A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years.



This matters because it turns eggs from interesting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-did-dinosaurs-come-from-missing-fossils-hold-the-secret/">fossils</a> into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshells-dated">Dinosaur eggshells dated</h2>



The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in stacked layers with little distortion.&nbsp;



“We show that these dinosaur eggs were deposited roughly 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period,” said <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/3140051/overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Bi Zhao</a>, from the Hubei Institute of Geosciences (<a href="https://en.cug.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HIG</a>).



The group used carbonate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/zircon-u-pb-dating" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U-Pb dating</a> on eggshell material, measuring uranium and lead atoms to calculate time since the shell formed. 



In their tests, the radiogenic signal sits in biogenic calcite, the carbonate built by the egg-laying animal, which behaved as a semi-closed system for uranium uptake after burial.



The <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> relied on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/laser-ablation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laser ablation</a>, a micro laser that vaporizes pinpoint spots of carbonate which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer for uranium and lead ratios.&nbsp;



The resulting age is not from ash fall or nearby minerals, it is from the eggshell itself, which frees researchers from indirect age constraints that can mislead if volcanic layers formed earlier or later than the nest horizon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-carbonate-u-pb-works">How carbonate U-Pb works</h2>



Uranium isotopes in carbonates decay into lead at known, constant rates, and the proportion of parent to daughter isotopes reveals elapsed time. 



Cross checks, like repeated spots in different shell areas and agreement between fragments, keep the numbers honest, and the reported uncertainty of ± 1.74 million years reflects instrument precision and sample scatter, not guesswork.



Indirect <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912012005019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">approaches</a> have anchored many Asian egg sites by dating interbedded tuffs, for example zircon based SIMS ages from the Tiantai Basin that bracket egg layers in the Laijia and Chichengshan formations at roughly 96 to 99 million years and 91 to 94 million years. 



That prior dating set a framework that eggshell ages can now refine where ash is missing.



Carbonate geochronology has matured fast, with careful comparisons between uranium thorium and U-Pb techniques on the same samples showing strong consistency over wide timescales. 



That broader look at geochronology <a href="https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/7/335/2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methods</a> helps explain why a tiny eggshell can carry a credible age.



The study team also separated signals, finding consistent ages from biogenic carbonates, and noisy or unusable signals from late pore filling calcite, a reminder that not all carbonates are equal for keeping time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshell-site">Dinosaur eggshell site</h2>



The Qinglongshan reserve preserves egg clutches in red siltstones and sandstones, with many eggs still three dimensional and minimally deformed, a rare condition that helps both taphonomy and dating. 



The sampled clutch belonged to an oblate style of egg typical of the family <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dendrobatidae/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dendroolithidae</a>, which is known for highly porous shells.



Those Yunyang eggs have been assigned to Placoolithus tumiaolingensis by <a href="https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app63/app005232018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> that cleaned up the taxonomy and emphasized the diagnostic shell microstructure. That classification anchors the site in a broader Chinese record of dendroolithid eggs.



Porous eggshell architecture affects gas exchange and incubation, and the microstructure varies in ways that may reflect nesting style in a semi arid fluvial landscape. 



The new age puts those choices in a tight slice of time, late Coniacian to early Santonian, rather than a vague Late Cretaceous window.



Thousands of eggs across stacked horizons also open the door to building a basin scale timeline where shell ages from different levels track local ecological change, sedimentation rates, and any shifts in the nesting fauna.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1s.webp" alt="Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao" class="wp-image-1985991"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Click image to enlarge. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-climate-context">Dinosaur climate context</h2>



Marine records indicate the Late Cretaceous did not stay uniformly hot. 



One North Atlantic sea surface temperature <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24937202/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">record</a> shows a drop of about 7 degrees Celsius (12.6 degrees Fahrenheit), from around 35 degrees to below 28 degrees, between the earliest Campanian and the Maastrichtian.



Independent <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18187651/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> from oxygen isotopes suggests brief glaciation episodes punctuated parts of the mid Cretaceous greenhouse, showing that climate could swing even when the world was generally warm. 



Inland Asia would have felt those shifts in precipitation, seasonality, and vegetation.



Pinned ages on terrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-extinction-theories-are-challenged-by-new-research/">fossils</a> let scientists ask tighter questions about whether nesting density changed across cooler intervals or whether certain egg types rose or fell with climate. 



The eggshell ages at Qinglongshan now give one fixed point for such tests, and more layers can add the sequence needed to see patterns.



Cause and effect claims are premature at a single site, but a direct eggshell chronology makes it practical to compare neighboring basins and see whether bird and non avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-sized-baby-dinosaur-unearthed-after-166-million-years/">dinosaur</a> nesting moved, paused, or persisted during regional climate transitions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-comes-next">What comes next</h2>



The team plans to sample eggs from additional horizons at Qinglongshan, then from basins to the north and south, to build a regional timeline that can be compared with dated marine and volcanic records. 



That will clarify which changes are local quirks and which ones reflect broader environmental forcing across East Asia.



Applying the same protocol to eggs in the Xixia, Jiaolai, and Nanxiong basins would close large age gaps where ash beds are absent. 



Those basins have different egg assemblages, so a uniform clock could test migration ideas and turnover hypotheses without assuming rock ages transfer cleanly between sites.



Direct dinosaur eggshell dating also complements existing zircon frameworks rather than replacing them, since both tools answer different parts of the age question. 



Zircons pin eruptive or depositional moments for ash, while eggshells date the biological event of nesting, and together they can resolve the tempo of life on land.



With better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-ground-dwellers-survived-the-asteroid-impact-that-killed-the-dinosaurs/">timescales</a>, small details like pore geometry, clutch spacing, and shell thickness will be tied to environmental context, not guesswork. 



That is how a few careful ages can turn a crowded egg hillside into a precise chronicle of Late Cretaceous life in central China.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

These dinosaur eggs tell an incredible story from 85 million years ago

A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years. This matters because it turns eggs from interesting fossils into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems. Dinosaur eggshells dated The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in...

In the face of rising global temperatures and the shifting borders of marine habitats, a study from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> has uncovered a remarkable tale of adaptation within the intertidal zone. The research documents how a species of barnacle, Tetraclita rubescens, commonly found along the Pacific coast of North America, is <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/barnacles_T-rubescens-barnacle_morphing_University-of-Southampton_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">morphing</a> its physical structure to fend off an emerging threat. 



Predatory warm-water sea snails, which are encroaching into their territory as a direct consequence of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropicalisation-and-barnacle-morphing">'Tropicalisation' and barnacle morphing</h2>



As sea-surface temperatures climb, a process described as 'tropicalisation' is unfolding, where organisms from subtropical and tropical waters are migrating to regions that were previously temperate. This migration is not just a relocation of species but a potential reconfiguration of the existing ecological hierarchies and food webs.



Barnacles, those hardy, sessile crustaceans that seem to steadfastly anchor themselves against the ebb and flow of the ocean's whim, are showing they are not as immutable as once thought. 



