<p>A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years.</p>



<p>This matters because it turns eggs from interesting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-did-dinosaurs-come-from-missing-fossils-hold-the-secret/">fossils</a> into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshells-dated">Dinosaur eggshells dated</h2>



<p>The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in stacked layers with little distortion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We show that these dinosaur eggs were deposited roughly 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period,” said <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/3140051/overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Bi Zhao</a>, from the Hubei Institute of Geosciences (<a href="https://en.cug.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HIG</a>).</p>



<p>The group used carbonate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/zircon-u-pb-dating" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U-Pb dating</a> on eggshell material, measuring uranium and lead atoms to calculate time since the shell formed. </p>



<p>In their tests, the radiogenic signal sits in biogenic calcite, the carbonate built by the egg-laying animal, which behaved as a semi-closed system for uranium uptake after burial.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> relied on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/laser-ablation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laser ablation</a>, a micro laser that vaporizes pinpoint spots of carbonate which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer for uranium and lead ratios.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The resulting age is not from ash fall or nearby minerals, it is from the eggshell itself, which frees researchers from indirect age constraints that can mislead if volcanic layers formed earlier or later than the nest horizon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-carbonate-u-pb-works">How carbonate U-Pb works</h2>



<p>Uranium isotopes in carbonates decay into lead at known, constant rates, and the proportion of parent to daughter isotopes reveals elapsed time. </p>



<p>Cross checks, like repeated spots in different shell areas and agreement between fragments, keep the numbers honest, and the reported uncertainty of ± 1.74 million years reflects instrument precision and sample scatter, not guesswork.</p>



<p>Indirect <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912012005019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">approaches</a> have anchored many Asian egg sites by dating interbedded tuffs, for example zircon based SIMS ages from the Tiantai Basin that bracket egg layers in the Laijia and Chichengshan formations at roughly 96 to 99 million years and 91 to 94 million years. </p>



<p>That prior dating set a framework that eggshell ages can now refine where ash is missing.</p>



<p>Carbonate geochronology has matured fast, with careful comparisons between uranium thorium and U-Pb techniques on the same samples showing strong consistency over wide timescales. </p>



<p>That broader look at geochronology <a href="https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/7/335/2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methods</a> helps explain why a tiny eggshell can carry a credible age.</p>



<p>The study team also separated signals, finding consistent ages from biogenic carbonates, and noisy or unusable signals from late pore filling calcite, a reminder that not all carbonates are equal for keeping time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshell-site">Dinosaur eggshell site</h2>



<p>The Qinglongshan reserve preserves egg clutches in red siltstones and sandstones, with many eggs still three dimensional and minimally deformed, a rare condition that helps both taphonomy and dating. </p>



<p>The sampled clutch belonged to an oblate style of egg typical of the family <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dendrobatidae/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Dendroolithidae</em></a>, which is known for highly porous shells.</p>



<p>Those Yunyang eggs have been assigned to <em>Placoolithus tumiaolingensis</em> by <a href="https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app63/app005232018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> that cleaned up the taxonomy and emphasized the diagnostic shell microstructure. That classification anchors the site in a broader Chinese record of <em>dendroolithid</em> eggs.</p>



<p>Porous eggshell architecture affects gas exchange and incubation, and the microstructure varies in ways that may reflect nesting style in a semi arid fluvial landscape. </p>



<p>The new age puts those choices in a tight slice of time, late Coniacian to early Santonian, rather than a vague Late Cretaceous window.</p>



<p>Thousands of eggs across stacked horizons also open the door to building a basin scale timeline where shell ages from different levels track local ecological change, sedimentation rates, and any shifts in the nesting fauna.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1s.webp" alt="Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao" class="wp-image-1985991"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Click image to enlarge. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-climate-context">Dinosaur climate context</h2>



<p>Marine records indicate the Late Cretaceous did not stay uniformly hot. </p>



<p>One North Atlantic sea surface temperature <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24937202/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">record</a> shows a drop of about 7 degrees Celsius (12.6 degrees Fahrenheit), from around 35 degrees to below 28 degrees, between the earliest Campanian and the Maastrichtian.</p>



<p>Independent <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18187651/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> from oxygen isotopes suggests brief glaciation episodes punctuated parts of the mid Cretaceous greenhouse, showing that climate could swing even when the world was generally warm. </p>



<p>Inland Asia would have felt those shifts in precipitation, seasonality, and vegetation.</p>



<p>Pinned ages on terrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-extinction-theories-are-challenged-by-new-research/">fossils</a> let scientists ask tighter questions about whether nesting density changed across cooler intervals or whether certain egg types rose or fell with climate. </p>



<p>The eggshell ages at Qinglongshan now give one fixed point for such tests, and more layers can add the sequence needed to see patterns.</p>



<p>Cause and effect claims are premature at a single site, but a direct eggshell chronology makes it practical to compare neighboring basins and see whether bird and non avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-sized-baby-dinosaur-unearthed-after-166-million-years/">dinosaur</a> nesting moved, paused, or persisted during regional climate transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-comes-next">What comes next</h2>



<p>The team plans to sample eggs from additional horizons at Qinglongshan, then from basins to the north and south, to build a regional timeline that can be compared with dated marine and volcanic records. </p>



<p>That will clarify which changes are local quirks and which ones reflect broader environmental forcing across East Asia.</p>



<p>Applying the same protocol to eggs in the Xixia, Jiaolai, and Nanxiong basins would close large age gaps where ash beds are absent. </p>



<p>Those basins have different egg assemblages, so a uniform clock could test migration ideas and turnover hypotheses without assuming rock ages transfer cleanly between sites.</p>



<p>Direct dinosaur eggshell dating also complements existing zircon frameworks rather than replacing them, since both tools answer different parts of the age question. </p>



<p>Zircons pin eruptive or depositional moments for ash, while eggshells date the biological event of nesting, and together they can resolve the tempo of life on land.</p>



<p>With better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-ground-dwellers-survived-the-asteroid-impact-that-killed-the-dinosaurs/">timescales</a>, small details like pore geometry, clutch spacing, and shell thickness will be tied to environmental context, not guesswork. </p>



<p>That is how a few careful ages can turn a crowded egg hillside into a precise chronicle of Late Cretaceous life in central China.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Earth Science</em></a>.</p>



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These dinosaur eggs tell an incredible story from 85 million years ago

A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years. This matters because it turns eggs from interesting fossils into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems. Dinosaur eggshells dated The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in...

<p>An international team of researchers, co-led by Ariadna Mechó from the <a href="https://www.bsc.es/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro Nacional de Supercomputación</a> (BSC-CNS), has recently made an exciting discovery off the coast of Chile. During an expedition to the Salas y Gómez Ridge - a less explored stretch of underwater mountains extending from Chile to Rapa Nui - the experts observed 160 deep-sea species that were not known to inhabit the region. </p>



<p>Among the deep-sea species that were spotted, the researchers suspect that at least 50 might be entirely new to science. </p>



<p>The expedition, supported by the <a href="https://schmidtocean.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schmidt Ocean Institute</a>, uncovered a variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/seven-surprising-secrets-of-the-deepest-sea-creatures/">deep-sea organisms</a> including corals, glass sponges, sea urchins, squids, fishes, molluscs, crabs, sea stars, and squat lobsters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerable-deep-sea-species">Vulnerable deep-sea species</h2>



<p>Mechó, part of the Climate Variability and Change group at the BSC's Earth Sciences Department, shared these findings at the <a href="https://oceandecade-conference.com/off-site-satellite-events.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean Decade MPA Forum: Progress, Obstacles and Solutions</a>, an event linked to the <a href="https://oceandecade-conference.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Ocean Decade Conference</a> in Barcelona from April 10-12, 2024.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The main results of this campaign are that we have found between 50 and 60 potentially new species at first sight, a number that is likely to increase as we have many samples to work on in the laboratory. We also found one of the deepest mesophotic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">corals</a> in the world, extending the distribution of this Polynesian fauna by several hundred kilometers. And at depth, we have found fields of sponges and corals, habitats that are considered vulnerable and in need of protection,” Mechó said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapa-nui-sea-council">Rapa Nui Sea Council</h2>



<p>The expedition team consisted of 25 scientists from 14 organizations across five countries (Chile, United States, Italy, Spain, Netherlands) and took place from February 24 to April 4. Notably, the team included Emilia Ra'a Palma Tuki, the first Rapa Nui marine biologist, a recent graduate from <a href="https://www.ucn.cl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad Católica del Norte</a> in Chile.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Rapa Nui Sea Council, or Koro Nui o te Vaikava, provided critical support and permits for the expedition, enhancing the project with local knowledge and a representative from the Rapa Nui community.</p>



<p>The discoveries made during this research will contribute significantly to the management and potential expansion of marine protected areas, particularly around Rapa Nui, one of the most unexplored regions on the planet. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitat-for-deep-sea-species-nbsp">Critical habitat for deep-sea species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Salas y Gómez Ridge, spanning 2,900 kilometers and hosting over 200 seamounts, is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-biodiversity-hotspots/">biodiversity hotspot</a> known for its unique ecosystems and high rate of endemism. It serves as a critical habitat for benthic organisms and an important migration corridor for various species, including over 80 that are threatened or endangered.</p>



<p>The region's rich cultural and maritime heritage, significant to both indigenous islanders and global communities, underscores the urgent need for international cooperation to protect these pristine environments from exploitation and the loss of biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-uncharted-territory-nbsp">Exploring uncharted territory&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In addition to field research, the BSC's role involves leveraging supercomputing to model climate scenarios that help predict the distribution of key species and understand how future changes might impact them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“But first, we need to better understand the biodiversity and connectivity of the region to know which keystone species are found there and on which mountains exactly, as well as potential faunal breaks (where communities change or stop connecting with each other). Basically, it is a unique exploration in places where practically everything is unexplored,” Mechó explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-deep-sea-species-in-the-high-seas">Protecting deep-sea species in the high seas</h2>



<p>This research is crucial for advocating the designation of the Salas y Gomez Ridge as an ecologically and biologically significant marine area (EBSA) under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and as a “priority area” for international protection under the 2023 <a href="https://highseasalliance.org/treaty-negotiations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High Seas Treaty</a>.</p>



<p>Further emphasizing the importance of this region, a previous campaign between January and February 2024 focused on the intersection of the Salas y Gomez and Nazca Ridges and the Desventuradas Islands. </p>



<p>Across both expeditions, more than 100 new deep-sea species were discovered, highlighting the necessity for a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-pinpoint-blue-corridors-for-large-migratory-fish/">blue corridor</a>" that would establish one of the world's first high-seas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/">marine protected areas</a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ROV SuBastian / Schmidt Ocean Institute</p>



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Dozens of deep-sea species discovered off the coast of Chile

An international team of researchers, co-led by Ariadna Mechó from...

