Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Who knew that bathroom habits could reveal something profound about primate behavior? A recent study published in the journal Current Biology&nbsp;has uncovered an intriguing social phenomenon among chimpanzees - one that links social dynamics to urination.



The study has revealed a peculiar behavior among chimpanzees that researchers are now calling “contagious urination.”



The study, which was focused on 20 captive chimpanzees at the Kumamoto Sanctuary in Japan, revealed that when one chimp pees, others nearby are more likely to do the same.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contagious-urination-in-chimpanzees">Contagious urination in chimpanzees</h2>



“In humans, urinating together can be seen as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-feel-the-pressure-to-perform-with-an-audience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social</a> phenomenon,” noted Ena Onishi of <a href="https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyoto University</a>.



“An Italian proverb states, ‘Whoever doesn’t pee in company is either a thief or a spy’ (Chi non piscia in compagnia o è un ladro o è una spia), while in Japanese, the act of urinating with others is referred to as ‘Tsureshon’ (連れション)," she remarked.



“This behavior is represented in art across centuries and cultures and continues to appear in modern social contexts. Our research suggests that this phenomenon may have deep evolutionary roots. We found that chimpanzees, our closest relatives, tend to urinate in response to the urination of nearby individuals,” added Onishi.



This unexpected discovery highlights the social nature of what is usually considered a purely physiological behavior. 



The researchers became curious about the possibility of synchronized urination after noticing that the chimpanzees often relieved themselves at the same time. They wondered whether this could be comparable to contagious yawning, a well-documented phenomenon in both humans and animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronized-urination-in-chimpanzees">Synchronized urination in chimpanzees</h2>



To test their theory, researchers meticulously observed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-pass-tool-use-skills-across-generations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimpanzees</a> for over 600 hours, documenting 1,328 urination events. 



Their analysis confirmed that urination was significantly more synchronized than would be expected by chance. The likelihood of a chimpanzee urinating increased if they were in close physical proximity to another chimp who had just started peeing.



One of the most surprising findings was the role of social hierarchy in this behavior. Lower-ranking individuals were more likely to urinate after others, suggesting that peeing patterns are influenced by dominance structures within the group.



“We were surprised to discover that the contagion pattern was influenced by social rank,” Onishi explained.



“Since there were no prior studies on contagious urination in any species, we drew parallels to contagious yawning, another semi-voluntary physiological behavior. Based on this, we initially expected that any social influences might resemble those seen in yawning - such as stronger contagion between socially close pairs.



“However, our results showed no evidence of effects related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzee-cultures-are-more-complex-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social</a> closeness. Instead, we observed a clear influence of social rank, with lower-ranking individuals being more likely to follow the urination of others.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-happen">Why does this happen?</h2>



The underlying reasons for contagious urination remain unclear, but researchers believe it could serve important social functions.



“This was an unexpected and fascinating result, as it opens up multiple possibilities for interpretation,” commented Shinya Yamamoto of Kyoto University.



“For instance, it could reflect hidden leadership in synchronizing group activities, the reinforcement of social bonds, or attention bias among lower-ranking individuals. These findings raise intriguing questions about the social functions of this behavior.”



If urination serves a social purpose in chimpanzees, it could play a role in maintaining group cohesion, facilitating coordination, or reinforcing social bonds - similar to how synchronized behaviors like grooming or yawning contribute to social structure in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-and-bees-are-capable-of-complex-social-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primates</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-do-other-animals-do-this">Do other animals do this?</h2>



This discovery opens the door for further research into contagious urination in species other than chimpanzees. Could similar patterns be found in other primates or even non-primate animals? 



Understanding the social dynamics behind this behavior could shed new light on the evolution of group coordination and hierarchy in social animals.



For now, the study highlights that even the most mundane aspects of life - like peeing - can have surprising social significance. As research continues, we may find that synchronized bathroom breaks are not just a human quirk but a deeply rooted evolutionary behavior.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)01594-X?" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Urination, like sneezing, is 'contagious' in primates, including humans

Who knew that bathroom habits could reveal something profound about...

Demand for weight-loss medications such as Ozempic and Wegovy continues to rise, with a recent study reporting that one in eight Americans has taken or is currently taking the drugs to cope with diabetes, heart disease or obesity.&nbsp;



Formally known as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and including brands like Mounjaro and Zepbound, these weight-loss drugs have been dubbed “miracle drugs” due to the notable weight loss they often induce. 



Their benefits for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-drugs-could-save-an-enormous-number-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human health</a> are well recognized, yet little has been known about how they affect different organ systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-benefits-and-risks-of-weight-loss-drugs-nbsp">Analyzing the benefits and risks of weight-loss drugs&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists at <a href="https://medicine.washu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis</a> and the Veterans Affairs (VA) St. Louis Health Care System set out to address this knowledge gap. 



The team conducted a systematic evaluation of health outcomes among more than two million individuals with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-can-counteract-the-genetic-risk-for-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diabetes</a> who have used these medications. 



The analysis revealed strong benefits to cognitive and behavioral health, while also showing increased risks for pancreatitis and kidney conditions, among others.&nbsp;



The study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03412-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Medicine</a>, sheds new light on the overall profile of GLP-1RA drugs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-systematic-look-across-all-organ-systems">A systematic look across all organ systems</h2>



Study senior author Dr. Ziyad Al-Aly is a clinical epidemiologist and nephrologist at the John J. Cochran Veterans Hospital in St. Louis.



“Given the drugs’ newness and skyrocketing popularity, it is important to systematically examine their effects on all body systems - leaving no stone unturned - to understand what they do and what they don’t do,” said Dr. Al-Aly.



“Our approach has allowed us to build a comprehensive atlas mapping the associations of GLP-1RA spanning all organ systems. The study’s results provide insights into some known and previously unrecognized benefits and risks of GLP-1RA that may be useful to inform clinical care and guide research agendas.”



GLP-1RA medications are taken weekly by injection and work by simulating hormones that decrease appetite and slow digestion, promoting prolonged satiety. Alongside a balanced diet and regular exercise, they have become an increasingly popular method of addressing diabetes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-are-surging-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>, and certain heart conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-loss-drugs-and-mental-health">Weight-loss drugs and mental health</h2>



To gain a clearer picture of how these drugs influence human health, researchers at Washington University analyzed de-identified records from the<a href="https://www.va.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs</a>.&nbsp;



The team compared 175 health outcomes in veterans who used GLP-1RA medications to those who used other diabetes treatments, such as Jardiance, Glipizide, and Januvia. The dataset encompassed over two million veterans of varying ages, races, and sexes treated for diabetes between October 2017 and December 2023.



The study revealed that GLP-1RA medications significantly benefit neurological and behavioral health, including decreased risks of seizures and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zapping-the-brain-with-ultrasound-waves-may-cure-drug-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a> to various substances such as alcohol, cannabis, stimulants and opioids. 



The findings also indicated a reduction in suicidal ideation, self-harm, bulimia and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, and a decreased risk of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer’s and dementia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-mechanisms-behind-the-benefits">Possible mechanisms behind the benefits</h2>



“Interestingly, GLP-1RA drugs act on receptors that are expressed in brain areas involved in impulse control, reward and addiction - potentially explaining their effectiveness in curbing appetite and addiction disorders,” said Dr. Al-Aly. 



“These drugs also reduce inflammation in the brain and result in weight loss; both these factors may improve brain health and explain the reduced risk of conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-a-brain-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a> and dementia.”