The study zooms in on 'bent morphs' of T. rubescens, an adaptation strategy where the barnacles assume a bent shape, camouflaging an opening in their shells that is vulnerable to attack by predatory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-high-temperatures-affect-young-sea-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea snails</a>. This defensive strategy, while innovative, comes at a cost. Bent morphs experience slower growth and reduced reproductive output compared to their cone-shaped counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geographical-patterns-of-adaptation">Geographical patterns of adaptation</h2>



The research, led by Dr. Phillip Fenberg, reveals a striking geographical pattern in the occurrence of these bent morphs. Predominantly found in the Baja California peninsula of Mexico, a hotspot of tropicalisation, these barnacles display an increased prevalence of the bent shape, presumably in response to the predation pressure exerted by at least three species of warm-water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bright-yellow-margarita-snails-discovered-in-florida-keys/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea snails</a>.



The team's methodology was comprehensive. They scoured through over a thousand photographs from 30 sites, spanning five years, to analyze the frequency and physical attributes of the bent morphs. The comparative analysis extended to examining how the shifting ranges of predatory sea snails overlapped with the distribution of the barnacles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprise-findings-from-the-research">Surprise findings from the research</h2>



A key finding from the study is the significant difference in the presence of bent morphs depending on the region. 



In the Baja California peninsula, these bent morphs made up almost a third of the barnacle population, whereas, in cooler waters further north, such as California, these adaptations were conspicuously absent. 



This discrepancy suggests that the adaptive responses of barnacles are complex and influenced by multiple factors, including the nature of the predatory threat and possibly genetic constraints.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-morphing-barnacles">Implications of morphing barnacles</h2>



Karolina Zarzyczny, a co-author of the study, indicates that the reasons behind the absence of bent morphs in cooler regions could include the ineffectiveness of such a defense against smaller, less aggressive cold-water predators or the lack of genetic capability in these populations to produce such morphs.



The discovery underscores the plasticity of marine organisms in the face of environmental stressors and hints at a broader ecological upheaval as species either adapt, migrate, or face extinction. 



The researchers emphasize that this is but a glimpse into the ongoing and future impacts of tropicalisation on marine ecosystems. There is a pressing need for further research to unravel the complex drivers behind these adaptations and the long-term consequences for marine biodiversity and ecosystem function.



As barnacles morph to survive, they serve as a stark reminder of the rapid changes occurring in our oceans and the resilience of life in adapting to the new conditions of our Anthropocene era.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-barnacles">More about barnacles</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/barnacle-fossils-whale-migrations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barnacles</a>, those crusty, stalwart fixtures of the sea, lead a life that is as fascinating as it is peculiar. These marine organisms, often spotted clinging to rocks, ship hulls, and even whales, belong to a group of crustaceans known as Cirripedia. 



Despite their unassuming appearance, barnacles play an essential role in the marine ecosystem and have intriguing biological attributes that are worth exploring.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barnacle-biology">Barnacle biology</h3>



Barnacles start their life as free-swimming larvae, much like their crustacean cousins, the crabs and lobsters. They pass through several larval stages in the plankton before settling down and undergoing a dramatic transformation. Once they find a suitable surface, they affix themselves headfirst using a powerful adhesive and build a hard, calcareous shell around their bodies, where they will spend the rest of their lives.



This shell consists of multiple plates that can open to allow the barnacle to feed and close to protect it from predators and desiccation during low tides. Barnacles feed by extending featherlike appendages known as cirri to sweep tiny particles of food—primarily plankton—from the water into their mouths.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-growth">Reproduction and growth</h3>



Reproduction in barnacles is a unique process. Most species are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs. Despite this, they typically cross-fertilize with neighbors. Their long, extendable reproductive organs allow barnacles to reach out to nearby individuals for this purpose.



Once fertilized, the eggs develop into larvae within the shell, eventually being released into the sea to join the ranks of the plankton. Barnacles grow by adding new material to the edges of their shell plates and by molting their inner body parts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological importance</h3>



Barnacles significantly contribute to the marine environment. They serve as a food source for a variety of animals, including birds, fish, and sea stars. Their presence on the backs of whales and shells of turtles adds to the complex habitats these larger animals support.



Moreover, barnacles help scientists as bioindicators to assess the health of marine environments. Their sensitivity to changes in water temperature and chemistry makes them reliable indicators of the ecological effects of climate change.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barnacle-challenges-adaptations-and-morphing">Barnacle challenges, adaptations, and morphing</h3>



Barnacles face numerous challenges, from the threat of predation to the constant battering by waves. They have developed remarkable adaptations to survive these conditions. 



For instance, the strength of their adhesive is unparalleled, and their ability to close their plates tightly helps them endure the harsh ebb and flow of the tide. In addition, as discussed above, certain species of barnacles have learned how to morph into different shapes to confuse predators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-interactions">Human interactions</h3>



Humans have a long history with barnacles, mostly due to their habit of attaching to boats. They can cause significant problems for marine vessels, leading to increased drag and fuel consumption. This phenomenon, known as biofouling, has prompted extensive research into antifouling technologies.



In some cultures, barnacles are also a culinary delicacy, with the gooseneck barnacle being a prized dish in parts of Europe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-and-morphing-barnacles">Ongoing research and morphing barnacles</h3>



Scientists continue to study barnacles, not only to understand their biology and ecology but also to mimic their adhesive properties for biomedical applications. Barnacle glue holds promise for surgical adhesives, a testament to the potential benefits these creatures offer beyond their ecological roles.



In summary, barnacles are not just a fixture of the marine landscape but dynamic organisms with complex lives. They showcase the marvels of adaptation and serve as an integral part of the oceanic world, impacting both the environment and human industries in profound ways.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14716" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biogeography</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Barnacles are learning to morph their shape to evade sea snails

In the face of rising global temperatures and the shifting...

A significant number of Europe’s plants and animals are edging closer to disappearance. A new study indicates that around 20 percent of the species on the European Red List are threatened with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-be-enduring-its-seventh-mass-extinction-not-sixth/">extinction</a>. This includes a surprising array of invertebrates whose risk of dying out is much greater than previously estimated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The research was led by Axel Hochkirch of the <a href="https://www.mnhn.lu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle</a> in Luxembourg. The team analyzed 14,669 species, which represent approximately 10 percent of all known terrestrial, freshwater, and marine flora and fauna in Europe. 



This exhaustive review was based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature's <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red List of Threatened Species</a>, a key resource for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-european-red-list-nbsp">European Red List&nbsp;</h2>



"In Europe, taxonomic coverage of the IUCN Red List is more extensive than in other parts of the world, as the European Commission has funded European Red List assessments of thousands of species from a wide variety of taxonomic groups since 2006," wrote the researchers.



"These include all vertebrates (amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals and reptiles), functionally important invertebrate groups (all bees, butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets, bush-crickets, freshwater and terrestrial mollusks, and a selection of saproxylic beetles) and about 12 percent of the known plant species in Europe (including all ferns and lycopods, orchids, trees, aquatic plants and bryophytes, as well as selected shrubs, medicinal plants, priority crop wild relatives, and plants listed in policy instruments)."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



Alarmingly, the researchers found that 27 percent of plant species, 24 percent of invertebrates, and 18 percent of vertebrates included in the study are on the brink of extinction.&nbsp;



Invertebrates, often overlooked in conservation efforts, appear to be more imperiled than was previously thought, as highlighted by the latest reports from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-extinction-risk">Greater extinction risk</h2>



"These numbers exceed recent IPBES (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) assumptions of extinction risk," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Changes in agricultural practices and associated habitat loss, overharvesting, pollution and development are major threats to biodiversity. Maintaining and restoring sustainable land and water use practices is crucial to minimize future biodiversity declines."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-to-action">Call to action</h2>



The study is not just a call to alarm but a call to action. The researchers emphasize the need for increased conservation action, recognizing the crucial role of biodiversity in food security, wealth generation, and overall well-being in Europe.



