Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today.



Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-intelligence-did-not-evolve-due-to-natural-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a> acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two.



Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as beetleweed (Galax urceolata) shows just how powerful - and complicated - this mechanism can be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-mistake-sparks-new-species">DNA mistake sparks new species</h2>



Most organisms, humans included, are diploid: they carry two complete sets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-animals-balance-their-sex-chromosomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chromosomes</a>, one from each parent.



In autopolyploidy, something unusual happens during the production of sperm or egg cells. Instead of halving the chromosome count, the cell leaves the full complement intact. When such a gamete meets another, the resulting embryo inherits double - or even triple - the usual DNA.



The newcomer may still manage to reproduce with its diploid relatives, but the hybrid offspring generally fare poorly. That mismatch in fertility often pushes the polyploid lineage to mate among its own kind, launching an instant reproductive barrier and, effectively, a new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-types-one-plant">Three types, one plant</h2>



For decades botanists assumed these chromosome copycats were evolutionary curiosities - unlikely to survive, let alone thrive, alongside their diploid parents.



Field surveys later overturned that view: autopolyploids are widespread and resilient. 



The lingering mystery was whether several cytotypes - diploids, triploids, tetraploids - could share the same patch of ground without one eventually eliminating the others through sheer competition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-herb-with-three-identities">Mountain herb with three identities</h2>



Beetleweed, a low evergreen that carpets portions of the Appalachian Mountains, provided the perfect natural experiment. Earlier surveys revealed that some stands contain plants with two, three, or four chromosome sets.



“Through my fieldwork, I discovered that a single population could have a mishmash of cytotypes, which fascinated me,” remarked Shelly Gaynor, lead author of the new study that she&nbsp;completed at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>.



“With this study, I set out to understand if these populations could persist over time. Would one cytotype eventually outcompete the others, or could all three cytotypes persist?”



Answering that required tools beyond the transect tape and microscope. Gaynor and colleagues designed a mathematical framework that treats population change as inherently noisy - subject to random swings in birth, death, climate, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-transforming-pollen-science-and-health-planning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> flow.



Their model tracks how diploids, triploids, and autotetraploids form, spread, and interact when gene flow keeps tossing new genetic combinations into the mix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosomes-coexist-in-plants">Chromosomes coexist in plants</h2>



Two ingredients emerged as critical for long-term coexistence. First, self-fertilization rates matter. 



The more often a plant can pollinate itself, the easier it becomes for an odd-ploidy seedling to find a genetically compatible mate - sometimes its own flowers - without relying on scarce partners.



Second, partial reproductive isolation improves balance. If crosses between cytotypes rarely succeed, each form can maintain its numbers without being swamped by unfit hybrids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-favors-the-strongest">Stress favors the strongest</h2>



Environmental hardship then tilts the playing field. Under harsh conditions and intense competition, the model predicts that autotetraploids gain an edge over their diploid ancestors.



Extra chromosome copies may buffer them against stress, confer broader ecological tolerance or fuel faster adaptation. Triploids, by contrast, often act as a genetic bridge, forming when diploids and tetraploids interbreed but typically suffer lower fertility.



Because Gaynor’s simulations embed both demographic randomness and shifting weather, they reveal outcomes conventional equations might miss.



Sometimes all three cytotypes coexist for centuries; other times one prevails after a long stalemate. The key lesson is that stochasticity - the roll of the “evolutionary dice” - cannot be ignored when forecasting which lineages persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-beyond-one-plant">Impacts beyond one plant</h2>



Although the work focuses on a single Appalachia endemic plant, its reach extends far. Crop breeders deliberately create autopolyploids to enlarge fruit, boost resilience, or break <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-disease-experts-discover-how-bacteria-hijack-plant-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> cycles.



Understanding how mixed-ploidy fields behave over time could help manage gene flow between improved varieties and their wild relatives.



Conservationists, meanwhile, wrestle with how best to protect rare plants that harbor multiple chromosome races within the same reserve; the new model offers a scaffold for predicting viability under climate stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-evolutionary-assumptions">Challenging evolutionary assumptions</h2>



The research also nudges evolutionary theory. Instant speciation via autopolyploidy sits at one extreme of the continuum of reproductive isolation. 



By showing that such sudden splits can persist even when parents and offspring rub shoulders, the beetleweed study challenges the tidy notion that new species must always occupy distinct niches or territories to survive.



Gaynor’s findings do not close the book on polyploid dynamics; rather, they open new chapters. 



Field experiments that monitor marked plants through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a>, fires, and pathogen outbreaks could test whether tetraploids really weather adversity better.



Genetic analyses might uncover which genes, duplicated in extra copies, underpin that resilience. And satellite imagery paired with ecological modelling may reveal whether mixed-cytotype populations correlate with particular microclimates across the Appalachian ridges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-evolutionary-pathways">New evolutionary pathways </h2>



For now, the humble beetleweed stands as living proof that life need not wait for continental drift or glacial cycles to carve new evolutionary pathways.



Sometimes a single cellular hiccup - one missed step in plant chromosome division - is enough to spin off an enduring lineage. 



In the grand narrative that began with rogue molecules self-assembling eons ago, autopolyploidy writes its own rapid-fire chapter, reminding us that the processes that generate biodiversity can be as swift as they are surprising.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/734411" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The American Naturalist</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Plant chromosome glitch fast-tracks evolution

Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today. Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - natural selection acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two. Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as...

Memory, a phenomenon that has fascinated scientists and psychologists for generations, remains a puzzle with many unanswered questions. 



A recently published review paper provides fresh insights into why certain experiences are retained, and explores the factors that shape what people remember.



Authored by Fernanda Morales-Calva, a graduate student in psychological sciences, and Stephanie Leal, an adjunct assistant professor at <a href="https://www.rice.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rice University</a>, the review appears in a special issue of the journal Cognitive, Affective &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience.



The researchers investigated the "three Ws" of memory - what, where, and when - while addressing the vital question of why certain experiences become memorable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiences-that-we-remember">Experiences that we remember </h2>



The researchers examined existing studies to develop a comprehensive understanding of how emotional significance, personal relevance, and individual differences shape <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-brain-decides-which-memories-to-remember/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory retention</a>. They emphasized that memory is deeply subjective.



“Memory is not a one-size-fits-all phenomenon. What’s memorable for one person might be entirely forgettable for another, depending on their unique background and cognitive priorities,” explained Morales-Calva. 



The researchers categorized the study into three core domains: what, where, and when we remember.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-memory-how-we-remember-traumatic-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emotionally significant events</a>, personally relevant experiences, and focused attention emerged as critical factors shaping recall. 



For example, individuals are more likely to remember events that are imbued with emotional resonance or details they consciously focus on.



Moreover, individual circumstances such as cultural, cognitive, and personal differences further highlight the fluidity of how experiences are retained.



“This review highlights the importance of considering subjectivity and context in memory research. By accounting for these variables, we can develop more accurate diagnostic tools and effective interventions,” noted Leal, stressing the importance of this variability. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spatial-memory-and-timing">Spatial memory and timing</h2>



The researchers also emphasized the importance of where events occur. The concept of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-remarkable-spatial-memory-and-sense-of-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial memory</a>, often studied in animals, is highly relevant to human experiences as well.



According to Morales-Calva and Leal, new environments demand more attention and leave stronger imprints on memory compared to routine, familiar settings.