<p>We often admire skyscrapers as wonders of human engineering. But nature has its own architects, and they’ve been around much longer. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termites-tropical-ecosystems-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Termites</a> can build enormous, complex nests that stand several meters tall. </p>



<p>Termites do not just construct random piles of dirt – they build intricate tunnels that even have natural air conditioning. But how do legions of these tiny creatures coordinate to create such impressive structures?</p>



<p>A new study by researchers at the <a href="https://www.imtlucca.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca</a> in Italy has cracked the mystery. It turns out, termites have a surprisingly simple, yet ingenious secret.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-termites-build-nests-without-a-blueprint">Termites build nests without a blueprint</h2>



<p>Picture a human construction project. Teams follow a detailed architectural plan, ensuring everything is in its designated place. But termites don't seem to have any grand designs drawn up. </p>



<p>In a fascinating experiment, researchers observed groups of termites (the species <em>Coptotermes gestroi</em>) as they built their way around small arenas with pre-built structures.</p>



<p>Scientists offered following theories to explain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/family-of-termites-has-been-adrift-at-sea-for-50-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termite</a> coordination:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-1-pheromones">Theory 1: Pheromones</h3>



<p>Some insects, like ants, use chemicals called pheromones as signals. These scents can act like a "build here!" sign, guiding the actions of other insects in the colony.</p>



<p>If <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-could-inspire-living-and-breathing-buildings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a> also relied on pheromones, we'd expect them to drop their building materials (clay pellets) somewhat randomly throughout the experimental space. However, the researchers observed a very different pattern. The termites focused their building efforts on specific spots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-2-height-sensing">Theory 2: Height-sensing</h3>



<p>Perhaps <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-brazil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a> have a way to measure existing structures. If they preferred taller structures, it would suggest they're aiming to build upward as quickly as possible.</p>



<p>The termites didn't discriminate between tall and short pillars. They were equally interested in building upon structures regardless of their current height. This meant some other factor was influencing their behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-termites-use-the-right-curve-while-building-nests">Termites use the 'right curve' while building nests</h2>



<p>What the scientists did notice was that termites were obsessed with...curvature. They consistently added their pellets to the most curved surfaces. Termites favored pillar tops, and even the sharp corners of little walls given to them. This led the researchers to a simple yet brilliant solution.</p>



<p>While the termites didn't stick to one spot or solely focus on height, the scientists discovered they had a clear preference. Termites consistently placed their clay pellets on surfaces with the most pronounced curve. Examples of this were the pointed tops of the pillars or the very sharp bends at the corners of the walls.</p>



<p>This focused building behavior led researchers to consider a new possibility. Since curved surfaces affect things like airflow and moisture differently than flat areas, it suggested that termites might be sensing and reacting to subtle environmental changes caused by the shape of the structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-termites-sense-humidity-to-build-nests">Termites sense humidity to build nests</h2>



<p>Termites are super-sensitive to humidity. Unlike many insects, their soft skin makes them vulnerable to drying out. The researchers suspected the termites could sense subtle differences in humidity levels that are influenced by the shape of the structures they’re building.</p>



<p>Termites are much more delicate than many other insects. Their lack of a tough outer shell means they lose moisture quickly in dry environments, which can be dangerous. This led scientists to think that perhaps humidity plays a major role in termite building behavior.</p>



<p>The shape of a structure can change how air moves around it, which in turn affects how quickly moisture evaporates. Areas with high curvature might create little pockets where humidity remains higher compared to flatter surfaces. The researchers thought termites might be able to detect these subtle differences.</p>



<p>To test their theory, they pulled a clever trick. They repeated the experiment, but this time with clay mixed with a salt solution. As the water evaporated, tiny salt crystals formed – and guess where those crystals appeared? All the spots with high curvature favored by the termites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simplicity-of-termites">Simplicity of termites</h2>



<p>"What really surprised us was to discover that termites use such a simple solution to a very complex problem," said Andrea Perna, a professor in complex systems at the IMT School.</p>



<p>Characteristics of termites and their remarkable nest building:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humidity-sensor">Humidity Sensor</h3>



<p>As discussed, termites need a moist environment to survive. They have built-in sensors that help them detect even small differences in humidity levels within their surroundings. They are naturally drawn to areas where the air holds more moisture.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-build-and-change">Build and change</h3>



<p>Clearly, when a termite adds a clay pellet to a structure, it slightly alters its shape. This tiny change influences how air flows around it, and how quickly water evaporates from that spot. More evaporation means drier air, which might be less comfortable for termites.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chain-reaction">Chain reaction</h3>



<p>Even though a single termite isn't trying to communicate, their act of building changes the local humidity. Other termites, also seeking the most comfortable spots, sense this change. They become more likely to deposit their own clay pellets in that same area, further altering the structure and the moisture patterns around it.</p>



<p>Repeating this simple process results in incredibly intricate nests.&nbsp;This continuous feedback loop is the magic ingredient. Each termite simply responds to the immediate humidity levels. </p>



<p>Yet, over time, as thousands of termites make these tiny adjustments, elaborate nests emerge. These nests boast tunnels for travel, chambers optimized for airflow, and structures that help maintain the perfect internal humidity for the whole colony.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-termites">Lessons from termites</h2>



<p>Sometimes, the most amazing things can be built with simple rules. Think how a tiny drop of water, responding to gravity, can shape magnificent caves over time. The study demonstrates a fascinating truth:</p>



<p>"In our experiments, nest complexity emerges from just one simple mechanism: termites only need to add pellets of material depending on the local humidity, but the pellets that they add in turn change all the pattern of evaporation and humidity, inducing other termites to build at a different location, and so on, until very complex structures are produced," explained Perna.</p>



<p>Nature shows us that sometimes it's not about grand plans, but simply responding to your environment, one small step at a time. That's a lesson humans building their own communities might take to heart.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/articles/86843" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ELife</a>.</p>



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Termites are nature's architects, building well-ventilated nests

We often admire skyscrapers as wonders of human engineering. But...

<p>Did you know that enormous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-giant-kangaroo-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kangaroos</a>, larger than any alive today, once roamed Australia and New Guinea? Meet the remarkable <em>Protemnodon</em>, a genus of extinct megafauna a team of paleontologists has just spent years investigating. Their discoveries have rewritten how we understand these ancient giants, revealing even more fascinating details of their time on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-kangaroo"><em>Protemnodon</em> kangaroo</h2>



<p>Protemnodon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-fanged-kangaroos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kangaroos</a> were a diverse genus that lived from 5 million years ago up until about 40,000 years ago. These creatures showcased a considerable variation in physical size across different species. </p>



<p>While some of the Protemnodon species had body sizes that were comparable to today's grey kangaroos, others were substantially larger, reaching weights upwards of 350 pounds. </p>



<p>This weight is roughly double that of the heaviest red kangaroos known today, which typically weigh around 200 pounds. These larger Protemnodon species displayed a much stockier build, making them significantly bulkier and larger than any contemporary kangaroo species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-the-fossil">Finding the fossil</h2>



<p>In 2013, with further discoveries in 2018 and 2019, scientists made a remarkable breakthrough at Lake Callabonna in South Australia. They unearthed multiple complete skeletons of <em>Protemnodon</em>.</p>



<p>This remarkable fossil collection ignited a comprehensive 5-year research project led by Dr. Isaac Kerr. The outcome of this investigation has fundamentally changed how scientists perceive these fascinating ancient creatures.</p>



<p>Kerr's team pored over hundreds of fossils, traveling the globe. They found significant differences in how <em>Protemnodon</em> species looked, lived, and even hopped. Some were built for speed in open deserts. Others, slow and stout, might have even walked on all fours.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-protemnodon-kangaroos">Meet the <em>Protemnodon</em> kangaroos</h2>



<p>Let's introduce three of the newly described <em>Protemnodon</em> kangaroos:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-viator">Protemnodon viator</h3>



<p>This species, known as Protemnodon viator, weighed approximately 350 pounds and was uniquely adapted to the arid central Australian deserts, an environment similar to that inhabited by today’s red kangaroos. </p>



<p>With its long limbs and a more streamlined body compared to its relatives, Protemnodon viator was evidently designed for efficient, fast hopping across vast, open landscapes. The name "viator," which translates to "traveler" in Latin, aptly reflects its ability to cover large distances in search of food and water in its harsh desert habitat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-mamkurra">Protemnodon mamkurra</h3>



<p>Protemnodon mamkurra was a distinctive member of the Protemnodon genus, characterized by its thick bones and robust structure. Unlike the more gracile and agile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-changes-our-understanding-of-mammal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kangaroos</a> familiar today, mamkurra was likely more akin to a large, somewhat clumsy quokka, potentially adopting a mixed mode of locomotion that included walking on all fours at times. </p>