Further investigation into specific threats and effective conservation strategies is imperative, according to the research team. Such work is vital to guide and measure the success of initiatives aiming to curb the loss of biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



"Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge and minimizing extinction rates is the goal of several multilateral environmental agreements. Policy decisions require comprehensive, spatially explicit information on species’ distributions and threats," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“This comprehensive analysis of 14,669 continental Red List assessments for European animal and plant species suggests that 2 million plant and animal species are threatened with extinction. This result doubles the latest IPBES assumption of 1 million threatened species.”



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293083" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

One fifth of all European endangered species may vanish 

A significant number of Europe’s plants and animals are edging...

A new study has revealed that large predatory fish like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-sharks-becoming-more-dangerous-in-new-york/">sharks</a>, tunas, and billfish visit the ocean’s twilight zone with surprising frequency. The mesopelagic zone, spanning depths of 200 to 1,000 meters below the ocean's surface, was traditionally seen as an unlikely environment for these predators.&nbsp;



However, Camrin Braun of the <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> (WHOI) and his team have shed light on this mysterious region, revealing its crucial role as a habitat for predatory fish species.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The comprehensive study was conducted using data from 344 electronic tags across 46,659 tracking days for various species in the North Atlantic.



“No matter what top predator you look at, or where you look at them in the global ocean, they all spend time in the deep ocean,” said Braun. “All of these animals that we think of as being residents of the surface ocean, use the deep ocean way more than we previously thought.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-scattering-layer-nbsp">Deep scattering layer&nbsp;</h2>



The diving patterns of the predatory fish were correlated with daily movements of the deep scattering layer (DSL), home to countless smaller marine organisms.&nbsp;



This DSL is integral to the Diel Vertical Migration - the daily movement of organisms between depths - providing a rhythm to the underwater world that large predators seem to be in tune with.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-confirmed-nbsp">Theory confirmed&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Alice Della Penna from the University of Auckland expressed excitement about how different datasets aligned and confirmed their hypotheses.



“When we looked at this specific process from different perspectives, from the diving and the acoustics together, seeing that everything was falling into place was very exciting," said Della Penna.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-to-extremes">Diving to extremes</h2>



The study confirmed that predators dive deep to feed and also uncovered irregular behaviors, such as swordfish diving to extremes well beyond their expected feeding depths.&nbsp;



“Several species aligned perfectly with the expectations that they’re diving to feed, but there are behaviors that aren’t just for feeding,” explained Braun.&nbsp;



"Instead of diving down to 1,500 feet, a swordfish goes to 3,000 or 6,000 feet, much deeper than we would expect for that to be feeding behavior." This means they are likely diving for other reasons that are not fully understood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-implications-nbsp">Climate implications&nbsp;</h2>



Furthermore, the research highlights the ecological services provided by these predatory fish, such as the potential sequestration of carbon dioxide, which could have significant climate implications.&nbsp;



With the large number of fish and organisms making this trek, study co-author Simon Thorrold said that these species are potentially moving a hefty amount of carbon dioxide from the surface into the deep ocean where it will stay for centuries - a potentially significant ecosystem service of the mesopelagic that is not yet quantified.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-appeal">Universal appeal</h2>



Thorrold also pointed out the universal appeal of diving into the mesopelagic zone. “Sharks and tunas are evolutionarily a long way apart with very different sensory systems. And yet still both of those groups find that it’s worthwhile to do that type of behavior."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-mesopelagic-zone-nbsp">Protecting the mesopelagic zone&nbsp;</h2>



The paper makes a strong case for the protection of the mesopelagic zone. It warns of the dangers of disrupting this ecosystem through fishing or resource extraction without a proper understanding of its complex food webs.&nbsp;



With climate change and commercial fishing threatening this habitat, the study serves as a cautionary tale about the potential long-term damage that could arise from its exploitation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The key findings from this extensive research suggest that the twilight zone of the ocean is not just a passage but a vital habitat and hunting ground for large marine predators, urging for its conservation and further study.&nbsp;



According to Thorrold, this deep-sea biomass contributes ecosystem services that are worth a considerable amount of money, and it is in everyone’s interest to keep the mesopelagic intact.



“We're finding that the mesopelagic is providing an important support for other parts of the ocean,” said Della Penna. “If we start to exploit these mesopelagic ecosystems before we know how they work, there's a really big risk of causing damage that is not easily reversible.”



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Diving to extremes: Predatory fish frequent the ocean's twilight zone

A new study has revealed that large predatory fish like...

Song,Sparrow,In,Top,Of,Tree,Singing,Loudly

In a new study, scientists have unraveled the genetic underpinnings that account for the significant variation in body size among song sparrows, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/songbirds-have-some-impressive-cognitive-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">songbird</a> species well-recognized across North America. 



This research not only sheds light on the intriguing differences observed in these birds but also contributes to our understanding of their potential adaptability to the impending shifts in climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-song-sparrow-size-from-mexico-to-alaska">Song sparrow size from Mexico to Alaska</h2>



The study hones in on eight genetic variants that are predominantly responsible for the body size disparity in song sparrows, which can range nearly threefold from Mexico to Alaska.



For example, individuals inhabiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/shishaldin-volcano-erupts-in-alaskas-aleutian-islands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aleutian Islands</a> remain year-round and can be triple the size of their relatives found in California's coastal marshes. This substantial size difference aligns with Bergmann's rule, which suggests that larger sizes are favored in colder climates to aid in heat retention.



Katherine Carbeck, a doctoral candidate at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a>, explains that while "locally adapted" populations are known to exist, the precise genetic mechanisms that enable such adaptations have been elusive until now.



“The existence of ‘locally adapted’ populations implies that natural selection has shaped the genetic makeup of song sparrow populations across their range, enabling individuals to survive and reproduce in drastically different climatic conditions,” said Carbeck. “However, the genetic mechanisms underlying Bergmann’s rule have remained elusive until now.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methodology-and-results">Methodology and results</h2>



In collaboration with researchers from the <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a>, <a href="https://www.alaska.edu/alaska/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska</a>, and <a href="https://obu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ouachita Baptist University</a>, Carbeck used whole-genome sequencing to decode the song sparrow's genome. 



The team studied genetic samples from both the largest subspecies in the Aleutian Islands and smaller subspecies. They included those that migrate to warmer climates and those that reside in the milder winters of the British Columbia coast.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genomic-insights">Genomic insights</h2>



Through their comprehensive analysis, the researchers pinpointed candidate genes associated with body mass. The identification of these eight specific genetic variants not only corroborates Bergmann's rule but also enhances our understanding of evolution, natural selection, and climate interactions throughout the history of species.



