Sometimes discoveries take centuries. In South Wales, a fossil jawbone collected in 1899 has finally revealed its secret. It sat quietly for more than a hundred years in the National Museum of Wales. Researchers wrote about it, but no one could say for sure what creature it came from.



Now, using modern technology, paleontologists at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> have identified it as a new dinosaur species. They have given it a new name too: Newtonsaurus, honoring the man who first described it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-newtonsaurus-a-distinctive-name">Newtonsaurus: A distinctive name </h2>



The fossil itself contains no bone. What remains are natural molds pressed into stone. At first glance, this seems disappointing. 



But those impressions preserved details invisible to the naked eye. With 3D scanning, the team brought the jawbone back to life in digital form.



“This specimen has been referred to many times in scientific papers but had yet to be successfully identified,” said study co-author Owain Evans. “It was named Zanclodon cambrensis by Edwin Tully Newton in 1899, but we knew the name Zanclodon had been abandoned because it referred to a broad variety of early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reptile-ancestors-appeared-40-million-years-earlier-than-we-thought/">reptiles</a>.”



“Therefore, we name it after Newton, calling it Newtonsaurus. It is different from all other dinosaurs from that time and requires a distinctive name.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-rebuilt-through-3d-scans">Fossil rebuilt through 3D scans</h2>



Creating the digital model required patience. The team photographed every angle of the molds, then combined the images into a 3D shape. 



By flipping the data, they produced a negative of the impressions, which gave them a digital version of the original jawbone.



“The natural molds of the inner and outer faces of the jawbone show amazing detail - every groove, ridge, tooth, and even the serrations along the edges of the teeth,” said Michael Benton, professor of vertebrate paleontology at the University of Bristol.



“We decided to use digital photography to make a 3D model. We began by surface scanning the fossil using photogrammetry. Once we had our digital scan, we inverted it - essentially giving us a digital negative of the mold.”



By fusing the sides and analyzing its anatomy, the digital reconstruction revealed a clearer picture of the bone’s original structure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-predatory-flesh-eating-dinosaur">A predatory, flesh-eating dinosaur</h2>



Once reconstructed, the fossil’s features stood out clearly. The placement of the teeth and the jaw shape confirmed it belonged to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-footprints-reveal-a-dinosaur-that-changed-pace-while-walking/">theropod</a>. These were meat-eating dinosaurs, ancestors of later giants like Tyrannosaurus rex. 



The discovery proved that large predators prowled the Welsh coastline during the Triassic period.



“We can now confirm that this specimen very likely belonged to a large predatory theropod dinosaur that roamed the shores of South Wales during the latest Triassic,” said Evans.



“It has some definite unique dinosaur features in the emplacement of the teeth, and it is a theropod - a predatory, flesh-eating dinosaur. Otherwise, it sits near the origins of both major divisions of Theropoda, the Coelophysoidea and the Averostra.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-newtonsaurus-was-unusually-large">Newtonsaurus was unusually large</h2>



The<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-fish-bones-reveal-clues-about-the-evolution-of-eating/"> jawbone</a> alone measured 28 centimeters (11 inches). But this was only the front half. The full bone stretched around 60 centimeters (24 inches).



That means the dinosaur’s body reached five to seven meters (16 to 23 feet) in length. For the Triassic, this was huge. Most theropods of the time were much smaller.



The preserved 28 cm (11 in) jawbone, once 60 cm (24 in) in life, reveals a large Triassic theropod - unexpectedly large for its kind.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Newtonsaurus_new-dinosaur-species_jawbone-fossil_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Newtonsaurus_new-dinosaur-species_jawbone-fossil_1s.webp" alt="Using modern digital scanning techniques the researchers were able to shed new light on the fossil jawbone, which has been known since 1899 and been on display in the National Museum of Wales for many years. Credit: Owain Evans" class="wp-image-1985985"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Using modern digital scanning techniques the researchers were able to shed new light on the fossil jawbone, which has been known since 1899 and been on display in the National Museum of Wales for many years. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Owain Evans</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-adds-to-welsh-prehistory">Discovery adds to Welsh prehistory</h2>



For paleontologists, the discovery proves that museum collections still hold secrets. For Wales, it adds another important piece to its prehistoric record. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/triassic-fossils-shed-new-light-on-ancient-ecosystems/">Triassic</a> beds of the region are rare and globally significant.



“These historical specimens are vitally important in paleontology and often yield new and exciting results - even if they have been sitting in collections for years. The Victorians were fascinated by the fossil record and prospected all across the UK for fossils,” said Cindy Howells at the <a href="https://museum.wales/cardiff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Museum of Wales</a>.



“On top of this, the re-description of Newtonsaurus cambrensis once again highlights the significance of Wales in paleontological research."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wales-may-reveal-more-dinosaurs">Wales may reveal more dinosaurs</h2>



Triassic beds are rare worldwide, yet Wales holds several of them - each with the potential to reveal another hidden dinosaur.



Newtonsaurus is more than a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-rising-mountains-give-birth-to-new-species/">new species</a>. It proves that even old fossils can still surprise us, and that modern tools can finally solve questions that lingered for generations.



The find also reminds us that the cliffs and quarries of Wales may still conceal more giants waiting to emerge.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787825000513?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Geologists Association</a>.



Image Credit: Owain Evans



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Newtonsaurus: Forgotten dinosaur fossil reveals a giant Triassic predator

Sometimes discoveries take centuries. In South Wales, a fossil jawbone collected in 1899 has finally revealed its secret. It sat quietly for more than a hundred years in the National Museum of Wales. Researchers wrote about it, but no one could say for sure what creature it came from. Now, using modern technology, paleontologists at the University of Bristol have identified it as a new dinosaur species. They have given it a new name too: Newtonsaurus, honoring the man who first described it. Newtonsaurus: A distinctive name...

Elephants are amazing creatures known not only for their impressive size but for their intelligence and deep social connections.&nbsp;Just like us,&nbsp;they have ways of communicating and building their friendships.&nbsp;But you might be surprised to learn just how elaborate those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-may-be-the-first-non-human-animals-to-call-each-other-by-names/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greetings</a> can be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-an-elephant-greeting-special">What makes an elephant greeting special</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elephants</a>, like humans, have unique ways of greeting each other, involving an elaborate blend of sounds and movements. A recent study analyzed how a herd of semi-captive elephants in Zimbabwe greet one another, uncovering a wide range of distinctive behaviors. 



Here’s a detailed breakdown of their fascinating greeting rituals:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vocal lineup</h3>



<ul>
<li>Rumbling: A deep, resonant vocalization produced by vibrating the vocal cords. Elephants often rumble as a form of communication, signaling reassurance, excitement, or even warning. During greetings, rumbling is frequently combined with ear flapping, a rhythmic movement that accentuates the sound.</li>



<li>Trumpeting: A high-pitched, trumpet-like call usually associated with excitement or alertness. Elephants produce this sound by forcefully expelling air through their trunks. During greetings, trumpeting often signals a positive emotional state, as elephants celebrate a reunion.</li>



<li>Roaring: A loud, intense vocalization used in more elaborate greetings. Roaring indicates heightened excitement and is often accompanied by dynamic physical gestures like ear spreading or trunk swinging. The roar adds a layer of energy to the greetings, emphasizing the emotional connection between elephants.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The movements</h3>



<ul>
<li>Ear flapping and spreading: Ear flapping involves rapidly moving the ears back and forth, creating a distinctive swishing sound. Ear spreading, on the other hand, is when elephants extend their ears outward to their fullest extent. Both behaviors are used to enhance communication, drawing attention to the vocalizations and adding visual emphasis.</li>



<li>Tail wagging: Elephants wag their tails in various ways, from gentle swaying to vigorous movements. Tail wagging often reflects the elephant’s emotional state and adds a playful or welcoming note to the greeting. It's comparable to how dogs wag their tails when they see a familiar face.</li>



<li>Trunk swinging: A rhythmic, side-to-side movement of the trunk, sometimes combined with trunk reaching toward the other elephant. Trunk swinging demonstrates recognition and familiarity, reinforcing social bonds between elephants.</li>



<li>Approaching backwards: A unique gesture where an elephant approaches another elephant with its back. This unexpected behavior is thought to be playful, creating an element of surprise and demonstrating trust within the herd.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The smelly surprise in elephant greeting</h3>



<ul>
<li>Urination and defecation: Often present during greetings, possibly as a form of scent marking or stress relief. Elephants might urinate or defecate in response to excitement or heightened emotions when meeting a friend. This behavior can provide olfactory cues that enhance recognition.</li>