Even though the associated health benefits generally provide only a 10 percent to 20 percent reduction in certain risks, they hold particular promise for diseases with few effective treatments.&nbsp;



“However, the modest effect does not negate the potential value of these drugs, especially for conditions where few effective treatment options exist, for example, dementia,” noted Dr. Al-Aly. “This may also imply that these drugs are most beneficial when used in conjunction with other interventions, such as lifestyle changes or other medications.”



The study reaffirmed existing evidence that GLP-1RA medications lower risk for heart attacks, strokes, and other heart-related concerns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizing-the-risks-of-weight-loss-drugs-nbsp">Recognizing the risks of weight-loss drugs&nbsp;</h2>



Though these findings highlight the broad advantages of GLP-1RA drugs, the study also confirmed certain risks, especially in the gastrointestinal tract.&nbsp;



“These have been well documented in the research and anecdotally,” said Dr. Al-Aly. “Our study confirmed such findings.” Patients may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or, in rare instances, stomach paralysis.



Additionally, the study revealed newer information on how these drugs can potentially harm the pancreas and kidneys. While not common, pancreatitis can occur and poses a serious threat, and kidney problems may progress unnoticed until they reach an advanced stage.&nbsp;



“GLP-1RA drugs can have broad health benefits,” said Dr. Al-Aly. “However, they are not without risks. Our findings underscore the possibility for wider applications for these medications but also highlight important risks that should be carefully monitored in people taking these drugs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-use">Implications for future use</h2>



As more people turn to GLP-1RA medications like Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, and Zepbound, understanding both their benefits and their potential downsides is key.&nbsp;



The large-scale veteran population data examined in this study presents a detailed view of how these drugs interact with multiple body systems.&nbsp;



Ultimately, this awareness can help physicians and patients make more informed decisions about managing diabetes, obesity, and heart disease, while emphasizing the need for vigilance in monitoring for adverse effects, particularly in the pancreas and kidneys.



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Weight-loss drugs like Ozempic found to have other unexpected benefits

Demand for weight-loss medications such as Ozempic and Wegovy continues...

Five million years ago, one of the most spectacular events in Earth's history unfolded as a massive flood refilled the Mediterranean Sea. This wasn't a typical flood - it was a colossal surge of water that transformed a vast salt desert into the blue waters we know today.



The Zanclean Megaflood, a massive influx of water, ended the Messinian Salinity Crisis, a period during which the Mediterranean Sea had largely evaporated, leaving behind vast salt flats. 



This transformative flood, occurring between 5.97 and 5.33 million years ago, refilled the basin in a dramatic and rapid event, challenging long-held scientific theories.



An international team of researchers, including scientists from the University of Southampton, has now identified a series of geological features in Southeast Sicily that point to the reality of this megaflood. 



The findings offer the most detailed and convincing evidence yet of one of the largest floods in Earth's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-end-of-the-messinian-salinity-crisis">End of the Messinian Salinity Crisis</h2>



Before the Zanclean Megaflood, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mediterranean-nearly-lost-all-of-its-water-6-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> was unrecognizable compared to today. During the Messinian Salinity Crisis, the Mediterranean Sea became isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. 



Without a constant influx of water, it began to evaporate under the intense heat, leaving behind thick salt deposits and transforming the region into an arid wasteland. The loss of water reshaped the entire landscape, creating vast salt plains and deep canyons.



For years, scientists believed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-whales-epic-voyage-exposes-perils-of-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> refilled gradually over approximately 10,000 years. This view suggested that small, sustained breaches in natural barriers allowed water to trickle back into the basin, slowly restoring the sea. 



However, in 2009, researchers discovered an erosion channel stretching from the Gulf of Cadiz to the Alboran Sea. This discovery suggested that the refilling was not a slow process but rather a single, massive flood event lasting between two and sixteen years.



The latest research, published in the journal&nbsp;Communications Earth &amp; Environment, provides further confirmation that the refilling of the Mediterranean was anything but gradual. Instead, it was a catastrophic event of unimaginable scale, reshaping the Mediterranean landscape in a matter of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-flood-in-the-mediterranean">Massive flood in the Mediterranean</h2>



“The Zanclean megaflood was an awe-inspiring natural phenomenon, with discharge rates and flow velocities dwarfing any other known floods in Earth’s history. Our research provides the most compelling evidence yet of this extraordinary event,” noted Dr. Aaron Micallef, lead author of the study and a researcher at the <a href="https://www.mbari.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute</a>.



To understand just how enormous this flood was, researchers estimate that it had a discharge rate of between 68 and 100 Sverdrups (Sv), with one Sv equal to one million cubic meters of water per second. 



By comparison, the combined discharge of all modern rivers on Earth is approximately one Sverdrup. This means the Zanclean Megaflood involved an amount of water far exceeding anything seen in recorded history.



The force of this flood was enough to carve deep channels, erode solid rock formations, and transport vast amounts of sediment across the region. Scientists now believe that this event fundamentally altered the geography of the Mediterranean, leaving behind geological scars that persist to this day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flood-clues-beneath-the-mediterranean">Flood clues beneath the Mediterranean</h2>



To uncover the full impact of the Zanclean Megaflood, researchers examined over 300 streamlined ridges across the Sicily Sill, a submerged land bridge that once divided the Mediterranean’s western and eastern basins. These ridges provide clear evidence of large-scale, turbulent water flow.



"The morphology of these ridges is compatible with erosion by large-scale, turbulent water flow with a predominantly north easterly direction, explained study co-author Professor Paul Carling of the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>.



"They reveal the immense power of the Zanclean Megaflood and how it reshaped the landscape, leaving lasting imprints on the geological record."



By studying these ridges, scientists found that they were topped with a layer of rocky debris. This debris consisted of material eroded from the ridge flanks and surrounding regions, indicating it had been deposited suddenly and with immense force. 



Importantly, this sediment layer aligns with the transition from the Messinian to the Zanclean period, providing further confirmation that the flood occurred at this critical juncture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-w-shaped-channel">Role of W-shaped channel</h2>



A crucial piece of evidence came from seismic reflection data, a technique that uses sound waves to create images of subsurface geological formations. This method revealed a previously unknown “W-shaped channel” on the continental shelf east of the Sicily Sill.



This channel, carved deep into the seabed, appears to have played a vital role in directing floodwaters toward the Noto Canyon, a deep underwater valley in the eastern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-invasive-crustacean-species-discovered-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a>. 



The shape and location of the channel suggest it functioned like a giant funnel, helping to transport the enormous volume of water into the deeper sections of the sea.



Computer models developed by the research team simulated the likely behavior of the floodwaters. The results showed that as the flood progressed, water flow intensified, reaching speeds of up to 32 meters per second (72 miles per hour). 



This powerful current deepened channels, eroded rock formations, and transported sediment over vast distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lasting-impact-of-the-megaflood">Lasting impact of the megaflood</h2>



Dr. Micallef highlights the significance of these findings, not just for understanding the Mediterranean’s past but for studying large-scale floods on Earth and other planets.



"These findings not only shed light on a critical moment in Earth’s geological history but also demonstrate the persistence of landforms over five million years. It opens the door to further research along the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-ocean-warming-in-2024-is-a-warning-for-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean margins</a>."



The research highlights the long-lasting impact of the Zanclean Megaflood. Even millions of years later, its effects remain visible in the Mediterranean’s underwater topography. 



Understanding how such catastrophic floods shape landscapes can provide valuable insights into similar events that may have occurred on Mars or other planetary bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-chapter-in-earth-s-history">New chapter in Earth’s history</h2>



The Zanclean Megaflood is now recognized as one of the most significant flooding events in Earth’s history. 



This research, supported by the <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Geographic Society</a>, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, redefines how scientists understand the Mediterranean’s transformation.