Dr. Jen Walsh, a co-author from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, highlights the rarity of identifying a limited number of genes with a substantial impact on body size variation. The song sparrows' diverse phenotypic range provides a promising avenue for identifying genes that govern eco-geographic principles.



Walsh added, “From a genomic perspective, identifying a small number of candidate genes with an apparently large impact on variation in body size is really interesting. The magnificent range of phenotypic diversity seen in song sparrows suggest they offer exciting opportunities to identify genes underlying a host of well-known and generally accepted eco-geographic rules.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-song-sparrow-habitat-conservation">Song sparrow habitat conservation</h2>



The study emphasizes the importance of habitat conservation for maintaining gene flow between populations, which is crucial in the face of ongoing environmental changes. Carbeck stresses the significance of facilitating gene exchange for future adaptability.



“Our results highlight the potential role habitat conservation plays in enabling the continued exchange of genes between populations — which is important in the face of ongoing change,” said Carbeck.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilient-future-for-song-sparrows">Resilient future for song sparrows</h2>



Dr. Peter Arcese from UBC suggests that the findings point to a potentially resilient future for song sparrows. The adaptability of these populations to climate change is conceivable, provided that habitat conditions support the free movement of individuals and their genetic material.



“Our findings imply that some, if not all, locally adapted song sparrow populations may continue to adapt to climate change, as long as we maintain habitat conditions that facilitate the movement of individuals and genes between populations,” he said.



In summary, this study on song sparrows is a step forward in understanding how species adapt to their environment. It underscores the intricate link between genetics and adaptation strategies, paving the way for future research in the field of conservation genetics and climate change biology.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42786-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Revealed: Why song sparrows are larger in colder climates

In a new study, scientists have unraveled the genetic underpinnings...

The Thescelosaurus neglectus, affectionately known as Willo, is an often-misunderstood dinosaur whose physical attributes have led to an underestimation of its unique sensory capabilities. 



Housed at the <a href="https://naturalsciences.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences</a>, Willo's recent CT scan analysis has shed light on a combination of traits that hint at a partially subterranean lifestyle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thescelosaurus-ct-scan-revelations">Thescelosaurus CT scan revelations</h2>



David Button, a former Brimley Postdoctoral Scholar, utilized advanced CT scanning to digitally reconstruct soft tissues within Willo's skull. This allowed for a detailed comparison of its sensory organs with those of other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-dinosaur-fossils-discovered-from-the-end-of-cretaceous-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> and their modern-day descendants.



Despite the general consensus of paleontologists regarding the Thescelosaurus as unremarkable, the latest research by Button and co-author Lindsay Zanno reveals a different story. The dinosaur's sensory profile, characterized by a poor hearing range but an exceptional sense of smell and balance, suggests a unique adaptive strategy.



“The irony is that paleontologists generally think of these animals as pretty boring,” says Zanno, also an associate research professor at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NC State</a>. “When we first looked at our results we thought, yeah, this animal is plain as toast. But then we took a big step back and realized there was something unique about the combination of Willo’s sensory strengths and weaknesses.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thescelosaurus-hearing">Thescelosaurus' hearing</h2>



Thescelosaurus' hearing capabilities were limited, especially in the range of high-pitched sounds. However, its ability to detect low-frequency sounds was similar to that of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-had-brains-and-brawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a>, which could have been advantageous for survival.



“We found that Thescelosaurus heard low frequency sounds best, and that the range of frequencies it could hear overlaps with T. rex,” Zanno says. 



“This doesn’t tell us they were adapted to hearing T. rex vocalize, but it certainly didn’t hurt them to know when a major predator was tooling about in the area. More interesting to us was the fact that these particular deficiencies are often associated with animals that spend time underground.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-olfactory-powerhouse">An olfactory powerhouse</h2>



The olfactory bulbs of Thescelosaurus were highly developed, surpassing those of other known dinosaurs and akin to modern alligators. This heightened sense of smell might have been crucial for locating food sources such as roots and tubers.



“We found that the olfactory bulbs – the regions of the brain that process smell – were very well developed in Thescelosaurus,” Button says. 



“They were relatively larger than those of any other dinosaur we know of so far, and similar to those of living alligators, which can smell a drop of blood from miles away. Thescelosaurus may have used its similarly powerful sense of smell to instead find buried plant foods like roots and tubers. It also had an unusually well-developed sense of balance, helping it to pinpoint its body position in 3D space, another trait often found in burrowing animals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balance-and-burrowing">Balance and burrowing</h2>



Alongside its impressive olfactory sense, Thescelosaurus exhibited an advanced sense of balance. Such a trait is commonly associated with animals that engage in burrowing behavior, supporting the hypothesis of a semi-fossorial lifestyle.



“While we can’t say definitively that these animals lived part of their lives underground, we know that their ancestors did,” Button says. “This fact, together with their unique combination of sensory abilities, strongly suggests&nbsp;T. neglectus&nbsp;engaged in similar behaviors.”



“We still don’t know the sensory abilities of most dinosaurs,” Zanno says. “That makes it difficult to link these traits to specific lifestyles with confidence, but it also means there are plenty of cool discoveries to come.



“The idea that there might have been dinosaurs living under the feet of T. rex and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/big-john-had-a-skull-injury-from-fighting-another-triceratops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Triceratops</a> is fascinating. No matter what, we now know for certain that T. neglectus isn’t boring.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-dinosaur-behavior">Implications for dinosaur behavior</h2>



While it is not definitively proven that Thescelosaurus lived underground, the evidence points towards behaviors similar to its burrowing ancestors. This discovery opens up new avenues for understanding the daily lives of dinosaurs.



The North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences is set to feature Willo in an interactive exhibit, part of the upcoming Dueling Dinosaurs experience. Visitors will have the opportunity to explore Thescelosaurus' world through this immersive display, slated for a 2024 launch.



In summary, the perception of Thescelosaurus neglectus as a plain and uninteresting dinosaur is now challenged. Current research has unveiled a creature with a sensory toolkit adapted for a potentially underground existence, adding a fascinating layer to our understanding of dinosaur ecology. 



This study not only redefines Willo's legacy but also paves the way for further explorations into the sensory capabilities of prehistoric life.



The full study was published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45658-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Overlooked and neglected Thescelosaurus dinosaurs had super senses

The Thescelosaurus neglectus, affectionately known as Willo, is an often-misunderstood...

A recent study has shed light on the unexpected consequences of climate change on mountain goats. The loss of summer snow patches may severely impact these high-altitude dwellers.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-snow-patches">Importance of snow patches</h2>



The research was conducted by Forest Hayes and Joel Berger in Glacier National Park.&nbsp;Through non-invasive observation methods, the experts found that the behavior of mountain goats is strongly affected by the presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-snow-monkeys-have-learned-to-fish-for-food/">snow</a>.&nbsp;



The results indicate that when mountain goats seek out snow patches, they're not just cooling off but also escaping the torment of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horses-tails-blow-insects-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biting insects</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



"Despite the close association between species distributions and elements of climate, little is known about the near-term responses of chionophiles (i.e. organisms reliant on cold wintery conditions) to rapidly warming temperatures especially given the accentuated rates in mountainous and high-latitude environments," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"While direct threats from humans (e.g. habitat loss, overhunting, and nonnative species) are the principal risk for many species, warming temperatures are likely the paramount challenge for cold-adapted organisms."&nbsp;



"Individual animals feel the immediacy of these changes, wherein behavioral and physiological mechanisms may play fundamental roles in capacities to adjust."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-harassment-nbsp">Insect harassment&nbsp;</h2>



Utilizing telephoto lenses to film the animals, the researchers meticulously measured the goats' respiration rates and the frequency of ear-flicks as indicators of stress and insect disturbance.