<li>Special sweat gland secretions: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-body-conscious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elephants</a> have a unique gland located on their temporal region (between the eyes and ears). This gland releases a distinctive scent that plays a crucial role in social communication. During greetings, elephants often secrete from this gland, adding another layer of olfactory information to their greeting rituals.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hello-depends-on-who-s-watching-and-smelling">"Hello" depends on who's watching (and smelling)</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-behavior-provides-new-insights-into-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elephants</a> are not only sophisticated in their greetings but also incredibly adaptable in how they communicate based on the attention they're receiving. Here's a fascinating aspect of their social behavior:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">When elephants are being observed</h3>



Researchers from <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a> discovered that elephants tailor their greetings depending on whether the other elephant is watching or not. When the greeting elephant knows it's being watched by its buddy, it focuses more on visual gestures to make the interaction more engaging. Common visual gestures include:



Trunk reaching:



<ul>
<li>The greeting elephant extends its trunk toward the other elephant, often reaching out to touch the face or trunk of their friend.</li>



<li>This gesture is a clear signal of recognition and a desire to connect physically.</li>
</ul>



Ear spreading:



<ul>
<li>The elephant spreads its ears wide apart, making itself appear larger and more impressive.</li>



<li>Ear spreading is visually striking and conveys excitement and recognition.</li>
</ul>



Trunk swinging:



<ul>
<li>The trunk is swung rhythmically from side to side or in circular motions.</li>



<li>Trunk swinging can signify playfulness and reinforces the bond between the elephants.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">When elephants aren't observed</h3>



When the greeting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-have-personality-traits-that-help-them-solve-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a> notices that its buddy isn't paying attention, it switches to communication methods that don't rely on visual cues. Instead, they use sounds and touch to capture attention or communicate affection:



Ear flapping:



<ul>
<li>The elephant rapidly moves its ears back and forth, creating a distinctive swishing sound.</li>



<li>Ear flapping is often paired with rumbling or trumpeting, providing an auditory signal that's hard to ignore.</li>
</ul>



Ear slapping on the neck:



<ul>
<li>The elephant slaps its ears against its neck, producing a sound that can be heard by nearby elephants.</li>



<li>This action adds emphasis to vocalizations like rumbling or trumpeting.</li>
</ul>



Trunk touching:



<ul>
<li>The elephant reaches out with its trunk to touch the face, trunk, or body of its friend.</li>



<li>Physical touch reinforces social bonds and provides comfort or reassurance.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Significance of flexible elephant greeting</h2>



This flexibility in greeting behavior illustrates the adaptability of elephants' communication strategies. By adjusting their greetings based on whether they're being watched, elephants ensure that their messages are received and understood. 



When they have an attentive audience, elephants use more visual signals like trunk reaching, ear spreading, and trunk swinging to capture attention. However, when not being observed, they rely on auditory and tactile cues such as ear flapping and trunk touching. 



This adaptability demonstrates their social intelligence, as elephants choose the most effective way to say "hello" depending on their audience’s attention.



"Our results suggest that social relationships flexibly impact the use of signals by elephants during greeting, and supports the hypothesis that elaborate greeting behaviour functions to strengthen social bonds upon reunion," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-elephant-greetings-so-elaborate">Why are elephant greetings so elaborate?</h2>



Researchers believe these elaborate greetings serve multiple purposes. They help strengthen social bonds and show recognition, particularly among closely bonded females. The combination of vocalizations, trunk reaching, and ear spreading reinforces their connections and ensures a warm welcome. 



In addition, male elephants often direct their trunks towards other males, which researchers suggest could promote positive interactions or help them sniff out chemical information about potential competition. 



This behavior enables them to assess each other's status and intentions, facilitating a more nuanced understanding of their social environment and ensuring smoother interactions within their community.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-like-humans-and-apes">Like humans (and apes)</h2>



Elephants aren't the only ones with clever communication skills. Humans, chimpanzees, and other apes also use a mix of sounds and gestures, adapting how they communicate to fit the situation. Humans combine verbal language with facial expressions and body language to convey emotions and intentions. 



Chimpanzees and other apes similarly use vocalizations like pant-hoots and screams, alongside gestures like hand waves or embraces, to express dominance, friendliness, or alarm. Both humans and apes modify their communication based on context, audience, and social hierarchy, demonstrating remarkable flexibility and intelligence in their social interactions.



The next time you see footage of an elephant greeting,&nbsp;pay close attention:&nbsp;there's a whole conversation happening. Their elaborate rituals remind us just how intelligent and socially complex animals can be.&nbsp;It's yet another reason to appreciate and protect these awe-inspiring creatures.



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Elephants have heartwarming ways to greet their friends

Elephants are amazing creatures known not only for their impressive...

It's a common belief that learning is predominantly an activity for the young, but recent research suggests that adult chimpanzees continue to refine and improve their tool-using skills, marking a significant discovery in the study of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-not-the-only-primates-that-experience-menopause/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primate</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-give-us-clues-about-early-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a>. 



This fascinating insight comes from a study conducted by Mathieu Malherbe and colleagues from the <a href="http://www.isc.cnrs.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Cognitive Sciences</a> in France. 



The study sheds new light on the parallels between human and chimpanzee <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-chimpanzees-and-humans-learn-to-communicate-in-the-same-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning behaviors</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-tool-mastery-in-wild-chimpanzees">Observing tool mastery in wild chimpanzees</h2>



Malherbe's team focused on wild chimpanzees in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, utilizing video recordings collected over several years to observe the primates in action. These observations included 70 chimps of varying ages engaging in the use of sticks to retrieve food. 



"Tool use is considered a driving force behind the evolution of brain expansion and prolonged juvenile dependency in the hominin lineage. However, it remains rare across animals, possibly due to inherent constraints related to manual dexterity and cognitive abilities," wrote the researchers.



"In our study, we investigated the ontogeny of tool use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), a species known for its extensive and flexible tool use behavior."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-tool-proficiency-with-age">Increasing tool proficiency with age</h2>



As the chimpanzees aged, they demonstrated an increasing proficiency in manipulating tools, showcasing more suitable finger grips and more nuanced techniques for specific tasks.



Interestingly, while basic motor skills associated with tool use were well-developed by the age of six, the chimpanzees exhibited significant advancements in their abilities well into their fifteenth year. 



This included adeptness in extracting insects from challenging locations and adjusting their grip based on the task at hand, suggesting that the development of such skills is as much about cognitive learning as it is about physical maturity.



"Wild chimpanzees showed protracted development of their hand grip when manipulating a stick as a tool to extract difficult-to-access foods from cavities. While the digits grip became the predominant hand grip used by 5 to 6 years old (weaning age), it only became ubiquitous at 15 years old (adulthood)," noted the researchers.



"In addition, we found that chimpanzees used 6 actions with stick tools to retrieve 8 food types. Adults, but not non-adults, modulated their behavior to use a more appropriate hand grip to fit action requirements (i.e., power or precision). Such behavioral modulation only by adults indicates an improved understanding of tool use problems and their solutions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-continuous-learning">Implications of continuous learning</h2>



The study underscores the importance of continuous learning in the animal kingdom, particularly among chimpanzees and other species that rely heavily on tool use. 



The ability to learn and adapt technologically into adulthood is not merely a trait observed in humans but is evidently part of a broader evolutionary pattern that includes our closest living relatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifelong-learning-in-chimpanzees">Lifelong learning in chimpanzees </h2>



This ongoing learning process in chimpanzees supports the notion that large brains in hominids - humans and related species - facilitate sustained learning well into the later stages of life. 



"In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-chimpanzees-like-to-share-cool-things-with-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild chimpanzees</a>, the intricacies of tool use learning continue into adulthood. This pattern supports ideas that large brains across hominids allow continued learning through the first two decades of life," noted the study authors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-depths-of-chimpanzee-learning">Exploring the depths of chimpanzee learning</h2>



While the study provides valuable insights, the researchers acknowledge that more work is needed to fully understand the dynamics of the chimpanzees’ learning processes. 



Questions remain about the roles of reasoning, memory, and whether learning primarily comes from personal experience or if it also involves instruction from peers. 



These areas are crucial for a deeper understanding of how learning capacities influence the evolution of tool use and cognitive abilities in primates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-evolutionary-patterns">Broader evolutionary patterns</h2>



The revelation that chimpanzees continue to learn and enhance their tool-using skills well into adulthood not only expands our understanding of primate abilities but also aligns with broader evolutionary theories regarding brain development and learning in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-hominids-walk-upright/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominids</a>. 



It highlights the significance of lifelong learning as a key component in the advancement of cognitive and cultural complexities, offering a mirror to our own species' development. 



