer modeling to estimate that T. rex might have been 70 percent heavier than current fossil evidence suggests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-largest-animals">Earth's largest animals</h2>



The researchers aimed to understand how dinosaurs could have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-may-have-become-warm-blooded-180-million-years-ago/">evolved</a> to such massive sizes. The study highlights that most known dinosaur species come from just a few specimens, making it unlikely that we have discovered the largest individuals.&nbsp;



“Dinosaurs are the largest animals ever to have walked the earth. Accordingly, they inspire awe among the public, and frequently the question is asked: ‘Which is the biggest?’ But which is the biggest dinosaur (or example of some subclade or ecological guild) ever found and which is the biggest that ever lived are two separate considerations,” noted the researchers.



“The first is relatively straightforward to answer, notwithstanding complications in estimating body mass and comparing skeletons of variable completeness. The second consideration is the more difficult to address.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-size-of-t-rex">Analyzing the size of T. rex</h2>



To address this, Mallon and Hone created computer models considering variables like population size, growth rate, lifespan, and the incompleteness of the fossil record. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/were-there-three-distinct-species-of-tyrannosaurus-rex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a> was chosen due to the extensive data available on this iconic dinosaur. 



By using living alligators as a reference for body-size variance at adulthood, the researchers modeled size differences with and without considering sex differences.&nbsp;



The team found that the largest known T. rex fossils likely fall in the 99th percentile, representing the top one percent of body size. However, discovering an individual in the top 99.99 percent would require another 1,000 years of fossil excavation at the current rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-size-of-t-rex">Surprising size of T. rex</h2>



According to their computer models, the largest individual T. rex that could have existed may have been 70 percent&nbsp; more massive than the current largest-known specimens, potentially weighing up to 15 tons compared to the previous estimate of 8.8 tons.&nbsp;



Additionally, these giant T. rexes could have been 25 percent longer, reaching up to 15 meters.



Dr. David Hone, from Queen Mary University of London, emphasized the significance of their findings, noting that there are hints of larger individuals in isolated bones and fragments. This suggests that larger dinosaurs existed but have yet to be discovered.&nbsp;



“Some isolated bones and pieces certainly hint at still larger individuals than for which we currently have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-comptonatus-chasei-most-complete-discovered-unique-traits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skeletons</a>,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



The study contributes to ongoing debates about the biggest fossil animals. Many of the largest dinosaurs are known from a single specimen, making it difficult to determine if that individual represents the average size of the species. Thus, the largest displayed skeletons in museums might not be the largest individuals of their species.



“Our study suggests that, for big fossil animals like T. rex, we really have no idea from the fossil record about the absolute sizes they might have reached. It’s fun to think about a 15-ton T. rex, but the implications are also interesting from a biomechanical or ecological perspective,” said Dr. Jordan Mallon, a paleontologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature.



“It’s important to stress that this isn’t really about T. rex, which is the basis of our study, but this issue would apply to all dinosaurs, and lots of other fossil species. Arguing about ‘which is the biggest?’ based on a handful of skeletons really isn’t very meaningful,” Hone added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-true-size-of-t-rex">Understanding the true size of T. rex</h2>



The study provides new insights into the possible sizes of the T. rex and other dinosaurs, suggesting that the largest individuals were likely much bigger than those currently known.&nbsp;



By using computer modeling and considering various factors, the researchers have opened up new possibilities for understanding the true scale of these ancient giants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-sizes-of-fossil-species-nbsp">Body sizes of fossil species&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers noted that the findings serve as an important reminder that body size comparisons of fossil species should entail ontogenetically controlled statistical parameters (e.g., means and variances).&nbsp;



“Simply comparing the largest known individuals ignores the realities of intraspecific variation and sampling intensity, and is more likely to lead to claims that are debatable, if not outright misleading,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“We maintain that the rigid pursuit to establish ‘which is biggest’ can distract from more interesting biological questions posed by the immensity of the non-avian dinosaurs.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

T. rex was about 70 percent bigger than we thought

A new study, published in the scientific journal Ecology and...

The world's largest living species of monitor lizard, the formidable Komodo dragon, has recently offered science another fascinating insight into its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-strategies-of-komodo-dragons-mimic-prehistoric-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deadly arsenal</a>. This time, it is not inside their venomous saliva, but rather in their teeth. 