<p>In consultation with the Boandik people, native to southeastern South Australia, researchers named this species. The name they chose, "mamkurra," translates to "great kangaroo," reflecting both its impressive size and cultural significance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protemnodon-dawsonae">Protemnodon dawsonae</h3>



<p>Among the newly described species, Protemnodon dawsonae remains somewhat enigmatic due to the limited fossil records available. What is known suggests that this species was likely a mid-speed hopper, conceptually similar in its locomotion to the modern swamp wallaby, which is capable of both fast movements and more measured, energy-conserving hops. </p>



<p>This species honors Dr. Lyndall Dawson, a renowned Australian paleontologist who made significant contributions to the study of kangaroo systematics and fossil analysis. The naming of this species recognizes her dedication and impact in the field of paleontology, particularly in enhancing our understanding of Australia's rich megafauna history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kangaroo-mystery-why-did-protemnodon-disappear">Kangaroo mystery: Why did <em>Protemnodon</em> disappear?</h2>



<p>The big question surrounding the Protemnodon species is their sudden disappearance around 40,000 years ago. These kangaroos were notably robust and adaptable, thriving across a wide range of environments from the arid deserts of central Australia to the lush, high-rainfall forests of Tasmania and New Guinea. </p>



<p>Despite their ability to adapt to vastly different habitats and their physical robustness, all Protemnodon species became extinct, while their smaller, less specialized relatives such as wallaroos and grey kangaroos managed to survive.</p>



<p>Dr. Isaac Kerr and Professor Gavin Prideaux, among other researchers, are actively studying these extinct kangaroos to understand the factors behind their disappearance. The comprehensive study led by Dr. Kerr, which meticulously reviewed fossil records and other archaeological data, aims to provide insights into the life and eventual extinction of these creatures. </p>



<p>By analyzing aspects such as their bone structure, geographic distribution, and environmental adaptations, the research seeks to uncover whether changes in climate, habitat loss, increased predation, or human activity might have contributed to their extinction.</p>



<p>This investigation is part of a broader effort to piece together the puzzle of megafauna extinctions in Australia, which saw the disappearance of many large species. Understanding why Protemnodon vanished, despite their apparent advantages in size and adaptability, could provide crucial insights into the ecological dynamics and environmental shifts of their time. </p>



<p>The findings of this and future studies could potentially offer broader lessons about species survival and adaptation under changing environmental conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>“It’s great to have some clarity on the identities of the species of&nbsp;<em>Protemnodon</em>,” says Flinders Professor \ Prideaux, a co-author of the research.</p>



<p>While the numbers and measurements are fascinating, it's the image of these giants that's truly captivating. Imagine encountering a 350-pound, high-hopping marsupial on the plains.</p>



<p>Or witnessing a massive, bear-like roo ambling slowly through a prehistoric forest. Projects like Dr. Kerr's give us more than data; they fuel our imagination, bringing a bit of that long-lost world back to life.</p>



<p>“It feels so good to finally have it out in the world, after five years of&nbsp;research, 261 pages and more than 100,000 words. I really hope that it helps more studies of<em>&nbsp;Protemnodon</em>&nbsp;happen, so we can find out more of what these kangaroos were doing," explained Dr Kerr.</p>



<p>“Living kangaroos are already such remarkable animals, so it’s amazing to think what these peculiar giant kangaroos could have been getting up to.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.00.0.0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megataxa</a></em>.</p>



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Protemnodon kangaroo fossils may explain their extinction

Did you know that enormous kangaroos, larger than any alive...

<p>A new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ant-species-discovered-in-ancient-amber/">ant species</a>, Leptanilla Voldemort, has been discovered in the stark and ancient Pilbara region of northwestern Australia, a place known for its relentless sun and minimal rainfall. </p>



<p>This discovery adds a mystical layer to one of Earth’s oldest landscapes, renowned for its unique subterranean biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ant-named-after-harry-potter-villain">Ant named after Harry Potter villain</h2>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Mark Wong from the <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Western Australia</a> and Jane McRae from <a href="https://www.bennelongia.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bennelongia Environmental Consultants</a>. The study introduces a pale, slender <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ant-species-discovered-in-ancient-amber/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant</a> with its notable long, sharp mandibles and spindly legs. </p>



<p>The name Leptanilla Voldemort actively pays tribute to the infamous dark wizard from the Harry Potter series, reflecting the ant's eerie appearance and its emergence from the dark, underground world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-leptanilla-voldemort-ant">Finding Leptanilla Voldemort ant</h2>



<p>The researchers unearthed the species during an ecological survey that aimed to document the subterranean fauna of the arid Pilbara. They used an innovative collection method by lowering a net down a 25-meter drill hole. </p>



<p>The team skillfully retrieved the net as it scraped against the hole’s inner surface, a technique known as "subterranean scraping." Remarkably, they collected only two specimens, underscoring the rarity and elusive nature of this species.</p>



<p>Compared to its kin in the Leptanilla genus, L. voldemort exhibits extreme body slenderness and uniquely long antennae and legs. This suggests that it inhabits not only the soil but possibly also air-filled voids or cracks deeper within the rock layers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predatory-nature-of-the-new-leptanilla-ant">Predatory nature of the new Leptanilla ant</h2>



<p>"Leptanilla voldemort is almost surely a predator, a fearsome hunter in the dark. This is backed up by what we know from the few observations of specialized hunting behaviors in other Leptanilla ant species, where the tiny workers use their sharp jaws and powerful stings to immobilize soil-dwelling centipedes much larger than them, before carrying their larvae over to feed on the carcass," noted Dr. Wong.</p>



<p>Similarly, although researchers have not yet identified the exact prey of Leptanilla Voldemort ants, they collected various other subterranean invertebrates, including centipedes, beetles, and flies, from the same locality. These findings hint at a diverse underground ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leptanilla-ants">Leptanilla ants</h2>



<p>Leptanilla ants are part of an enigmatic group. Out of over 14,000 known ant species worldwide, only about 60 belong to this genus. Adapting to their underground lifestyle, these ants form small, blind, and colorless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ant-colonies-behave-like-neural-networks-when-making-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colonies</a> to navigate the darkness. </p>



<p>The tiny workers, measuring just 1 to 2 millimeters - barely larger than a grain of sand - move effortlessly through soil, making them incredibly challenging to locate and study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-finding-leptanilla-voldemort-ant">Significance of finding Leptanilla Voldemort ant</h2>



<p>L. Voldemort becomes only the second Leptanilla species identified on the Australian continent. Previously, researchers discovered the first, Leptanilla swani, nearly a century ago in 1931, and it has rarely been seen since. </p>



<p>This recent discovery further highlights the rich diversity of ants in Australia, a country that is home to an estimated 1,300 to 5,000 species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-the-wizardry-of-nature">Celebrating the wizardry of nature</h2>



<p>This discovery not only enriches our understanding of the region's ancient and complex ecosystem. Moreover, it underscores the continuous surprises hidden in the depths of our planet. </p>



<p>The enigmatic L. Voldemort serves as a testament to the intricate wizardry of nature and the ongoing mysteries that await discovery beneath our feet in the shadows of the Pilbara.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-leptanilla-voldemort-ant">Key characteristics of Leptanilla Voldemort ant</h2>



<p>As discussed, Leptanilla Voldemort showcases several distinctive characteristics that set it apart within the enigmatic Leptanilla genus and the broader ant family. </p>



<p>These features are not only adaptations to its specific ecological niche but also reflections of its evolutionary history and habitat in the Pilbara region of Australia. Here are all of its characteristics summarized:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-description-and-size">Physical description and size </h3>



<p>Leptanilla Voldemort ant is noted for its pale, almost ghostly appearance. This is quite unusual for ants, which are typically darker. </p>



<p>This pallor likely helps it blend into its subterranean habitat. The ant's body is exceptionally slender and elongated, with dimensions that are extreme even within its genus. </p>



<p>Adults measure just 1 to 2 millimeters in length, positioning them among the smallest ants globally. This tiny size allows L. voldemort to navigate through soil and possibly smaller crevices within rocks more efficiently than larger ants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mandibles">Mandibles</h3>



<p>The mandibles of L. Voldemort are long and sharp. This feature is particularly adapted for a predatory lifestyle. These mandibles are essential for subduing prey, which may include a variety of other soil-dwelling invertebrates such as centipedes, which are much larger than the ant itself. The ability to immobilize and consume larger prey is a significant advantage in the nutrient-sparse underground environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antennae-and-legs">Antennae and legs</h3>



<p>The antennae and legs of Leptanilla Voldemort ants are notably long and spindly. These extended limbs enhance the ant's sensory capabilities and mobility, crucial for navigating in complete darkness and through complex underground terrains. </p>



<p>The long antennae serve as sensitive detectors of vibrations and chemical signals, helping L. voldemort locate prey, mates, and navigate around obstacles in its path.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-adaptations">Habitat adaptations </h3>



<p>L. voldemort is primarily subterranean, residing in the soil. However, its physical adaptations suggest it might also exploit other subterranean niches, such as air-filled voids or deeper cracks within rock layers. This versatility in habitat preference indicates a high level of adaptability and a possibly broader ecological role than previously understood for this genus.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predatory-behavior">Predatory behavior</h3>



<p>The predatory nature of L. Voldemort is a significant aspect of its behavior. Like other species in the Leptanilla genus, it likely employs a combination of ambush and pursuit tactics to capture prey. The sharp jaws and potentially venomous stings provide it with the tools necessary to tackle prey that provides substantial nutritional returns relative to the ant’s small size.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colony-structure">Colony structure</h3>



<p>The colony structure of the Leptanilla Voldemort ant mirrors the typical pattern observed in the Leptanilla genus, featuring small, blind, colorless workers and colonies usually comprising no more than a few hundred individuals. </p>



<p>The small size of these colonies and the specialized nature of their underground environment necessitate highly integrated and cooperative interactions within the colony, crucial for survival in such a challenging environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elusiveness-and-rarity">Elusiveness and rarity</h3>



<p>Due to its minuscule size, pale coloration, and subterranean lifestyle, detecting and studying L. Voldemort poses significant challenges. This elusiveness contributes to the rarity of sightings and the difficulty in gathering substantial data on their biology and ecology.</p>



<p>The discovery of the latest Leptanilla ant species not only adds a new member to the biodiversity of one of the Earth's oldest landscapes, but also opens new questions about the ecological dynamics of subterranean environments and the evolutionary pathways that lead to such highly specialized life forms.</p>



<p>The full study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/114072/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ZooKeys</a></em></em>.</p>



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Newly discovered Leptanilla ant named after Harry Potter villain

A new ant species, Leptanilla Voldemort, has been discovered in...