Additionally, the timing - or the when - of an event impacts memory retention. Humans tend to sequence events and recognize transitions, which aids in recall.



“Specific events are often compartmentalized into distinct episodes, making them easier to remember,” the researchers explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-implications-of-the-research">Clinical implications of the research </h2>



The researchers highlighted the critical implications of their findings for clinical and real-world applications, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of memory that takes into account individual variability.



Assessments often rely on standardized tests that may overlook individual differences, particularly in culturally and cognitively diverse populations. 



This limitation can lead to skewed results and inadequate diagnoses that fail to address the unique needs of these groups.



By incorporating subjectivity and context into experimental designs, researchers can create more accurate diagnostic tools and personalized interventions. This could lead to more effective treatments for memory-related impairments such as dementia and cognitive decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-remember-certain-experiences">Why we remember certain experiences </h2>



The review also stresses how memory influences decision-making, particularly through the "why" of memory retention.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memory-is-shaped-by-both-past-and-future-experience-and-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memorable experiences</a> often serve as cognitive reference points that guide individuals when they encounter similar situations.



For example, emotionally significant memories can shape decision-making in areas such as relationships, professional settings, and even high-stakes scenarios like healthcare choices.



The researchers suggest that understanding these connections can lead to practical applications, such as improving decision-making frameworks or designing targeted interventions that help individuals make more informed choices based on their unique patterns of recall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emerging-technologies-to-study-human-cognition">Emerging technologies to study human cognition </h2>



Advancements in neuroscience and technology are providing researchers with new tools to study human recall.



Techniques like functional MRI (fMRI) and machine learning are helping visualize how memories are encoded, stored, and retrieved. 



These tools are enabling researchers to identify patterns in memory retention and recall with unprecedented precision.



The integration of these technologies into studies of human cognition could lead to significant advancements in diagnosing and treating conditions such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-disease-attacks-the-brain-in-two-separate-phases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a>.



Additionally, personalized cognitive training programs that leverage these insights could enhance retention strategies, particularly for aging populations or individuals with cognitive challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13415-024-01234-4#:~:text=The%20why%20of%20episodic%20memory,-Whereas%20extensive%20research&amp;text=We%20speculate%20that%20the%20why,together%20the%20other%20three%20Ws." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cognitive Affective &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">E</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">r</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">ic Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Memory mystery: Why we remember some experiences but not others

Memory, a phenomenon that has fascinated scientists and psychologists for...

As the Earth gets warmer, the assumption that elderly individuals have the highest risk of succumbing to heat is being challenged.



The findings from a recent study in Mexico show a contrasting reality: three-quarters of heat-related mortalities are happening among individuals who are under the age of 35, with a significant proportion being between 18 and 35.



This is an unexpected outcome, considering this age group is thought to be most resilient to heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mortality-rates-and-wet-bulb-temperatures">Mortality rates and wet-bulb temperatures</h2>



Jeffrey Shrader is a key expert behind the study, which was conducted by researchers from the Center for Environmental Economics and Policy affiliated with <a href="https://www.climate.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University's Climate School</a>.



“It's a surprise. These are physiologically the most robust people in the population. I would love to know why this is so,” said Shrader.



Mexico, with its comprehensive geographical data on both daily temperatures and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hot-nights-could-increase-the-mortality-rate-by-60-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mortality</a>, proved to be an ideal place for this exploratory study.



The researchers scrutinized the correlation between excessive mortality rates and wet-bulb temperatures - a scale measuring the amplified effects of heat when combined with humidity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-adults-and-heat-related-deaths">Young adults and heat-related deaths </h2>



According to the analysis, Mexico averaged around 3,300 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-70000-deaths-in-europe-were-heat-related-in-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat-related deaths</a> each year from 1998 to 2019. 



A shocking third of these deaths were observed among 18 to 35-year-olds, a figure that is wildly disproportionate to the representation of this age group in the population size.



Infants and children under 5 were found to be highly vulnerable as well. On the other hand, people aged 50 to 70 suffered the least heat-related mortality.



“We project, as the climate warms, heat-related deaths are going to go up, and the young will suffer the most,” explained R. Daniel Bressler, the study's co-lead author and a Ph.D. candidate in Columbia's Sustainable Development Program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-that-influence-heat-vulnerability">Factors that influence heat vulnerability</h2>



Several factors could be contributing to this unexpected trend. Young adults are more likely to be engaged in outdoor labor, such as farming and construction, which may expose them to dehydration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeling-the-heat-rising-temperatures-push-the-limits-of-the-human-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat stroke</a>.



This vulnerability is also applicable to indoor manufacturing in spaces that lack air conditioning. 



The researchers highlighted that younger, less experienced workers face greater heat risks due to their low position and strenuous work. Participation in rigorous outdoor sports was another risk factor linked to young adults.



The susceptibility of infants and small children may be attributed to the fact that their smaller bodies absorb heat more quickly and their underdeveloped sweat glands limit their ability to cool off.



The still-developing immune systems of these children also put them at risk to illnesses that are more prevalent in humid heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-heat-mortality-trends">Surprising heat mortality trends</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-temperature-threshold-can-the-human-body-handle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wet bulb temperatures</a>, often converted into Fahrenheit "real-feel" heat indexes by the media, play a crucial role in understanding this mortality pattern.



Young people experience the least mortality at wet-bulb temperatures around 13o C (71o F with 40% humidity).



However, the researchers found that the highest number of deaths occurred at somewhat lower wet-bulb temperatures, primarily due to the higher frequency of these temperatures - which expose more people to harmful conditions.



The experts also found a surprising trend in the among older adults, who mainly died not from heat but from modest cold.



Elderly individuals have lower core temperatures that make them sensitive to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-shattered-extreme-cold-records-during-global-heat-wave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cold</a> and they consequently stay indoors, increasing their exposure to infectious diseases.



Although global warming receives extensive attention, cold weather is currently the leading cause of temperature-related death globally, including in Mexico.



However, the proportion of heat-related deaths has been steadily increasing since 2000, and this trend is likely to persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-of-rising-temperatures">Global implications of rising temperatures</h2>



The implications of the research extend far beyond Mexico, shedding light on a global issue with potentially devastating consequences.



Countries in Africa and Asia that are predominantly hotter, poorer, and with youth that engage in manual labor could see massive heat-related mortality rates in the future.



The researchers plan to validate their findings by extending the research to other countries, including the United States and Brazil. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of this alarming trend.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq3367" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Rising heat is disproportionately killing young adults

As the Earth gets warmer, the assumption that elderly individuals...

In the pursuit of innovation, a group of scientists has achieved something remarkable: they've found a way to create "real" diamonds at normal room temperature and pressure.



This breakthrough not only eliminates the need for a starter gem but also drastically simplifies the process of producing lab-grown diamonds, making it more efficient and potentially more accessible. 



By challenging conventional methods, this discovery paves the way for a new era in diamond synthesis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nature-makes-diamonds">How nature makes diamonds</h2>



Most diamonds start their journey about 90 to 150 miles beneath the surface, in a part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-hole-drilled-into-earths-mantle-scientific-goldmine-magma-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's mantle</a> where temperatures soar to around 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and pressures are mind-bogglingly high. 



Under these extreme conditions, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphite-in-2-5-billion-year-old-ruby-linked-to-early-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon atoms</a> bond together in a unique crystal structure, creating the hard, shiny gems we know and love.