As research progresses, it will be intriguing to see how these insights affect our comprehension of human and primate evolution alike.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002609" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a>.



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Chimpanzees continue learning as adults

It's a common belief that learning is predominantly an activity...

A new study by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> raises concerns about the long-term impacts of early summer salmon fishing. The research suggests a potential link between fishing pressure during the early season and a decline in the average size of Atlantic salmon. This change could be attributed to evolutionary processes influenced by human activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-factor-in-salmon-size-and-growth">Genetic factor in salmon size and growth</h2>



Atlantic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-chinook-salmon-almost-extinct-due-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> possess a genetic variant that influences their growth and maturity patterns. Individuals carrying this variant adopt a life history strategy characterized by larger body size and later maturation. This strategy allows salmon to invest more energy in growth before diverting resources towards reproduction. 



Larger females can produce more eggs, and larger males have a competitive advantage during spawning. This increased potential for reproductive success over their lifetime provides an evolutionary benefit to salmon carrying the "large salmon variant." Larger fish also offer a more substantial catch, making them highly desirable to anglers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fishing">Fishing </h2>



"This finding suggests that the timing of fishing may cause evolutionary changes in the age and size that Atlantic salmon reach before maturation. Intensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> especially in the early fishing season may lead to the 'large salmon variant' becoming rarer and to salmon spawning at a younger age and smaller size," explained lead author Dr. Antti Miettinen.



The study revealed a concerning trend. Salmon possessing the "large salmon variant" were more likely to be caught during the early part of the fishing season. This isn't random. Early-arriving salmon tend to be larger and older, making them more attractive targets for anglers. Over multiple seasons, the consistent removal of larger fish with the valuable growth gene creates a form of artificial selection.



Fish populations naturally exhibit a range of genetic variations. When fishing pressure heavily targets a specific trait, like the larger size associated with the "large salmon variant," it disrupts the natural balance of these variations. 



Over time, fish with the variant become less common in the population. Conversely, salmon that mature earlier and are smaller in size – traits not targeted by early season fishing – survive and reproduce at a higher rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-consequences-for-salmon-populations-and-size">Long-term consequences for salmon populations and size</h2>



If this trend of targeting larger fish during the early season continues unchecked, it could have serious consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salmon-migration-routes-discovered-using-historical-data/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> populations in the long run. Here's why:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-genetic-diversity">Reduced genetic diversity</h3>



Within a population, a wide range of genetic variations improves resilience. Different gene combinations provide a wider array of traits, offering better chances of some individuals adapting to diseases or changing environments.



Targeting larger fish disproportionately removes those carrying the "large salmon variant." This gene, which promotes size and later maturation, becomes less common over generations. The loss of this beneficial trait limits the population's potential to rebound when conditions improve.



Less genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding and make the population more susceptible to diseases. It can also hinder their ability to adapt to changes like warming water temperatures or shifts in prey availability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-average-salmon-size">Smaller average salmon size</h3>



As larger salmon are consistently removed, the average size of the population gradually declines. Over many generations, this decrease could become substantial.



Salmon play a crucial role in their ecosystems, both as predators and prey. Smaller salmon may be less effective hunters and more vulnerable to their own predators. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of the food web.



Large adult salmon carry a significant amount of nutrients back to freshwater when they spawn. These nutrients boost the growth of insects and other organisms, which in turn support birds and other wildlife. Smaller salmon contribute fewer nutrients, potentially affecting the entire ecosystem.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-success">Reproductive success</h3>



In fish, there's a strong correlation between body size and egg production. Larger females produce a higher number of eggs, which translates to more potential offspring.



When smaller salmon dominate the population, fewer eggs are produced overall. Without sufficient new members joining the population, it can gradually decline over time.



Reduced reproductive success makes it harder for populations to recover from natural fluctuations or additional pressures like habitat loss or reduced food availability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-of-the-baltic-salmon">Case of the Baltic salmon</h2>



The researchers focused on wild salmon in the northern Baltic Sea, where the impact was noticeable. Salmon caught early in the season, especially in upstream areas of the Tornio and Kalix Rivers, were more likely to have the "large salmon variant."



"Fishing in the early part of the fishing season targets salmon that spawn in the headwaters of these rivers, which should be accounted for in fisheries management to ensure the viability of these salmon populations," said Miettinen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-and-fishing">Implications for conservation and fishing</h2>



This study highlights the complex ways our actions can shape wild animal populations. Fishing, if not carefully managed, can inadvertently drive evolutionary changes over time. Policymakers and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-are-on-the-frontline-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> communities face the challenge of balancing immediate needs with the long-term health of salmon stocks.



"By analyzing the genetics of samples collected across the northern Baltic over many decades, this study shows how human activities could cause evolutionary changes in wild salmon populations," said study co-author Dr. Victoria Pritchard.



The researchers emphasized the need for continued monitoring and research. The genetic tools created in this study provide a way to track the effects of changing fishing practices. It's vital to find solutions that protect salmon populations while supporting sustainable fishing.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.13690" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolutionary Applications</a>.



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Early fishing season actually alters the genetic evolution of Atlantic salmon size

A new study by the University of Helsinki raises concerns...

Did you know that the most dangerous animal in the world isn't a lion, shark, or bear? It's the tiny, irritating, and potentially disease-carrying mosquito. These buzzing bloodsuckers aren't just a summer nuisance – they carry deadly diseases. And now, according to alarming new research, the mosquito problem could get a lot worse due to climate change.



Scientists at the <a href="https://www.lanl.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> have investigated how climate change might impact the spread of mosquitoes. The results paint a bleak picture, highlighting the potential for serious public health consequences.



"We found that all nine species in our model responded resiliently to climate change, which tells us that mosquito-borne disease will be a continued threat as the climate warms," noted study lead author Morgan Gorris.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-fuels-mosquito-spread">Climate change fuels mosquito spread</h2>



Put simply, as global temperatures rise, mosquitoes may find new territories to thrive in. And that translates to more people facing the risk of serious mosquito-borne illnesses.



Climate change is reshaping the world's ecosystems, and mosquitoes are adapting swiftly. In the Los Alamos National Laboratory study, scientists used computer models to predict how nine mosquito species would respond to rising temperatures. 



The findings revealed that six species would expand their geographical ranges, two would shift their ranges, and one would remain nearly the same.



For example, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, notorious carriers of diseases like dengue and Zika, will likely expand northward into new areas of North America. Other mosquitoes, like Culex quinquefasciatus, will extend their presence in the southern United States, increasing the risk of West Nile virus.



These changes could mean exposing new populations to diseases they haven't encountered before. Public health experts warn that communities need proactive strategies to handle this emerging threat. Increased surveillance, vaccination programs, and public education will be crucial in managing the risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-mosquito-predictions-due-to-climate-change">Global mosquito predictions due to climate change</h2>



Six of the nine studied mosquito species are projected to dramatically expand their territory. For instance, Aedes aegypti, known for spreading diseases like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, is expected to extend its range northward. Similarly, Aedes albopictus, a carrier of the same diseases, will likely expand north into regions currently unsuitable for mosquito habitation.



Two species may shift their ranges entirely, moving to new areas due to changing climate conditions. These mosquitoes will seek new regions that match their ideal temperature and humidity requirements, potentially bringing diseases to previously unaffected populations.



Additionally, only one of the species is likely to maintain a relatively unchanged geographical range. However, even for this species, the areas currently suitable for its survival are projected to become more favorable in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosquito-borne-diseases">Mosquito-borne diseases</h2>



Mosquitoes aren't just itchy pests; they transmit a range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>:



Chikungunya: This disease is characterized by joint pain, fever, and rash. The joint pain can be severe and may last for several weeks, significantly affecting quality of life.



Dengue: Dengue can range from mild to severe. Symptoms include high fever, intense headaches, joint and muscle pain, and rash. In severe cases, it can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever, which can be life-threatening without proper medical care.



West Nile Virus: Often mild, with symptoms like fever and fatigue, West Nile virus can cause severe neurological complications. In these cases, it may lead to encephalitis or meningitis, which can be fatal.



Yellow Fever: This disease causes fever, nausea, and muscle pain. In severe cases, it can lead to liver and kidney damage, resulting in jaundice (hence the name "yellow fever") and potentially fatal complications.



Zika Virus: Zika virus typically causes mild symptoms, such as rash, fever, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. However, it is notorious for its association with birth defects, such as microcephaly, when contracted during pregnancy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impact-on-mosquito-habitats">Climate change impact on mosquito habitats</h2>



Warmer temperatures can accelerate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-biting-season-extended-by-light-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquito</a> lifecycle, resulting in faster breeding and larger populations. Higher temperatures reduce the time required for mosquitoes to develop from eggs to adults, leading to more generations of mosquitoes in a single season.