<p>The intricate migration of ungulates, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migration-cultural-learning-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hooved mammals</a> wandering the vast landscapes of the western United States, has been meticulously charted in the latest release from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). </p>



<p>Consequently, this fourth installment in the 'Ungulate Migrations of the Western United States' series showcases the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration patterns</a> of 33 herds. These herds include mule deer, pronghorn, and elk.</p>



<p>This collaborative effort brings together wildlife agencies from states including Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, and for the first time, Oregon and Colorado, as well as the Pueblo of Tesuque in New Mexico.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-182-ungulate-herds">182 ungulate herds</h2>



<p>The detailed maps presented in the report expose the critical routes and ranges these animals traverse, enhancing our comprehension of their geographical movements.</p>



<p>Additionally, with this volume, the series now encapsulates the migrations and seasonal habitats of 182 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shipwrecked-ivory-sheds-new-light-on-african-forest-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distinct herds</a> across ten states. This provides invaluable data to scientists and conservationists alike.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-ungulate-migrations-across-the-america">Diverse ungulate migrations across the America</h2>



<p>Matt Kauffman, the lead author of the report and a wildlife biologist with the <a href="https://www1.usgs.gov/coopunits/unit/Wyoming" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USGS</a> Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wyoming</a>, shared his enthusiasm about the project's progress.</p>



<p>"We’ve now mapped nearly two hundred migrations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-development-disrupts-mule-deer-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mule deer</a>, pronghorn, elk, and other ungulates," said Kauffman. These migrations span diverse landscapes, from the high alpine Rocky Mountains to the temperate rainforests of the Pacific Northwest and the desert ecosystems of the American Southwest.</p>



<p>Additionally, he praised the collaborative efforts of the team, highlighting their adoption of standardized methods to produce these detailed migration maps.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-nature-s-obstacles">Navigating nature’s obstacles</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/surprising-number-of-hyenas-are-killed-by-vehicles-every-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seasonal migrations</a> of these ungulates are motivated by their search for nutrient-rich plants and to avoid deep snow.</p>



<p>However, as human activities and developments encroach upon their habitats, these species face increasing challenges. </p>



<p>These include new subdivisions, energy developments, barriers like fences, and busy roads that intersect their migration paths. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ungulates-conservation-through-collaboration">Ungulates conservation through collaboration</h2>



<p>Blake Henning, chief conservation officer at the <a href="https://www.rmef.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation</a>, emphasized the significance of this mapping work.</p>



<p>"To best conserve and protect the habitat used by migrating elk, mule deer, moose, and pronghorn, we have to know exactly where these species move across the landscape," Henning stated.</p>



<p>Consequently, he strongly supported the ongoing efforts, recognizing their importance for the animals' future health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maps-making-a-difference">Maps making a difference</h2>



<p>The utility of these migration maps extends beyond mere documentation. They are crucial for conservation and management efforts in an ever-changing landscape.</p>



<p>For instance, the presence of solar farms in an ungulate's range can disrupt their habitat and movement.</p>



<p>Moreover, these maps have been instrumental in informing decisions related to oil and gas leasing. They are increasingly vital for siting future renewable energy projects in ways that minimize their impact on critical habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ungulate-migration-data-to-protect-wildlife">Ungulate migration data to protect wildlife</h2>



<p>Jeff Gagnon, statewide connectivity biologist at the <a href="https://www.azgfd.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona Game and Fish Department</a>, highlighted the practical applications of this data. </p>



<p>"By using these migration maps and data, the Arizona Game and Fish Department was able to have informed conversations with landowners and solar developers about managing for wildlife corridors through a planned solar facility," Gagnon explained. He expressed optimism that these efforts would allow ungulates to continue their seasonal migrations without disruption.</p>



<p>Furthermore, this ongoing project exemplifies the robust collaboration between multiple states and tribal entities, emphasizing their shared dedication to preserving the migratory traditions of these emblematic species of the American West. Such efforts are crucial to ensuring their continued prosperity for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-on-ungulate-migration">More on ungulate migration</h2>



<p>Ungulates are a diverse group of large mammals most commonly known for their hooves. These animals include several species that play crucial roles in ecosystems across the globe. Here are some key details about ungulates:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Classification</h3>



<p>Ungulates are broadly classified into two orders:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Artiodactyla</strong>: Also known as even-toed ungulates, which includes animals such as deer, cattle, giraffes, camels, and pigs. They are characterized by an even number of toes, usually two or four, with the weight of the body borne equally by the third and fourth toes.<br></li>



<li><strong>Perissodactyla</strong>: Known as odd-toed ungulates, including horses, rhinos, and tapirs. These species bear most of their weight on one toe—the third toe.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical features and habitat</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-that-are-the-least-social-may-be-the-most-innovative/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ungulates</a> are generally herbivorous and are known for their hooves, which are hardened keratin coverings around their toes. They often have robust bodies and well-developed limbs to support their weight, aiding in mobility and evasion from predators.</p>



<p>Ungulates are found in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, forests, savannas, and even arid deserts. Their distribution spans globally, except for Antarctica, with various species adapted to specific environmental conditions.</p>



<p>Ungulates play a critical role in their ecosystems as grazers and browsers. They help in nutrient cycling through their diets and defecation, which fertilizes the soil. Predators depend on them for food, making them integral to the food chain.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural and economic importance</h3>



<p>Many ungulate species are under threat from habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts with human activities. Conservation efforts are crucial to maintaining their populations and involve habitat preservation, legal protections, and in some cases, breeding programs.</p>



<p>Besides their ecological roles, ungulates are significant to humans culturally and economically. They are a source of meat, leather, and other products. Additionally, they hold spiritual and cultural significance in many societies.</p>



<p>Ungulates are fascinating for their adaptability and variety, playing essential roles both ecologically and culturally across the world.</p>



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New survey maps help protect U.S. ungulate migration

The intricate migration of ungulates, the hooved mammals wandering the...

<p>Jawless fish, specifically a species known as <em>Rhinopteraspis dunensis</em>, are at the heart of a study that illuminates their ancient feeding behaviors. Recently published in the <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</em>, the study featured advanced CT scanning techniques. </p>



<p>Subsequently, a team of paleontologists from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> led the research, achieving detailed 3D reconstructions of the mouthparts of vertebrates from the early Devonian epoch -- about 400 million years ago, a period often referred to as the Age of Fishes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-jawless-fish">Evolution of jawless fish</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-related-to-sea-monsters-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jawless</a> fish, also known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaws-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agnathans</a>, are ancient vertebrates without jaws. They are categorized into two main groups: the extinct ostracoderms and the extant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-diversity-found-in-californias-lamprey-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lampreys</a> and hagfish.</p>



<p>These fish possess cartilaginous skeletons, with most ostracoderms featuring heavy bony armor. Conversely, lampreys and hagfish display a simplified body structure, lacking paired fins and using a notochord as their primary axial support.</p>



<p>Moreover, jawless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-evolution-takes-place-in-decades-not-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> are crucial for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-when-did-jaws-evolve/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertebrate</a> evolution. They highlight the transition from simple organisms to more complex vertebrate structures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ct-scans-reveal-new-details">CT scans reveal new details</h2>



<p>The research reveals that these early fish likely employed bony projections surrounding their mouths to alter the mouth's shape as they gathered food. This suggests a filter-feeding mechanism rather than active hunting or scavenging.</p>



<p>Consequently, this challenges long-standing theories that vertebrates progressively evolved from passive to active feeding strategies.</p>



<p>Dr. Ivan Sansom, the project lead, highlights the significance of non-destructive CT scanning in revealing these ancient life forms. He states, "The application of CT scanning techniques to the study of fossil fish is revealing so much new information about these ancient vertebrates and giving us the opportunity to study precious and unique specimens without destructive investigation.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diets-of-jawless-fish">Diets of jawless fish</h2>



<p>Dr. Richard Dearden, lead author of the study, elaborated on their findings. He explained, “These methods have allowed us to assemble all the small bones of this animal’s mouth together, and understand how it fed from this integrated system rather than by examining isolated bones. </p>



<p>Contrary to a steady trend towards ‘active food acquisition’ -- scavenging or hunting -- we observe a real diversity and range of feeding behaviors among our earliest vertebrate relatives.”</p>



<p>The 3D images revealed the structure of finger-like bones projecting from the fish's lower 'lip.' These projections helped shape the mouth to capture food from the water.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the reconstructions indicate that the bony plates around the mouth allowed limited movement, suggesting these animals were not capable of biting.</p>



<p>Instead, they likely used these plates to strain food from the water, similar to how modern flamingos or oysters feed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-jawless-fish">More about jawless fish</h2>



<p>Jawless fish, or agnathans, offer a fascinating glimpse into the early stages of vertebrate evolution. Here are some additional intriguing aspects about them that were not covered in the initial research summary:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