By combining geological surveys, numerical modeling, and seismic imaging, researchers have reconstructed a detailed picture of this catastrophic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/40-percent-of-earths-land-has-became-permanently-drier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">event</a>. 



The findings challenge previous assumptions and open new avenues for exploring past megafloods and their role in shaping the planet.



The study is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01972-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>&nbsp;and is available online.



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Massive flood refilled an empty Mediterranean Sea millions of years ago

Five million years ago, one of the most spectacular events...

A spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) has been documented in Egypt for the first time in over 5,000 years. This lone individual was caught and killed by locals in the Elba Protected Area, a remote region in southeastern Egypt about 30 km from the Sudanese border. 



The discovery, detailed in a recent&nbsp;Mammalia&nbsp;journal publication, challenges long-standing beliefs about the species’ historical range and survival in North Africa.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-egypt-s-long-history-without-hyenas">Egypt’s long history without hyenas</h2>



For centuries, spotted hyenas have been absent from Egypt, with their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-animal-day-2024-building-a-legacy-of-compassion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a> thought to be confined to sub-Saharan Africa.



Occasional reports hinted at their presence, but no verifiable records existed. That changed in February 2024, when local pastoralists encountered the hyena after it killed two of their goats.



"My first reaction was disbelief until I checked the photos and videos of the remains. Seeing the evidence, I was completely taken aback. It was beyond anything we had expected to find in Egypt,” noted Dr. Abdullah Nagy, the lead author of the study from <a href="https://azhar.edu.eg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Al Azhar University</a>.



This unexpected sighting forces researchers to reconsider the distribution of spotted hyenas, raising critical questions about the animal’s movement patterns, the environmental factors influencing its migration, and the possibility of further incursions into Egypt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-the-hyena-travel-so-far-north">How did the hyena travel so far north?</h2>



One of the biggest mysteries surrounding this discovery is how the hyena managed to travel&nbsp;500 km north of its known range in Sudan. 



Spotted hyenas are highly adaptable predators and scavengers, capable of traveling up to&nbsp;27 km per day in search of food. However, moving such a vast distance into a region where they have not been recorded for millennia suggests a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lion-numbers-have-reached-a-critical-low-in-uganda/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological shift</a>.



To explore possible explanations, researchers analyzed&nbsp;Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)&nbsp;data from satellite images spanning from 1984 to 2022. 



NDVI is an indicator of vegetation health and density, which in turn reflects precipitation and grazing conditions. The study revealed striking trends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-alters-migration-paths">Climate change alters migration paths</h2>



Over the past four decades, the region has experienced&nbsp;prolonged droughts interspersed with relatively wet periods. 



However, the last five years - between 2019 and 2024 - showed a marked increase in NDVI values compared to the previous two decades. This suggests that increased rainfall has led to&nbsp;improved grazing conditions, potentially supporting a larger prey base for carnivores.



Dr. Nagy suggested that this changing landscape may have created a corridor for the hyena’s migration. 



"The fact that the corridor area has become less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancestors-of-giant-pandas-had-a-completely-different-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmentally harsh</a>, offering easier passage along ‘the highway,’ may explain how the hyena reached this far north. However, the motivation for its extensive journey into Egypt is still a mystery that demands further research,” Dr. Nagy said.



The possibility that climate change is reshaping wildlife movement patterns is a significant area of concern. If these climatic shifts continue, Egypt may witness more unexpected wildlife appearances in the coming years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-fatal-encounter-in-wadi-yahmib">A fatal encounter in Wadi Yahmib</h2>



The hyena’s journey into Egypt ultimately ended in a&nbsp;deadly conflict with humans. In February 2024, it entered Wadi Yahmib, a remote part of the Elba Protected Area, and preyed on two goats belonging to local pastoralists. 



The livestock depredation prompted an immediate response from herders, who are experienced trackers and intimately familiar with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammoth-remains-found-in-deadly-quicksand-trap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> in their region.



Determined to eliminate the threat, they&nbsp;pursued the hyena&nbsp;over rugged terrain, eventually running it down with a&nbsp;pickup truck on February 24, 2024. The body was left for scavengers after it was photographed and geolocated, allowing researchers to confirm its identity and document the unprecedented sighting.



This event highlights the ongoing&nbsp;human-wildlife conflict&nbsp;in rural regions. Unlike in parts of the Horn of Africa, where communities have a long history of coexisting with spotted hyenas, Egyptian herders have no experience dealing with this species. 



Their livelihoods depend on livestock, and any predator that threatens their animals is viewed as a direct economic threat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-more-hyenas-be-heading-to-egypt">Could more hyenas be heading to Egypt?</h2>



The presence of a spotted hyena so far north raises the question of whether this was a&nbsp;one-time event&nbsp;or the beginning of a larger trend. Scientists speculate that the combination of&nbsp;climate change, shifting pastoralist practices, and political instability in Sudan&nbsp;could contribute to increased movement of hyenas into Egypt.



The Elba Protected Area, where the hyena was discovered, is&nbsp;Egypt’s most floristically diverse region, with unique environmental conditions that may attract more wildlife in the future. Researchers note that this is not the first case of a large predator appearing in the region. 



In 2014, a&nbsp;male leopard (Panthera pardus) was killed&nbsp;in southeastern Egypt after it preyed on livestock. This suggests that the region may still function as a migration corridor for carnivores, despite centuries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/surprising-number-of-hyenas-are-killed-by-vehicles-every-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decline in their populations</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-grazing-patterns">Role of grazing patterns</h2>



One possible factor influencing the hyena’s movement is&nbsp;livestock grazing patterns. In recent years, local herders have shifted toward&nbsp;free-range grazing, allowing their animals to move across wider areas instead of confining them to specific enclosures. 



This change, combined with improved rainfall and vegetation, may have created a more favorable landscape for predators like hyenas.



Additionally, nearby human settlements, including&nbsp;a slaughterhouse in the town of Shalatin, could serve as an attraction for scavengers. 



Scavengers such as Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) and lappet-faced vultures (Torgos tracheliotos) have already been observed frequenting the area, suggesting that spotted hyenas may also have been drawn to human-related food sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-hyenas-establish-in-egypt-again">Will hyenas establish in Egypt again?</h2>



Despite the favorable environmental conditions, scientists believe that&nbsp;spotted hyenas are unlikely to establish a permanent population in Egypt&nbsp;due to intense human persecution. 



Large predators are already rare in the country, and any attempt to recolonize former habitats would likely face strong resistance from local communities.



Spotted hyenas have a long history of adapting to human-altered landscapes - sometimes even increasing their populations in areas where they scavenge on waste. However, in regions where they are seen as threats rather than ecological contributors, they are often killed before they can establish a foothold.



The study suggests that&nbsp;conservationists should monitor hyena movements and reassess their conservation status in response to changing climate conditions. 



Spotted hyenas are already listed as a species of&nbsp;Least Concern&nbsp;by the IUCN Red List, but their ability to expand into new territories may require new considerations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-chapter-for-egyptian-wildlife">A new chapter for Egyptian wildlife</h2>



The discovery of a&nbsp;spotted hyena in Egypt after 5,000 years&nbsp;is a remarkable ecological event that highlights the&nbsp;dynamic relationship between climate change, human activity, and wildlife movement. 



Whether this was an isolated occurrence or the&nbsp;beginning of a larger pattern&nbsp;remains to be seen, but the evidence suggests that Egypt’s wildlife landscape is evolving.



This event also serves as a reminder that nature is constantly adapting to environmental changes. The return of a predator long thought extinct in the region may be a sign of deeper ecological shifts that scientists must continue to investigate.