Researchers from <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King’s College London</a>, led by Dr. Aaron LeBlanc, have discovered that the serrated edges of Komodo dragons’ teeth are actually tipped with iron.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-komodo-dragon-teeth">Komodo dragon teeth</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/how-big-do-komodo-dragons-get/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Komodo</a> dragons, hailing from Indonesia, are known for their predatory efficiency. They sport sharp, curved teeth that are reminiscent of many carnivorous dinosaurs and capable of tearing apart various types of meat.



Whether it's small reptiles and birds, or larger game like deer, horses, or water buffalo, nothing stands a chance against the ferocious bite of the Komodo dragon.



The research team found that many reptiles contain iron in their teeth. Still, the Komodo dragons have managed to concentrate this iron along the cutting edges and tips of their teeth, staining them with an identifiable orange hue.



This is a stark contrast to crocodiles and other monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-lizards-have-evolved-to-resist-deadly-snake-venom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizards</a> where the iron presence is so small, it's virtually invisible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concentrated-iron-coating">Concentrated iron coating</h2>



To delve deeper into this unexpected discovery, the team collected skulls and teeth of Komodo dragons from various museums. 



Also, they studied the teeth of Ganas, a 15-year-old Komodo dragon who had spent his life at ZSL conservation zoo, London Zoo. Using advanced imaging and chemical analysis, the researchers were able to understand the peculiar makeup of the lethal <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/komodo-dragon-varanus-komodoensis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Komodo</a> teeth. 



They found a concentrated iron coating on top of their tooth serrations and tips. This sturdy layer keeps the teeth sharp, ready to rip flesh apart at a moment’s notice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meat-eating-dinosaurs">Meat-eating dinosaurs </h2>



The implications of this research are far-reaching. The findings open up new queries and opportunities for studying how extinct species such as dinosaurs lived and hunted.



Dr. Aaron LeBlanc, the study's lead author and lecturer in Dental Biosciences at King’s College London, emphasized the plan to use this research to learn more about the lifestyles of carnivorous dinosaurs. However, he pointed out a crucial obstacle in their path.



According to Dr. LeBlanc, current technology is unable to identify whether fossilized dinosaur teeth contained high iron levels due to chemical alterations during the fossilization process.



What the researchers did find is that larger meat-eating dinosaurs, like tyrannosaurs, had altered the structure of their teeth.



Hence, they concluded that while Komodo dragons altered their teeth's chemistry, some dinosaurs changed their dental enamel structure to maintain a sharp cutting edge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-steps">The next steps</h2>



Dr. LeBlanc and his team hope that further analysis will uncover other markers in the iron coating unaffected by fossilization. Identifying these markers could confirm whether dinosaurs indeed had iron-coated teeth, dramatically enriching our understanding of these fearsome predators.



The Komodo dragon, despite its fascinating biology, faces serious threats to its survival including habitat loss, tourism, and poaching.



Conservation efforts led by organizations like the WWF focus on protecting their habitats and ensuring these ancient predators thrive through the establishment of protected areas and sustainable tourism practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-komodo-dragon">Protecting the Komodo dragon</h2>



Educating the public about the Komodo dragon's ecological significance and the challenges it faces is crucial for its conservation. By fostering an appreciation for these unique reptiles, communities can be encouraged to participate in protective measures and support conservation initiatives.



Schools and institutions around the world can raise awareness about biodiversity. They can implement programs that showcase its importance. Apex predators like the Komodo dragon play a critical role in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Educating others about this is essential.



Increased public engagement can lead to a collective effort to safeguard these extraordinary creatures and their habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-komodo-dragons">Understanding Komodo dragons </h2>



This fascinating discovery adds more depth to our understanding of these majestic creatures, aiding conservation efforts aimed at their protection.



“As the world’s largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sea-lizard-khinjaria-had-teeth-like-daggers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizards</a>, Komodo dragons are inarguably impressive animals. Having worked with them for 12 years at London Zoo, I continue to be fascinated by them and these findings further emphasize just how incredible they are," explained 



Study co-author Dr. Benjamin Tapley is Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians at ZSL.



“Komodo dragons are sadly endangered, so in addition to strengthening our understanding of how iconic dinosaurs might have lived, this discovery also helps us build a deeper understanding of these amazing reptiles as we work to protect them,” said Dr. Tapley.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02477-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Komodo dragons have iron-tipped teeth to rip apart flesh

The world's largest living species of monitor lizard, the formidable...

