Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

The inclusion of fiber in the diet has been linked to a variety of health perks for decades. The body needs this essential nutrient to keep digestion running smoothly and maintain steady blood sugar levels.&nbsp;



Most experts recommend at least 25 grams per day for women and 38 grams for men, yet many adults in the United States barely reach half that goal. But there is more to this story than a happy belly or balanced glucose.&nbsp;



A recent study in Nature Metabolism shows that fiber may also leave a mark on our genes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-fiber-still-matters">Why fiber still matters</h2>



Fiber comes in many forms, from the crunchy stems of leafy greens to the chewy shells of beans and nuts. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/want-to-lose-weight-try-eating-more-protein-and-fiber/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dietary fiber</a> travels to the large intestine, where friendly bacteria feast on it.&nbsp;



This feast produces short-chain fatty acids, including propionate and butyrate, which have gained attention recently for their effects on gut health.



Researchers have been eager to see whether these acids from fibers impact genes beyond basic energy production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fiber-gut-and-fatty-acids">Fiber, gut, and fatty acids</h2>



The science behind short-chain fatty acids and genes has intrigued experts for years, and now <a href="https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/michael-snyder" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Snyder</a>, Stanford B. Ascherman Professor of Genetics at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, has shed more light on it through this project. 



His team traced the biological footprints of propionate and butyrate in both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fiber-rich-diets-reduce-antimicrobial-resistance-in-the-gut/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">normal cells</a> and cancer cells. 



The aim was to see how these acids might switch genes on or off in ways that influence the growth and survival of cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-fiber-impacts-genes-nbsp">How fiber impacts genes&nbsp;</h2>



Short-chain fatty acids are generated when gut microbes break down fiber. They move into the bloodstream and can reach different tissues.&nbsp;



The study found that propionate and butyrate attach to certain sites on histones - which are proteins that act like spools for DNA - causing direct modifications on genes related to cell division and cell death.



“We found a direct link between eating fiber and modulation of gene function that has anti-cancer effects,” said Snyder.



Instead of simply describing fiber’s link to good health, the researchers pinpointed the exact molecular changes behind those benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-uncontrolled-cell-growth">Preventing uncontrolled cell growth</h2>



Cancer often begins when cells lose their usual checks and balances. Normal cells are expected to grow, specialize, and sometimes self-destruct if there’s a problem.&nbsp;



When those processes go haywire, mutated cells can survive too long or multiply too fast. The study uncovered how certain chemical markers on genes for cell regulation might switch in a protective way when these short-chain fatty acids are around.



It is generally the case that people’s diets are very poor in fiber. Adjusting meal plans to include foods like beans, nuts, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/certain-vegetables-protect-us-from-illness-by-strengthening-the-lung-barrier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cruciferous vegetables</a>, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-one-avocado-each-day-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avocados</a> may promote the production of more of these acids, potentially offering some defense against abnormal cell growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-gut-and-genes-might-need-more-fiber">Why gut and genes might need more fiber</h2>



A diet that skimps on fiber starves the microbes that produce these beneficial fatty acids. Low levels can reduce the supply of butyrate and propionate.



That could leave you short on important chemical signals that appear to help keep unwanted cellular behavior under control.&nbsp;



According to the <a href="https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/carbohydrates/fiber/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>, most Americans only consume around 15 grams of fiber daily, which falls short of <a href="https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/carbohydrates/fiber/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recommended amounts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-risk-and-fiber-s-gene-protective-role">Cancer risk and fiber’s gene-protective role</h2>



Colon cancer is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-cooking-oils-in-your-diet-may-be-linked-to-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concern for many adults</a>. The <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Cancer Society</a> estimates that about 1 in 23 men and 1 in 25 women will be diagnosed with colon cancer at some point in their lifetime. 



This new study provides a window into how the byproducts of fiber breakdown might influence gene behavior in the colon, and possibly other tissues, in a helpful way.



“By identifying the gene targets of these important molecules we can understand how fiber exerts its beneficial effects,” said Snyder.&nbsp;



Although more work is needed to confirm how each type of fiber interacts with the gut and the rest of the body, this adds to growing evidence that diet and cancer risk are tightly woven together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-between-diet-gut-and-genes">Connection between diet, gut, and genes</h2>



The research highlights the importance of diet as a modulator of genetic signals. 



It also emphasizes potential opportunities for personalized strategies that combine better eating habits with therapies aimed at correcting harmful gene activity.&nbsp;



Many clinicians see fiber as a key feature of a balanced diet, and these findings may prompt more specific guidelines on how much and which types of fiber are most valuable for long-term health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-foods-can-boost-fiber-intake">What foods can boost fiber intake?</h2>



Whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes remain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ketogenic-diet-may-help-the-body-kill-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">top options</a> for boosting your daily fiber count. Vegetables like Brussels sprouts and broccoli, as well as fruits such as raspberries, also offer generous amounts.&nbsp;



Even small shifts like opting for a whole-wheat tortilla instead of a white-flour tortilla can push your numbers up. 