With the park having lost a staggering 85 percent of its glaciers since 1850, the implications of the study are dire.&nbsp;



The researchers' initial theory was that the goats used snow patches primarily for heat relief. However, the data revealed a significant correlation between ear-flicking - a sign of insect irritation - and the proximity of snow.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="44dzXFr9RB-3154776-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potentially-fatal-consequences-nbsp">Potentially fatal consequences&nbsp;</h2>



The concern is not just one of discomfort. For wildlife, insect harassment can have fatal consequences. A heavy tick infestation, for instance, has been known to kill moose calves.&nbsp;



While the exact impact on mountain goats is less documented, the study suggests that without the respite provided by snow patches, mountain goats could face increased risks, including the potential for local extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reshaping-ecosystems-nbsp">Reshaping ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



This research brings to light yet another dimension of how climate change is reshaping ecosystems. Cold-adapted species like the mountain goat use summer snow for various needs, including as a means of travel, a source of water, and importantly, a refuge from parasites and insects.&nbsp;



As these snow patches become increasingly scarce, the mountain goats - and potentially other species - may struggle to adapt quickly enough, with potentially devastating outcomes for their populations.



The study highlights the urgency of addressing climate change and its cascading effects on biodiversity. The case of the mountain goats in Glacier National Park is an unsettling example of how even the most seemingly resilient species are vulnerable to the rapid environmental changes happening around the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-for-mountain-goats">Study implications for mountain goats</h2>



"Despite the strong associations between many taxa and cold environs, there remains great uncertainty about the biological benefits, if any, of using persistent snow during summer months," wrote the study authors.



"Contrary to the prevalent hypothesis that persistent snow provides thermal relief for cold-adapted species, we demonstrated that the use of snow patches facilitates insect avoidance and not thermoregulatory gains."



"While the duration and spatial extent of snow decline globally as the climate warms, its diminishing availability is likely to have substantive impacts on populations given a general pattern of associations between insects and temperatures at high elevations and latitudes."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-mountain-goats">More about mountain goats</h2>



Mountain goats stand as a symbol of the remote mountain landscapes of North America. Contrary to what their name suggests, they are not true goats but belong to their own distinct genus 'Oreamnos'. These sturdy animals exhibit a remarkable blend of strength, agility, and adaptation, enabling them to navigate the steep and rocky terrains they call home.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics-of-mountain-goats">Physical characteristics of mountain goats</h3>



Mountain goats boast a set of specialized features that equip them for life at high elevations. They have a dense woolly undercoat and an outer layer of longer guard hairs, which protect them from the harsh mountain climate. Their hooves have a concave shape and rubber-like soles for grip, and the tips of their hooves can spread apart to improve balance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-behavioral-adaptations">Social and behavioral adaptations</h3>



Socially, mountain goats are intriguing. Females, or nannies, often stay in groups with their young, called kids, while adult males, or billies, tend to be more solitary. They have a hierarchy system that is typically established through non-violent means, such as staring contests and positioning. During mating season, billies will display their dominance through impressive bouts of headbutting.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-foraging">Diet and foraging</h3>



These animals are herbivores, and their diet consists mostly of grasses, herbs, sedges, ferns, moss, lichen, and twigs. They have adapted to a low-salt diet and can obtain necessary minerals from their plant-based diet, which they must often travel great distances to find.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-lifecycle">Reproduction and lifecycle</h3>



The reproductive cycle of the mountain goat is closely attuned to the seasons. Mating occurs in the fall, and after a gestation period of about six months, nannies give birth to one or two kids in the spring. Kids are agile from birth and can follow their mothers over rugged terrain within days.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-of-mountain-goats">Conservation status of mountain goats</h3>



Mountain goats are classified as least concern by the IUCN, but they are not without their challenges. They face threats from habitat encroachment, hunting, and the impacts of climate change. Conservation efforts are critical in ensuring these majestic creatures continue to thrive in their high-altitude habitats.



In summary, mountain goats are an emblem of the wild, untamed peaks of North America. Their survival and proliferation in such hostile environments are a testament to the remarkable adaptability of wildlife. As stewards of the natural world, it is our responsibility to protect these unique animals and the awe-inspiring landscapes they inhabit.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/2/11/pgad339/7341944" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a>.&nbsp;



Video credit: Forest P. Hayes



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Snow offers mountain goats relief from biting insects

A recent study has shed light on the unexpected consequences...

A recent study sheds new light on the vital importance of sea ice for Adélie penguins, particularly during their annual molting phase.&nbsp;



The research, led by Dr. Annie Schmidt from <a href="https://www.pointblue.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Point Blue Conservation Science</a>, has revealed a concerning bottleneck in the life cycle of these penguins that is likely to be intensified by the ongoing effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-molting-process">The molting process</h2>



The molting process, a critical time when Adélie penguins shed and renew their feathers, has been found to predominantly occur on sea ice.&nbsp;



This preference makes it a difficult phenomenon to observe, but Schmidt and her team have made headway by tagging 195 adult penguins with geolocating dive recorders over a two-year period.&nbsp;



The data gathered from these devices, which tracked the birds' diving behavior between 2017 and 2019, has been instrumental in identifying when and where the penguins molt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights">Critical insights</h2>



The research has uncovered two primary molting locations in the Ross Sea and noted a worrying trend.&nbsp;



Satellite imagery and remote sensing data indicate a significant decrease in sea ice concentration in these areas, with the primary molting area showing a consistent decline since the 1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-direct-impacts">Direct impacts</h2>



The study also established a link between the penguins' return rates to breeding colonies and the availability of sea ice in their molting habitats.&nbsp;



A 10 percent reduction in sea ice concentration correlated with a 2.4 to 4.8 percent drop in the number of penguins returning. This statistic highlights the direct impact that diminishing sea ice has on the species' survival rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



"Our research sheds light on a facet of Adélie penguin's life that was previously underappreciated," said Dr. Schmidt. "Understanding the intricate relationships between the environment, particularly sea ice, and all phases of the penguin's annual cycle is crucial, especially in the context of rapid climate change."



This study not only highlights the precarious position of Adélie penguins in the face of environmental changes but also underscores the broader ecological concerns that rising temperatures and melting ice pose to Antarctic wildlife.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adelie-penguins-nbsp">Adélie penguins&nbsp;</h2>



Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) are best known for their distinctive tuxedo-like plumage. They are one of three species of "brush-tail" penguins along with gentoo and chinstrap penguins.



Here are some more detailed aspects of their biology, behavior, and conservation status:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



Adélie penguins are medium-sized penguins, standing about 24 inches tall and weighing 8 to 10 lbs.