But getting those diamonds to the surface is another story. Volcanic eruptions, millions of years ago, brought diamonds closer to the Earth’s crust in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-fountain-eruption-from-volcanoes-when-earth-continents-shift/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rocks called kimberlite</a> or lamproite. 



These eruptions were like express elevators, moving the diamonds upward quickly enough to keep them intact under lower-pressure conditions. 



Today, miners find these ancient gems in volcanic pipes or riverbeds where erosion has carried them. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicking-extreme-conditions-in-the-lab">Mimicking extreme conditions in the lab</h2>



To mimic these natural conditions in the lab, scientists have been using a method called high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) growth. 



With this method, they have been simulating the same extreme conditions in order to coerce dissolved carbon, in liquid metals like iron, to convert into diamond around a starter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-second-largest-diamond-found-in-botswana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gem</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-growing-diamonds">Challenges of growing diamonds</h2>



This approach has its limitations. Incredible pressure and heat aren't easy to achieve or maintain in a lab setting. And, the size of the lab-made gems leaves a bit to be desired.



The largest ones only reach about the size of a blueberry, and the process is time-consuming.



Alternative methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, attempt to eliminate some of HPHT's limitations, such as the need for high pressures, but the requirement for a starter diamond remains.



The new technique, developed by a team led by Rodney Ruoff, a physical chemist at the <a href="https://www.ibs.re.kr/eng.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Basic Science</a> in South Korea, eliminates some of the disadvantages of the above-mentioned synthesis processes. 



According to Ruoff, he has been pondering new ways to grow diamonds for over a decade now, challenging conventional thinking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-to-growing-diamonds">Secret to growing diamonds</h2>



The team's method began with electrically heated gallium with a little bit of silicon in a graphite crucible. 



While gallium may sound exotic, it was actually chosen based on a previous unrelated study that identified its ability to catalyze the formation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graphene</a>, a carbon cousin to diamond.



The team also invented a special chamber containing a 2.4-gallon crucible where the gallium-silicon mix awaited. 



This crucible chamber, designed to be at sea-level atmospheric pressure, was ready to experiment in just 15 minutes. It allowed the experimental gas mixtures to be changed rapidly and easily to determine the optimal blend.



After numerous trials, the scientists found that an optimal mixture of gallium-nickel-iron, with a smattering of silicon, catalyzed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamonds-can-be-grown-in-a-lab-in-less-than-3-hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth</a> of diamonds most efficiently.



Even more impressive was that diamonds appeared at the base of the crucible within 15 minutes, and a more complete diamond film formed within two and a half hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-diamond-formation">Mystery of diamond formation</h2>



The actual mechanism that leads to diamond formation deep within the Earth isn't yet completely understood.



However, the researchers believe that a decrease in temperature helps drive the carbon from the methane towards the center of the crucible, where it coalesces into a diamond.



The process seems reliant on silicon. Without it, no diamonds could be formed, indicating the crucial role it plays as a seed for the carbon to crystallize around.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-new-technique">Limitations of the new technique</h2>



Despite these thrilling advancements, the new technique isn't without its own limitations. 



The diamonds produced using this method are minuscule, hundreds of thousands of times smaller than those grown with the HPHT method. Hence, these diamonds are far too small for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-process-turns-carbon-emissions-into-diamonds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jewelry</a> applications.



However, their use in technological applications, such as drilling or polishing, is a possibility. Due to the low pressure involved in the new method, it might be feasible to significantly scale up diamond synthesis.



"In about a year or two, the world might have a clearer picture of things like possible commercial impact," Rodney Ruoff predicts optimistically. 



This breakthrough is a remarkable reflection of the unceasing quest for innovation that pushes the boundaries, and redefines the possible.



The intriguing discovery may even hint at an exciting new chapter in the evolving story of synthetic gems, one that could reshape their production and applications. Only time will tell how far this innovation will take us.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07339-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Diamonds can now be created from scratch in the lab in just 15 minutes

In the pursuit of innovation, a group of scientists has...

At the age of 74, parenting can be quite the adventure. But for one venerable albatross named Wisdom, it seems the journey is just beginning anew. 



Surprisingly, Wisdom is now in the process of becoming a mother yet again - a feat that sets her apart as the oldest known bird in the world to breed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-windy-home-of-the-oldest-bird">Windy home of the oldest bird</h2>



The scene takes place on Midway Atoll, near Hawaii. Each year, this location brims with the arrival of multitudes of spectacular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-are-moving-north-and-breeding-earlier-in-a-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seabirds</a> known as Laysan albatrosses.



Among them has been Wisdom, returning annually to nest. For decades, she was inseparable from her partner. They were monogamous, much like the rest of their kind. Over the course of her life, Wisdom has laid over 50 eggs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wisdom-s-new-lease-on-life">Wisdom's new lease on life</h2>



In an unexpected turn of events, Wisdom's partner sadly vanished. Unfazed by this change, the elderly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-winds-make-it-difficult-for-albatrosses-to-feed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">albatross</a> adapted and started to court other males. 



Wisdom's current visit to the atoll was marked by her laying another egg, and she has a new partner with whom to share the incubation duties.



"We are optimistic that the egg will hatch," expressed Jonathan Plissner, a supervisory wildlife biologist at <a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/midway-atoll" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wisdom-the-world-s-oldest-breeding-bird">Wisdom: The world's oldest breeding bird</h2>



This new chapter in Wisdom's life was beautifully captured in photographs and video by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.



They depict the excited parents-to-be, seemingly communicating with their egg, before the male takes over incubation duty.



Tagged and identified back in 1956 when she was laying her first egg at the refuge, Wisdom was no less than five years old at the time - the age at which Laysan albatrosses reach sexual maturity.



Taking these facts into account, it is clear that Wisdom is at least 74 years old.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incredible-life-cycle-of-albatrosses">Incredible life cycle of albatrosses</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/albatrosses-use-infrasound-for-long-distance-navigation-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Albatrosses</a> have long been central to seafaring lore, and were famously featured in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner."



These majestic birds symbolize freedom, endurance, and the mysterious connection between nature and sailors. Today, the story of Wisdom, the world’s oldest known wild bird, adds a modern layer to their legendary status.



At over 70 years old, Wisdom continues to defy the odds, returning each year to raise chicks and inspire awe. Her resilience highlights the incredible life cycle of albatrosses and serves as a reminder of the need to protect these iconic birds and their ocean habitats for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-love-and-challenges-of-albatrosses">Life, love, and challenges of albatrosses</h2>



Laysan albatrosses are named after Laysan Island, one of their primary nesting sites within the Hawaiian Archipelago.



These birds exhibit incredible site fidelity, often returning to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-known-wild-albatross-mother/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breed</a> at the exact location where they were hatched. The species plays a critical role in the marine ecosystem, acting as indicators of ocean health due to their reliance on marine food sources like squid and fish.



These albatrosses are known for their elaborate courtship dances, which involve a series of coordinated movements, calls, and gestures. The ritual helps strengthen the bond between mating pairs. 



Laysan albatrosses also possess a unique adaptation - a specialized gland located above their eyes that helps them excrete excess salt from the seawater they drink, thus enabling them to thrive in their marine habitat.