For individuals who struggle to reach recommended targets, talking with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian can point the way to practical changes that nourish both you and your gut bacteria.



People sometimes balk at the thought of adding more plant-based foods to their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-dietary-changes-are-best-for-cancer-prevention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a>. But a gradual introduction may help your gut adjust without uncomfortable bloating or gas.&nbsp;



Your digestive system, along with your genes, could benefit from these simple swaps, especially as ongoing research on fiber clarifies the links between short-chain fatty acids and various cellular pathways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-health-research">Future of health research</h2>



All signs suggest that fiber is more than just a helper for digestion. These insights about short-chain fatty acids may prompt further collaboration between nutrition science and genetics.&nbsp;



By paying attention to what our microbes need, we may discover fresh paths to protect our cells from harm. The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-024-01191-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Metabolism</a>.



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Eating enough fiber prevents cancer in a surprising way

The inclusion of fiber in the diet has been linked...

Massive slabs of ancient Antarctic ice have drawn the world’s attention once again. An international team has retrieved a 9,186-foot (2,800 meter) ice core from a remote part of the icy continent, and its layers may shed light on a dramatic chapter in Earth’s climate history.



The core stretches almost the length of 25 soccer fields laid end to end, or reaches a height equivalent to six and a half Empire State Buildings, including its antenna.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-core-reveals-climate-history">Ice core reveals climate history</h2>



Scientists say the newly collected core reached down to the bedrock beneath the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-ice-in-antarctica-could-wake-sleeping-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic Ice</a> Sheet and it extends back 1.2 million years in time.



The <a href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU24/EGU24-8041.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> took place in a challenging region called <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024EGUGA..26.8041W/abstract">Little Dome C</a>, which is situated 21 miles (34 kilometers) from the <a href="https://institut-polaire.fr/en/antarctica/concordia-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Italian-French Concordia</a> research station. 



Temperatures there often remain below minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit, and gusty winds make work conditions tough.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-time-machine">A time machine</h2>



Shortly after the drilling was complete, team members called the sample a “time machine.” 



The description reflects the fact that each segment of ice captures evidence of our planet’s temperature, atmospheric composition, and greenhouse gas levels at the time the ice was formed.&nbsp;



The efforts are part of the <a href="https://www.beyondepica.eu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beyond EPICA project</a> that is coordinated by <a href="https://www.unive.it/data/people/5590288" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Carlo Barbante</a> of Italy’s <a href="https://www.unive.it/pag/13526" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ca’ Foscari University of Venice</a> and the <a href="https://deims.org/organisations/1d2d7397-2f42-47af-8489-31c3098a9570" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Polar Sciences of the National Research Council of Italy</a>.&nbsp;



Professor Barbante explained that tiny bubbles of air trapped in the ice preserve past levels of gases like carbon dioxide and methane.



These <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/20859" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clues</a> allow experts to investigate how volcanic activity, Earth’s orbital cycles, and solar fluctuations affected global temperatures over millennia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-the-ice-matter">Why does the ice matter?</h2>



Researchers have been searching for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-melting-ice-shelves-threaten-global-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> that predates a puzzling event known as the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379106002332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mid-Pleistocene Transition</a>. 



Before about 1 million years ago, our world’s ice ages lasted around 41,000 years each. Then they shifted to a 100,000-year rhythm for reasons that remain uncertain.



This change could have had a profound influence on early human populations. Studying ancient air trapped in these deep layers of ice cores might show how and why the glacial cycles altered so dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-near-miss-for-humanity">A near-miss for humanity?</h2>



Some researchers suspect the planet’s harsh climate swings nearly caused the extinction of our own ancestors around this time. 



According to a recent study in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq7487" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, the global breeding population of humans may have plummeted to about 1,280 individuals between 930,000 and 813,000 years ago.



Although opinions vary on how close our lineage came to disappearing, this finding highlights the possible severity of those changing conditions. 



If the newly recovered ice records support the same timeframe, the data could help clarify whether environmental shifts had an outsized impact on survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-the-oldest-ice-cores">Preserving the oldest ice cores</h2>



The bottommost 688 feet (210 meters) of this core appear to hold exceptionally old and possibly deformed ice. The drilling team is eager to examine these compressed bands and understand how they refroze.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/profile/rmu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Robert Mulvaney</a>, a glaciologist with the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>, noted that intense heat from Earth’s mantle can melt the lowest layers if they are too thick.&nbsp;



“This can happen when the heat escaping from the Earth’s mantle is trapped by a thick insulating blanket of ice,” said Mulvaney. Scientists hope that studying these lower sections will reveal whether ice older than 1.2 million years might still exist in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctica</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-even-earlier-timelines">Potential for even earlier timelines</h2>



Experts want to see if the ice can confirm whether sections from the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/quaternary-period.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pre-Quaternary Period</a> (2.58 million years ago or more) are hidden below. Findings from these layers might point to moments when Antarctica was ice-free.&nbsp;



Clues in the lowest strata might also test long-standing hypotheses about when major ice sheets first expanded across the continent. The search for deep records is ongoing, with team members expecting more sophisticated drilling technologies and surveys in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worth-of-ice-cores">Worth of ice cores</h2>



Ice cores have <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027737910900208X">proven</a> their worth for decades. 