For now, the&nbsp;mystery of Egypt’s wandering hyena&nbsp;remains unsolved. But as researchers dig deeper into the factors influencing its journey, the world may soon learn whether Egypt is witnessing the start of a&nbsp;wildlife resurgence - or just an unusual anomaly in the shifting sands of time.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mammalia-2024-0031/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mammalia</a>.



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Spotted hyena returns to Egypt after 5,000 years

A spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) has been documented in Egypt...

Climate patterns in the Arctic have been shifting in ways that many researchers find concerning, and thawing permafrost now stands out as a major issue in these far-northern regions.



Permafrost is ground that has been frozen for at least two years, and often for centuries or millennia. The frozen ground underpins roads, buildings, and other infrastructure, supporting entire communities. If this foundation disappears too quickly, about three million people could be in harm’s way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-is-melting-faster-than-ever">Permafrost is melting faster than ever</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/permafrost-is-becoming-a-source-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Permafrost</a> extends across large parts of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Russia, and Nordic countries. As global temperatures climb, this soil is warming faster than predicted in the past.&nbsp;



There is now growing <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/chapter-3-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concern</a> about the release of carbon dioxide and methane, which contribute to heat-trapping greenhouse effects in Earth's atmosphere.



Beyond this, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01883-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new research</a> indicates that local economies and health systems in Arctic communities may also be at risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-at-risk-from-melting-permafrost">Millions at risk from melting permafrost </h2>



Study co-director Susanna Gartler, an anthropologist at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>, has been working with an international team of experts to investigate how melting permafrost could alter daily life in the Arctic.&nbsp;



This project involved engineers, physicists, environmental scientists, social scientists, and health experts from the University of Vienna, the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Danish Technical University</a>, and <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umea University</a>.



The research, conducted between 2017 and 2023, focused on four <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thawing-permafrost-may-release-billions-of-tons-of-carbon-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> regions: Longyearbyen (Svalbard, Norway), Avannaata (Greenland), the Beaufort Sea region with the Mackenzie River Delta (Canada), and the Bulunskiy district of the Sakha Republic (Russia).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infrastructure-is-feeling-the-heat">Infrastructure is feeling the heat</h2>



One of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-wildfires-will-drastically-intensify-as-permafrost-thaws/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">central hazards</a> identified by the team is the potential failure of buildings, roads, and other structures that were not built to handle shifting ground. The once-stable frozen ground is weakening, leading to cracked foundations in coastal and river areas.&nbsp;



“I have a camp by the river. This summer, a large piece of land next to my cabin broke off and plunged into the river. It’s scary,” said one resident. Some deltas have lost entire swaths of land in a single night, increasing the burden on local communities.



Thawing ground does more than rattle building foundations. It can also disrupt transit routes used for delivering food, medical equipment, and other goods. Snow-covered roads that used to be passable throughout winter might now become muddy quagmires, limiting access to certain villages for months.&nbsp;



Airstrips that rely on solid ground may also sink, forcing planes to divert. In areas that are dependent on seasonal hunting and fishing, even the simplest supply run could become a major hurdle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-over-water-and-food">Concerns over water and food</h2>



Residents in some communities, such as Longyearbyen, are concerned about water shortages and contamination. 



The <a href="https://www.nve.no/om-nve/nves-listefoerte-kulturminner/dammer/isdammen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Isdammen dam</a>, constructed on Arctic permafrost, faces the risk of collapse as the ground continues to thaw. Residents fear that contamination from new ground movements could seep into the drinking supply.&nbsp;



In parts of Canada, fishing and hunting cabins are harder to access when the ground changes, which complicates food availability. Mudslides, known as thaw slumps, can appear at random.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contaminants-and-infectious-agents">Contaminants and infectious agents </h2>



Researchers warn that thawing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-permafrost-melt-devastating-role-accelerating-global-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> permafrost can expose contaminants and infectious agents that have been locked away in cold storage. Oil and gas waste, once buried deep, could now potentially leak into local waterways. 



Decades ago, many industries assumed the soil would stay frozen indefinitely, so disposal pits were left in the ground. Similar worries apply to certain bacterial or viral pathogens that could awaken as temperatures rise.&nbsp;



This heightened exposure to potential diseases highlights the pressure on health infrastructures in remote Arctic towns and settlements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-permafrost-collapse-in-the-arctic">Addressing permafrost collapse in the Arctic</h2>



Scientists involved in the <a href="https://nunataryuk.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nunataryuk project </a>have flagged multiple issues for policymakers to tackle. They emphasize the need for immediate local adaptation - from stabilizing roads to designing new water and waste systems. 



Ongoing work, such as the follow-up initiative called <a href="https://illuq.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ILLUQ</a>, is exploring links between permafrost loss, community well-being, and environmental pollution.&nbsp;



The hope is that with improved knowledge, small communities will have more tools to prepare for sudden changes, and larger governments will reconsider how to manage industrial operations, food security programs, and long-term infrastructure planning in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-permafrost-thaw-in-alaska-threatens-global-climate-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerable areas</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01883-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth and Environment</a>.



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Permafrost is no longer permanent: Arctic communities in danger

Climate patterns in the Arctic have been shifting in ways...

The morning ritual of walking the dog might be more than just a daily chore for older adults. New research from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) at Trinity College Dublin has revealed the significant benefits of regular dog walking for older adults.



The researchers found that walking a dog frequently can improve mobility, reduce the risk of falls, and lower the fear of falling - an important factor in maintaining independence and quality of life as people age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-falls-major-concern-for-older-adults">Falls: Major concern for older adults</h2>



Falls are a leading cause of hospital admissions among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/not-all-aging-cells-are-bad-some-help-to-heal-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older people</a> and the most common cause of accidental death in later life. 



They often lead to fractures, including hip fractures, which can result in a loss of independence, increased reliance on healthcare services, admission to nursing homes, and even premature death. 



In Ireland, <a href="https://tilda.tcd.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TILDA</a> data shows that around 30% of people over the age of 70 experience a fall every year, and one in eight require emergency care due to a fall.



With an aging population, the number of older adults experiencing falls will only increase in the coming decades. 



This makes fall prevention a critical issue. Identifying simple, cost-effective strategies to reduce the risk of falls is essential for improving public health and reducing the burden on healthcare systems. 



Regular physical activity is one of the most effective ways to maintain strength, balance, and mobility, but finding enjoyable and sustainable ways to stay active is key.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-walks-benefit-older-adults">Dog walks benefit older adults</h2>



The study analyzed data from over 4,100 adults aged 60 and older who participated in TILDA Wave 5. 



The team categorized participants into two groups: those who walked their dogs at least four times a week and those who either did not own a dog or owned a dog but did not walk it regularly.



By using self-reported data on falls and fear of falling, combined with objective mobility assessments through the Timed-Up-and-Go (TUG) test, the researchers were able to determine whether regular dog walking had a measurable impact on fall risk and mobility.



The TUG test is a well-established method used to assess mobility and fall risk in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-undergo-very-rapid-change-aging-at-two-very-specific-times/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older adults</a>. Participants are timed as they stand up from a chair, walk three meters, turn around, walk back, and sit down again. 



The time taken to complete the task is a strong predictor of fall risk, with slower times indicating reduced mobility and a higher likelihood of falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regular-dog-walks-and-improved-mobility">Regular dog walks and improved mobility </h2>



The results of the study showed a clear link between regular dog walking and improved mobility. Participants who walked their dogs frequently completed the TUG test significantly faster than those who did not, with an average time of 10.3 seconds compared to 11.7 seconds for the group that did not walk a dog regularly.



This suggests that regular dog walking helps maintain agility and physical function, both of which are critical for preventing falls.