Despite their resilience, Laysan albatross populations face threats from plastic pollution, longline fishing, and invasive predators at nesting sites. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation efforts</a>, such as habitat restoration and reducing bycatch in fishing operations, are crucial for ensuring their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extraordinary-journeys-of-albatrosses">Extraordinary journeys of albatrosses</h2>



Laysan albatrosses are quite remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-sea-ice-makes-it-harder-for-seabirds-to-find-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creatures</a>. They have a wingspan stretching up to 80 inches and can travel over 930 miles in search of food.



Not only that, there are over a dozen species of albatross spanning locations from the Southern Hemisphere to the North Pacific Ocean.



Birds' lifespans can differ considerably based on their species. The smaller ones tend to reach only two to three years in age, whereas seabirds such as albatrosses and penguins can live up to 40 or 50 years.



Wisdom's age, however, surpasses all of these, making her an exceptional figure in the natural world.



Image Credit: Keegan Rankin/USFWS



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

World’s oldest wild bird is expecting again at 74

At the age of 74, parenting can be quite the...

Friendships are a cornerstone of human social dynamics, often influenced by shared personalities and mutual interests. However, how animals like buffalos choose their companions remains less understood. 



A new study by researchers at City University of Hong Kong (CityUHK) sheds light on this question. The team examined a unique free-ranging feral population of water buffalo on Lantau Island in Hong Kong.



The findings reveal that spatial proximity is a strong indicator of buffalo friendships, influenced by certain shared personality traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buffalo-friendships-and-personalities">Buffalo friendships and personalities</h2>



"Our research provides evidence that friendships among water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-animal-day-2024-building-a-legacy-of-compassion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">buffalo</a> can form among individuals with similar behaviors. These findings offer valuable insights into the evolution of friendships," said Dr. Debottam Bhattacharjee, a Postdoc in CityUHK’s <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/ph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health</a>.



"Personalities and social relationships will be potentially important for understanding how buffalo use their habitats during different seasons (wet and dry) of the year with fluctuating food resources."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buffalo-friends-and-spatial-associations">Buffalo friends and spatial associations </h2>



The study reveals that female buffalo with similar personalities tend to exhibit higher spatial associations. These individuals spend more time in close proximity during activities like foraging, collective movement, and resting.



The observational studies focused on female buffalo who displayed similar personality traits. These traits, described as repeatable behavioral variables, included social tension, vigilance, and general dominance.



Professor Alan McElligott, a co-author of the study and an expert on animal behavior and welfare at CityUHK, explained how these traits were assessed:



<ul>
<li>Social tension:&nbsp;How buffalo approached and avoided each other.</li>



<li>Vigilance:&nbsp;How they sat and moved around.</li>



<li>General dominance:&nbsp;How they responded to others in the herd.</li>
</ul>



These traits were predictive of the duration and quality of their interactions, offering significant insights into the formation and maintenance of buffalo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-friendships-social-bonds-evolve-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friendships</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-animal-well-being">Improving animal well-being</h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond academic curiosity. Studies have shown that strong social associations correlate with better health, well-being, and survival rates. 



This study contributes to the growing body of evidence that human-like friendships can occur in various species. Like human relationships, these animal friendships can be stable, enduring, and transcend kinship bonds.



The researchers emphasize the importance of studying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/old-and-wise-animals-are-essential-for-the-survival-of-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a> in feral buffalo for two reasons. 



First, previous research - mostly conducted in captivity - has highlighted buffalo’s social complexity, marked by affiliated behaviors and dominance hierarchies.



Second, understanding these behaviors in natural settings provides valuable insights for improving the welfare and health of buffalo populations.



"Moreover, understanding social behaviors and friendships of group living animals like buffalo improves welfare with broader implications for maintaining optimal health of those within the wider population," noted Professor Kate Flay from CityUHK’s <a href="https://www.cityu.edu.hk/pg/department/vcs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-conservation">Broader implications for conservation</h2>



The study highlights the importance of investigating preferential social bonds among feral buffalo. According to the CityUHK scientists, this research has implications for conservation and welfare strategies.



By examining how close social relationships affect buffalo populations, researchers can develop more sustainable approaches to animal welfare and conservation, especially for species facing threats.



The findings also suggest that these insights might apply to other species, paving the way for a deeper understanding of social dynamics in animals.



The major takeaway? Friendships in the animal kingdom are not just fascinating but also crucial for survival and ecological balance. The buffalo of Lantau Island are more than just majestic creatures; they are a testament to the power of connection in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-buffalo-friendships">Benefits of buffalo friendships</h2>



The formation of buffalo friendships extends beyond personality traits to include environmental and seasonal factors. 



Some studies have noted that access to shared resources, such as water and shade, often dictated which buffalo spent time together. In drought-prone periods, buffalo formed stronger bonds with those who exhibited cooperative behaviors, such as sharing resting spots or water access.



Interestingly, younger buffalo were observed mimicking the social patterns of older, more dominant individuals, suggesting that friendship behaviors might also have a learned component. This learning could play a role in how buffalo integrate into their herds and establish their social standing.



Another noteworthy aspect is the role of vocal communication. While the study primarily focused on spatial proximity, field observations revealed that buffalo frequently used low-frequency calls to maintain contact with their preferred companions when separated by distance. These calls helped reinforce bonds and facilitated regrouping.



The influence of predators also shaped buffalo friendships. Herd members who maintained strong friendships were more likely to engage in collective vigilance, enhancing their chances of detecting and escaping threats. This highlights the adaptive advantages of forming close <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/older-griffon-vultures-have-fewer-friends-with-stronger-bonds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)02644-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Buffalos build friendships based on similar personality traits

Friendships are a cornerstone of human social dynamics, often influenced...

Circadian rhythms are your body’s built-in 24-hour timer that keeps everything running smoothly, from your sleep schedule to your mood and even how you digest food. It’s like an internal clock that syncs you up with the world around you. 



These rhythms are mostly guided by light and dark -- sunlight tells your brain it’s time to wake up, while darkness signals that it’s time to wind down. 



The boss of this system is a tiny part of your brain called the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/syncing-brain-muscle-circadian-rhythms-slows-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)</a>, which sits in the hypothalamus. It’s basically the control center that keeps you on track with the day-night cycle.



Your internal clock doesn’t just decide when you should sleep -- it also impacts your energy levels, hormones, and how your body works throughout the day.



We know that the brightness of light surround us plays a major role in regulating your circadian rhythms, but what about the color of the light?



Dr. Christine Blume from the <a href="https://www.chronobiology.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centre for Chronobiology</a> of the University of Basel has examined how these signals to the light receptors in our eyes might involve not only brightness but also color.



“There is reason to believe that the color of light could also be relevant for the internal clock,” says Dr. Blume.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lights-colors-and-circadian-rhythm">Lights, colors, and circadian rhythm</h2>



Human eyes rely on specialized cells to gather light information. Rods work best in dim conditions, providing vision at low brightness levels. 



Cones function under brighter conditions, aiding color perception. Light-sensitive ganglion cells, responding strongly to short wavelengths at around 490 nanometers, help inform the internal clock that it is daytime. 



When exposed to light consisting solely of short wavelengths between 440 and 490 nanometers, individuals perceive it as blue. If this triggers ganglion cells, the internal clock receives signals associated with daytime conditions.



“The light-sensitive ganglion cells also receive information from the cones. This raises the question of whether the cones, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colors-of-sunset-and-sunrise-reset-our-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thereby the light color</a>, also influence the internal clock,” says Dr. Blume.



“After all, the most striking changes in brightness and light color occur at sunrise and sunset, marking the beginning and end of a day.”