Milder winters also extend the active season for mosquitoes. With fewer cold periods to limit their activity, mosquitoes remain active for longer periods, increasing their chances to bite and potentially infect people with various diseases.



Furthermore, warmer temperatures can increase the transmission rates of mosquito-borne diseases. As mosquitoes digest blood meals more quickly in warmer climates, the time required for pathogens to develop inside mosquitoes shortens. This means mosquitoes can become infectious sooner and spread diseases like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus at a higher rate.



Ultimately, the combination of faster breeding, larger populations, and longer active seasons heightens the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses. "Knowing where mosquitoes will live in the future is important for understanding who is at risk for these diseases and taking the appropriate actions to protect health security," said Gorris.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do">What can we do?</h2>



While the science paints a concerning picture, it's important to remember that knowledge is power. Climate change is already happening, and it appears to be benefiting mosquitoes rather than hindering them. 



As temperatures rise and winters become milder, mosquitoes expand their territories and become active for longer periods. Consider the following:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personal-protection">Personal protection</h3>



Classic advice remains crucial:



<ul>
<li>Use insect repellent.</li>



<li>Wear long sleeves and pants.</li>



<li>Repair window screens to keep mosquitoes out of your home.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-effort">Community effort</h3>



Eliminating standing water, which serves as mosquito breeding grounds, is essential:



<ul>
<li>Empty forgotten pots with water.</li>



<li>Maintain swimming pools.</li>



<li>Clean stagnant birdbaths and gutters.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-initiatives">Public health initiatives</h3>



Increased mosquito monitoring and targeted control measures are vital:



<ul>
<li>Monitor mosquito populations to detect disease-carrying species.</li>



<li>Implement mosquito control programs, such as insecticide spraying.</li>



<li>Educate communities on prevention and protection strategies.</li>
</ul>



With climate change fueling the spread of mosquitoes, it's critical to get serious about staying protected. Staying informed and practicing smart preventive measures will help keep you and your loved ones shielded from the growing threat of mosquito-borne diseases.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667278224000208?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Climate Change and Health</a>.



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Mosquito habitats are expanding due to climate change

Did you know that the most dangerous animal in the...

Researchers at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a> have recently found that green-rumped <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-parrots-explain-dinosaurs-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrotlets</a> frequently engage in both infanticide and adoption to gain mating advantages and secure valuable nesting sites. 



The research, spanning nearly three decades, sheds light on the complex social behaviors of these small South American parrots, suggesting that their actions are driven by both competition and opportunity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-estate-and-love">Real estate and love</h2>



“In parrotlets, infanticide and adoption revolve around real estate and love,” said lead author Steven Beissinger, a professor of environmental science, policy, and management at UC Berkeley.&nbsp;



“Most of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-baboons-will-kill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infanticide</a> attacks happened when a breeding pair was attacked by another pair that was trying to take over a coveted nest site. It also occurred when males wanted to breed with a widow who already had offspring - but we were surprised to find that these new males were just as likely to adopt the offspring as attack them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



The study began in 1988 when Beissinger started observing a community of these parrotlets on a Venezuelan cattle ranch. Unlike their forest-dwelling kin, green-rumped parrotlets prefer nesting in open areas, which allowed for detailed observation.&nbsp;



To facilitate this, Beissinger installed artificial nesting sites made from large PVC pipes across the ranch and used color-banding to track individual birds and their familial relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-infanticide-among-parrots">Discovery of infanticide among parrots</h2>



The initial discovery of infanticide came unexpectedly. “We couldn’t tell if something had attacked them, or if they had died from disease, or something else,” Beissinger recounted. “But when we were watching some of the nests, all of a sudden in went a male who didn't belong - who wasn't a parent at that nest - and out he came with a little bit of blood on his beak.”



This observation prompted a closer examination of infanticide among the parrots, which revealed that it was a common strategy employed by birds trying to secure a prime nesting site. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrot-infanticide-and-population-density-nbsp">Parrot infanticide and population density&nbsp;</h2>



The study, which included data from more than 2,700 nests observed from 1988 to 2015, found that attacks often occurred during periods of high population density, which increased competition for nesting sites.



“At low population levels, it's all love and peace, right? But then when you get to high population densities, it's a bloodbath,” said senior author Karl Berg, an associate professor of biology at the <a href="https://www.utrgv.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley</a>. 



“It's not that everybody's born a killer, but the urge to breed is very strong. When the resources provided by the environment aren't enough for all individuals to breed, they seek out alternative strategies. Unfortunately, that involves killing innocent little offspring.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-as-a-non-violent-strategy-nbsp">Adoption as a non-violent strategy&nbsp;</h2>



Interestingly, the study also found that new mates of widowed parrots were just as likely to adopt existing offspring as to commit infanticide. This finding suggests a complex calculation where adoption might also serve as a non-violent strategy for ensuring genetic continuity.



“Adoption may be a lot easier to accept than infanticide, but it's actually more difficult to understand because it challenges Darwin's ideas about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-selection-molding-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a>,” Berg explained. 



“It was very interesting to see that the reproductive fitness outcomes were about even between adoption and infanticide and suggests that they have an alternative strategy - adoption may be a non-violent means of getting genes into the next generation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adoption-among-male-parrots-nbsp">Adoption among male parrots&nbsp;</h2>



Moreover, the study highlighted that males who adopted were able to start breeding at younger ages and secured bonds with widowed females, gaining both a new mate and a nest site.&nbsp;



“Stepfathers scored love - a new mate - and real estate - a nest site!” Beissinger concluded, emphasizing the multifaceted strategies these birds employ to thrive in their complex social and environmental landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-rumped-parrotlets">Green-rumped parrotlets</h2>



Green-rumped parrotlets are charming little birds, part of the parrot family, known scientifically as Forpus passerinus. They are the smallest members of the parrot family found in the Americas, measuring just about 5 inches in length. These birds are particularly noted for their vibrant green plumage, which helps them blend seamlessly into their natural habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



Native to northern South America, green-rumped parrotlets thrive in a variety of environments, from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-birds-can-handle-climate-variability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical forests</a> to savannahs. They exhibit a strong preference for areas with abundant fruit-bearing trees and shrubs, which constitute a major part of their diet, along with seeds and small insects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



Socially, green-rumped parrotlets are fascinating creatures. They are generally seen in pairs or small flocks when not breeding. During the breeding season, they become more territorial and prefer solitude or the company of their mate. They nest in tree cavities where the female lays between four to six eggs, which she incubates for about 18 days.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



What sets these birds apart in the parrot family is their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-prefer-talking-live-video-calls-more-than-watching-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a>. Research has shown that green-rumped parrotlets have a complex system of calls and can even use specific calls to identify their family members, a trait once thought to be exclusive to much larger parrots.



Despite their resilience and adaptability, habitat destruction poses a significant threat to their populations. However, green-rumped parrotlets are not currently listed as endangered due to their widespread distribution and stable population numbers in the wild.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2317305121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Infanticide or adoption? Why parrots kill each other's chicks

Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley have recently found...

In the “sky islands” of the Soutpansberg Mountains in South Africa, two small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-primates-go-extinct-so-will-their-parasites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> of primates vie for territory amidst a challenging climate. 



The first, the thick-tailed greater galago (Otolemur crassicaudatus), resembles a sizable cat and is notable for its piercing cries. The second, the southern lesser galago (Galago moholi), is notably smaller, with prominent ears and eyes, small enough to nestle comfortably in one's hand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-it-comes-to-climate-adaptation-size-matters">When it comes to climate adaptation, size matters</h2>



Michelle Sauther, a primatologist at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, has delved into an important question through her research on these species: How does an animal's size influence its ability to adapt to extreme temperatures? Her findings indicate that small primate species, such as the lesser galago, might struggle more as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a> continue to rise.



“Body size really does affect everything,” Sauther said. “How big you are affects your life history. It affects when you reproduce. It affects how long you live.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-relief-from-environmental-stresses-nbsp">Little relief from environmental stresses&nbsp;</h2>



The experts examined the distinct ecosystem within the <a href="https://www.lajuma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lajuma Research Center</a> in the Soutpansberg Mountains. This area is known for its diverse flora and sharp temperature fluctuations, ranging from frosty winters to summers that soar to 100 degrees Fahrenheit.