They contain annual layers of snowfall, compressed into translucent columns of time. By analyzing each band’s trapped gases and microscopic particles, scientists reconstruct long-term trends in temperature, precipitation, and greenhouse gas activity.&nbsp;



“Antarctic ice cores are like Rosetta Stones. They are unique in that they speak the language of temperature as well as the language of (carbon dioxide) levels,” said <a href="https://college.unc.edu/person/james-w-c-white/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jim White</a>, Craver Family Dean at the <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> at Chapel Hill. 



Experts believe these markers will improve climate prediction models by revealing the timing of ancient changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-outlook">Long-term outlook</h2>



The ice core sections will soon be transported to Europe in special containers. Once there, teams will carry out extensive analysis of dust particles, greenhouse gases, and trapped chemical compounds.&nbsp;



The multi-year journey of scientific discovery may provide deeper insights into how Earth balances complex forces such as solar radiation, volcanic eruptions, and shifting atmospheric currents.&nbsp;



“We have to find other <a href="https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/9/1715/2013/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">places</a> in Antarctica where we can retrieve continuous climate record(s) similar to the one we are studying,” said Barbante. 



Professor Barbante sees future work expanding into other remote areas where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-will-the-antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient ice</a> could hide. The recent update is published in the <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024EGUGA..26.8041W/abstract">Astrophysics Data System</a>.



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Ice core 2-miles-deep may expose the threat that almost wiped out our ancestors

Massive slabs of ancient Antarctic ice have drawn the world’s...

Energy poverty, a condition affecting millions globally, occurs when households allocate at least 8% of their annual income to energy costs. Addressing this pressing issue is no small feat, but new research from MIT shows that providing better data and guidance can make a significant difference.&nbsp;



A field experiment in Amsterdam demonstrated that with the right information and support, households can cut their energy use and expenses dramatically, lifting many out of energy poverty.



“Our energy coaching project as a whole showed a 75 percent success rate at alleviating energy poverty,” said Joseph Llewellyn, a researcher with <a href="https://senseable.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT’s Senseable City Lab</a> and co-author of the study.



Published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-80773-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Scientific Reports</a>, the study revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/household-robots-now-with-added-common-sense-and-ability-to-self-correct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">households</a> reduced their energy expenses by an average of 53%, a remarkable shift that highlights the potential of behavioral interventions to combat energy poverty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-scope-of-energy-poverty">The scope of energy poverty</h2>



Energy poverty affects a significant portion of the population worldwide. In the Netherlands alone, about 550,000 households (7% of the population) are affected, while across the European Union, approximately 50 million people face this issue. In the United States, nearly 30% of households struggle to pay <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/continuous-clean-energy-scientists-are-pulling-power-out-of-thin-air/">energy</a> bills.



With these staggering numbers in mind, the MIT team collaborated with Amsterdam city officials to devise an experiment aimed at identifying effective ways to reduce energy poverty.&nbsp;



Their work not only underscores the importance of addressing energy affordability but also provides a blueprint for scaling similar interventions globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-behavioral-changes-and-energy-costs">Simple behavioral changes and energy costs</h2>



The research team conducted two variations of an energy coaching program. The first group of 67 households received a single report detailing their energy usage alongside tailored advice for improving energy efficiency.&nbsp;



The second group, comprising 50 households, received the same coaching but was also equipped with a smart device that offered real-time updates on energy consumption. Both groups also benefited from minor energy-saving upgrades, such as improved insulation.



The results were impressive: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-applications-can-use-as-much-power-as-entire-nations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electricity consumption</a> dropped by 33% and gas usage by 42%, on average. Total energy costs were slashed by over half, bringing the percentage of household income spent on energy down from 10.1% to 5.3%.



Llewellyn noted that simple behavioral changes, such as heating only occupied rooms and unplugging idle devices, were among the most impactful.&nbsp;



“The range of energy literacy was quite wide from one home to the next,” he explained. Importantly, the approach emphasized collaboration rather than judgment. 



“I never said, ‘Oh, you’re using way too much.’ It was always working on it with the households, depending on what people need for their homes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-real-time-monitoring">The role of real-time monitoring</h2>



Households equipped with smart devices that tracked energy use in real time typically used them for only three to four weeks after receiving coaching. Despite this short duration, the devices had a lasting impact on behavior.