In addition to better mobility, regular dog walkers were also found to be 40% less likely to experience unexplained falls. 



This is a significant finding, as falls often lead to serious injuries and long-term disability. By engaging in regular walking with a dog, older adults may improve their balance and coordination, making them less prone to sudden falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-fear-of-falling">Reduced fear of falling</h2>



Another important outcome of the study was the reduction in fear of falling among dog walkers. Fear of falling is a major concern for many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscles-defy-aging-with-remarkable-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">older adu</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscles-defy-aging-with-remarkable-resilience/">lts</a> and can lead to a cycle of inactivity, reduced confidence, and further mobility decline. 



The study found that participants who walked their dogs regularly were 20% less likely to report fear of falling. This suggests that dog walking not only has physical benefits but also plays a crucial role in maintaining psychological well-being and confidence in mobility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-walking-is-more-than-just-exercise">Dog walking is more than just exercise</h2>



While physical activity in general is known to have numerous health <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-25-years-of-research-revealed-about-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits</a>, this study suggests that the specific activity of dog walking provides unique advantages. 



Unlike structured exercise programs, which some older adults may find difficult to maintain, walking a dog is an enjoyable and routine-based activity that provides both motivation and companionship.



"While this may be partly due to increased physical activity, it is also likely that increased social interaction, companionship, and purpose derived from having a dog also plays an important role,"&nbsp;said Professor Robert Briggs, consultant geriatrician at St James’s Hospital and Trinity College, and co-author of the study.&nbsp;



"We see how important pets are in the lives of older people we encounter both in St James's Hospital and the TILDA study, and it is therefore heartening to see the benefits borne out in this study."



"Our findings highlight the value of regular dog walking as a simple and accessible activity that not only improves physical health but also has benefits for mental well-being and confidence among older adults," said study lead author Dr. Eleanor Gallagher, Specialist Registrar in Geriatric Medicine from <a href="https://www.tcd.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encouraging-healthy-aging">Encouraging healthy aging</h2>



The study reinforces the idea that health-promoting activities should be both enjoyable and easy to incorporate into daily life. 



Walking a dog provides structure, companionship, and motivation - elements that help older adults stay consistent with their physical activity. Unlike other forms of exercise, which may feel like a chore, dog walking offers a sense of purpose and social connection, making it more sustainable over the long term.



For older adults looking to improve their mobility, reduce their risk of falls, and maintain their independence, adopting or regularly walking a dog may be a simple yet highly effective solution. 



The benefits extend beyond just physical health, contributing to overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discrimination-speeds-up-aging-molecular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a> and a higher quality of life in later years. 



As research continues to highlight the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle, studies like this one offer practical and accessible strategies to help older adults age healthily and confidently.



The study is published in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gerona/glaf010/7951863?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences</a>. 



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Dog walking improves mobility and prevents falls in older adults

The morning ritual of walking the dog might be more...

A global survey spanning 68 countries has revealed that public trust in scientists remains high. This study, led by researchers from the University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, is the largest post-pandemic analysis of trust in science, societal expectations, and research priorities. 



With responses from nearly 72,000 individuals, the findings challenge the common perception that public confidence in scientists is in decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trust-in-science-remains-high">Trust in science remains high</h2>



The study found that, on average, people across the world have a moderately high level of trust in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/power-of-words-how-language-framing-shapes-our-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scientists</a>. 



"Our results show that most people in most countries have a relatively high level of trust in scientists and want them to play an active role in society and politics," noted Viktoria Cologna, principal investigator from <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>.



On a scale from 1 (very low trust) to 5 (very high trust), the average trust level was 3.62, indicating that most respondents still view scientists favorably. 



Furthermore, 78% of participants perceive scientists as qualified, 57% consider them honest, and 56% believe they are concerned about the well-being of the public. These findings counter the widely repeated claim that there is a crisis of trust in science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-gap-between-scientists-and-public">Growing gap between scientists and public</h2>



While the overall trust in scientists remains strong, the study also uncovers areas of concern. One key issue is the perceived disconnect between scientists and the public. 



Only 42% of respondents believed that scientists pay attention to public opinion. This suggests that while people trust scientists, they feel that researchers do not always consider the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perspectives</a> and priorities of the general public.



"Our results also show that many people in many countries feel that the priorities of science are not always well aligned with their own priorities," said study co-author Niels G. Mede from the <a href="https://www.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Zurich</a>.



"We recommend that scientists take these results seriously and find ways to be more receptive to feedback and open to dialogue with the public." 



This perceived gap may contribute to skepticism in certain areas of research and policy. When scientists fail to communicate effectively with the public or do not engage in meaningful discussions, trust can erode over time. 



The findings suggest that more efforts are needed to bridge this divide and ensure that scientific research aligns with public needs and expectations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-political-polarization-and-regional-differences">Political polarization and regional differences</h2>



The study also highlights significant differences in trust levels in science based on political orientation and regional contexts.



In Western countries, people with right-wing political views tend to trust scientists less than those with left-wing views. This trend reflects a growing political polarization in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-flies-by-much-faster-as-we-get-older-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attitudes</a> toward science, particularly on topics such as climate change, public health, and technological advancements.



However, the study revealed that in most countries, political ideology does not strongly influence trust in scientists. This suggests that while political divisions exist in certain regions, they do not necessarily represent a global trend.



Instead, trust in science is shaped by a combination of cultural, economic, and historical factors unique to each country.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-more-active-role-for-scientists">A more active role for scientists </h2>



The survey results indicate that a majority of people want scientists to engage more actively in public life and policymaking. 



Globally, 83% of respondents believed that scientists should communicate their work to the public, highlighting the importance of science communication in building trust and understanding.



Beyond communication, 52% of the respondents supported greater involvement of scientists in policymaking. This reflects a strong public desire for science-based decision-making in areas such as health, environment, and social policy.



However, opinions on advocacy remain divided. While a significant portion of the population believed scientists should contribute to shaping policies, only 23% believed they should actively advocate for specific policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-priorities-do-not-always-align">Scientific priorities do not always align</h2>



The study also examined public perceptions of research priorities. Participants ranked health, energy solutions, and poverty reduction as the most important areas of scientific research. 



These findings highlight widespread support for science that directly improves quality of life and addresses global challenges.



Conversely, research on defense and military technology received lower priority among respondents. Many believe that science is currently placing too much emphasis on military advances rather than focusing on issues that directly benefit society.



This misalignment between public expectations and scientific priorities suggests a need for greater transparency in funding decisions and research agendas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthening-trust-in-science">Strengthening trust in science</h2>



Despite the positive findings on public trust, the study emphasized the need for scientists to actively engage with the public. Trust is not static - it requires continuous effort from the scientific community to maintain and strengthen.



By promoting open discussions, listening to public concerns, and ensuring that research aligns with societal needs, scientists can reinforce their credibility and relevance in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotions-sensory-perception-brain-fascinating-interplay/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern world</a>.



As scientific advances continue to shape societies, the relationship between researchers and the public will remain critical. Strengthening trust through communication, transparency, and responsiveness will help ensure that science continues to serve the needs of people worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-02090-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a>.



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Most people trust science, but want better communication

A global survey spanning 68 countries has revealed that public...

A recent study led by researchers at Cornell University has revealed that smaller fish species offer significant advantages for both public health and environmental conservation.&nbsp;



Conducted in the Amazon River, the study highlights that smaller fish are more nutritious, contain lower levels of mercury, and are less vulnerable to overfishing compared to larger species. 