<p>Beyond their feeding mechanisms, jawless fish play specific roles in their ecosystems. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-related-to-sea-monsters-study-reveals/">Lam</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-related-to-sea-monsters-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">p</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-related-to-sea-monsters-study-reveals/">reys</a>, for instance, impact the populations of other fish, which can have cascading effects on aquatic ecosystems. Meanwhile, hagfish contribute to the ocean floor's nutrient cycle by breaking down dead animals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-habits">Reproductive habits</h3>



<p>The reproductive behaviors of jawless fish are quite unique. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lamprey-living-in-the-jurassic-era-were-flesh-eating-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lampreys</a>, for example, migrate from saltwater to freshwater environments to spawn, reminiscent of salmon. They build nests by moving stones with their mouths, and after spawning, they typically die, similar to the lifecycle of salmon.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomical-features">Anatomical features </h3>



<p>The anatomical structure of jawless fish provides insight into the minimalist design of early vertebrates. For example, they have a single nostril and a early brain that lacks the complexity found in jawed vertebrates. Their sensory systems are also specialized; lampreys have well-developed eyes, whereas hagfish are mostly blind and rely heavily on their sense of smell and touch.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-of-jawless-fish">Conservation status of jawless fish</h3>



<p>Some species of lampreys are considered endangered due to habitat destruction, pollution, and barriers like dams that block their migratory paths. Conservation efforts are crucial to maintaining the diversity and ecological roles of these ancient creatures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-applications">Research applications</h3>



<p>The unique properties of jawless fish have led to various research applications, including the study of their cartilage for insights into human cartilage repair and regeneration. </p>



<p>Moreover, the slime produced by hagfish is being studied for potential applications in materials science due to its unique properties, such as its incredible strength and flexibility.</p>



<p>Jawless fish thus not only provide a window into the past but also continue to influence scientific research and ecological conservation efforts today. Their study helps refine our understanding of evolutionary biology and offers potential applications in medicine and technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-traditional-views">Challenging traditional views</h2>



<p>The findings challenge the prevailing hypothesis that vertebrate evolution predominantly moved from passive to increasingly predatory behavior.</p>



<p>Additionally, the diversity in feeding strategies observed in these ancient vertebrates suggests a complex scenario. This indicates a more nuanced process of evolutionary adaptation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-vertebrate-history">New perspective on vertebrate history</h2>



<p>The implications of this research are vast, offering a new lens through which we can view the early evolutionary stages of vertebrates. This perspective applies long before the advent of jawed creatures. </p>



<p>The diversity of feeding behaviors observed underscores the complexity of early vertebrate life. Additionally, it challenges the linear narratives of evolutionary progression traditionally favored in scientific discourse.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2258" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Early jawless fish from the 'Age of Fishes' were likely filter feeders

Jawless fish, specifically a species known as Rhinopteraspis dunensis, are...

North,Atlantic,Right,Whale,(eubalaena,Glacialis):,The,North,Atlantic,Right

<p>If you've been wondering about the dwindling numbers of the majestic North Atlantic right whales, you're not alone. These incredible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-north-atlantic-right-whales-have-fewer-offspring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean giants</a> are some of the world's most endangered large whales, and sadly, they're facing an uphill battle for survival. </p>



<p>Human activities like commercial fishing and busy shipping routes pose constant threats, often leading to collisions or deadly entanglements in fishing gear.</p>



<p>But there's hope. Scientists, determined to give these whales a fighting chance, have been working tirelessly on a groundbreaking project, and the results are in!</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-the-north-atlantic-right-whales">Finding the North Atlantic right whales</h2>



<p>For years, scientists working to protect the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale population have explored better tracking methods. </p>



<p>A team led by <a href="https://duke.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a>'s Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab has made a significant breakthrough, developing a new approach that balances precision with the whales' well-being.</p>



<p>Unlike previous methods, such as electronic tagging, which carries the risk of potential harm, this technique focuses on gathering existing information in a smarter way. Here's how their approach works:</p>



<p>Researchers meticulously examined 17 years of visual sighting data collected from aerial and ship-based surveys. These surveys provided detailed records of whale locations throughout a vast expanse of the U.S. Atlantic – an area comparable to the size of the entire continental United States.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generating-maps-with-hydrophones">Generating maps with hydrophones</h2>



<p>To supplement the visual data, the team integrated information from a vast network of nearly 500 hydrophones (underwater microphones) strategically placed across the Atlantic. </p>



<p>These sensitive instruments continuously record sounds, including the unique vocalizations produced by North Atlantic right whales.</p>



<p>Advanced statistical models process this immense collection of visual and acoustic data. These models generate detailed maps that reveal where whales are likely to be found in high concentrations at different times. It's a dynamic system, allowing scientists to track how the whales' distribution changes throughout the year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-density-of-north-atlantic-right-whales">Mapping density of North Atlantic right whales</h2>



<p>"The more accurate and detailed the mapping, the better chance we have to save <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-atlantic-right-whales-are-getting-shorter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dwindling numbers </a>of right whales from preventable injury and fatality," explained Patrick Halpin, director of Duke University's Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab.</p>



<p>By crunching massive amounts of data using an advanced statistical model, researchers were able to create detailed maps. </p>



<p>Essentially, these maps show hot spots of whale activity – areas with a higher density of whales at different times. It's like having a real-time guidebook for helping ships and fishing vessels avoid these precious creatures.</p>



<p>"With nearly three times more aerial survey data than we had before, and confirming evidence from the hydrophones, we were able to show how strongly the population has shifted its distribution," said Jason Roberts, Duke research associate and lead author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-mapping-is-important">Why mapping is important</h2>



<p>Knowing where these endangered whales concentrate allows everyone involved to work towards solutions. It allows for targeted protection measures, like speed restrictions for ships or temporary fishing closures in crucial areas.</p>



<p>North Atlantic right whales, hit hard by climate change and the resulting food shortages, are altering their historic migration patterns. </p>



<p>This makes it even harder to keep them safe. The new mapping strategy pinpoints where whales are moving, enabling conservationists to stay one step ahead.</p>



<p>Why do right whales matter? Besides their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-atlantic-right-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breathtaking beauty</a>, they're vital to maintaining healthy ocean ecosystems. Their feeding habits even play a part in balancing the entire food web.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-fight-goes-on">The fight goes on</h2>



<p>While the North Atlantic right whale population still hovers precariously close to extinction, this innovative mapping approach provides a much-needed tool in their fight for survival. </p>



<p>Now, the focus shifts to enacting policies and making changes in human activities to ensure a future where these magnificent creatures can thrive once again.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-north-atlantic-right-whales">More about the North Atlantic right whales</h2>



<p>As discussed above, North Atlantic right whales (<em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-north-atlantic-right-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eubalaena glacialis</a></em>) are one of the most endangered large whale species in the world. Here are some key points about them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



<p>North Atlantic right whales can be identified by their distinctive callosities on their heads, which are rough patches of skin. They lack a dorsal fin and have a broad back. These whales are usually about 50 feet long and can weigh up to 70 tons.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-population-challenges-of-north-atlantic-right-whales">Population challenges of North Atlantic right whales</h3>



<p>Estimates suggest there are fewer than 400 North Atlantic right whales remaining. Their population has declined due to historical whaling, and they now face modern threats from ship strikes and fishing gear entanglements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-habits-behavior-and-reproduction">Feeding habits, behavior, and reproduction</h3>



<p>These whales are filter feeders, primarily eating zooplankton and tiny crustaceans called copepods. They feed by swimming with their mouths open through patches of plankton.</p>



<p>Right whales are often found close to coastlines. They are known for their surface-active behaviors, making them popular with whale watchers. Females give birth to a single calf after a year-long pregnancy, typically every three to five years.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-patterns-and-conservation-efforts">Migration patterns and conservation efforts</h3>



<p>Numerous conservation measures are in place to protect these whales. These include mandatory ship speed restrictions in certain areas, modifications to fishing gear, and extensive monitoring efforts to track their population and migration patterns.</p>



<p>They are known to travel along the North American east coast, from calving grounds off the southeastern United States to feeding grounds in the Gulf of Maine, Bay of Fundy, and sometimes farther north into Canadian waters.</p>



<p>The survival of the North Atlantic right whale is critical not only for biodiversity but also for the health of marine ecosystems. Efforts continue to understand and mitigate the threats they face in hopes of recovering this species from the brink of extinction.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v732/p167-192/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Ecology Progress Series</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Where have all the North Atlantic right whales gone?

If you've been wondering about the dwindling numbers of the...