“Our research shows that smart devices need to be accompanied by a close understanding of what drives families to change their behaviors,” said Titus Venverloo, a co-author and researcher with MIT’s Senseable City Lab.



The limited use of these devices suggests that while real-time data can catalyze change, long-term behavior shifts rely more on the initial coaching and understanding of energy-saving practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structural-solutions-beyond-behavior">Structural solutions beyond behavior</h2>



While the study demonstrates the potential of behavioral interventions, it also acknowledges that structural changes are necessary to address energy poverty comprehensively. These include policies to lower energy prices, improve building efficiency, and provide financial support for retrofitting homes.



Llewellyn is currently working with Amsterdam officials on a new project to explore the benefits of retrofitting residential buildings. The challenge lies in ensuring that the costs of upgrades are not passed on to tenants through higher rents.&nbsp;



“We don’t want a household to save money on their energy bills if it also means the rent increases, because then we’ve just displaced expenses from one item to another,” he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-costs-as-an-invisible-burden">Energy costs as an invisible burden</h2>



For low-income households, investing in energy-saving measures like better insulation often feels out of reach. “It’s a big upfront cost for a household that does not have 100 Euros to spend,” noted Llewellyn.&nbsp;



Energy costs are frequently seen as less immediate than necessities like food and clothing, making them a lower priority for struggling families.



“Energy is always going to be this invisible thing that hides behind the walls, and it’s not easy to change that,” Llewellyn said, emphasizing the need for greater awareness and support to help families address this hidden burden.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-policy">Implications for global policy</h2>



The findings from this study have broad implications for policymakers. By combining data-driven insights with hands-on coaching, governments and organizations can empower households to reduce energy costs significantly.&nbsp;



Moreover, structural initiatives like subsidized retrofitting and affordable energy pricing can amplify these efforts, creating long-term solutions for energy poverty.



As Fábio Duarte, another co-author and associate director of MIT’s Senseable City Lab, concluded, “energy poverty afflicts families all over the world. With empirical evidence on which policies work, governments could focus their efforts more effectively.”



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Households energy costs can be reduced with simple changes

Energy poverty, a condition affecting millions globally, occurs when households...

Astronomers have been captivated by the unusual activities of the supermassive black hole 1ES 1927+654. Located about 100 million light-years away, this particular black hole has a mass that is equivalent to roughly one million Suns.&nbsp;



Initially, in 2018, researchers witnessed a striking event when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a>'s corona - a cloud of whirling, white-hot plasma - vanished unexpectedly, only to reassemble months later. 



This dramatic "shut-off" was a first in the study of black holes, setting the stage for further intriguing events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-x-ray-flashes-from-a-black-hole">X-ray flashes from a black hole</h2>



More recently, the same black hole has displayed another baffling phenomenon. Over a span of two years, astronomers detected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-x-ray-radiation-that-spews-out-of-black-holes-surroundings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-ray</a> flashes from 1ES 1927+654 that increased in frequency from one flash every 18 minutes to one every seven minutes. This dramatic speed-up in X-ray oscillations is unprecedented for black holes.



The research team explored various explanations for these flashes and leaned toward a scenario involving a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hungry-white-dwarf-stars-eat-heavy-metals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf</a>.&nbsp;



They propose that a spinning, compact core of a dead star - a white dwarf - is orbiting dangerously close to the black hole's event horizon.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-white-dwarf-hypothesis">The white dwarf hypothesis</h2>



This white dwarf appears to be approaching the boundary where nothing can escape the black hole's gravitational pull while remarkably avoiding being consumed.



“This would be the closest thing that we know of around any black hole,” said lead author Megan Masterson, a graduate student in physics at <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>. “This tells us that objects like white dwarfs may be able to live very close to an event horizon for a relatively extended period of time.”&nbsp;



The scientists suggest that the white dwarf, estimated to be about one-tenth the mass of the Sun, is engaged in a precarious orbit around 1ES 1927+654. Its intense proximity is inferred from the observed X-ray variability, which points to processes occurring near the black hole's edge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flashes-from-a-death-defying-star">Flashes from a death-defying star</h2>



As the white dwarf orbits, it would emit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gravitational-waves-dark-matter-big-bang-breakthrough/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational waves</a>, drawing it ever closer to the black hole. This tightening orbit would naturally lead to an increase in the frequency of X-ray flashes. 



Remarkably, the white dwarf may not actually fall into the black hole despite its close approach.&nbsp;



The researchers theorize that as the white dwarf sheds part of its outer layers, this process provides a counteracting force that prevents the star from crossing the point of no return.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gravitational-waves-and-future-observations">Gravitational waves and future observations</h2>



If the white dwarf scenario is correct, the system is expected to emit gravitational waves at frequencies detectable by instruments like NASA’s upcoming Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA).&nbsp;



“These new detectors are designed to detect oscillations on the scale of minutes, so this black hole system is in that sweet spot,” said Erin Kara, an associate professor of physics at MIT and co-author of the study. 