These findings, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.12.010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>, have global implications for biodiversity preservation and food security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-holistic-approach-to-fish-consumption">A holistic approach to fish consumption</h2>



The study, titled “Accessible, Low-mercury and Nutritious Fish Provide Win-Wins for Conservation and Public Health,” was authored by a team of <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell</a> researchers in collaboration with colleagues from <a href="https://www.brooklyn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brooklyn College</a> and the <a href="https://www.wcs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Conservation Society</a>.&nbsp;



The research moves beyond traditional siloed assessments of fish consumption, which typically focus on either nutritional value or environmental impact.



“Fish can provide a nutritious source of food at lower environmental cost than other animal-sourced foods, but fish can also potentially expose consumers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mercury-emissions-from-human-activities-are-declining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury</a> contamination, and overexploitation of oceans and rivers harms biodiversity,” said lead author Sebastian Heilpern, a postdoctoral fellow in Cornell’s College of Veterinary Medicine.&nbsp;



“Often, these risks versus benefits are looked at in siloes, but we wanted to look at them holistically.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-fish-species-are-most-beneficial">Small fish species are most beneficial</h2>



The research team analyzed 59 fish species in the Amazon River, examining their nutritional value, mercury content, price, and abundance.&nbsp;



The results showed that smaller, more common fish species tend to be more nutritious, lower in mercury, and less expensive than their larger counterparts. These fish also pose a lower risk of overfishing due to their faster reproduction cycles.



Larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-are-getting-smaller-as-waters-temperatures-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> species, by contrast, accumulate more mercury as they live longer and consume mercury-contaminated prey. This issue is particularly severe in the Amazon, where poorly regulated gold mining introduces mercury into waterways. 



The bioaccumulation of mercury in species like goliath catfish is a pressing concern, especially as these fish are often culturally prized and preferred for their size and ease of preparation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-environmental-toll-of-large-fish">The environmental toll of large fish</h2>



Globally, the preference for larger fish species such as tuna and salmon comes with significant ecological costs.&nbsp;



Many large fish take long migratory routes, which are increasingly disrupted by human activities such as dam construction and habitat fragmentation. These disruptions jeopardize their reproduction and make these species more vulnerable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>.



In addition to their ecological fragility, larger fish contribute less to sustainable nutrition. Smaller fish, with their shorter lifespans and faster growth cycles, are richer in essential micronutrients like iron and zinc, which are crucial for human health.&nbsp;



According to Heilpern, these nutrients are linked to cell metabolism and growth, underscoring the nutritional superiority of smaller species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-beyond-the-amazon">Lessons beyond the Amazon</h2>



While the study focused on the Amazon River - a region with unparalleled biodiversity, hosting roughly 2,500 fish species - its findings are relevant on a global scale.&nbsp;



The challenges faced by larger fish species in the Amazon mirror those encountered by marine species worldwide. Human activities and climate change continue to strain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic ecosystems</a>, making it increasingly important to prioritize sustainable food sources.



“Though humans tend to prize larger fish species, for cultural reasons and easier preparation, globally, larger fish have higher mercury levels and are more vulnerable to human pressures,” Heilpern noted.&nbsp;



By shifting focus to smaller species, communities can reduce ecological pressures while improving public health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-small-fish-species">Advantages of small fish species</h2>



The researchers advocate for a shift in public health messaging to emphasize the benefits of consuming smaller fish. Such messaging should integrate the nutritional, environmental, and economic advantages of smaller fish species, promoting a more holistic approach to sustainable diets.



“Human food systems are a huge driver of biodiversity loss in the environment. At the same time, biodiversity in our food systems sustains the nourishment that humanity depends upon,” Heilpern explained.



This interconnectedness between food systems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> calls for solutions that benefit both human health and ecological systems.&nbsp;



By educating consumers on the facts, policymakers can support healthier, more sustainable food choices while alleviating pressure on vulnerable species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sustainable-path-forward">A sustainable path forward</h2>



As global fish populations face mounting challenges from overfishing, pollution, and climate change, the insights from this study offer a clear path toward sustainability.&nbsp;



Smaller fish species, with their nutritional richness and resilience, represent a practical solution for meeting the growing demand for food without exacerbating environmental damage.&nbsp;



By embracing this shift in focus, humanity can work toward a more balanced relationship with aquatic ecosystems, ensuring both biodiversity and public health are preserved for future generations.



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Small fish species are the 'big catch' of the future

A recent study led by researchers at Cornell University has...

Screen time and content choices for young children have always sparked heated debates among parents and experts. Now, a recent study led by&nbsp;Linda Pagani, a professor at the Université de Montréal’s School of Psychoeducation, has revealed the long-term risks associated with early exposure to violent media. 



The research, conducted with nearly 2,000 children, found a strong link between violent content viewed in early childhood and antisocial behavior during adolescence. 



The study’s findings emphasize the need for increased awareness among parents and communities about the potential consequences of exposing young children to violent media.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-risks-of-violent-media">Long-term risks of violent media</h2>



While previous research has established a causal link between media violence and immediate aggressive behavior in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-classes-improve-childrens-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young children</a>, few studies have examined its long-term impact. 



Pagani and her team set out to investigate whether early exposure to violent television content could predict antisocial behavior more than a decade later. The research was focused on middle-class children, a group that typically has the lowest risk of engaging in aggression or harmful behaviors.



“It was ideal to study this question with typically developing middle-class children because, as a population, they have the lowest chances of engaging in aggression and behavior harmful to others,” noted Pagani.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exposure-to-violent-media">Exposure to violent media</h2>



The study analyzed data from&nbsp;963 girls and 982 boys&nbsp;born between 1997 and 1998, all of whom were enrolled in the&nbsp;Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. 



Parents reported how frequently their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supportive-adults-help-protect-children-from-mental-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children</a> were exposed to violent television content at ages&nbsp;3.5 and 4.5, while the children themselves provided self-reports of antisocial behavior at&nbsp;age 15. 



The study defined screen violence as media that includes physical aggression, verbal aggression, or relational aggression, all of which depict situations in which harm is intentionally caused to others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinforced-violence-in-media">Reinforced violence in media</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parent-children-relationships-are-key-to-lifelong-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Children</a> are naturally drawn to fast-paced, stimulating content, particularly when it features engaging and appealing characters. The study noted that many of these characters, such as superheroes, often engage in violent behavior and are even rewarded for their actions. 



This reinforcement increases the likelihood that children will be repeatedly exposed to violent content, shaping their perceptions of aggression as acceptable or even beneficial. 



To ensure that their findings were as accurate as possible, the researchers accounted for various child and family factors that could have influenced the results. 



By controlling for these alternative explanations, the study aimed to establish a clear relationship between early media exposure and later behavioral outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boys-are-more-affected">Boys are more affected</h2>



One of the most significant findings of the study was that boys who watched violent television content in early childhood showed increased levels of antisocial behavior at age 15. 



The behaviors observed included&nbsp;physical aggression, such as hitting or beating another person to obtain something, and&nbsp;theft, whether for personal gain or without any clear reason. 



Other risk factors included&nbsp;threats, insults, involvement in gang fights, and even the use of weapons. These findings suggest that the influence of violent media during early childhood can persist well into adolescence, shaping behavioral patterns that may lead to serious consequences.



Interestingly, the study did not find the same effects for girls. This was not entirely surprising, as research has consistently shown that boys are more frequently exposed to violent content than girls. While girls may watch some violent media, they are generally less engaged with content that glorifies aggression.



The absence of long-term effects in girls reinforces the idea that the impact of media violence is not universal but rather influenced by factors such as exposure levels and gender differences in media consumption habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-public-health-action">Need for public health action</h2>



Pagani emphasized the importance of raising awareness among parents and communities about the risks of early media violence exposure. 