<p>Over a century ago, the U.S. government set aside 23 million acres of Alaska's North Slope to serve as an emergency oil supply. This vast, remote region, known as the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (<a href="https://www.blm.gov/programs/energy-and-minerals/oil-and-gas/about/alaska/NPR-A" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NPR-A</a>), has long been viewed as a major growth opportunity for the oil and gas industry. However, President Joe Biden is now moving to block Arctic oil drilling and gas development across roughly half of this territory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-aspects-of-arctic-oil-drilling">Key aspects of Arctic oil drilling</h2>



<p>Arctic oil drilling is a complex and controversial subject due to the extreme conditions, environmental concerns, and geopolitical implications involved. Here are its various aspects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geography and reserves</h3>



<p>The Arctic region encompasses the area around the North Pole, extending into territories of several countries including the United States (Alaska), Canada, Russia, Norway, and Greenland (Denmark). This region is believed to hold a significant portion of the world's undiscovered oil and natural gas reserves. </p>



<p>The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the Arctic holds about 13% of the world's undiscovered conventional oil resources and 30% of its undiscovered natural gas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Technical challenges</h3>



<p>Drilling for oil in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-found-to-be-a-biological-treasure-trove/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> is technologically challenging and expensive. The extreme cold, ice coverage, and remote locations complicate every aspect of exploration and production. </p>



<p>Winter darkness and severe weather conditions restrict operations to a limited part of the year. Special equipment and techniques are required to deal with the freezing temperatures and to minimize environmental impact.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental impact</h3>



<p>The environmental risks of Arctic oil drilling are significant. The Arctic ecosystem is fragile, and its wildlife, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bears-are-struggling-to-survive-longer-summers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar bears</a>, seals, and various bird species, are susceptible to disturbance. </p>



<p>Oil spills pose a severe threat due to the difficulty of carrying out effective clean-up operations in icy waters. The slow degradation rates in cold climates mean that oil can persist longer in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-biodiversity-will-get-a-boost-from-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>, exacerbating its impact.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Indigenous communities</h3>



<p>Many indigenous communities in the Arctic depend on the natural environment for their subsistence and cultural practices. Oil drilling and the accompanying industrial activity can affect the land and wildlife resources that these communities rely on. </p>



<p>There are concerns about the social and economic impacts on indigenous peoples, including changes to traditional lifestyles and potential benefits such as employment opportunities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Regulatory and political landscape</h3>



<p>Arctic oil drilling is subject to intense regulatory scrutiny to manage environmental risks. Countries have different regulations and levels of enforcement. International agreements and national policies also influence the extent and nature of drilling activities. Political decisions about drilling rights and environmental protections can lead to significant shifts in the operational landscape.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change considerations</h3>



<p>The role of Arctic drilling in contributing to climate change is a key issue in global discussions about energy production. Burning fossil fuels extracted from the Arctic contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>Moreover, the Arctic is warming significantly faster than the rest of the planet, leading to melting ice and changing habitats, which further complicates the environmental calculus of drilling operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biden-s-conservation-efforts">Biden's conservation efforts </h2>



<p>The Biden administration's proposed initiative, set to be finalized within days, marks one of the most sweeping efforts yet by the president to limit oil and gas exploration on federal lands. </p>



<p>This move aligns with Biden's broader campaign which promises to boost land conservation and fight climate change. As he seeks a second term, Biden is doubling down on his commitment to protecting the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-industry-concerns-regarding-arctic-oil">Industry concerns regarding Arctic oil</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the changes wouldn't affect ConocoPhillips's controversial 600-million-barrel Willow oil project in the NPR-A. However, oil industry leaders say the plan is more expansive than initially anticipated and threatens to make it nearly impossible to build another megaproject in the region.</p>



<p>This has sparked concerns from companies with holdings in the NPR-A, which was once viewed as a promising growth area for the industry. In recent years, interest in the region has surged again due to major discoveries, and tapping into its reservoirs could yield decades of oil production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-sensitive-ecosystems">Protecting sensitive ecosystems</h2>



<p>The proposed regulation would limit future oil development in some 13 million acres (20,000 square miles) of designated "special areas" within the reserve, including territory currently under lease. There would also be an outright prohibition on new leasing in 10.6 million acres.</p>



<p>The administration argues that these changes are necessary to balance oil development with the protection of sensitive landscapes that provide habitat for polar bears, migratory birds, and the 61,500-strong Teshekpuk caribou herd. </p>



<p>As Interior Secretary <a href="https://www.doi.gov/secretary-deb-haaland" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deb Haaland</a> stated, "We must do everything within our control to meet the highest standards of care to protect this fragile ecosystem."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-arctic-oil-development">The future of Arctic oil development </h2>



<p>The proposed rule would also create a formal program for expanding protected areas at least once every five years, making it difficult to undo those designations. Additionally, it would raise the bar for future development elsewhere in the reserve.</p>



<p>While the Interior Department has stated that the regulation wouldn't affect existing leases, the proposed rule text doesn't offer a similar, explicit assurance. Instead, it proposes to give the government broad authority to limit or bar access to existing leases, "regardless of any existing authorization." </p>



<p>This has oil companies and Alaska lawmakers increasingly concerned, as they believe the measure could thwart oil and gas development across much of the reserve, even on existing leases.</p>



<p>Opponents argue that the plan would shift the role of the reserve from oil development to conservation, contrary to its congressional intent. </p>



<p>"The current statute says that the primary purpose is to increase domestic oil supply as expeditiously as possible, but the rule takes a completely different premise," said Kara Moriarty, president of the Alaska Oil and Gas Association.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-management-of-arctic-oil-drilling">Management of Arctic oil drilling</h2>



<p>Despite these concerns, environmentalists and some Alaska Natives have widely praised Biden for setting aside territory for conservation. </p>



<p>"These are resources that once they're gone, they're gone forever, and we can't wait until they have disappeared to go and get them back," said Rachael Hamby, policy director for the <a href="https://westernpriorities.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Western Priorities</a>. "We need to manage now to protect those resources and values for present and future generations."</p>



<p>The fate of Arctic oil development hangs in the balance as the Biden administration moves forward with its sweeping plan to limit drilling in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska. </p>



<p>While the Willow project remains unaffected, the broader implications of this initiative could have significant consequences for the industry and the delicate ecosystems of the region.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Biden policy aims to block Arctic oil drilling for conservation

Over a century ago, the U.S. government set aside 23...

<p>Axolotls, with their enigmatic smiles, powers of regeneration, and unique aquatic lifestyle, have long fascinated scientists and pet lovers alike. </p>



<p>These creatures, officially known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-an-axolotl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ambystoma mexicanum</a>, are critically endangered, with their numbers dwindling to an estimated 50 to 1,000 in their sole natural habitat -- a series of canals in Mexico City. </p>



<p>Despite the dire situation in the wild, axolotls have captivated a global audience. They thrive as pets and play crucial roles in scientific research.</p>



<p>This duality of existence, both as beloved companions and key research subjects, underscores the urgent need for axolotl conservation efforts while also highlighting their remarkable biological capabilities, particularly in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salamanders-human-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regeneration</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-axolotl-a-curious-creature">The axolotl: A curious creature</h2>



<p>Axolotls stand out in the animal kingdom for their distinctive appearance and extraordinary life cycle.</p>



<p>Furthermore, axolotls boast a unique combination of traits reminiscent of both fish and lizards. They have a finned tail for swimming, small limbs, and distinctive gills that look like plumed ferns, fluttering at the sides of their heads.</p>



<p>Unlike most amphibians, which undergo a metamorphosis from aquatic tadpoles to land-dwelling adults, axolotls retain their juvenile form throughout their lives.</p>



<p>This eternal youth, akin to nature's Peter Pan, stems from their evolution in the stable aquatic environments of Mexico City's lakes. In these waters, the advantages of an aquatic lifestyle surpassed the challenges found on land.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-axolotls-regenerative-abilities">Axolotls regenerative abilities</h2>



<p>Beyond their captivating looks, axolotls are biological marvels known for their ability to regenerate lost body parts. This includes not only limbs but also significant portions of their hearts, livers, eyes, and even brains. </p>



<p>Such regenerative abilities have made them a focus for scientists at institutions like the <a href="https://wi.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Whitehead Institute</a>, where researchers, including Peter Reddien and graduate student Conor McMann, study the underlying biology of regeneration. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-axolotls-are-ideal-for-regeneration-research">Why axolotls are ideal for regeneration research</h2>



<p>Axolotls are exceptionally suited for research due to their straightforward breeding, simple maintenance, and easily accessible genetics. These qualities make them a prime subject for scientific study.</p>



<p>Central to this research is the exploration of genetic pathways that axolotls share with mammals, illuminating their potential to enhance human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salamander-genome-limb-regenerate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regenerative capabilities</a>. </p>



<p>By analyzing gene expression in the injured limbs of both axolotls and mice, researchers are seeking to reveal mechanisms common to both, suggesting a shared evolutionary origin. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-to-regeneration">Key to regeneration</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://reddienlab.wi.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reddien lab</a> has identified three critical factors necessary for regeneration: capable cells, precise positional information, and appropriate signaling at the wound site.</p>



<p>Furthermore, understanding how these elements interact in axolotls and other vertebrates is key to unraveling the mysteries of regeneration.</p>



<p>Additionally, Conor's focus on positional information, which guides the accurate reconstruction of body parts, is particularly promising.</p>



<p>Insights into how vertebrates, including humans, might retain remnants of this system could pave the way for breakthroughs in regenerative medicine.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-and-research-challenges">Conservation efforts and research challenges</h2>



<p>Despite thriving in scientific care, axolotls' natural habitats in Mexico City's Lake Xochimilco are endangered by human activities. </p>



<p>Efforts, especially from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, focus on conserving their natural genetics and restoring wild populations. </p>



<p>The Whitehead Institute maintains a colony, focusing on each axolotl's well-being through individual housing and meticulous water filtration. </p>



<p>This highlights the challenges and importance of preserving these unique creatures for both ecological and research integrity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-biological-diversity">A window into biological diversity</h2>



<p>Studying axolotls highlights the potential in regenerative medicine and the critical role of biodiversity.</p>



<p>Furthermore, Conor McMann emphasizes that losing unique species like axolotls would narrow our biological insights. </p>



<p>Their regenerative prowess reminds us of nature's unsolved mysteries and symbolizes life's resilience. This balance between discovery and conservation urges us to protect such species.</p>



<p>As axolotls journey from Mexico City's canals to leading regenerative research, they showcase biodiversity's value and the vast potential within life's study, underscoring the importance of their preservation for both science and nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-axolotls">More about Axolotls</h2>



<p>As discussed above, axolotls are fascinating amphibians, known for their unique ability to regenerate lost body parts, a feature that sets them apart in the animal kingdom. Here's more about their characteristics:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance </h3>