They have a white belly with a black head and back, and a distinctive white ring around the eye.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-distribution">Habitat and distribution</h3>



These penguins are one of only two penguin species (the other being the emperor penguin) that are native exclusively to Antarctica.



They inhabit the entire coastline of the Antarctic continent, preferring ice-free areas for nesting.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Their diet primarily consists of krill, though they also consume fish and squid. The availability of their prey is closely linked to the seasonal sea ice extent, which affects the entire food web in the region.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-and-lifecycle">Breeding and lifecycle</h3>



Adélie penguins are highly social during their breeding season, forming large colonies on ice-free land. They build nests out of stones, and both parents take turns incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks.



After hatching, the chicks fledge about 50 to 60 days, and the adults then head out to sea to feed and undergo their molting process.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-molting">Molting</h3>



Once a year, Adélie penguins go through a complete molt, which takes about three weeks. During this time, they cannot go into the water, and thus they cannot feed. They rely on fat reserves built up prior to this period.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



Known for their curious and often bold demeanor, Adélie penguins may approach human visitors without apparent fear.



They are strong swimmers and can dive to depths of over 175 meters, though most of their foraging occurs within the top 50 meters.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



Adélie populations are affected by climate change, with warming temperatures and melting sea ice posing significant threats to their habitat.



Other threats include pollution, disturbance from scientific research stations, and fishing activities that can deplete their food sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



The reduction in sea ice due to climate change impacts the availability of krill, which is the primary food source for Adélie penguins.



Changes in sea ice also affect the penguins’ breeding and molting cycles, as noted in Dr. Schmidt's study.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation efforts</h3>



Numerous studies continue to monitor Adélie penguin populations to understand the impact of environmental changes.



Conservation efforts are geared toward establishing marine protected areas, minimizing human disturbance, and managing fisheries to ensure the sustainability of krill populations.



Adélie penguins are a crucial species for Antarctic ecosystems, acting as both predator and prey. They are also considered indicators of environmental change due to their reliance on sea ice and the food webs supported by it.&nbsp;



Preserving their habitats is not only vital for their survival but also for the overall health of Antarctic marine environments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306840120" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Melting sea ice has a direct impact on Adélie penguin survival

A recent study sheds new light on the vital importance...

The southeastern United States is witnessing the fast expansion of an invasive arachnid species, Joro spiders, which is spreading at an alarming rate, according to a recent study from <a href="https://www.clemson.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clemson University</a>.



First spotted in Georgia in 2014, these yellow-banded <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spiders-turn-to-cannibalism-when-food-sources-are-limited/">spiders</a> have firmly established themselves across several states. A research team led by David Coyle, an assistant professor in the Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation at Clemson, has delved into how pervasive the Joro spider has become and the potential scope of its expansion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joro-spiders-are-here-to-stay">Joro spiders are here to stay</h2>



The researchers used advanced modeling techniques that accounted for 20 separate variables. The results suggest that the Joro spider's native range aligns well with the climate conditions of much of North America.&nbsp;



The implications of this finding are significant, with Coyle stating, "These things are here to say," highlighting the expected continual northward spread of the species, already observed in areas as far north as Maryland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sailing-into-new-locations">Sailing into new locations</h2>



The Joro spider, distinguished by its large yellow body with a yellow and gray abdomen, employs a unique dispersal method called "ballooning," which allows them to sail on air currents to new locations.&nbsp;



This process has facilitated their spread across a vast area now spanning at least 120,000 square kilometers, encompassing Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, and reports from Alabama, Maryland, Oklahoma, and West Virginia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-challenges-for-native-species-nbsp">Potential challenges for native species&nbsp;</h2>



However, the rapid spread of the Joro spider comes with ecological concerns. David Nelsen, a professor at Southern Adventist University who co-led the research, emphasized the negative impacts on native species and the subsequent need for more research to understand and potentially mitigate these effects.&nbsp;



And if the conclusion that a large area of the eastern United States may be habitable to Joros is true, Nelsen said, it may present a major challenge for native species and further stress already fragile ecosystems.



“Because of how far Joros have already spread and how fast they continue to spread, collaboration is vital for a project like this to succeed. Both collaboration across institutes and with local communities. I consider it one of our greatest successes that we have been able to assemble a team spread across the southern United States and partner with several non-academic groups and individuals,” Nelsen said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joro-spiders-are-harmless-to-humans">Joro spiders are harmless to humans</h2>



Despite their non-native status and the potential ecological consequences, Joro spiders are harmless to humans. Coyle advises against using pesticides for Joro spider control, advocating for simple physical removal methods if they are found on structures.&nbsp;



Their preference for outdoor habitats means that they are unlikely to venture into human dwellings, instead building their extensive webs on the exteriors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impacts">Ecological impacts</h2>



There is an ongoing debate about the overall impact of the Joro spider. “These spiders don’t seem to care what gets in their web; they’re just as likely to eat brown marmorated stink bugs as they are to eat a Monarch butterfly," said Coyle.



"To say they’re more beneficial than another spider is just simply wrong - they’re a spider - and if something gets caught in their web, it’s going to get eaten. And they don’t care if it’s a rare native pollinator and there are only a few of them left in the world or if it’s a brown marmorated stink bug. It’s six of one or half-dozen of another - it’s the same thing to that spider - it’s prey.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-displacing-native-species">Displacing native species</h2>



With this in mind, the ecological role of the Joro spider is very complex. The Clemson report noted that while the exact mechanisms of their spread are still being studied, one pattern is quite clear: Where you have an abundance of Joro spiders, you don’t find others. This means that Joros are indisputably displacing native species, the researchers said.&nbsp;



“These are not just benign spiders coming to catch and kill bad things; these are pushing out native species and catching and killing whatever happens to get in their webs,” said Coyle. “Are they bad or good? It’s very nuanced depending on your perspective.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-joro-spiders-nbsp">More about Joro spiders&nbsp;</h2>



Joro spiders are a species of spider known as Trichonephila clavata, which are part of the orb-weaver family. They are native to East Asia, particularly Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China. These spiders are known for their distinctive, brightly colored bodies and large, strong webs.



In recent years, Joro spiders have gained attention in the United States because they have been spotted in the southeastern states, including Georgia. Their expansion is being studied for potential ecological impacts.&nbsp;



Despite their size and vivid appearance, Joro spiders are not considered dangerous to humans, as their venom is not harmful to us, and they tend to be reluctant to bite. They do, however, play a role in controlling insect populations.



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Joro spiders are invading the U.S. at an alarming rate

The southeastern United States is witnessing the fast expansion of...

In Southern California’s bustling urban environment, mountain lions navigate a landscape illuminated by constant city lights. Recent research from the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>, reveals that these big cats actively avoid areas with artificial light, a behavior persisting even during daylight.&nbsp;



This new insight, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2022.0370" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B</a>, adds to the growing list of conservation challenges for mountain lions in the region, where their survival is increasingly precarious.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artifical-light-impacts">Artifical light impacts</h2>



The study’s implications are significant for the conservation of mountain lions and the design of wildlife crossings. The researchers provided design guidance for minimizing light impacts on the Wallis Annenberg crossing over U.S. Highway 101 and a proposed Interstate 15 crossing near Temecula.&nbsp;



Senior author Fraser Shilling, director of the UC Davis Road Ecology Center, emphasized the impact of artificial light.