During their nighttime expeditions, Sauther and her team observed the behavior of both greater and lesser galagos. They noted that the lesser galagos, unlike their larger counterparts, seemed compelled to forage continuously, regardless of extreme temperatures, leaving them little relief from environmental stresses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-climate-change">Implications of climate change</h2>



“In conservation, we tend to focus a lot on lemurs, gorillas, chimpanzees,” Sauther said. “But we also have to think about the implications of climate change for these smaller and nocturnal species, which most people don’t know much about.”



The scientists’ method involved nocturnal walks through the reserve over the course of a year, totaling 75 nights. They used red lights to spot the reflective eyes of galagos and thermal imaging to study them in their arboreal habitat.



“At night, because you can’t see much, you start hearing all these things that you just would never hear otherwise - a lot of insects, a lot of animal calls,” Sauther said. “Once in a while, you’ll run into a leopard.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-needs-of-small-primates-nbsp">Metabolic needs of small primates&nbsp;</h2>



The findings revealed that while greater galagos were more active during moderate temperatures, lesser galagos were observed to be active across a broader range of temperatures, from as high as 79 degrees Fahrenheit to below 40 degrees Fahrenheit.



This behavioral difference, Sauther believes, is tied to metabolic needs. Lesser galagos, due to their small size and fast metabolism, must continuously seek food, whereas greater galagos have the capacity to store more fat, allowing them to rest during less favorable conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-pressures-on-small-primates-nbsp">Increasing pressures on small primates&nbsp;</h2>



The pressures on both species are increasing, with threats from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitat-fragmentation-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitat fragmentation</a> and the exotic pet trade, yet neither is currently recognized as endangered.



Sauther hopes that this study will prompt further research and awareness of these often-overlooked creatures. “We’re worried about these stealth changes that may be happening among species like these. We hear a lot from people, ‘I used to see them a lot on my farm, but now I don’t,” she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-small-primates-nbsp">More about small primates&nbsp;</h2>



Small primates, such as tamarins and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emerging-threat-rabies-virus-from-marmosets-found-in-brazilian-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marmosets</a>, lead dynamic lives deeply intertwined with the forest ecosystems they inhabit. These creatures are predominantly arboreal, spending most of their time in the treetops where they adeptly navigate the canopy, leaping and climbing with remarkable agility. 



This high perch not only offers safety from ground-based predators but also positions them well to exploit the rich resources available above the forest floor.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-foraging">Diet and foraging</h3>



The diet of these small primates is varied and opportunistic, consisting of fruits, insects, and sometimes small vertebrates. This diversity necessitates a wide range of foraging techniques, from picking fruits and digging for insects to skillful hunting of small animals.&nbsp;



Their foraging practices are not just a means of sustenance but also a way of interacting with their environment, which stimulates their cognitive abilities and helps maintain their physical health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



Social structures among small primates are equally complex and fascinating. Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-early-primates-lived-in-pairs-and-were-not-solitary-creatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> live in tight-knit groups that communicate with a rich repertoire of vocalizations, facial expressions, and body postures. These groups are critical for mutual protection and the rearing of young, with members often participating in cooperative care of the offspring.



Living in such groups also requires and reinforces complex social behaviors, including alliance formation, conflict resolution, and social learning, which are essential for survival in the often harsh and competitive environment of the wild.&nbsp;



These intricate social systems and their active, engaged lifestyles make small primates key components of their ecological niches, contributing significantly to the biodiversity of their habitats.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00427-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Primatology</a>.



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Small primates struggle more with extreme temperatures

In the “sky islands” of the Soutpansberg Mountains in South...

The ocean's abyssal depths, a realm of perpetual darkness and immense pressure, harbor unique ecosystems still shrouded in mystery. This remote world, once seemingly devoid of life, is now of heightened interest due to extensive mineral deposits on the seafloor – prompting the rise of deep-sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-poses-unknown-threats-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining</a>. Yet, a critical tension exists between the potential economic gains and the largely unknown environmental risks to these vast, unexplored habitats of marine world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-mining-and-marine-life">Deep-sea mining and marine life</h2>



To understand the potential impacts of deep-sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining</a>, scientists often turn to filter-feeding organisms like sponges and brittle stars. These animals play important roles in deep-sea ecosystems and are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of mining-related pollution. 



Sponges act as powerful "living filters," processing large volumes of water to extract tiny food particles and dissolved nutrients. This filtering activity makes them susceptible to ingesting any contaminants suspended in the water column. 



Brittle stars, closely related to starfish, play a different yet equally vital role. As they move across the seafloor, they ingest and redistribute sediment, playing a key role in nutrient cycling within the deep-sea ecosystem. Close interaction with the seafloor means they could accumulate pollutants released from disturbed sediment.



Because these organisms rely on filtering the surrounding environment for sustenance, they are particularly susceptible to pollutants introduced by mining activities. This sensitivity makes them valuable indicators for scientists. By monitoring changes in their health, behavior, or tissue chemistry, researchers can gain insights into the spread and ecological effects of mining-related contamination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seafloor-massive-sulfide">Seafloor massive sulfide</h2>



A recent study by researchers at <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University &amp; Research</a> and the <a href="https://www.uib.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bergen</a> underscores the cause for concern about the impacts of deep-sea mining. To understand the potential effects of mining activities, they carefully simulated the sediment plumes that would likely be generated during operations. 



The researchers exposed the common deep-sea sponge Geodia barretti and its associated brittle stars to crushed seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits. SMS deposits are naturally occurring mineral formations found on the seafloor that contain high concentrations of commercially valuable metals like copper, zinc, and gold. 



The potential economic value of SMS deposits makes them prime targets for deep-sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-from-deep-sea-mining-may-stretch-hundreds-of-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mining</a> operations. However, disturbing these deposits would release large clouds of sediment into the surrounding water, impacting marine life.



"The adverse effects observed on Geodia barretti and associated species signal potential disruptions in benthic-pelagic coupling processes, necessitating further research and to establish guidelines for protection of this deep-sea fauna," stated research leader and marine biologist Erik Wurz.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-troubling-life-of-marine-animals-by-deep-sea-mining">Troubling life of marine animals by deep-sea mining</h2>



The study revealed concerning results regarding the potential impact of deep-sea mining on marine life. Sponges exposed to the simulated mining plume exhibited a tenfold increase in tissue death compared to the control group. This dramatic rise in mortality suggests a significant negative impact on the health of these organisms.



In addition, all of the brittle stars exposed to the crushed SMS deposits perished within ten days of the experiment. While the exact cause of death requires further investigation, the researchers believe it's likely linked to exposure to toxic metals released by the crushed material. This rapid mortality rate raises serious concerns about the ability of deep-sea ecosystems to recover from mining activities.



To further investigate the impact of mining particles, the researchers analyzed the tissues of the exposed sponges. They found significantly higher concentrations of iron and copper compared to unexposed sponges. 



This accumulation of metals within the filter feeders demonstrates their vulnerability to ingesting and retaining pollutants released during deep-sea mining operations. The study highlights the potential consequences of large-scale mining activities on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-damage-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea</a> ecosystem, particularly for filter-feeding organisms like sponges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-disruption-matters">Why the disruption matters</h2>



Deep-sea ecosystems are unique in several ways that make them exceptionally vulnerable to disturbance. Unlike many land-based or shallow-water ecosystems, organisms in the deep sea are adapted to environments where food resources are scarce and temperatures are near freezing. This leads to extremely slow growth rates and long lifespans for many deep-sea species. 



As a result, populations may take decades or even centuries to recover from even minor disruptions. Additionally, the various organisms within these ecosystems are often tightly interconnected in complex food webs. Removing or harming one species can have significant ripple effects for others that depend on it for food, shelter, or other ecological services.



Deep-sea mining operations pose a specific threat to these habitats. Large-scale mining activities could disrupt or alter the natural cycles of nutrients within the deep-sea environment. 



The sediment plumes created by mining could also smother the seafloor, burying organisms vital to the food web and altering the physical environment that many deep-sea species rely on for survival. 



These disruptions could have long-lasting and potentially irreversible consequences for the overall health of these delicate deep-sea habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-assessment">Urgent need for assessment</h2>



"[These results] underscore the urgent need for comprehensive assessments of deep-sea mining impacts on marine ecosystems," said Wurz. Before large-scale mining becomes widespread, a thorough understanding of its potential consequences is crucial. 



Researchers need more data on deep-sea biodiversity, the dispersal of mining plumes, and the resilience of these slow-growing ecosystems to disturbance. This information is essential for informed decision-making about both the scale and appropriate locations for mining activities.



The regulation of deep-sea mining falls under the International Seabed Authority, charged with balancing potential commercial interests with responsible environmental stewardship in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The scientific community, together with responsible industries and policymakers, have a duty to ensure the sustainable use of deep-sea resources.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063724000815?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers</a>.