<p>Axolotls have a distinctive look with a wide head, lidless eyes, and feathery gills protruding from either side of their head, which give them an almost mythical appearance. </p>



<p>They can come in various colors, from wild-type greenish-brown with gold speckling to leucistic (pale pink with red eyes), albino, and even black (melanoid).</p>



<p>They are best known for their astonishing ability to regenerate not just limbs but also jaws, spinal cords, heart parts, and other organs without scarring.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-habitat">Natural habitat</h3>



<p>Axolotls are native to the lake complex of Xochimilco near Mexico City, Mexico. However, their natural habitat has drastically shrunk and become polluted, leading to their classification as critically endangered.</p>



<p>Due to their endangered status in the wild, axolotls are more commonly found in laboratories and as pets in home aquariums around the world.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Axolotls are carnivorous, feeding on small prey such as worms, insects, and small fish in the wild. In captivity, they can eat a variety of foods, including specialized pellets, frozen or live bloodworms, and brine shrimp.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



<p>They are generally solitary animals and do best when housed alone. They spend much of their time at the bottom of their aquatic environment, though they will swim up to the surface to feed or breathe if necessary.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding">Breeding</h3>



<p>Axolotls reach sexual maturity by 18 months and can lay hundreds of eggs at a time. Breeding in captivity is common and provides valuable insight into their development and genetics.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3>



<p>Unlike many amphibians, axolotls do not undergo metamorphosis to become land-dwelling adults. Instead, they remain aquatic and gilled throughout their lives, a condition known as neoteny.</p>



<p>Despite their fascinating nature and importance to scientific research, axolotls face significant threats from habitat loss, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. </p>



<p>Conservation efforts are crucial to preserving these unique creatures and the secrets they hold about regeneration and evolutionary biology.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Axolotls have incredible regeneration powers, yet they're critically endangered

Axolotls, with their enigmatic smiles, powers of regeneration, and unique...

A,Cute,Young,Puppy,Licking,The,Face,Of,A,Pretty

<p>You might think of hospitals and healthcare settings when it comes to antibiotic resistant bacteria, but a new study reveals that this problem could be lurking right in your living room...inside your beloved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harmful-bacteria-dog-food-raw-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet</a>.</p>



<p>Antibiotics have changed our world, saving countless lives from deadly infections. But lurking in the background is an invisible threat: antibiotic resistance. </p>



<p>This happens when bacteria develop ways to survive the very drugs designed to kill them. These "superbugs" become much harder to treat, and they're becoming scarily common.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-spread-between-pets-and-owners">Bacteria spread between pets and owners</h2>



<p>Researchers in Portugal and the UK have presented a study with unsettling implications: our pets might be contributing to the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. </p>



<p>The study, unveiled at the <a href="https://www.escmid.org/congress-events/escmid-global/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESCMID Global</a> Congress, discovered instances where sick dogs and cats infected with drug-resistant bacteria transmitted those same bacteria to their healthy owners.</p>



<p>This finding brings a new dimension to the already grave problem of antibiotic resistance. The World Health Organization emphasizes the urgency of this global threat, projecting that if we fail to take significant action, drug-resistant infections will claim a staggering 10 million lives annually by 2050.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pets-bacteria-and-superbugs">Pets, bacteria and superbugs</h2>



<p>When bacteria are repeatedly exposed to antibiotics, they can evolve ways to survive the very drugs intended to eliminate them. This creates "superbugs" that are incredibly difficult to treat with existing medications,</p>



<p>When drug-resistant infections spread, treatment options become extremely limited. Illnesses that were once easily managed can lead to serious health problems, prolonged hospital stays, and even death.</p>



<p>This study highlights the potential for our pets to act as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, inadvertently transmitting them to their owners – even those who are healthy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-in-pets">Bacteria in pets</h2>



<p>The study focused on a group of bacteria called Enterobacterales, a family that includes well-known bacteria like <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>. These bacteria, while often harmless, have the potential to cause a range of infections.</p>



<p>Researchers were particularly concerned with antibiotic-resistant strains of Enterobacterales. Specifically, they focused on strains resistant to these two critical types of antibiotics:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Third-generation cephalosporins</strong>: These versatile antibiotics are used to combat serious infections like meningitis (inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes), pneumonia (lung infection), and sepsis (life-threatening blood infection). Resistance to this group of antibiotics poses a significant threat to successful treatment.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Carbapenems</strong>: These powerful drugs are considered a "last resort" antibiotic. Doctors reserve them for situations where other antibiotics have failed, or when they suspect a highly resistant infection. Resistance to carbapenems severely limits treatment options, leading to potentially dire outcomes for patients.</li>
</ul>



<p>The study's most concerning finding was that antibiotic-resistant forms of Enterobacterales were present in both sick pets and their healthy owners. This discovery suggests that even healthy animals may carry and potentially spread bacteria that are highly challenging to treat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-stats">The stats</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-portugal">Portugal</h3>



<ul>
<li>55.8% of pets and 35.9% of their owners carried bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.</li>



<li>One dog carried a strain of&nbsp;<em>E. coli</em>&nbsp;resistant to carbapenem antibiotics.</li>



<li>Five households showed clear evidence of bacteria transmission between a pet and owner.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uk">UK</h3>



<ul>
<li>36.4% of pets and 12.5% of owners carried bacteria resistant to third-generation cephalosporins.</li>



<li>One dog had&nbsp;<em>E. coli</em>&nbsp;with resistance to carbapenems and many other antibiotics.</li>



<li>Two households showed matching resistant bacteria in pets and owners.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-pet-owners-be-worried">Should pet owners be worried?</h2>



<p>While the study's findings are concerning, it's important not to panic. Lead researcher Juliana Menezes emphasizes, "Our findings underline the importance of including pet-owning households in national programmes that monitor levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-may-be-passing-antibiotic-resistance-to-their-owners/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic resistance</a>.”</p>



<p>We need more research to fully grasp the scope of this problem, but it serves as a wake-up call to take this issue seriously.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-bacteria-spread-from-pets-to-humans">How do bacteria spread from pets to humans?</h2>



<p>Our everyday interactions with our beloved pets provide numerous ways for bacteria to spread. Here's why:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Close contact</strong>: Petting, cuddling, and even giving your furry friend a kiss create opportunities for bacteria to transfer from their fur or saliva to your skin.<br></li>



<li><strong>Handling waste</strong>: Cleaning up after your pet, whether it's scooping a litter box or picking up dog poop, puts you in direct contact with their waste, which can harbor bacteria.<br></li>



<li><strong>Shared surfaces</strong>: If your pet frequently climbs on furniture or even sleeps in your bed, any bacteria they carry can easily be transferred to these surfaces, potentially exposing you later.</li>
</ul>



<p>It's important to remember that even healthy pets can carry bacteria, some of which may be resistant to antibiotics. While the risk of getting sick from your pet is generally low, simple hygiene practices can minimize the chances of transmission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-protect-yourself-and-your-pet">Tips to protect yourself and your pet</h2>



<p>Don't panic. These findings emphasize responsible pet ownership, not fear. You can enjoy a close and loving relationship with your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-u-s-dog-owners-dont-follow-hygienic-practices-when-preparing-pet-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet</a> while taking steps to protect yourself and others:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practice-good-hygiene">Practice good hygiene</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Thorough handwashing</strong>: Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after petting your animal, playing with them, or cleaning their living area. This is especially crucial before eating or touching your face.<br></li>



<li><strong>Cleaning pet areas</strong>: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces your pet frequents, like food bowls, toys, and sleeping areas.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consider-isolation-when-your-pet-is-sick">Consider isolation when your pet is sick</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Limiting spread</strong>: If your pet shows signs of illness, keeping them confined to a specific area of your home can help prevent bacteria from spreading throughout the house.<br></li>



<li><strong>Careful cleaning</strong>: Thoroughly clean and disinfect any areas where your sick pet has been, paying special attention to where they may have had accidents.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talk-to-your-vet">Talk to your vet</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Discuss concerns</strong>: If you're worried about antibiotic resistance or your pet's health, don't hesitate to bring it up with your veterinarian.<br></li>



<li><strong>Responsible antibiotic use</strong>: Vets play a vital role in ensuring antibiotics are prescribed only when necessary and used according to guidelines. Open communication helps them make informed decisions about your pet's care.</li>
</ul>



<p>By following these simple practices, you can help minimize the risk of transmitting antibiotic-resistant bacteria while maintaining a strong and healthy bond with your furry companion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-antibiotic-resistance-together">Fighting antibiotic resistance together</h2>



<p>"Understanding and addressing the transmission of AMR bacteria from pets to humans is essential for effectively combating antimicrobial resistance in both human and animal populations," says Juliana Menezes.</p>



<p>The fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-fed-raw-meat-may-spread-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic resistance</a> requires a 'One Health' approach – recognizing that human, animal, and environmental health are all interlinked. By taking sensible precautions and being mindful of hygiene, we can enjoy a safe and healthy life with our beloved furry companions for years to come.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Antibiotic-resistant 'superbugs' are being passed from pets to humans

You might think of hospitals and healthcare settings when it...