Previous research on mice suggested that yellowish light might affect the internal clock differently than bluish light. 



The idea was that the color aspect of light, not just brightness or wavelength intensity, might shift human circadian timing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-lights-and-colors-in-the-lab">Testing lights and colors in the lab</h2>



To test this possibility, a study exposed 16 healthy volunteers to either bluish or yellowish light for one hour late in the evening. A white light served as a control condition. 



The light stimuli were designed so that differences in color-sensitive cone activation occurred without altering the stimulation of the ganglion cells. 



“This method of light stimulation allows us to separate the light properties that may play a role in how light effects humans in a clean experimental way,” says Manuel Spitschan, Professor of Chronobiology and Health at the <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Munich</a>.



In a controlled sleep laboratory, researchers assessed whether the color differences influenced each person’s internal clock and sleep. 



They measured how quickly each volunteer fell asleep, examined the depth of their sleep, noted how tired they felt, and recorded their reaction times, which drop as sleepiness grows.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-did-the-study-teach-us">What did the study teach us?</h2>



Study results indicated that the color difference between bluish and yellowish light had no meaningful impact on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/goodbye-jet-lag-using-a-protein-to-reset-the-body-clock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human internal clock</a> or on sleep patterns. 



The findings ran counter to earlier mouse-based research that suggested color might matter. 



“We found no evidence that the variation of light color along a blue-yellow dimension plays a relevant role for the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-circadian-disturbances-trigger-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal clock or sleep</a>,” says Dr. Blume. 



“Rather, our results support the findings of many other studies that the light-sensitive ganglion cells are most important for the human internal clock,” she adds.



“Our findings show that it is probably most important to take into account the effect of light on the light-sensitive ganglion cells when planning and designing lighting. The cones and therefore the color play a very subordinate role,” says Spitschan. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



The study’s outcome focuses attention on reducing short-wavelength light if the goal is to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/link-between-sleep-and-mood-explains-the-wrong-side-of-the-bed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">support healthy sleep</a> and stable circadian rhythms. 



The presence of certain wavelengths matters more than shifting the color balance along a blue-yellow range.



Health advice often emphasizes reducing so-called blue light from device screens in the evening. Many people rely on night shift modes, which add a yellowish tint, believing it lessens the impact on sleep. 



The research suggests that such color changes may not be as necessary as once assumed. 



“Technologically, we can reduce the short-wavelength light in these displays without altering the color, but commercial mobile phones have yet to adopt this approach,” says Dr. Blume.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-circadian-rhythms-and-human-health">Circadian rhythms and human health</h2>



This work leaves questions for future studies, such as whether longer exposure times, different testing periods, or other conditions could reveal effects not seen in this setup. 



In short, results here highlight the complexity of human vision, sleep regulation, and internal timing. The sensitivity of ganglion cells to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circadian-medicine-light-therapy-could-help-millions-of-heart-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">short-wavelength light</a> remains central to maintaining the body’s daily rhythms.



In everyday life, people still receive frequent advice to limit exposure to bright, blue-rich screens before bedtime. The takeaway from this study is that color adjustments may not hold the key. 



The intensity and type of wavelengths that affect these specialized ganglion cells appear to be what truly matters. 



Designers of lighting systems may focus their efforts on controlling the properties of short-wavelength light, rather than shifting colors along a blue-yellow axis.



For now, the findings bring attention to which aspects of light should be managed to keep the internal clock running smoothly.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01791-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behavior</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How the color of light impacts our internal clocks and circadian rhythms

Circadian rhythms are your body’s built-in 24-hour timer that keeps...

Winter brings about a heartwarming urge to make our homes cozy and festive, with the help of delightful home fragrances. 



Gingerbread, cinnamon, and pine-scented candles, as well as frankincense and myrrh diffusers, are often used to set the Christmas mood.



It's no wonder the UK home fragrance market recently skyrocketed, earning a staggering $685.5 million in revenue in 2023. 



However, one could not help but question - are these fragrant products affecting the air quality in our homes? How do they impact our health?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragrances-mask-more-than-odors">Fragrances mask more than odors</h2>



In an effort to mask unpleasant odors and uplift the ambiance of our homes, we turn to items like scented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scented-candles-toxic-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">candles</a>, air fresheners, and incense sticks. But contrary to their purpose, they do not eliminate harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/gas-stoves-create-dangerous-levels-of-indoor-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">indoor pollutants</a>.



A recently published <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000559" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> reveals that some of these fragrance products could potentially compromise the freshness of the air we breathe.



The research was focused on Irish homes post-energy retrofits. The results showed that home fragrances - combined with smoking and blocked wall vents - detrimentally affect indoor air quality.



Furthermore, our indoor exposure to air pollutants worsens when scented candles are used in rooms with closed windows and blocked vents.



The fine particle concentration can spike up to 15 times beyond the limits set by the World Health Organization, taking considerable time to return to standard levels in poorly ventilated areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trapped-in-a-vortex-of-chemicals">Trapped in a vortex of chemicals</h2>



Burning candles or incense sticks results in a complex mix of chemicals and particulate matter. They produce toxic gases like carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen.



Home fragrances also emit harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-household-products-expose-people-to-dangerous-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs), with particulate matter that can cause coughing, sneezing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs.



Prolonged exposure heightens the risk of serious health conditions like heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic bronchitis. It may also exacerbate existing conditions such as asthma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-through-the-scented-maze">Navigating through the scented maze</h2>



According to the researchers, scented candles likely produce more fine particulate matter compared to unscented ones. Nitrogen oxides, the primary gaseous pollutant from scented candles, can harm our lungs and airways.



In the U.S. and the EU, manufacturers do not have to disclose all of the ingredients used in scented candles. Research suggests that the U.S. discloses less than 10% of home fragrance ingredients to the public.



Air fresheners have been linked to adverse health impacts such as migraines, asthma attacks, and dermatitis. 



Additionally, home fragrance products could emit cancer-causing organic compounds like benzene, phthalates, and formaldehyde. 



A decline in cognitive function has been linked to short-term candle smoke exposure and to long-term incense smoke exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-home-fragrances-and-indoor-air-quality">Home fragrances and indoor air quality</h2>



The incense sticks produce about four times as much particulate matter as cigarettes when equal weights are burned. In non-smoking households, candle usage might be a significant source of particulate matter pollution. 



Aerosol air fresheners introduce fine and ultrafine particles into the home air, alongside a range of VOCs.



Similarly, a candle's flickering flame emits larger particles and increases black carbon emissions, further affecting indoor air quality.



Using scented candles or air fresheners in small spaces like bathrooms or bedrooms exposes us to higher concentrations of the generated pollutants, boosting health risks. 



In poorly ventilated areas, pollutants like formaldehyde can reach levels causing upper airway irritation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-fragrances-a-misleading-safety-tag">Natural fragrances: A misleading safety tag</h2>



Many consumers opt for home fragrances made with natural ingredients to avoid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmful chemicals</a>, but even these can release significant levels of pollution when burned. 



As the popularity of home fragrances grows, further research is needed to fully understand their long-term impacts on air quality and health.



The adverse effects of chronic exposure may only become apparent after many years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safe-use-of-home-fragrances">Safe use of home fragrances </h2>



For home fragrance enthusiasts, there are safer ways to enjoy these products. Try using them in larger spaces like the living room, and ensure windows are open. 