The detection of such gravitational waves would offer a new way to study the extreme physics near black holes and confirm the presence of the white dwarf.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-variability-in-the-black-hole-flashes">Dramatic variability in the black hole flashes</h2>



Researchers have never before observed such dramatic variability in the X-ray emissions of a supermassive black hole.&nbsp;



“We’ve never seen this dramatic variability in the rate at which it’s flashing,” Masterson said. 



The frequent and escalating X-ray pulses suggest that the phenomenon is occurring very close to the black hole, where high-energy processes dominate and where objects must move at incredible speeds due to strong gravitational forces.



The team examined data from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a>’s XMM-Newton observatory, which specializes in capturing X-ray emissions. 



The discovery of quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray light from this black hole indicates that the source of these emissions is likely in the innermost regions near the event horizon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments-near-supermassive-black-holes">Extreme environments near supermassive black holes</h2>



While one possible explanation for the X-ray patterns was oscillations in the black hole’s corona, the team currently favors the white dwarf hypothesis due to a better grasp of the underlying physics.&nbsp;



The researchers plan to continue monitoring 1ES 1927+654 with current telescopes and prepare for future observations using LISA.



Masterson emphasized the need for continuous observation. “The one thing I’ve learned with this source is to never stop looking at it because it will probably teach us something new.”&nbsp;



As gravitational wave detectors are built, they may capture signals from this extraordinary system, providing deeper insights into the extreme environments near black holes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-physics-of-black-holes">Understanding the physics of black holes </h2>



The behavior of 1ES 1927+654 offers a rare opportunity to study the dynamics of objects in extreme gravitational fields. 



If a white dwarf is indeed orbiting close to the event horizon, this system will serve as a unique laboratory for understanding how matter behaves under such intense conditions.&nbsp;



The increasing frequency of X-ray flashes and the potential detection of gravitational waves could revolutionize our understanding of black hole physics and the life cycles of compact objects in their vicinity.



A preprint of the article - which has been accepted by the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> - has been published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.01581" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a> database.



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Mysterious x-ray flashes are accelerating in a black hole

Astronomers have been captivated by the unusual activities of the...

Beneath the sands of beaches exists a concealed world brimming with life. Researchers at Stanford University have recently analyzed how microbial communities within coastal groundwater react to the intrusion of seawater. 



Published in the journal <a href="https://enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1462-2920.70009" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Microbiology</a>, the study highlights the remarkable diversity of these vital ecosystems and explores their potential responses to the challenges posed by rising sea levels.



These findings highlight the essential role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> thriving in coastal groundwater just beneath sandy beaches.&nbsp;



Although largely unnoticed, these microorganisms help regulate the flow of nutrients and chemicals between land and sea, contributing significantly to the maintenance of clean coastal waters.&nbsp;



As sea levels rise, a deeper understanding of how these ecosystems function will be crucial for their protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vital-role-of-microbial-communities">Vital role of microbial communities</h2>



“Beaches can act as a filter between land and sea, processing groundwater and associated chemicals before they reach the ocean,” said study co-first author Jessica Bullington, a Ph.D. student in Earth system science at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>.



“Understanding how these ecosystems function is key to safeguarding their services in the face of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>.”



Microbial communities in these underground settings are responsible for breaking down excess nutrients - such as nitrogen from natural plant decay or from agricultural and wastewater sources - that would otherwise flow unfiltered into the ocean.&nbsp;



By decomposing these materials, the beach microbes effectively clean the water and play a pivotal part in balancing coastal water chemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-community-composition-and-resilience">Microbial community composition and resilience</h2>



Researchers conducted their investigation at Stinson Beach, a site north of San Francisco. The beach exemplifies a “high-energy” environment, where the surf is vigorous, yet few detailed scientific examinations of its microbiome exist.&nbsp;



Over two weeks, the team collected around-the-clock samples during both wet and dry seasons to capture varying tidal stages. By analyzing the microbial DNA with high-resolution gene sequencing, they obtained unparalleled insights into microbial community composition and resilience.



The results showed that microbial populations were generally stable amid changing tidal conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-seasonal-temperature-changes-over-11000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seasonal fluctuations</a>. However, an event known as wave overtopping - when ocean water surged onto the beach’s aquifer - significantly altered the microbial makeup.&nbsp;



These overtopping incidents, expected to become more common with rising seas, can disrupt microbial filtering processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beach-microbes-in-complex-communities">Beach microbes in complex communities </h2>



“These microbes live in complex communities, many with specialized roles that include processing nutrients and even producing or consuming greenhouse gases,” said co-senior author Christopher Francis, a professor of Earth system science at the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability.&nbsp;



“The microbial community’s resilience under typical conditions is encouraging, but disturbances like wave overtopping highlight their vulnerability to climate change,” added co-first author Katie Langenfeld, who is now a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>.