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Deep-sea mining has deadly consequences for marine life

The ocean's abyssal depths, a realm of perpetual darkness and...

In nature, large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbivores-ecosystems-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbivores</a> like tapirs, deer, and peccaries play the role of powerful conductors. Their extinction, however, threatens to bring silence to the vibrant forest orchestra. 



An insightful new study reveals the hidden impact of these mighty creatures' disappearance on plant-pathogen interactions, hinting at cascading consequences for tropical biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-herbivores-extinction">Herbivores extinction</h2>



When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-herbivores-must-be-restored-to-balance-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large herbivores</a> vanish due to human activities like hunting or habitat loss, the delicate balance of the ecosystem is disrupted. Herbivores play a crucial role in regulating plant populations. They consume a variety of plants, preventing any single species from gaining a competitive edge. This natural pruning helps maintain a diverse mix of plants within an ecosystem.



Upon herbivore extinction, certain fast-growing or less palatable plant species can outcompete others. Without the grazing pressure, these species proliferate, leading to a less diverse plant community. This simplification alters the resources and habitat available to other organisms that rely on a broader range of plants.



Many pathogens are host-specific, meaning they infect only a limited range of plant species. In a simplified plant community, these pathogens face difficulty finding suitable hosts to infect and reproduce. As a result, their populations can decline, reducing the overall damage they cause to the plant community.



The disruption caused by herbivore loss doesn't end with pathogens. Insects, birds, and other organisms that depend on a diverse plant community will also be affected. Lower pathogen loads, which might seem like a good thing, can harm the long-term resilience of plant populations, making them more vulnerable to future outbreaks when suitable pathogens do re-emerge



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-herbivores-influence-pathogen-dynamics">Large herbivores influence pathogen dynamics</h2>



There are several ways in which large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-large-herbivore-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbivores</a> indirectly influence plant-pathogen interactions:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dilution-effect">Dilution effect</h3>



When a wide variety of plant species exist within an ecosystem, it becomes like a maze for specialized pathogens. Without a dense concentration of their preferred host plant, these pathogens struggle to find suitable targets to infect and spread their disease.



Diverse plant communities essentially dilute the concentration of the pathogen's preferred host, decreasing the chances of a successful epidemic.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dispersal-disruption">Dispersal disruption</h3>



Large herbivores wander widely throughout a forest. As they feed and move, they unwittingly transport both plant seeds and pathogens, potentially over long distances. 



When large herbivores are absent, the pathogens and their host plants are less likely to spread over wide areas. Essentially, the problem becomes more isolated, reducing the overall impact on the forest.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-impacts">Evolutionary impacts</h3>



Plants constantly evolve defense mechanisms against pathogens. Reduced exposure to a variety of pathogens could lead to a decrease in these defense strategies. Over long periods, this could leave plant populations more vulnerable to future attacks.



Without frequent interactions with pathogens, plants may no longer prioritize investing resources in maintaining strong immune responses. This could have significant consequences for the health of the entire forest if a new or resurgent pathogen emerges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-consequences-of-herbivores-extinction">Broader consequences of herbivores extinction</h2>



Research from Brazil's Atlantic Rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot, provides compelling evidence of this disruption. Scientists observed significantly reduced pathogen damage in areas where large herbivores were absent. 



"A decline in plant-pathogen interactions may have evolutionary consequences for both," said Carine Emer, lead author of the study.



Moreover, the ramifications of this phenomenon extend beyond individual plants. Plant-pathogen relationships are key drivers of biodiversity. By disrupting this balance, defaunation could inadvertently alter forest compositions. 



Additionally, weakened plant populations could be more susceptible to pest outbreaks or novel diseases, potentially destabilizing entire forest ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-strategies-to-alter-herbivore-extinction">Conservation strategies to alter herbivore extinction</h2>



"Our study produced innovative results and for that very reason deserves to be extended to other areas of Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil, and to other&nbsp;tropical forests. In any event, it evidenced an additional problem that can be caused by the extinction of large mammals," Emer said.



These findings call for a more holistic approach to conservation. Beyond protecting individual species, it's vital to consider the interconnected web of interactions within an ecosystem. 



Restoring populations of large herbivores may not only benefit these species directly but could also cascade through the system, helping to maintain a healthy, resilient forest environment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.14273" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Ecology.</a>



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Large herbivore extinctions drastically affect forest ecosystems

In nature, large herbivores like tapirs, deer, and peccaries play...

Whales, the majestic titans of the ocean, have always captured our imagination. From legendary sea monsters to the star of Moby Dick, these massive creatures bring wonder and awe. But what would it be like to understand what they say to each other? A recent study, conducted by researchers at <a href="https://www.csail.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT CSAIL</a> and <a href="https://www.projectceti.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Project CETI</a>, gives us exciting new insights into the complex world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whale</a> communication, and brings us one step closer to deciphering their "language."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-communication-in-sperm-whales">Secret communication in sperm whales</h2>



Sperm whales, the largest toothed whales on our planet, are known for their exceptional brains – the largest of any animal. Their complex social structures within families and cultural groups likely require sophisticated ways to stay connected and coordinate. To communicate, sperm whales use a series of clicks known as codas.



Recent research provides insights into just how sophisticated this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-project-aims-to-help-humans-talk-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> system may be:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phonetic-alphabet">Phonetic alphabet</h3>



Scientists have discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-used-to-monitor-endangered-sperm-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a> possess a kind of "phonetic alphabet" embedded within their codas. This means they can manipulate the rhythm, tempo, and even add extra clicks (called 'ornamentation') to create variations within their communication.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combinations">Combinations</h3>



The meaning of a sperm whale's coda doesn't just come from the individual clicks. The specific sequence of clicks and pauses is essential. Changing the order can alter the message being sent. This system grants the whales a vast vocabulary of sounds with different meanings.



"This is a step toward showing that other species have levels of communication complexity that have not been identified so far, deeply connected to behavior," said Daniela Rus, director of CSAIL.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-scientists-figure-out-sperm-whale-communication">How did scientists figure out sperm whale communication?</h2>



Understanding sperm whale communication presents a unique challenge. To uncover their conversations, researchers employed a combination of cutting-edge technology and advanced analysis:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bio-logging-tags">Bio-logging tags</h3>



These specialized tags attach to free-swimming whales, providing an unprecedented level of detail. They precisely record the clicks these whales make, along with their movement data. This provides scientists with the raw information needed to decipher their communication.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-machine-learning-algorithms">Machine learning algorithms</h3>



The sheer volume and complexity of the recorded data require powerful analysis tools. Machine learning algorithms excel at finding patterns within massive datasets. These algorithms were crucial to identifying the subtle variations and combinations within sperm whale codas.



The data collected by the tags and analyzed with these algorithms revealed something remarkable: the patterns underlying sperm whale communication are far more complex and nuanced than previously imagined. This discovery indicates a surprisingly sophisticated communication system within these magnificent creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whales-that-changed-the-world">Whales that changed the world</h2>



Whale research, especially understanding their communication, played a crucial role in sparking the "Save the Whales" movement. This successful conservation effort was ignited by the work of biologist Roger Payne, who was the first to document the hauntingly beautiful songs of humpback whales. 



"Roger's research highlights the impact science can have on society. His finding that whales sing led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act and helped save several whale species from extinction," said David Gruber, founder of Project CETI.



This research isn't just about whales. It's about the fundamental question of how intelligent beings communicate. Imagine trying to understand an alien civilization with a completely different way of seeing and interacting with the world - that's the kind of challenge researchers faced in this project.



"One of the intriguing aspects of our research is that it parallels the hypothetical scenario of contacting alien species," said Pratyusha Sharma, a PhD student at MIT.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-decoding-sperm-whale-communication">Future of decoding sperm whale communication</h2>



The potential to understand the messages and meanings within sperm whale communication is tantalizing, but we're still in the initial stages of this incredible scientific journey. This research has established a strong foundation for further exploration, opening up a range of exciting questions:



<ul>
<li>Understanding the meaning: Could those intricate changes in rhythm, tempo, and other click variations hold specific meanings? Could sequences of whale clicks function much like words within a sentence, with their arrangement changing the message?</li>



<li>The rules of whale communication: Is there an underlying "grammar" to these whale conversations? Do they follow a set of discoverable rules, or are their communications more instinctual and less structured?</li>



<li>Beyond the basics: As scientists learn more about the building blocks, they'll also want to observe whale communication in a broader context. Do whales modify their communication depending on social situations or the specific tasks they're undertaking?</li>
</ul>



Answering these questions won't just satisfy our curiosity about whales. This research deepens our understanding of how intelligent species communicate on Earth. It may even provide insights relevant to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and communication.