Check to make sure your home vents are unblocked, especially in rooms where you plan to burn scented candles. 



It's worth noting that most smoke from candles is released when the flame is extinguished. To play it safe, always snuff out candles outdoors.



In&nbsp;a world&nbsp;that&nbsp;is filled with&nbsp;home fragrances, it is highly important to understand their impacts on indoor air quality.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Home fragrances impact indoor air quality, and the health risks are alarming

Winter brings about a heartwarming urge to make our homes...

High above the sunlit, arid landscapes of the American West, a NASA aircraft soared on a mission to map the minerals hidden below.



This wasn't a journey to explore distant galaxies but a critical quest to uncover the resources essential for America's renewable energy future. 



From lithium for electric vehicles to rare earth elements crucial for wind turbines, these hidden treasures hold the potential to drive the nation’s clean energy ambitions. 



With every pass of its hyperspectral sensors, the aircraft revealed a vibrant tapestry of mineral deposits once invisible to the naked eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-minerals-an-aerial-exploration">Hunting minerals: An aerial exploration</h2>



Soaring majestically in the sky was NASA's ER-2 high-altitude research aircraft, its underbelly armed with optical sensors that perceived the earth in hundreds of shades. 



To the naked eye, the desert looked a barren brown, but through the lens of these sophisticated sensors, it seemed to burst with colors, each representing a hidden mineral treasure.



This flight was part of an ambitious venture known as the <a href="https://airbornescience.nasa.gov/content/Geological_Earth_Mapping_Experiment_GEMx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geological Earth Mapping Experiment</a> (GEMx), led by NASA in collaboration with the U.S. Geological Survey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-mineral-maps">Creating mineral maps</h2>



The goal was to map minerals vital to American national security, the tech industry, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-biodiversity-wildlife-habitats-delicate-balancing-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clean energy</a>. The survey was focused on an area almost the size of Spain, including the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, and Oregon.



The ground beneath these lands was about to reveal secrets that could contribute to the country's self-sufficiency in obtaining mineral commodities.



"We've been exploring the earth beneath our feet for hundreds of years, and we're discovering that we've only just begun," said Kevin Reath, NASA's associate project manager for GEMx.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectrometer-the-new-lens">Spectrometer: The new lens</h2>



In addition to traditional tools like lidar and magnetic-radiometric sensors, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-mantle-may-contain-a-wealth-of-green-metals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mineral exploration</a> effort harnesses the power of imaging spectrometers.



These high-tech optical tools detect various wavelengths of light reflected off planetary surfaces. They will now aid in mapping surface minerals across the treeless expanses of the Western United States.



By reflecting a unique light pattern, each molecule acts like a fingerprint. Through a spectroscopic lens, therefore, a barren desert can transform into a canvas of colors, each revealing a different mineral presence including mica, kaolinite, and gypsum.



"We’re not digging for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-secret-role-of-seawater-in-gold-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold</a>. We’re revealing what’s hidden in plain sight," said Robert Green, a scientist involved in the GEMx project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-great-lithium-hunt">The great lithium hunt</h2>



A mineral that is of particular interest to the researchers is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-based-battery-may-ultimately-replace-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lithium</a>. Found in various forms, this silvery metal is critical to the proliferation of clean energy, notably in powering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-electric-vehicle-tires-emit-20-more-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electric vehicle</a> batteries.



As demand for lithium-based batteries grows, legacy mines such as Hector Mine near Barstow, California, are being revisited for potential lithium deposits.



“Mine wastes are also potential sources of lithium, and many other byproduct commodities,” said Bernard Hubbard, a remote sensing geologist at USGS. “What has been a pollution source for communities could now be a resource.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-focus-of-the-research">Broader focus of the research</h2>



As the GEMx flights prepare to resume in the spring of 2025, scientists anticipate a treasure trove of data, paving the way for the first-ever complete hyperspectral map of California. 



Besides identifying mineral deposits, the research is expected to yield insight into invasive plant species, mine waste that can contaminate surrounding environments, and natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and wildfires.



"We are just beginning to scratch the surface in applying these measurements to help the nation’s economy, security, and health," shared Raymond Kokaly, the GEMx survey lead from USGS.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-resource-extraction">Sustainable resource extraction</h2>



The GEMx mission isn't just about identifying existing mineral deposits; it's also paving the way for more sustainable resource extraction. 



By providing detailed hyperspectral maps, scientists can pinpoint precise locations of mineral-rich zones, reducing the environmental footprint of mining operations. 



This approach minimizes unnecessary excavation, helping to preserve ecosystems while maximizing resource efficiency.



Critical minerals like cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements - vital for technologies ranging from renewable energy systems to advanced electronics - are also on the radar.



These maps may hold the key to unlocking untapped resources, giving the U.S. a competitive edge in the global race for clean energy solutions.



Image Credit: NASA/Carla Thomas



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

NASA is on a mission to map America’s mineral wealth

High above the sunlit, arid landscapes of the American West,...

From feeling butterflies in the stomach to experiencing a heavy heart, humans have long associated emotions with bodily sensations. 



But have these expressions remained consistent throughout history? 



A multidisciplinary research team explored this question by analyzing how ancient Mesopotamians, living in what is now modern-day Iraq, experienced emotions in their bodies.



The researchers studied over one million words of ancient Akkadian language texts, dating from 934-612 BCE. 



These texts, inscribed on clay tablets in cuneiform script, offer a rare glimpse into the emotional landscape of one of humanity's earliest civilizations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-happiness-in-the-liver">Happiness in the liver</h2>



Professor Saana Svärd, an Assyriologist at the University of Helsinki led the project that highlighted the Mesopotamians' understanding of anatomy - particularly the heart, liver, and lungs.



The team discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/facial-expressions-arent-enough-to-understand-human-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">happiness</a> was often associated with the liver, expressed through terms such as “open,” “shining,” or “full.”



“If you compare the ancient Mesopotamian bodily map of happiness with modern bodily maps, it is largely similar, with the exception of a notable glow in the liver,” said Juha Lahnakoski, a cognitive neuroscientist and visiting researcher at <a href="https://www.aalto.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aalto University</a>. 



This connection highlights a cultural and historical dimension to how emotions are linked to specific body parts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anger-love-and-their-bodily-roots">Anger, love, and their bodily roots</h2>



Contrasts between modern and ancient emotional maps emerged in other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-tech-will-track-emotions-through-changes-in-our-skin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a> as well. 



Anger, for instance, is typically felt in the upper body and hands by modern humans, while Mesopotamians reported feeling anger primarily in their feet, using descriptors like “heated” or “enraged.”



Love, on the other hand, appeared to share more similarities. Both modern and Mesopotamian expressions of love involve the heart, but the ancient humans also linked it closely to the liver and knees.



"It remains to be seen whether we can say something in the future about what kind of emotional experiences are typical for humans in general," noted Svärd.



She also emphasized the importance of distinguishing between linguistic descriptions of emotions and their lived experiences, as modern body maps rely on self-reported experiences, while Mesopotamian maps are derived solely from textual evidence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-emotions-to-body-parts">Linking emotions to body parts</h2>



Cuneiform writing in Mesopotamia was primarily a skill of scribes, and was accessible only to the elite. Despite this limitation, the clay tablets covered diverse topics, including prayers, literature, tax records, and sales documents.



The researchers’ innovative approach of linking emotions to body parts through linguistic analysis marks a first in the study of ancient texts.