”Our study provides compelling evidence that early childhood exposure to media violence can have serious, long-lasting consequences, particularly for boys. This underscores the urgent need for public health initiatives that target campaigns to inform parents and communities about the long-term risks and empower them to make informed choices about young children's screen content exposure,” Pagani stated.



The research team, which included experts from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.umontreal.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Université de Montréal</a>, the United States, and Italy, concluded that parents and communities play a crucial role in mitigating the potential risks associated with violent media. 



By carefully selecting age-appropriate content and limiting exposure to violence, caregivers can help protect children from developing aggressive tendencies that may persist into adolescence and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-mental-health-in-teens">Protecting mental health in teens</h2>



This study adds to the growing body of evidence that early exposure to media violence has long-term consequences, particularly for boys. 



While parents may not always be able to control every aspect of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-near-homes-reduce-emotional-problems-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child</a>’s media consumption, they have the power to make informed choices that promote healthier development. 



Encouraging children to engage with non-violent, educational, and prosocial content can help promote empathy, problem-solving skills, and positive social interactions.



As media consumption continues to rise among young children, understanding its potential impact on future behavior is more important than ever. By taking proactive measures, parents and communities can work together to create a safer and healthier media environment for future generations.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/22/1/129" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</a>. 



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Early exposure to violent media increases aggression in teens

Screen time and content choices for young children have always...

In a world where food security remains a pressing challenge, scientists continue to seek innovative ways to enhance crop production. A recent study from the University of Tasmania has uncovered a crucial role for auxin, a tiny but powerful plant hormone, in determining how plants store energy. 



The findings, published in the journal Nature Communications, reveal that auxin is not just a growth regulator - it plays a pivotal role in starch production.



This discovery has profound implications for global agriculture, offering new possibilities for increasing the starch content of staple crops such as rice, maize, and peas. If harnessed effectively, auxin could help improve food availability for billions of people worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auxin-not-just-a-growth-hormone">Auxin: Not just a growth hormone</h2>



For decades, auxin has been recognized as a master regulator of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-seeds-go-dormant-to-avoid-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant development</a>. It influences various growth processes, from cell elongation to root formation. 



However, the new research from the <a href="https://www.utas.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tasmania</a> has shown that auxin also plays a critical role in energy storage, particularly in the form of starch accumulation within seeds.



"It turns out this tiny molecule holds the key to how plants store energy, particularly in the form of starch," said study co-author Professor John Ross.



This discovery challenges the long-held view that auxin is primarily involved in plant growth. Instead, the findings indicate that auxin acts as a central orchestrator of starch formation in crops. Without auxin, seeds cannot efficiently stockpile starch, a component that makes up 60-80% of rice grains.



Given that rice is a staple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food</a> for more than half of the world’s population, understanding how auxin regulates starch production could have major consequences for food security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanisms-behind-starch-accumulation">Mechanisms behind starch accumulation</h2>



The study integrates a wide range of research, including the team’s own experiments, to establish how auxin drives starch accumulation in seeds. The researchers found that auxin operates through three interconnected mechanisms. 



First, it stimulates the activity of starch-producing genes, ensuring that plants can efficiently synthesize starch at the genetic level. 



Second, auxin plays a crucial role in energy generation within seeds, providing the necessary fuel for starch biosynthesis. 



Finally, the hormone ensures that sugar is transported efficiently into developing seeds, ensuring a steady supply of raw materials for starch formation.



These findings present a more comprehensive picture of how auxin functions beyond its well-documented role in plant growth. 



The research team developed a hypothetical model that integrates these three mechanisms, providing a framework for future studies into how auxin promotes starch accumulation across different plant systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-food-security-with-auxin">Transforming food security with auxin</h2>



As the global population continues to rise, the demand for staple crops such as rice and maize is expected to increase significantly. 



The findings of this study open up exciting possibilities for enhancing crop yields naturally. By fine-tuning auxin pathways, scientists could potentially supercharge starch production in key crops, making them more productive and resilient to environmental stresses.



Professor Ross described the discovery as a major breakthrough with the potential to address some of the biggest challenges in agriculture today. "Understanding auxin's role could be a game-changer, especially for crops that billions rely on," he said.



Rather than introducing genetically modified traits or synthetic chemicals, researchers could leverage auxin, a hormone that plants already produce, to enhance carbohydrate accumulation in crops. 



This approach offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to increase food production without compromising plant health.



Dr. Erin McAdam, another co-author of the study, emphasized the enormous potential of this research in tackling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-diet-shifts-the-hidden-costs-of-what-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food</a> security challenges.



"Our work shows how a hormone plants already make can be harnessed to naturally boost carbohydrates in seed crops. There is huge scope for fundamental and applied research in this area, work that is critical if we want to feed billions of people," she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-frontier-in-crop-science">A new frontier in crop science</h2>



While these findings offer exciting possibilities, scientists caution that further research is needed to fully understand auxin’s role in starch synthesis. 



The study lays a strong foundation for future exploration, but unlocking the full potential of auxin-based crop enhancement will require additional studies across different plant species and growing conditions.



The implications of this research extend beyond rice and maize. Other staple crops, including wheat, barley, and legumes, could also benefit from a better understanding of auxin’s impact on starch production. 



If researchers can develop targeted methods to enhance auxin’s activity in seeds, it may be possible to create crops that not only yield more but also provide greater nutritional value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-toward-global-food-security">Path toward global food security</h2>



The discovery that auxin plays a key role in starch accumulation marks an important step forward in agricultural science. 



With global food security under increasing pressure due to climate change, population growth, and limited arable land, innovative solutions are needed to ensure a stable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-in-a-race-against-time-to-save-our-food-supply-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food supply</a>. 



Auxin-based approaches offer a promising, natural way to enhance crop productivity without relying on genetic modification or chemical interventions.



By continuing to investigate auxin’s functions, scientists may unlock new strategies to optimize plant growth and energy storage, paving the way for more resilient and abundant food crops. 



The road ahead is filled with possibilities, and while more research is needed, the potential benefits of harnessing auxin are too significant to ignore. If successful, this tiny molecule could play a massive role in shaping the future of food security worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55756-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.&nbsp;



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Tiny molecule could shape the future of food security

In a world where food security remains a pressing challenge,...

Many individuals aspire not just to live as long as possible, but to remain healthy and active throughout their lifespan. Yet as people get older, the likelihood of encountering conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and sarcopenia (a gradual loss of muscle mass and strength) increases.&nbsp;



In a new effort to promote healthy aging, researchers from the <a href="https://www.isas.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences</a> (ISAS) have discovered that the natural compound ergothioneine can boost the health span of aging animals.&nbsp;



The findings, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2024.12.008" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Metabolism</a>, provide insights into this substance’s potential for safeguarding against age-related diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anti-aging-benefits-of-a-mushroom-compound">Anti-aging benefits of a mushroom compound </h2>



Ergothioneine occurs naturally in certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a>. The compound can be found in oyster and shiitake mushrooms, as well as in fermented foods. It is often marketed as a dietary supplement or added to cosmetics to provide “anti-aging” benefits, yet the underlying mechanism behind these benefits has been poorly understood.



“Our analyses now finally provide clarity about the mechanism and also show that ergothioneine has promising therapeutic potential for the prevention of age-related diseases,” said Miloš Filipović, corresponding author and head of the ERC Sulfaging research group at ISAS.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-lifespan-mobility-and-resistance-to-stress">Enhancing lifespan, mobility, and resistance to stress</h2>



In their study, the researchers explored how ergothioneine affects various animals, including the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (a nematode).&nbsp;



Scientists at ISAS noted that giving ergothioneine from young adulthood not only lengthened the worms’ lives, but also increased their mobility, boosted their capacity to handle stress, and lowered markers linked with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-studies-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>.