“Well-lit streets, neighborhoods, and commercial areas will reduce and fragment the areas available to mountain lions to move around," said Shilling. "It’s not just the outsized human footprint that is squashing lion habitat, but the extended glow from that footprint, too.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The experts analyzed the habitat preferences of 102 radio-collared mountain lions monitored across California from 2001 to 2022.&nbsp;



This data, collected by the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, the <a href="https://wildlife.ca.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Department of Fish and Wildlife</a>, and other partners, helped the team assess the influence of artificial lights, sky glow, and moonlight on mountain lion distribution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



The findings were striking. While sky glow and moonlight did not deter mountain lions, nearby ground-based artificial light did.&nbsp;



Study lead author Rafael Barrientos is an ecologist with <a href="https://www.ucm.es/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad Complutense</a> in Madrid, Spain, and visiting scientist at the Road Ecology Center.



“Overall, we found that mountain lions try to avoid zones lit artificially, possibly to avoid interactions with humans," said Barrientos. "This can have cascading effects on the redistribution of the species in the region, as well as the benefits wildlife provide in this ecosystem.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



Mountain lion expert and co-author Winston Vickers, from the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, further highlighted the significance of these findings for wildlife crossing structures.&nbsp;



“Our research has shown that even when structures exist to allow mountain lion passage under freeways, the light and noise can deter mountain lions from use of these safe crossing structures,” explained Vickers.



These findings highlight the need for careful planning and innovative solutions in urban development and wildlife conservation. As Southern California continues to grow, ensuring the coexistence of human expansion and the natural world will require a nuanced approach, particularly in managing light pollution and its effects on local wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socal-mountain-lions">SoCal mountain lions</h2>



Mountain lions, also known as cougars or pumas, are present in Southern California, where they live primarily in the mountain ranges and foothills. These large cats require large territories for hunting and often come into conflict with human development as urban areas expand into their habitats.&nbsp;



In Southern California, the fragmentation of their habitat due to highways and development has led to a number of conservation efforts aimed at protecting these animals. This includes tracking individual lions, promoting genetic diversity, and creating wildlife corridors to connect fragmented habitats.&nbsp;



There have been instances of mountain lions entering residential areas, which typically leads to wildlife officials intervening to ensure the safety of both the animals and the residents. Conservationists continue to monitor their populations and advocate for measures to preserve their ecosystems amidst the challenges they face.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Mountain lions actively avoid artificial light

In Southern California’s bustling urban environment, mountain lions navigate a...

In the expansive plains of North America, a tale of survival and extinction has been slowly pieced together by paleontologists, and the story centers around a mysterious primate named Ekgmowechashala. This creature, the last <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/primates-have-greater-diversity-on-indigenous-lands/">primate</a> on the continent before the arrival of humans, thrived approximately 30 million years ago during a period of significant climatic shifts.



A team of experts from the <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>, alongside colleagues from the <a href="https://english.ivpp.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology</a> in Beijing, have published a report that sheds new light on Ekgmowechashala. The evidence is drawn from dental fossils unearthed in Nebraska and China, which have sparked a revision in the primate's evolutionary narrative.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-morphology-nbsp">Unique morphology&nbsp;</h2>



Ekgmowechashala seems to have endured against all odds during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-reveal-a-previously-unknown-mass-extinction-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eocene-Oligocene</a> transition, a period marked by a cooler and drier climate that was inhospitable for primates.



Study lead author Kathleen Rust is a doctoral candidate in Paleontology at KU’s Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum.



“This project focuses on a very distinctive fossil primate known to paleontologists since the 1960s,” said Rust. “Due to its unique morphology and its representation only by dental remains, its place on the mammalian evolutionary tree has been a subject of contention and debate."&nbsp;



"There’s been a prevailing consensus leaning towards its classification as a primate. But the timing and appearance of this primate in the North American fossil record are quite unusual. It appears suddenly in the fossil record of the Great Plains more than 4 million years after the extinction of all other North American primates, which occurred around 34 million years ago.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-wanderer-nbsp">Ancient wanderer&nbsp;</h2>



The discovery of an ancient Chinese primate, named Palaeohodites, or “ancient wanderer,” has helped in solving this puzzle. Professor Chris Beard stumbled upon Chinese fossils in the 1990s that bore a striking resemblance to the North American Ekgmowechashala.



“When we were working there, we had absolutely no idea that we would find an animal that was closely related to this bizarre primate from North America, but literally as soon as I picked up the jaw and saw it, I thought, ‘Wow, this is it,’” said Professor Beard, Rust's doctoral adviser and and senior curator of vertebrate paleontology.



“It’s not like it took a long time, and we had to undertake all kinds of detailed analysis - we knew what it was. Here in KU’s collection, we have some critical fossils, including what is still by far the best upper molar of Ekgmowechashala known from North America. That upper molar is so distinctive and looks quite similar to the one from China that we found that it kind of seals the deal.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-close-evolutionary-relationship-nbsp">Close evolutionary relationship&nbsp;</h2>



An extensive morphological analysis established a close evolutionary relationship between the two species. “We collected a substantial amount of morphological data to create an evolutionary tree using a phylogenetic reconstruction software and algorithm,” said Rust.&nbsp;



“This evolutionary tree suggests a close evolutionary relationship between North American Ekgmowechashala and Palaeohodites from China, which Chris and his colleagues discovered in the 1990s. The results from our analysis unequivocally supports this hypothesis.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immigrant-species-nbsp">Immigrant species&nbsp;</h2>



The research concluded that Ekgmowechashala did not evolve from an isolated group of North American primates but was an immigrant species. Its ancestors likely migrated over the Beringian land bridge, the route that the first Native Americans would take much later.



“Our analysis dispels the idea that Ekgmowechashala is a relic or survivor of earlier primates in North America,” explained Rust. “Instead, it was an immigrant species that evolved in Asia and migrated to North America during a surprisingly cool period, most likely via Beringia.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lazarus-effect">Lazarus effect</h2>



According to the researchers, species like Ekgmowechashala that show up suddenly in the fossil record long after their relatives have died off are referred to as “Lazarus taxa” after the biblical figure who was raised from the dead.



“The ‘Lazarus effect’ in paleontology is when we find evidence in the fossil record of animals apparently going extinct - only to reappear after a long hiatus, seemingly out of nowhere,” said Beard. “This is the grand pattern of evolution that we see in the fossil record of North American primates."&nbsp;



"The first primates came to North America about 56 million years ago at the beginning of the Eocene, and they flourished on this continent for more than 20 million years. But they went extinct when climate became cooler and drier near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, about 34 million years ago."



"Several million years later Ekgmowechashala shows up like a drifting gunslinger in a Western movie, only to be a flash in the pan as far as the long trajectory of evolution is concerned. After Ekgmowechashala is gone for more than 25 million years, Clovis people come to North America, marking the third chapter of primates on this continent. Like Ekgmowechashala, humans in North America are a prime example of the Lazarus effect.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Rust pointed out out the significance of Ekgmowechashala's story, particularly in the context of present-day environmental challenges. She emphasized the importance of understanding past biological responses to climate shifts in the era of human-induced climate change.