Close,Up,Of,A,Red,Fox,Standing,On,Green,Grass

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> has found that an extinct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-help-scavengers-take-over-the-alpine-habitats-of-arctic-foxes/">fox</a> in Argentina - known as <em>Dusicyon avus</em> - may have once been man's best friend, sharing a powerful bond with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-impacted-earth-than-previously-thought-2/">early humans</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This species, which resembled a sizable dog, appears to have shared a significant bond with hunter-gatherer groups 1,500 years ago, a relationship hinted at by the unique burial of a single fox's remains alongside 21 human skeletons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings offer a rare glimpse into human-animal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-were-often-buried-with-dogs-horses-and-other-animals/">relationships</a> in prehistoric South America, suggesting the fox might have been more than just a wild animal to the people of that era.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-the-extinct-fox-as-a-human-companion">Identifying the extinct fox as a human companion</h2>



<p>“There are several factors that led to identifying our fox as a companion or a pet rather than as part of the humans' diet," said study co-author Ophelie Lebrasseur, an archaeologist at Oxford.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team noted the absence of cut marks on the animal’s bones, the fox's burial within a human site, and the dietary parallels between the fox and the humans as significant indicators of a companionship rather than a predatory relationship.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-animal-dynamics-in-ancient-times-nbsp">Human-animal dynamics in ancient times&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This partnership challenges our understanding of human-animal dynamics in ancient times, particularly in South America. <em>Dusicyon avus</em>, which was about the size of a German shepherd and lived across vast regions of the continent, including Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, went extinct approximately 500 years ago under mysterious circumstances.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The introduction of domestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-dogs-bond/">dogs</a> to the region has been suggested as a possible factor in their extinction. However, the study argues that hybridization between the two species likely had minimal impact due to the low probability of producing fertile offspring.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-dusicyon-avus">More about <em>Dusicyon avus</em></h2>



<p>The Argentinean warrah, also known by its scientific name <em>Dusicyon avus</em>, is an extinct species of fox-like canid that was native to the mainland of South America.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-falkland-islands-wolf-nbsp">Falkland Islands wolf&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This species is particularly interesting because it shares a common name with the better-known Falkland Islands wolf or warrah (<em>Dusicyon australis</em>), which also became extinct in the 19th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Falkland Islands wolf holds a unique place in natural history as the only native land mammal of the Falkland Islands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The confusion between the two extinct species can arise from their common names and similar genus designation, but it's important to distinguish between them due to their different habitats and physical characteristics.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distribution-of-dusicyon-avus">Distribution of <em>Dusicyon avus</em></h3>



<p><em>Dusicyon avus</em> inhabited parts of Argentina and possibly other areas in South America. Like its island relative, it became extinct, but it is believed to have disappeared much earlier, likely before the arrival of Europeans to the continent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The reasons behind its extinction are not well documented but could involve changes in habitat, climate, and competition with other species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paleontological-findings-nbsp">Paleontological findings&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Information about <em>Dusicyon avus</em> is limited compared to its insular cousin due to the scant fossil record and the early period of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greater-risk-of-extinction-for-large-bodied-mammals-in-the-past/">extinction</a>. The scientific study of <em>Dusicyon avus</em> relies heavily on paleontological findings, including bone and dental analysis, to infer its size, diet, and ecological niche.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These studies suggest that <em>Dusicyon avus</em> was similar in size to small to medium-sized modern-day canids and likely had a diet that included both meat and plant material, indicating an omnivorous lifestyle.</p>



<p>The extinction of <em>Dusicyon avus</em> and its relationship to other South American canids contribute valuable information to the understanding of the evolutionary history and biogeography of canines in the Americas. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bond-between-foxes-and-humans">Bond between foxes and humans</h2>



<p>Foxes are intelligent and adaptable creatures inhabiting various ecosystems worldwide, from forests and grasslands to urban areas. While they are often portrayed as cunning and mischievous in folklore, foxes play a significant role in our ecosystems and have a complex relationship with humans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological importance</h3>



<p>Foxes serve as both predators and prey in their natural habitats. They help maintain balance in ecosystems by controlling populations of small mammals, such as rodents and rabbits. </p>



<p>Additionally, foxes act as a food source for larger predators, including wolves, coyotes, and birds of prey. Their presence contributes to the overall health and diversity of the environments they inhabit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fox-conflicts-and-coexistence-with-humans">Fox conflicts and coexistence with humans</h3>



<p>As human populations expand and encroach upon wildlife habitats, conflicts between foxes and humans have increased. Foxes sometimes venture into urban and suburban areas in search of food and shelter, leading to concerns about property damage and the potential spread of diseases. </p>



<p>However, many wildlife organizations work to educate the public about coexisting with foxes and implementing humane solutions to minimize conflicts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-admiration-and-conservation">Admiration and conservation</h3>



<p>Despite the challenges, many people admire foxes for their beauty, intelligence, and adaptability. Some individuals even keep foxes as pets, although this practice remains controversial due to the animals' wild nature and specific care requirements. </p>



<p>Conservation efforts aim to protect fox populations and their habitats, recognizing their ecological importance and the need to maintain biodiversity.</p>



<p>The relationship between foxes and humans is multifaceted, shaped by both conflict and admiration. As we strive to coexist with these remarkable creatures, it is essential to understand their ecological roles, address conflicts responsibly, and appreciate the unique place they hold in our natural world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinct-dusicyon-avus-fox-and-its-human-partnership">Extinct <em>Dusicyon avus</em> fox and its human partnership </h2>



<p>The question of whether <em>Dusicyon avus</em> could have been domesticated or used as pets remains open. "Some individuals may have been less scared of humans, which may have facilitated the development of a closer bond, but we cannot currently confirm this,” said Lebrasser.</p>



<p>“We do believe though that finding a <em>Dusicyon avus </em>specimen with such a close relationship with the hunter-gatherer community is very rare and really interesting, and represents quite a unique case of a human-wild South American fox partnership.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.231835" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Royal Society Open Science</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Foxes may have been man's best friend before dogs came along

A new study led by the University of Oxford has...

<p>Chimpanzees and bonobos, often viewed as embodying contrasting aspects of human nature - the aggressive chimpanzee and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bonobos-cooperation-challenges-beliefs-about-human-evolution/">peaceful bonobo</a> - exhibit more nuanced behaviors within their communities, according to a recent study led by <a href="https://www.bu.edu/">Boston University</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts found that male bonobos become aggressive more frequently than male chimpanzees, challenging prevailing perceptions. Notably, for both species, increased aggression correlates with more mating opportunities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aggressive-behavior-of-chimpanzees-and-bonobos-nbsp">Aggressive behavior of chimpanzees and bonobos&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Chimpanzees and bonobos use aggression in different ways for specific reasons,” said study lead author Maud Mouginot, an anthropologist at Boston University. “The idea is not to invalidate the image of bonobos being peaceful - the idea is that there is a lot more complexity in both species.”</p>



<p>This study is the first of its kind to directly compare the aggressive behaviors of bonobos and chimpanzees using consistent field methods. The research focused on male aggression, typically linked to reproductive behaviors, while recognizing that female aggression in both species also deserves further research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-aggression-in-male-bonobos">Monitoring aggression in male bonobos</h2>



<p>The scientists examined male aggression within three bonobo communities at the Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo and two chimpanzee communities at Gombe National Park in Tanzania. They tracked 12 bonobos and 14 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-mean-chimpanzees-fare-better-in-life-than-nice-ones/">chimpanzees</a>, conducting "focal follows" to monitor each individual's interactions throughout the day.</p>



<p>“You go to their nests and wait for them to wake up and then you just follow them the entire day - from the moment they wake up to the moment they go to sleep at night - and record everything they do,” Mouginot explained.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, the study found that male bonobos were more frequently aggressive than their chimpanzee counterparts, engaging in 2.8 times more aggressive interactions and three times as many physical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friendly-bonobos-aggressive-mating/">aggressions</a>. Bonobo aggression was primarily directed at other males, whereas chimpanzees more often targeted females and were more likely to form coalitions during conflicts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-infrequency-of-chimpanzee-aggression-nbsp">The infrequency of chimpanzee aggression&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers suggest that the infrequency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-mean-chimpanzees-fare-better-in-life-than-nice-ones/">chimpanzee aggression</a> might be attributed to the potential for severe injuries and the weakening of group defenses against external threats, given that their conflicts often involve multiple males. In contrast, bonobos, who are not known to be territorial and have never been observed to kill each other, tend to have one-on-one disputes, avoiding broader community impacts.</p>



<p>For both species, males displaying higher levels of aggression achieved greater reproductive success. This was particularly unexpected in bonobos, where the social structure is co-dominant, and females typically outrank males - different from the male-dominated hierarchies of chimpanzees.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>“Male bonobos that are more aggressive obtain more copulations with females, which is something that we would not expect,” said Mouginot. “It means that females do not necessarily go for nicer males.”</p>



<p>These findings challenge the self-domesticating hypothesis, which posits that aggression has been selectively reduced in bonobos and humans compared to chimpanzees.</p>



<p>While the study did not measure the severity of the aggressive interactions in terms of resulting wounds or injuries, the researchers hope to include such data in future analyses. They also aim to expand their comparisons to include other groups of chimpanzees and bonobos to better understand behavioral variations within and across communities and subspecies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bonobos-nbsp">More about bonobos&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Bonobos, also known scientifically as <em>Pan paniscus</em>, are one of our closest living relatives in the animal kingdom, sharing around 98% of our DNA. They are a species of great ape found only in the Congo Basin in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bonobos are often noted for their matriarchal society, where females hold significant social status and power within their communities.</p>



<p>Physically, bonobos are slightly smaller and more slender than their relatives, the chimpanzees. They have black faces with pink lips, small ears, and long hair that parts in the middle. Bonobos use sexual behavior as a means to manage social relationships and conflicts, making them unique among primates.</p>



<p>Bonobos are frugivorous but their diet can also include other plant parts as well as small animals and insects. They are highly intelligent and capable of empathy, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-bonobos-adopt-infants-outside-of-their-social-group/">cooperation</a>, and self-recognition in mirrors.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, bonobos are endangered due to habitat loss, human encroachment, and poaching. Conservation efforts are crucial to their survival, aiming to protect their natural habitat and reduce illegal hunting.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.071"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

"Peaceful" bonobos are actually more aggressive than chimps 

Chimpanzees and bonobos, often viewed as embodying contrasting aspects of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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