By identifying the ways in which these microbes respond to sudden inflows of seawater, the research underscores how delicate the system can be.&nbsp;



Frequent disturbances make it more difficult for microbial communities to carry out tasks like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-nutrients-are-creating-ocean-dead-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrient</a> processing, potentially leading to cascading effects in nearby ocean waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-coastal-management">Implications for coastal management</h2>



Stinson Beach and similar coastal areas face a future shaped by rising seas. As water levels increase, beach sands are likely to shift, altering groundwater flow and threatening to undermine the natural services that subterranean microbial communities provide. This research, therefore, offers a timely contribution to debates on coastal resilience.



Study co-senior author Alexandria Boehm is a professor of environmental studies in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability and the Stanford School of Engineering.



“We rely on these microbial communities for essential biogeochemical cycling at the land-sea interface,” said Professor Boehm. "If their capacity diminishes due to climate impacts, we could see cascading effects on coastal water quality and marine life.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-framework-for-future-studies">A framework for future studies</h2>



With these findings, scientists now have a more comprehensive foundation for understanding how beach <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-has-a-vital-role-in-ecosystem-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groundwater</a> ecosystems function and cope with environmental changes.&nbsp;



The findings at Stinson Beach can help guide coastal policymakers who must balance the needs of development, conservation, and climate adaptation. 



By recognizing the importance of microbes as natural water purifiers, strategies can be put in place to preserve or restore beach habitats in ways that bolster microbial stability.



The ongoing research at Stanford - led by Bullington and her collaborators - adds to the growing body of work on coastal health. These communities beneath the sand remain largely out of sight, yet their ecological significance is increasingly clear.&nbsp;



As sea levels rise and human impacts intensify, the tiny inhabitants of beach groundwater may become crucial allies in preserving the balance and cleanliness of coastal zones worldwide.



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Hidden beach microbes help protect coastal waters

Beneath the sands of beaches exists a concealed world brimming...

Life on the Great Barrier Reef is experiencing significant shifts caused by climate change and various human-generated factors, according to a recent study.&nbsp;



Researchers warn that reef fish, which are crucial to marine ecosystems through their roles in food provision, seaweed control, and sand production, are undergoing notable changes. 



These developments could have broad consequences for both people and coral reef habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformations-in-fish-communities">Transformations in fish communities</h2>



The research was led by an international team of marine scientists from the UK and Australia, led by <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lancaster University</a> and working with the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS).



The team found that the diversity and makeup of fish communities across the Great Barrier Reef (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-is-on-the-brink-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GBR</a>) have changed dramatically since the 1990s. The findings indicate that the pace of change has accelerated in recent years, raising questions about evolving geographic patterns of biodiversity.



The researchers examined three decades of data from 1995 to 2022, spanning an extensive stretch of more than 1,200 kilometers between 14°S and 24°S on the GBR. 



Historically, one of the best-documented global biodiversity patterns is the "latitudinal diversity gradient," where species richness increases closer to the Equator. This pattern, previously thought to be stable over long timescales, now appears to be shifting as multiple pressures intensify.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressures-on-the-reef">Pressures on the reef</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-coral-bleaching-event-prompts-emergency-un-session/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral bleaching</a> events, occurring six times between 1998 and 2022 - and again in 2024, after the study concluded - are among the most severe disturbances affecting the GBR.&nbsp;



Other stressors, such as cyclones, water pollution, and outbreaks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crown-of-thorns-starfish-thrive-in-degraded-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crown-of-thorns starfish</a>, have also altered the reef by reducing coral abundance, changing coral assemblages, and ultimately affecting fish diversity.



In the northernmost GBR, closer to the equator, certain groups of fish (including omnivores, plankton feeders, and herbivores) have decreased. In contrast, these groups have increased in the southern sectors, raising important questions about what these trends mean for ecosystem functioning.&nbsp;



The researchers noted that fish species richness in the southern reef has fluctuated dramatically - shifting between high diversity and very low diversity over different periods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-changes-in-reef-fish-diversity">Long-term changes in reef fish diversity</h2>



The study also highlights how fish communities themselves are undergoing continuous turnover, with some species replacing others more frequently as disturbances become more common. 



This ongoing turnover shows no sign of stabilizing, indicating that fish diversity patterns in the world’s largest coral reef ecosystem could continue to transform.



Javier González-Barrios is the study's lead author and a PhD researcher at Lancaster University. He noted that the findings show how long-term and persistent changes are occurring in the biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef, with increasing disturbance from factors such as climate change. 