“It’s crucial to comprehend how past biota reacted to such shifts,” said Rust. “In such situations, organisms typically either adapt by retreating to more hospitable regions with available resources or face extinction. Around 34 million years ago, all of the primates in North America couldn’t adapt and survive. North America lacked the necessary conditions for survival. This underscores the significance of accessible resources for our non-human primate relatives during times of drastic climatic change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-our-evolutionary-journey-nbsp">Our evolutionary journey&nbsp;</h2>



The study is also a part of a larger story that represents the earliest chapters of our own evolutionary journey that ultimately led to our own species, Rust said.



“Understanding this narrative is not only humbling, but also helps us appreciate the depth and complexity of the dynamic planet we inhabit. It allows us to grasp the intricate workings of nature, the power of evolution in giving rise to life and the influence of environmental factors.”



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103452" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Human Evolution</a>.



Image Credit: Kristen Tietjen, scientific illustrator with the KU Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum



---



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



---



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

Ekgmowechashala: The last American primate before humans

In the expansive plains of North America, a tale of...

A recent study contradicts the longstanding belief that European wildcats and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-bonded-with-humans-after-a-single-domestication-event/">domestic cats</a> have been interbreeding for millennia.&nbsp;



An international team of researchers has determined that there was a surprisingly limited amount of interbreeding between native European wildcats and Near Eastern domestic cats, despite their coexistence in Europe for over 2,000 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noticeable-hybridization-nbsp">Noticeable hybridization&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers sequenced and analyzed the genomes of both wild and domestic cats from 48 modern individuals and 258 ancient samples.&nbsp;



The results revealed that it wasn't until about 50 years ago in Scotland that a noticeable hybridization began to occur. This uptick in interbreeding is believed to have been driven by the decreasing numbers of wildcats, leaving them with fewer opportunities to mate with their own kind.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-threats">Modern threats</h2>



Jo Howard-McCombe from the University of Bristol and the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland highlighted the novelty of this hybridization.



"Wildcats and domestic cats have only hybridized very recently. It is clear that hybridization is a result of modern threats common to many of our native species," said Howard-McCombe.



"Habitat loss and persecution have pushed wildcats to the brink of extinction in Britain. It is fascinating that we can use genetic data to look back at their population history, and use what we have learnt to protect Scottish Wildcats.’



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mating-with-wild-relatives-nbsp">Mating with wild relatives&nbsp;</h2>



Professor Greger Larson of the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> pointed out the similarity between cats and dogs in their historical tendency to avoid mating with their wild relatives. He noted that understanding the reasons behind this could be an intriguing area for further research.



"The nature of the Scottish wildcat and its relation to feral domestic cats has long been a mystery," said Professor Mark Beaumont from the University of Bristol. "Modern molecular methods and mathematical modelling have helped to provide an understanding of what the Scottish wildcat truly is, and the threats that have led to its decline.”’



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domestic-animals-nbsp">Domestic animals&nbsp;</h2>



The findings stand in contrast to the history of other domestic animals, such as cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, and pigs, which have been closely tied to human settlements since the dawn of farming more than 10,000 years ago.&nbsp;



These animals, except for dogs, have shown a significant history of interbreeding with their wild counterparts as humans spread them beyond their original habitats, thereby altering their genomes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intriguing-puzzle-nbsp">Intriguing puzzle&nbsp;</h2>



The rarity of interbreeding in cats up until recently presents an intriguing puzzle, considering the decline of native wildcat populations across Europe and the scarcity of ancient cat genomes.



The two studies represent a significant advancement in understanding the historical dynamics between domestic and wild cats in Europe, with important implications for conservation efforts aimed at protecting the genetic integrity of endangered wildcat populations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.031" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

European wildcats avoided breeding with domestic cats for 2,000 years

A recent study contradicts the longstanding belief that European wildcats...

Scientists have identified a rapidly expanding threat to global coral reefs - the spread of peyssonnelioid alga crusts (PACs). These crust-forming algae have been suffocating corals and sponges, potentially hastening the decline of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reef-plastic-pollution-increases-with-depth-and-near-protected-areas/">coral reef</a> habitats in the face of climate change.



According to a new study, these algae have been increasingly displacing corals from their natural environments. The research, led by Peter Edmunds from <a href="https://w2.csun.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California State University, Northridge</a>, has brought to light the severe implications of the spread of PACs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-startling-increase-in-pacs-nbsp">Startling increase in PACs&nbsp;</h2>



Edmunds and his team report a startling increase in PACs across tropical reefs, indicating a significant ecological shift that could transform entire marine ecosystems.



PACs are particularly insidious due to their ability to form a hard crust over corals and sponges, effectively smothering them. This not only kills the existing organisms but also prevents new growth, disrupting the ecological balance of reef systems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-proliferation-nbsp">Rapid proliferation&nbsp;</h2>



The study reveals that in regions such as the Caribbean, these algal crusts are spreading at an alarming rate, with the potential to accelerate the degradation of coral reefs already weakened by human activity and climate change.



“PACs are an ecological surprise arriving late to the scene of widespread ecosystem degradation of coral reefs in the Anthopocene epoch,” wrote the researchers. “Within this seascape, PACs may serve as an ecological catalyst that could hasten the global demise of corals on reefs under accelerating climate change.”



The rapid proliferation of PACs has been linked to their resilience against climate change effects, including ocean acidification and severe weather events like hurricanes, which have been increasingly prevalent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-to-dominate-reefs">Potential to dominate reefs</h2>



In St. John, US Virgin Islands, it was found that between 2012 and 2019, PACs had overtaken 47 to 64 percent of the shallow reefs. This stark increase is indicative of the potential for these algae to dominate tropical reefs globally.



“PAC outbreaks appear to be a rapidly developing crisis on coral reefs throughout the world, where they are exploiting the ecological legacies of decades of reef degradation,” wrote the study authors



The difficulty in combating the spread of PACs lies in their identification. With an estimated 48 species varying in color, shape, and structure, PACs are challenging to distinguish from benign algae, complicating efforts to manage outbreaks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-crisis">Addressing the crisis</h2>



To address the crisis, the researchers emphasize the necessity of early detection of PAC outbreaks and advocate for further research into the effects of these algae on marine benthic communities.&nbsp;



The experts call for a concerted effort that combines ecological, phylogenetic, and multi-omic studies, which would be bolstered by adequate funding and a collaborative approach. A key starting point, as noted by the research team, is the development of methods for quick and accurate identification of PAC species that are driving their global proliferation.



“Suitable progress in these areas will only be obtained by a well-funded synergy of ecological, phylogenetic, and multi-omic studies that must start with the ability to quickly and accurately identify the taxa driving the global advance of PACs,” wrote the researchers.



As PACs continue to spread, the study warns of their capacity to restructure tropical benthic habitats rapidly, a prospect that could lead to irreversible damage to coral reef ecosystems and the biodiversity they support.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.097" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Crust-forming algae are suffocating corals with the potential to dominate reefs

Scientists have identified a rapidly expanding threat to global coral...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



—–



Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—–



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.



—–

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



-----

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way