"Scientists are particularly interested in whether signal combinations vary according to the social or ecological context in which they are given, and the extent to which signal combinations follow discernible 'rules' that are recognized by listeners," said Professor Robert Seyfarth from the University of Pennsylvania.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Could we one day communicate something simple to a whale? Maybe something like the classic first message from humans to extraterrestrials – "We come in peace"? That's a long way off. But understanding animal communication is both fascinating and essential. 



Perhaps this research will help us appreciate the rich social lives of whales and the incredible diversity of communication on Earth, furthering conservation efforts along the way.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47221-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Sperm whales' communication "alphabet" decoded with AI algorithm

Whales, the majestic titans of the ocean, have always captured...

Climate change isn't just a human problem – it's affecting the entire planet. One of the biggest concerns is the impact on pollinators, those unsung heroes of the food world. Bees, especially, are facing the brunt of global heat and rising temperatures. But how well can they actually cope? 



A team of researchers from Penn State decided to dig into this question, focusing on heat tolerance of a common type of bee – the hoary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/squash-bees-are-rapidly-spreading-around-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">squash bee</a>.



“Small-bodied, ectothermic -- or cold-blooded -- insects are considered to be highly vulnerable to changing climate because their ability to maintain proper body temperature depends on external conditions,” said study author Laura Jones, who led the research as a doctoral candidate in ecology at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> and is now a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://www.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Austin</a>. 



“Understanding how organisms tolerate temperature extremes is critical for assessing the threat climate change poses to species’ distribution and persistence.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-squash-bee-size-and-environment-heat">Squash bee size and environment heat</h2>



To figure out how squash bees fare in the heat, these scientists had a structured approach. They focused on several key questions:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-size">Impact of Size</h3>



Could a bee's body size directly influence its ability to withstand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-bees-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme temperatures</a>? Since male and female squash bees exhibit size differences, the researchers investigated whether this impacted heat tolerance differently between the sexes. They wanted to understand whether larger body size offered any protective benefit against heat stress.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-adaptation">Environmental adaptation</h3>



Would bee populations accustomed to hotter climates demonstrate a higher tolerance for rising temperatures? This could offer insights into bees' potential to adapt over time. 



The study aimed to investigate whether long-term exposure to heat within a bee's environment could lead to increased resilience.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parasitic-threat">Parasitic threat</h3>



Researchers know parasites can generally weaken bees, leading to various health issues. They wanted to examine whether parasitic infections specifically make bees more vulnerable to heat stress, potentially compounding the challenges faced by bees. 



This line of inquiry explored the possibility that a compromised immune system due to parasites might leave bees less equipped to handle additional stressors like extreme heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-heat-resilience-in-male-squash-bees">Better heat resilience in male squash bees</h2>



The relationship between size and heat tolerance in squash bees reveals an unexpected dynamic. While a larger body generally offers some degree of heat resilience for both males and females, the benefit seems particularly pronounced for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-bees-create-perfume-from-flowers-to-attract-females/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male bees</a>. 



Scientists are still exploring the specific biological mechanisms behind this difference, whether it lies in metabolic differences, surface area to volume ratios, or other physiological factors. 



This question opens up an exciting avenue for future research to uncover how size influences heat stress response in these pollinators.



Even more concerning, female squash bees, who shoulder the critical task of foraging and nurturing young, often carry the hidden burden of trypanosome parasites. The study demonstrates that this parasitic infection significantly impairs their ability to cope with extreme temperatures. 



This is a major cause for concern. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-makes-it-difficult-for-bees-to-find-flowers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Female bees</a> are essential for hive health and reproduction, and their hindered heat tolerance could have cascading negative effects on the population's long-term survival and ability to cope with the pressures of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-tolerance-of-squash-bees-does-not-vary-by-location">Heat tolerance of squash bees does not vary by location</h2>



The researchers initially hypothesized that squash bee populations in hotter climates would have adaptations for higher temperatures. They expected these bees to evolve traits enhancing thermal tolerance. This expectation is based on the idea that organisms living in extreme environments often develop specialized survival mechanisms over time.



However, the study results contradicted this prediction. Squash <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> inhabiting the hottest locations did not show a wider range of heat tolerance compared to those from cooler areas. 



This unexpected finding suggests that these particular bees might have reached a physiological limit and are not evolving quickly enough to match the speed of environmental changes.



Even more troubling was the discovery that in the hottest regions, there was less variation in bees' overall heat tolerance. This finding indicates that extremely high temperatures are effectively eliminating individuals at both ends of the heat tolerance spectrum - those most vulnerable and those most resilient to heat. 



The lack of variation means the population is losing genetic diversity related to temperature response, leaving them more susceptible to future heat waves and potentially compromising their long-term survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implication-on-heat-tolerance-of-squash-bees">Study implication on heat tolerance of squash bees</h2>



This study highlights that heat tolerance in bees is not a simple matter of one or two factors. Instead, an intricate interplay of characteristics like size, sex, parasitic infections, and the specific environmental conditions they experience all contribute to how well they cope with heat stress. 



This emphasizes the need for a nuanced approach to understanding the challenges bees face and underscores that solutions might need to be tailored to specific populations.



The findings raise a red flag that bees might struggle to evolve fast enough to outpace the rapid changes brought on by climate change. This suggests that natural adaptation alone might not be sufficient to ensure their survival, underscoring the urgency of human intervention and proactive conservation measures.



This research emphasizes that inaction is not an option. Bees are vital to agriculture and ecosystems. We must actively work towards protecting bee populations by reducing pesticide use, creating pollinator-friendly habitats, and supporting research into bee health. 



Individual actions, combined with systemic change, are crucial to safeguarding the future of these indispensable creatures alongside our own.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-the-change">Bee the change</h2>



Here's how you can make a difference:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-create-a-pollinator-paradise">Create a pollinator paradise</h3>



Transform your yard, balcony, or even a window box into a haven for bees and other pollinators. Plant native wildflowers and flowering herbs that provide a continuous supply of nectar and pollen from early spring through late fall. A diversity of blooms catering to different bee species and preferences is key!



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choose-nature-friendly-gardening">Choose nature-friendly gardening</h3>



Pesticides and herbicides are a major contributor to bee decline and have harmful effects on entire ecosystems. Choose organic gardening practices, natural pest control methods, and tolerate some imperfections in your landscape. Your garden isn't just for you -- share it with the creatures that keep our food system thriving.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-igniting-awareness">Igniting awareness</h3>



Knowledge is power! Educate yourself about the fascinating world of bees and the threats they face. Share your newfound knowledge with your family, friends, and community. 



Encourage others to take bee-friendly actions and create a ripple effect of positive change. Consider supporting organizations dedicated to pollinator conservation and research.



There's more to be learned, that's for sure. But science like this helps us understand the challenges bees face and find ways to make our world a safer place for these incredible pollinators. Let's choose to be part of the solution.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.10945" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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Bees' ability to withstand heat varies by size and sex

Climate change isn't just a human problem – it's affecting...

Recent concerns about significant declines in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> populations have intensified the demand for comprehensive data on their status worldwide. 



Insects, despite their ubiquity and diversity, have remained a mystery in many ways, primarily due to the sheer difficulty of distinguishing between the myriad species. 



“So far, such data are only available for a few insect groups and for selected regions. To improve on the status quo, we need urgent assessments of all types of insects in all parts of the world,” explained Roel van Klink, a senior researcher at the <a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv)</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology to monitor insect populations </h2>



A series of technological innovations are significantly enhancing the ways researchers study and monitor insects. Various methods are employed to track and identify these creatures more effectively and efficiently. 



For example, inexpensive devices can now capture the unique sounds of many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-detect-insect-dna-in-air-samples/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect species</a>, enabling scientists to identify them by their audio signatures. Additionally, lighting techniques are used to attract insects, which can then be photographed and identified from the images captured. 



More advanced methods include the use of radar and lasers to remotely detect and classify insects based on their size and wingbeats. 



Another innovative approach involves analyzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-dna-can-help-monitor-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental DNA</a> samples extracted from media such as water or air, allowing researchers to identify insect species through their genetic sequences.



“These novel methods have enormous potential to close the vast data gaps we have for insects. They can provide us with new, more, and better data at lower costs, partly due to the semi- or fully autonomous nature of the data collection. Additionally, these new technologies typically avoid harming insects,” explained Professor Toke Thomas Høye of <a href="https://ecos.au.dk/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aarhus University, Denmark</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-reliance-on-experts">Reducing reliance on experts</h2>



One of the most significant benefits of these new methods is their ability to reduce dependence on the limited number of experts who can distinguish between different insects. 