“We reveal that the fish communities that make their home on the Great Barrier Reef have changed substantially from the beginning of monitoring in the 1990s, both in the number of species and their composition, and continue to change as pressures on the reef system increase,” said González-Barrios.



“We have seen changes in the number and composition of fish species throughout the reef system as well as species turnover - when one species replaces another - are accelerating in recent years, without any sign of stabilization.”



“These changes provide valuable insights into classic geographic patterns, such as the latitudinal diversity gradient, and open questions as to whether these patterns are decoupling from their original underlying drivers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-composition-and-reef-fish-diversity">Coral composition and reef fish diversity </h2>



A key insight from the research is that shifts in the types of coral species on a reef are more influential in driving fish diversity than the overall percentage of hard coral cover.&nbsp;



While reefs can recover coral cover after disturbances, the specific mix of coral species can change drastically - and that variation in coral composition can alter the three-dimensional structures that fish rely on for shelter and food.



“The Great Barrier Reef has undergone major fluctuations, with hard coral cover on many reefs declining and then recovering in response to large disturbances,” said Mike Emslie, a scientist at AIMS.&nbsp;



“However, just looking at coral cover can mask the underlying changes in the composition of coral species. Corals build the three-dimensional habitat structure that supports other organisms such as fish, and the diversity of corals present can greatly influence the extent of that 3-D structure." 



"The recovery of some corals might not provide the same level of habitat complexity resulting in changes to the fish communities that rely on that complexity.”



According to Emslie, the study shows that changes in fish diversity on the Great Barrier Reef were strongly correlated with shifts in coral composition, and to a lesser extent with fluctuations in coral cover - highlighting the vital importance of a diverse coral assemblage for reef fish communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications-for-coral-reef-ecosystems">Future implications for coral reef ecosystems</h2>



The study highlights the importance of reef fish in maintaining essential ecosystem processes. These fish not only keep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoration-of-underwater-seaweed-forests-offers-hope-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seaweed</a> in check, preventing it from overtaking seabeds, but also generate sand for beaches - assets integral to tourism and local livelihoods. 



Understanding how and why fish communities are changing is critical for predicting the future benefits that reefs can provide to people.



Nick Graham, a professor of marine ecology at Lancaster University, noted that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-fish-populations-are-boosted-by-ocean-connectivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef fish</a> are important to a range of ecosystem processes, such as controlling seaweed so it doesn’t overgrow and take over areas of the seabed, to producing the sand we sunbathe on in tropical locations.&nbsp;



“Reef fish are also important to fisheries and are a vital source of food for millions of people,” said Professor Graham. “With disturbances becoming more frequent and severe, the patterns in fish diversity and abundance we have come to expect are changing, and this will alter the benefits the fish provide for the ecosystem and for people.”



“It’s important that we improve our understanding of how patterns of biodiversity are changing on coral reefs, and the ecological and social implications of this change.”&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55128-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Fish diversity has changed dramatically on the Great Barrier Reef

Life on the Great Barrier Reef is experiencing significant shifts...

The dusty crayfish, a popular pet that adorns aquaria worldwide, has now captured the attention of researchers for an entirely different reason.



This vibrantly-colored creature, humble in nature yet striking in appearance, has been traded across the globe but has never been officially identified. 



Recent research, however, has shown that the dusty crayfish is not just a beloved aquarium resident but also an entirely new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-popular-pet-to-new-specimen">From popular pet to new specimen</h2>



In early 2023, a team of scientists purchased a shipment of Indonesian crayfish from a renowned pet wholesaler.



Among the various crayfish that arrived in the shipment, several displayed vivid colors that stirred feelings of familiarity among the researchers.



This was not surprising, considering that these species had been some of the earliest freshwater crayfish to be exported from New Guinea as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-environmental-impacts-of-tropical-fish-aquariums/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquarium</a> pets.



From then on, these blue and purple crayfish managed to capture the hearts of pet enthusiasts in Europe, the United States, Japan, and even in their native land, Indonesia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-dusty-crayfish">Unveiling the dusty crayfish</h2>



Upon close inspection of these colorful creatures, the scientists were in for a discovery that was as unexpected as it was exciting. 



After examining six of these crayfish and conducting DNA analysis, they realized they had stumbled upon an entirely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-assemblages-cause-local-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a> - now officially named Cherax pulverulentus, the dusty crayfish. 



The moderately-sized freshwater crayfish grows to over 2 inches (5 centimeters), and sports a smooth body, sharp claws, and large, expressive eyes. Intriguingly, this new species comes in two color variants.



The purple form has captivating turquoise bodies that are adorned with purple spots, with their joints and tails taking on a paler, whiter hue.



In contrast, the blue form flaunts a darker tone, ranging from deep blue to almost black, which is complemented by vibrant orange joints and tails.