"It could be a useful way to explore intercultural differences in the way we experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>," said Svärd. 



The findings contribute to ongoing discussions about the universality of human emotions and how cultural context shapes emotional expression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



For this project, the researchers utilized corpus linguistic methods developed at the Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires (ANEE).



Next, the team plans to analyze 20th-century English texts and Finnish language data, thus expanding the scope of their exploration.



This research opens the door to deeper insights into how humans have historically experienced and expressed emotions. 



By comparing ancient and modern emotional maps, the study not only highlights cultural nuances but also enriches our understanding of the timeless connection between emotions and the human body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-emotions-and-bodily-sensations">History of emotions and bodily sensations</h2>



The history of emotions reveals fascinating shifts in how different cultures conceptualized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotions-sensory-perception-brain-fascinating-interplay/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feelings</a>. 



In medieval Europe, emotions were often tied to the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile, which were thought to govern temperament and health.



Ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle believed emotions arose from a mix of bodily sensations and rational thought, and influenced ethical behavior.



In Chinese medicine, emotions were linked to specific organs -- fear with the kidneys and joy with the heart. 



Indigenous cultures worldwide have tied emotions to nature and spirituality, often personifying them as deities or forces.



These varied frameworks highlight the diverse ways humans have sought to understand and express their inner worlds throughout history.



-----



The research team includes Professor Mikko Sams from <a href="https://www.aalto.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aalto University</a>, Ellie Bennett from the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, Professor Lauri Nummenmaa from the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a>, and Ulrike Steinert from <a href="https://www.uni-mainz.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz</a>. The study was funded by the <a href="https://skr.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Finnish Cultural Foundation</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)02590-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>.



Image Credit: Modern/PNAS: Lauri Nummenmaa et al., Mesopotamian: Juha Lahnakoski.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Early humans felt emotions in unusual body parts compared to modern humans

From feeling butterflies in the stomach to experiencing a heavy...

Have you ever wondered about the impact of a father's health on the birth weight of his newborn baby? Well, a recent study from Brazil involving 89 families draws a fascinating connection. When it comes to a dad's weight, it seems the heavier the father is, the lower the baby’s birth weight.



The study was led by Mariana Rinaldi Carvalho, a researcher at the University of São Paulo’s Ribeirão Preto Medical School. She has bravely challenged the conventional understanding surrounding parental health and birth weight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-father-s-health-matters">Why the father's health matters</h2>



"There is a great deal of discussion and research on the link between fetal development and maternal health, including issues such as overweight before and during pregnancy, but the fact is that the father’s health also has a significant impact on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-baby-food-isnt-nutritious-despite-what-the-label-says/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">development of the baby</a> both during pregnancy and after birth," explained Carvalho.



"Our study was the first involving Brazilian families to show that the higher the father’s BMI, the lower the baby’s birth weight, evidencing the father’s importance to the baby’s health and development."



Birth weight is a crucial indicator of health. Babies born with low or high weights face higher risks of developing serious illnesses later in life, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and even cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adding-fathers-to-the-birth-weight-equation">Adding fathers to the birth weight equation</h2>



The study builds on earlier research that focused mostly on maternal health. Carvalho’s team included fathers in their analysis to see how their health and habits might affect their babies. 



"Having noticed that most studies involving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-do-babies-start-gaining-their-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fetal</a> and neonatal health fail to take the parents’ lifestyle into account, we set out to include paternal anthropometry as a factor affecting fetal development," noted Daniela Saes Sartorelli, Carvalho’s advisor.



The researchers plan to study how a father’s diet, including components such as ultra-processed foods and unhealthy fats, impacts a baby’s weight and fat levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle-and-environmental-factors">Lifestyle and environmental factors </h2>



The study highlights the role of epigenetics - changes in how genes work due to environmental factors. The father's lifestyle, including a poor diet or lack of exercise, can alter the quality of his sperm and pass on risks to his children.



"We now know that environmental stressors such as overweight can influence the structure and quality of the father’s sperm, altering gene expression and affecting the DNA of his children," Carvalho explained.



While a mother’s health remains critical, Carvalho stressed the importance of fathers making lifestyle changes before conception. 



"Our research findings show that, just as maternal nutritional counseling is important, so is the need for a preconception change in paternal habits," she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dad-s-role-in-newborn-health">Dad's role in newborn health</h2>



Maternal overweight has long been known as a public health issue. It increases risks like gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and complications during delivery. 



For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-infants-connect-with-the-world-it-all-starts-with-the-feet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a>, it raises the likelihood of abnormal birth weights and childhood obesity. This study shows that fathers also play a key role in their child’s health, even before conception.



The study also found that babies of fathers with higher BMIs had smaller head circumferences at birth. While this doesn’t necessarily indicate problems, head size is an important growth marker. More research is needed to fully understand these findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



The researchers from the <a href="https://www5.usp.br/english/institutional/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of São Paulo</a> noted a few limitations to the study, such as not tracking how long the baby stayed in the birth canal during vaginal deliveries.



This could temporarily affect head circumference. They plan to explore how paternal diets, particularly the consumption of processed foods, affect newborn growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-influencing-birth-weight">Factors influencing birth weight</h2>



Several other factors contribute to a baby’s birth weight. Genetic predispositions play a major role, with parental genes influencing growth patterns. 



Maternal nutrition during pregnancy also significantly affects fetal weight, with deficiencies in key nutrients potentially leading to lower birth weights.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-climate-change-is-impacting-infant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental exposures</a>, such as pollution or toxins, can also disrupt fetal development and impact weight.



Additionally, socioeconomic factors like access to healthcare and quality prenatal care can determine outcomes. Stress levels in the mother, influenced by psychological or physical challenges, can also alter birth weight through hormonal changes that affect the placenta.



Lastly, maternal age is a crucial factor, with very young or older mothers more likely to have babies with atypical weights. These factors, along with paternal and maternal health, highlight the complex interplay of genetics, environment, and lifestyle in shaping a newborn’s health.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41366-024-01639-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Obesity</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Fathers have a surprising influence on their baby's birth weight

Have you ever wondered about the impact of a father's...

When you think about tropical landscapes, the first image that springs to mind is probably of picturesque, sun-drenched beaches adorned with coconut palms. 



For centuries, these trees have been interwoven with human lives and cultures across the Pacific Ocean. The coconut palm is commonly referred to as the "Tree of Life."



Recent research, however, has highlighted the profound impact that centuries of colonial plantation farming have had on these iconic trees – transforming them from symbols of life to mere cash crops for the production of coconut oil.



A research team from <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> and The Nature Conservancy has created the first comprehensive map of the uncharted footprint of coconut palm agriculture, scattered across Pacific atolls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coconut-palms-and-sustainability-challenges">Coconut palms and sustainability challenges </h2>



Michael Burnett, the lead author of the study, emphasized the importance of the research. "Coconut oil used to be essential to atoll economies, but today most coconut palm plantations are abandoned and overgrown."



The research findings raise urgent concerns: over half of the tree cover on these low islands is now taken up by coconut palms, leaving formerly widespread native broadleaf trees only small portions of their natural range.



The implications of these changes are far-reaching. According to Burnett, the replacement of broadleaf forests with coconut monocrops has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groundwater depletion</a>, declining seabird populations, and adverse impacts on adjacent coral reefs.