A team of researchers has recently captured unprecedented footage of an endangered basking shark being struck by a boat off the coast of Ireland in April. This incident provided unique data on the impact of ship strikes on large marine animals. 



“This is the first ever direct observation of a ship strike on any marine megafauna that we’re aware of,” said study lead author Taylor Chapple, a shark researcher at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> (OSU)'s Hatfield Marine Science Center. 



“The shark was struck while feeding on the surface of the water and it immediately swam to the seafloor into deeper, offshore waters, a stark contrast to its behavior prior to the strike. Our findings demonstrate the risk and impact of vessel strikes and the need for measures to reduce this risk.”



Unfortunately, researchers could not determine if the shark recovered, as the tag released itself seven hours later, showing no resumption of normal activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-issue-of-ship-strikes">Addressing the issue of ship strikes</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1430961/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>, highlights the importance of addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-whales-are-killed-by-ship-strikes-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vessel strikes</a>, which pose significant risks to marine life. 



“Overlap between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-megafauna-extinctions-will-compromise-critical-ecosystem-services/">marine megafauna</a> and maritime activities has long been, and is increasingly, a topic of concern, especially given the increase in maritime traffic and the continued declines of some species. It has been demonstrated that phenomena such as the formation of ‘marine roads’ (i.e., shipping routes) pose significant risk to large surface-active marine megafauna,” wrote the study authors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-basking-sharks-feeding-habits-nbsp">Basking sharks’ feeding habits&nbsp;</h2>



Basking sharks, the second-largest known fish, are particularly vulnerable due to their surface feeding habits, similar to some whales. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaws-of-most-shark-species-show-little-variation-over-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a> are listed as globally endangered, and Ireland is a crucial aggregation site for them.



In 2022, basking sharks in Ireland gained protection under the country’s Wildlife Act. The establishment of Ireland’s first National Marine Park earlier this year, protecting 70,000 acres of land and sea in County Kerry, aims to safeguard these sharks.&nbsp;



Researchers conducted a study within the park's boundaries, tagging the basking shark to study its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nurse-sharks-have-surprisingly-flexible-foraging-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foraging behavior</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ship-strikes-have-lasting-impacts-nbsp">Ship strikes have lasting impacts&nbsp;</h2>



After tagging, data showed the shark continued normal feeding for several hours, occasionally diving, until it made a quick evasive movement followed by the keel of a boat cutting across its back.&nbsp;



The shark then swam rapidly to the seafloor. Video footage revealed visible damage but no open wounds. Vessel strikes, even if non-lethal, can have lasting impacts on marine animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerability-of-basking-sharks-nbsp">Vulnerability of basking sharks&nbsp;</h2>



Nicholas Payne, co-author and assistant professor at <a href="https://www.tcd.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a>, stressed the vulnerability of basking sharks to boats due to their surface feeding behavior. 



“The fact that a shark we fitted our ‘Fitbit’ to was struck in this area within a few hours underlines just how vulnerable these animals are to boats and highlights the need for greater education in how to mitigate against such strikes.”&nbsp;



The incident underscores the need for greater education and measures to mitigate such strikes.



Further research is necessary to understand how often basking sharks occupy habitats where they are not visible at the surface.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-an-endangered-species-nbsp">Protecting an endangered species&nbsp;</h2>



Alexandra McInturf, a research associate in Chapple’s Big Fish Lab at OSU and co-coordinator of the <a href="https://www.baskingshark.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Irish Basking Shark Group</a>, emphasized the critical need to study basking shark behavior in Ireland, one of the few places globally where they are still observed regularly. 



“This research raises additional questions about whether and how often the sharks are actually occupying such habitats when they are not clearly visible at the surface,” said McInturf.



“Given that Ireland is one of the only locations globally where basking sharks are still observed persistently, addressing such questions will be critical to informing not only our ecological understanding of the basking shark, but also the conservation of this globally endangered species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-life-and-human-activities">Marine life and human activities</h2>



The incident highlights the pressing need for continued efforts to protect marine life from human activities and ensure the survival of endangered species like the basking shark.&nbsp;



The data gathered from this event provide crucial insights into the risks these animals face and underscore the necessity for protective measures to mitigate vessel strikes.&nbsp;



The findings also offer valuable information for future conservation strategies and reinforce the importance of ongoing research to better understand and protect marine megafauna.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Basking sharks are exceptionally vulnerable to ship strikes

A team of researchers has recently captured unprecedented footage of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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