“As the animals got older, the contrast with the control group became more significant. In addition, we did not observe any undesirable side effects - nor did other studies,” said Dunja Petrovic, whose doctoral research at ISAS contributed to the publication.



Collaborators at the <a href="http://arhiva.rect.bg.ac.rs/en/index.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Belgrade</a> observed similar effects in mammals, testing ergothioneine on six nine-month-old rats for three weeks. They administered roughly 10 milligrams of ergothioneine per day, equivalent to the amount found in 4.5 grams of dried oyster mushrooms.&nbsp;



Not only did the rats show better endurance, but they also experienced increased muscle mass, greater vascularization of muscle tissue, and higher numbers of muscle stem cells, indicating potential relevance for preventing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecule-in-coffee-trigonelline-keeps-muscles-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sarcopenia</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthening-cells-through-hydrogen-sulfide">Strengthening cells through hydrogen sulfide</h2>



To understand the processes behind these observations, the research team used mass spectrometry on human and mouse cell cultures. They found that ergothioneine can serve as an alternative substrate for cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), a key enzyme involved in producing hydrogen sulfide (H₂S).&nbsp;



This signaling molecule helps shield cells from oxidative stress via persulfidation - a cellular process previously shown to decline with age, but which can be positively influenced by dietary factors.



Prior work from 2019 by Filipović and colleagues has demonstrated that the rate of persulfidation decreases over time, potentially contributing to age-related problems ranging from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a> to neurodegenerative disorders.&nbsp;



The new data expands upon those findings, demonstrating how ergothioneine specifically stimulates persulfidation of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). This upregulation of GPDH, in turn, promotes higher levels of NAD+, a coenzyme known for supporting increased lifespan.



“The human body is not able to produce ergothioneine itself. However, such a specific utilization mechanism suggests that it is very important for us,” Petrovic said.&nbsp;



Scientists at <a href="https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heidelberg University</a>, the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a>, and ISAS verified that ergothioneine’s benefits rely on the CSE-dependent pathway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-better-health-with-age">Maintaining better health with age</h2>



Encouraged by these promising outcomes, the researchers examined the effects of a brief, five-day treatment of ergothioneine in young rats. A daily dose of about 10 milligrams significantly raised their endurance and boosted NAD+ levels in their blood serum.



“This indicates that ergothioneine influences the metabolism in a similar way to performance-enhancing agents,” Filipović said. He plans to carry out a study involving healthy human volunteers to evaluate whether the compound can similarly enhance performance in people.



By offering a clearer perspective on how ergothioneine improves muscle health, stress resilience, and cellular defenses, this research sets the stage for new strategies aimed at maintaining good health into advanced age.&nbsp;



As further investigations confirm these findings in humans, the mushroom compound ergothioneine may emerge as a valuable resource for countering age-related diseases and promoting a more robust, active life.



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Mushroom compound  linked to better health and longer life

Many individuals aspire not just to live as long as...

Dog ownership is often celebrated for the happiness and companionship it brings, but it also comes with significant responsibilities.



A recent study by researchers at the Department of Ethology at the <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE) offers a detailed look at the benefits and challenges experienced by dog owners. 



The findings emphasize that while having a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> can be a source of immense joy, it also involves substantial commitments that potential owners should consider carefully.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mixed-emotions-of-dog-ownership">The mixed emotions of dog ownership</h2>



The study gathered responses from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-owners-ages-and-beliefs-influence-their-pet-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a> who rated 33 neutral statements about living with dogs on a scale from -3 (big disadvantage) to +3 (big advantage).&nbsp;



Owners were also invited to share in their own words what they considered the biggest benefit and the biggest cost of owning a dog. This approach helped capture a broad spectrum of experiences, revealing that dog ownership is neither purely positive nor entirely burdensome.



Owners rated the idea that “dogs brighten people’s lives” the highest, with an average score of 2.78, indicating a strong belief that dogs enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human well-being</a>. In contrast, the fact that dogs have relatively short lifespans was rated the most negatively, at -1.67 on average.&nbsp;



Overall, positive aspects were rated much higher (average of 2.06) compared to negative ones (-0.66), showing that most owners find more joy than hardship in their relationships with their dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-components-of-the-dog-ownership-experience">Key components of the dog ownership experience</h2>



The researchers identified three key themes that emerged from the data:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-physical-and-social-benefits">Emotional, physical, and social benefits</h3>



Many owners expressed that dogs bring substantial emotional support, motivate them to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/family-dogs-boost-physical-activity-levels-among-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>, and provide valuable companionship. A significant number of respondents mentioned that the deepest benefit of dog ownership was the meaningful relationship they developed with their pet.&nbsp;



Dogs were often described as honest, devoted and supportive social partners, exhibiting unconditional and selfless love to their human family.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-challenges-and-negative-emotions">Practical challenges and negative emotions</h3>



While the joys of dog companionship were evident, owners also noted various challenges. These included the stress of managing a pet’s behavioral issues, coping with medical problems, and handling unexpected expenses.&nbsp;



Though such negative aspects were mentioned less frequently than positive ones, they still affected some owners, potentially leading to chronic stress or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-fruit-can-protect-you-from-late-life-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> over time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-commitment-and-responsibility">Long-term commitment and responsibility</h3>



The third component centered on the long-term responsibilities of caring for a dog. This encompasses daily tasks like feeding, training, and veterinary care, as well as the impact of a dog on an owner’s lifestyle and daily routines.&nbsp;



Opinions on these responsibilities varied: some saw them as a fulfilling part of the experience, while others viewed them as burdensome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewards-and-challenges-of-dog-ownership-nbsp">Rewards and challenges of dog ownership&nbsp;</h2>



Over sixty percent of dog owners pointed out that the most significant benefit of having a pet dog was the deep, meaningful bond they share with their animal. They often described their dogs as loyal companions who provide unwavering love and support.&nbsp;



Additionally, about 31% of respondents highlighted that owning a dog encouraged a healthier lifestyle, promoting regular exercise and outdoor activities, while bringing stability to their daily routines.&nbsp;



Another 15% appreciated the unique bond formed with a member of another species, admiring the intrinsic qualities of dogs.



On the other hand, nearly all participants (95%) cited financial costs as the primary challenge of dog ownership. Expenses related to veterinary care, food, grooming, and other needs can be substantial and often represent the most significant burden.&nbsp;



Emotional and practical difficulties were less frequently mentioned, but they can also affect owners who struggle with particular issues, though some may hesitate to discuss such struggles openly due to fear of judgment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-balanced-view-for-prospective-owners">A balanced view for prospective owners</h2>



The study’s results paint a complex picture of dog ownership. While the positive aspects - such as companionship, emotional support, and an active lifestyle - are significant, the responsibilities and costs involved cannot be ignored.&nbsp;



Lead researcher Laura Gillet pointed out that the commitment and responsibilities can be seen as beneficial by some and burdensome by others.



This comprehensive insight into the dog ownership experience underscores the importance of making conscious adoption choices.&nbsp;



Prospective dog owners are encouraged to consider both the rewards and the responsibilities, to ensure that they can provide a stable, nurturing environment for their future pets.&nbsp;



By understanding the full scope of what dog ownership entails, people can set realistic expectations and better prepare for a relationship that is as fulfilling as it is challenging.



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Rewards of dog ownership outweigh the challenges

Dog ownership is often celebrated for the happiness and companionship...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



—–



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



-----



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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