Traditionally, these specialists are overwhelmed by the volume of work, but now, they can delegate routine identification tasks to computers. This shift allows the experts to concentrate on more complex and critical scientific inquiries.



"Most importantly, the new methods reduce our dependence on experts, since the people who can tell insects apart are few and overburdened with work," stated Høye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-to-identify-insect-populations">Technology to identify insect populations </h2>



The challenge of understanding insect populations is enormous; an estimated 80% of insect species are still unidentified by science. 



Using traditional methods to characterize these species could span over a thousand years. However, there's a growing momentum in efforts to better identify and understand these populations. 



Tomas Roslin, professor of Insect Ecology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, is optimistic about the potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-health-ai-can-identify-insects-based-on-their-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> and computer-based methods to accelerate research. 



“Now, computer-based methods and artificial intelligence can massively speed up the task of describing life on Earth. By teaching computers how to separate insects, we can make sense of billions of images, millions of sound recordings, and trillions of DNA sequences,” said Professor Roslin. 



This rapid progress of technology is vital for enhancing our understanding of the diverse insect populations around the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A unified approach to monitoring insect populations</h2>



The integration of these diverse technological advances offers unprecedented opportunities for comprehensive surveys of insect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-populations-are-headed-towards-widespread-chaos-in-our-continually-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>, as detailed in a special issue led by researchers like Dr. Silke Bauer from the Swiss Federal Research Institute. 



“Together, these technical advances will revolutionize our knowledge about insects. They make surveys of all types of insects feasible. While they have so far been developed in isolation from each other, our special issue marks the beginning of their integration. By combining them, we will gain unprecedented insights into insect populations across the world." 



Dr. Bauer also emphasized the importance of ensuring that these technologies and the data they produce are accessible globally, to promote both global insights and equality.



This wave of technological innovation has the potential to completely transform our understanding of the insect realm, offering new tools for scientists racing to preserve these vital components of ecological systems worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2023.0101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Technology offers new hope for declining insect populations

Recent concerns about significant declines in insect populations have intensified...

In the mid-20th century, the ocean off the Los Angeles coast became a disposal site for significant quantities of the pesticide Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), due to the activities of the largest DDT manufacturer in the nation.&nbsp;



This chemical, notorious for its persistent toxicity, continues to impact the marine environment of L.A. more than 50 years later. Although legal at the time, the full scale of this pollution at an offshore dump site near Catalina Island, 15 miles offshore, only came to broader public attention in 2020, raising substantial concern among scientists and the public alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ddt-chemicals-in-deep-sea-fish">DDT chemicals in deep-sea fish</h2>



Recent findings from researchers at UC San Diego’s <a href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> and <a href="https://www.sdsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">San Diego State University</a> (SDSU) have shown that deep-sea fish and sediments near the Catalina Island dump site are still laden with DDT-related chemicals, indicating that DDT-related chemicals discarded into the ocean decades ago continue to influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-restructures-marine-food-webs-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine food webs</a>.



Since the rediscovery of this dump site near Catalina Island, scientists have endeavored to determine the current scope and severity of the contamination. It remains a critical concern whether these old chemicals, now settled on the ocean floor, are confined to the seabed or are circulating through marine ecosystems, potentially endangering wildlife and human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ddt-contamination-in-marine-food-webs">DDT contamination in marine food webs</h2>



“These are deep-sea organisms that don’t spend much time at the surface and they are contaminated with these DDT-related chemicals,” said co-author Lihini Aluwihare, a professor of ocean chemistry at Scripps.&nbsp;



“Establishing the current distribution of DDT contamination in deep-sea food webs lays the groundwork for thinking about whether those contaminants are also moving up through deep-ocean food webs into species that might be consumed by people.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-montrose-chemical-corporation">Montrose Chemical Corporation</h2>



From 1948 to at least 1961, barges hired by Montrose Chemical Corporation would journey from the Port of Los Angeles towards Catalina, discharging waste containing sulfuric acid and up to 2% pure DDT directly into the Pacific.&nbsp;



This practice, which was legal until 1972, largely went unnoticed, overshadowed by another disposal method used by Montrose: discharging a more dilute acidic slurry that also contained DDT into the ocean off Palos Verdes through L.A. County sewers.&nbsp;



The Palos Verdes Shelf, where an estimated 100 tons of DDT accumulated in sediments, was declared an underwater Superfund Site by the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Protection Agency</a> in 1996, and in 2000, Montrose was ordered to pay $140 million for environmental restoration.&nbsp;



Research has linked DDT pollution in this area to health issues in local sea lions, dolphins, bottom-feeding fish, and even coastal California <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-condors-are-threatened-by-organic-contaminants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">condors</a>, likely affected by consuming contaminated marine animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toxic-legacy-of-offshore-dumping-nbsp">Toxic legacy of offshore dumping&nbsp;</h2>



The rediscovery of Montrose’s offshore dumping near Catalina, now known as Dumpsite 2, was made by <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> researcher David Valentine using an undersea robot. This discovery gained significant public exposure in 2020 through a series of investigative reports by the Los Angeles Times, highlighting the toxic legacy of offshore dumping in the region.



Valentine and Scripps researchers have since mapped extensive DDT contamination across an area of the seafloor larger than San Francisco. The ongoing challenge is to determine whether this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-pollution-threatens-the-health-of-more-than-three-billion-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a> remains localized or if it is migrating through the marine environment in ways that could harm aquatic life or humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extent-of-the-ddt-contamination-nbsp">Extent of the DDT contamination&nbsp;</h2>



In 2021, Aluwihare, SDSU’s Eunha Hoh, and their team began addressing two crucial questions: Are the DDT-related chemicals on the seafloor near Dumpsite 2 entering the food chain? Can they develop a unique chemical fingerprint for the contamination from Dumpsite 2 to distinguish it from pollution emanating from the Palos Verdes Shelf?



Sediment and deep-sea animal samples collected near Dumpsite 2 revealed the presence of an extensive array of DDT-related chemicals, previously identified in the blubber of dolphins off Southern California’s coast. This broader spectrum of DDT compounds, known as DDT+, is critical for understanding the full extent of contamination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ddt-related-compounds-in-fish">DDT-related compounds in fish</h2>



Analysis of these samples showed that 215 fish across three species near Dumpsite 2 contained 10 DDT-related compounds, all present in the sediment samples.&nbsp;



Two fish species were collected from depths between 546 meters (1,791 feet) and 784 meters (2,572 feet), and a third species ranged from these depths up to the surface. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fish</a> from shallower waters had lower contaminant levels and lacked two of the DDT-related compounds found in deeper-dwelling fish.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-were-the-fish-exposed-to-ddt">How were the fish exposed to DDT?</h2>



“None of these fish species are known to feed in the sediment of the seafloor. There must be another mechanism that is exposing them to these contaminants,” said co-author Anela Choy, a biological oceanographer at Scripps.&nbsp;



“One possibility is that physical or biological processes are resuspending sediments around Dumpsite 2 and allowing these contaminants to enter deeper water food webs.”



While it’s not yet possible to definitively exclude the Palos Verdes Superfund Site as a contamination source, the study’s findings - including the specific contaminants identified and their distribution across different species and depths - suggest that pollution from the seafloor could be infiltrating the marine food chain.



“This is evidence that DDT compounds are making their way into the deep ocean food web,” said lead author Margaret Stack, an environmental chemist at SDSU. “That is cause for concern because it’s not a big leap for it to end up in marine mammals or even humans.”



This “will help us figure out what to do as far as mitigation and what not to do in terms of offshore development that could make this problem worse by stirring up these contaminants,” Hoh added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



Aluwihare highlighted the need for further research to identify the source of the DDT contaminants found in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-deep-sea-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea fish</a> and to determine whether similar contamination affects larger, open-ocean fish species consumed by people.



As the investigation continues, the researchers are analyzing samples from fish species targeted by recreational anglers and commercial fisheries, including basses and sanddabs. Comparing these findings with sediment samples from the Palos Verdes Shelf and Dumpsite 2 may help pinpoint the source of the toxins.



“We are still seeing this DDT contamination in deep-sea organisms and ocean sediments more than 50 years after they were dumped there. I’m not sure if that company expected the consequences of their pollution to last this long, but they have,” Hoh concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00115" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</a>.



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Toxic legacy: Decades-old DDT found in deep sea fish

In the mid-20th century, the ocean off the Los Angeles...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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