The research suggests an urgent need to understand and confront the sustainability challenges posed by these monocultures for Pacific atoll communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-rate-of-deforestation">Unprecedented rate of deforestation</h2>



The rate of deforestation linked to coconut palm monocultures surpasses the relative rate associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-islands-can-counteract-biodiversity-loss-in-oil-palm-plantations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oil palm</a> production in other parts of the world.



For instance, while 10.8% of Borneo's land had been converted to oil palm monocrops by 2015, coconut palms now cover a staggering 58.3% of the total forested area of the mapped atolls.



Furthermore, the paper reveals that 51.2% of these coconut canopies are remnants of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-in-oil-palm-plantations-are-key-to-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plantation agriculture</a>, indicative of drastic ecological changes. 



Despite many plantations being abandoned in recent decades, coconut palms still outcompete native broadleaf trees for canopy area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-opportunity-for-ecosystem-restoration">An opportunity for ecosystem restoration </h2>



Study co-author Alex Wegmann, lead scientist for the Nature Conservancy’s Island Resilience Strategy, noted that this situation presents opportunities.



“As the world comes to terms with tradeoffs associated with converting primary forest to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abandoned-croplands-could-boost-food-security-and-climate-mitigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">croplands</a>, we should not ignore atoll forests and the opportunity to recover these dynamic, resilient systems," said Wegmann.



The paper suggests that coconut plantations could be used for ecosystem restoration while striking the balance between cultural heritage and environmental stewardship. 



Elizabeth Terk is the Micronesia conservation director for The Nature Conservancy. She pointed out that restoring abandoned copra plantations on atolls to native forests offer invaluable ecological benefits, such as biodiversity recovery and climate resilience. 



"Striking a balance between cultural heritage and environmental stewardship is essential for a sustainable future. Mapping the extent of copra plantations on atolls is a crucial step for informed decision-making," said Terk. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-converting-abandoned-coconut-plantations">Converting abandoned coconut plantations </h2>



The paper’s vegetation maps provide a valuable tool for Pacific atoll communities, helping them to visualize the state of their forests. 



Initiatives like converting abandoned coconut plantations to native forests and restoring seabird colonies could be promising ways to confront the accelerating impacts of climate change.



"These maps are part of a growing body of science exploring the numerous opportunities for conservation and resilience on atolls. We hope they will help atoll communities chart their own futures in an era of global change," concluded Burnett. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-communities-and-sustainable-solutions">Local communities and sustainable solutions</h2>



The path to restoring Pacific atoll ecosystems requires the active involvement of local communities. These islands have long-standing cultural and economic ties to coconut palms, making collaboration essential for creating sustainable solutions.



Community-led initiatives, such as agroforestry practices that integrate coconut palms with native species, could provide a balanced approach to land use.



Educational programs can also play a crucial role, helping residents understand the ecological impacts of monocultures and the benefits of restoring native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-vegetation-are-a-key-driver-of-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>. 



By involving local leaders and incorporating traditional ecological knowledge, restoration projects can be tailored to align with cultural values while addressing environmental challenges. 



Empowering these communities can lead to solutions that are both practical and enduring, building resilience in the face of global environmental change.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad8c66" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Coconut palms threaten Pacific island ecosystems

When you think about tropical landscapes, the first image that...

The plague, in its historical context, has been a merciless killer. In the mid-1300s, it was famously known as the “Black Death,” which took the lives of nearly 50 million Europeans.



Today, the United States has an average of seven human plague cases annually, thanks to advancements in sanitation, public health measures, and antibiotics.



However, the plague still continues to haunt prairie dogs and other rodents, especially in the western half of the United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rodents-carriers-of-the-plague">Rodents: Carriers of the plague</h2>



Over time, scientists have been uncovering the role that animals, primarily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-rodent-borne-diseases-spill-over-into-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rodents</a>, play in disease transmission. Recently, researchers at the <a href="https://missouri.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Missouri</a> made a breakthrough in understanding the mode of disease spread. 



The research was led by Deborah Anderson, a professor in Mizzou’s College of Veterinary Medicine. Her team discovered the disturbing mode of transmission -&nbsp;from&nbsp;mother&nbsp;flea to offspring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-impacted-by-the-plague">Animals impacted by the plague</h2>



Animals, specifically <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bald-eagles-dont-only-eat-fish-as-prairie-dogs-will-attest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prairie dogs</a>, have been significantly impacted by the plague. Entire colonies have been decimated, which consequently affects the broader ecosystem.



For instance, the black-footed ferret, one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-now-or-never-for-madagascars-endangered-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered mammals</a> globally, experienced an 80% population decline in 2009 due to the plague. Prairie dogs are their primary food source.



The ongoing spread of the plague by rodents amplifies the need for expanded research in this field to safeguard both animal and human lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infectious-disease-research">Infectious disease research </h2>



Following 9/11, federal funding was directed toward the development of bioterrorism defense research facilities within public universities. As a result, the Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research (LIDR) was built on Mizzou’s campus.



This state-of-the-art facility features a Biosecurity Level 3 classification, making Mizzou one of only 12 universities equipped to safely investigate treatable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-heightens-risk-of-most-infectious-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogenic diseases</a>.



Anderson noted that few places could support her infectious disease research as well as Mizzou does.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-continued-plague-research">The need for continued plague research</h2>



Mizzou’s commitment to combating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-remains-a-global-health-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global health</a> challenges is demonstrated by their cutting-edge research.



The symbiotic relationship between the health of people, animals, and the environment is at the core of Mizzou’s research philosophy. 



This approach, known as One Health, places importance on the study of animals, given that it can help minimize human exposure to infectious diseases. 



For example, the more we understand about the plague-transmission habits of fleas, the better equipped we are to monitor the well-being of wildlife ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-safe-research-environment">A safe research environment</h2>



The safe execution of this research was made possible by Mizzou's stringent safety protocols at the LIDR. The environment encourages researchers to think broadly and take on societal challenges securely.



Anderson expressed gratitude for being able to work with bacteria safely and advocated for continued dedication to such research.



Overall, through the invaluable discoveries made by Deborah Anderson and her team at Mizzou, we continue to decode the intricacies of the plague, helping protect both humans and wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effect-of-the-plague-on-ecosystems">Ripple effect of the plague on ecosystems</h2>



The impact of the plague extends far beyond individual animals or species, triggering cascading effects across entire ecosystems.



Prairie dogs, often seen as key species in their habitats, play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of grassland ecosystems. When colonies are decimated by the plague, the consequences reverberate through the food chain.



Predators like the black-footed ferret rely heavily on prairie dogs not only as a primary food source but also for shelter within their burrows. 



The loss of prairie dog populations disrupts this interdependence, further endangering ferrets and impacting other species that share the habitat.



In addition, the reduction of prairie dog activity influences plant growth, soil composition, and overall biodiversity within these regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-the-balance-of-ecosystems">Safeguarding the balance of ecosystems</h2>



Research into plague transmission helps safeguard this delicate balance, ensuring that ecosystems remain resilient against such biological disruptions.



Through deeper understanding and proactive management of disease dynamics, researchers can not only prevent outbreaks but also promote a healthier co-existence between humans, animals, and the environments they inhabit.



This broader ecological perspective highlights the importance of studying diseases like the plague from a holistic standpoint, tying together conservation, public health, and environmental sustainability.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51668-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The modern-day plague: Rodents, fleas, and their impact on wildlife

The plague, in its historical context, has been a merciless...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way