The new species was aptly named using the Latin term "pulverulentus," which translates to "covered with dust," and which refers to the many miniscule, dot-like spots that embellish its body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-of-the-dusty-crayfish">Habitat of the dusty crayfish</h2>



Despite being a common sight in aquaria worldwide, the dusty crayfish is a creature of the wild at heart. Its native habitat is the freshwater streams of the Indonesian part of New Guinea. 



However, not much else is known about how this species thrives in its native environment.



During their studies, the researchers found one adventurous dusty crayfish in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-are-1-5-billion-years-old/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermal spring</a> in Hungary. This unusual discovery was deemed a likely result of irresponsible aquarium dumping.



To gain a better understanding of the species, the researchers recommend detailed studies of these crayfish in their native habitats in Indonesian New Guinea.



They emphasized that formal scientific descriptions of new species are vital for appropriately managing pet-traded crayfish in their natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beautiful-new-crayfish-species">Beautiful new crayfish species</h2>



The discovery of the dusty crayfish serves as a reminder that there's always more to learn about the natural world, even within the confines of our aquaria.



This beautiful new species was identified by its unique coloring, body proportions, legs, and other subtle physical attributes. 



DNA analysis confirmed that the dusty crayfish boasted a genetic divergence of at least 2% from its closest relatives.



This discovery owes its credit to the diligent efforts of the research team in the Czech Republic, which included Jiří Patoka, Surya Gentha Akmal, Martin Bláha, and Antonín Kouba.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wild-populations-of-dusty-crayfish">Wild populations of dusty crayfish</h2>



The discovery of the dusty crayfish emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in the aquarium trade.



As these vibrant creatures have become widespread among pet enthusiasts, their popularity raises concerns about overharvesting in their native habitats. 



The researchers emphasize the need for careful monitoring to prevent ecological disruptions and to ensure that wild populations of dusty crayfish remain stable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-native-species-and-ecological-balance">Non-native species and ecological balance</h2>



Moreover, the study highlights the risk of introducing non-native species into foreign ecosystems. 



The accidental presence of a dusty crayfish in a Hungarian thermal spring indicates the potential consequences of aquarium dumping, which could threaten local biodiversity and disrupt delicate ecological balances.



This finding further underlines the importance of responsible pet ownership and strict regulatory measures in the pet trade industry.



Beyond conservation, the identification of new species like the dusty crayfish provides opportunities for scientific exploration.



By understanding the genetic, behavioral, and ecological traits of this species, researchers can contribute valuable insights into the evolutionary diversity of crayfish and their role in freshwater ecosystems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5566.3.4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zootaxa</a>.



Image Credit:&nbsp;Zootaxa&nbsp;(2025)



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Dusty crayfish: A new  species that's been hiding in plain sight

The dusty crayfish, a popular pet that adorns aquaria worldwide,...

For years, it was widely believed that waking up triggered an immediate release of cortisol, the stress hormone. 



This response, known as the cortisol awakening response (CAR), has been used in clinical studies. However, new research from the University of Bristol reveals that this common assumption might be incorrect.



The study suggests that cortisol levels actually increase in the hours before waking up, not immediately upon waking. The research challenges previous conclusions that linked cortisol release directly to the awakening process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cortisol-awakening-response">Cortisol awakening response</h2>



Previous studies have relied on the concept of CAR to evaluate how the body responds to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holiday-stress-is-higher-this-year-compared-to-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a> in conditions like PTSD, depression, and obesity. The CAR assumes that cortisol, a stress hormone, spikes right after waking as a natural response to the stress of starting the day.



However, these earlier studies focused only on measuring cortisol levels in saliva after the person had already woken up, missing an important part of the process - the time before waking. This left an incomplete picture of how cortisol levels change during the sleep-to-wake transition.



To address this gap, researchers at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> designed a study to measure cortisol levels both before and after waking. Instead of relying on post-wake saliva samples, they used an automated sampling system to track cortisol in 201 participants aged 18 to 68.



This allowed them to analyze the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-eats-away-our-brains-cognitive-defenses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">full pattern</a> of cortisol secretion, including the changes that occur before waking up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cortisol-does-not-spike-after-waking">Cortisol does not spike after waking</h2>



The results were surprising. The study found no evidence that cortisol secretion increases immediately after waking. In fact, there was no significant difference in the rate of cortisol increase during the hour after waking compared to the hour before waking.



“We found that any changes in cortisol around the time of awakening are more likely to be the tail end of the daily rhythm,” said Stafford Lightman, professor of medicine at Bristol Medical School and one of the study’s lead authors.



This rhythm begins in the early hours of the morning and peaks shortly after habitual wake time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-circadian-rhythms">Role of circadian rhythms</h2>



The study also uncovered substantial variability in cortisol concentration and its rate of change among individuals. 



Factors such as sleep length and timing seemed to influence these differences. The researchers cautioned that interpreting cortisol values solely based on post-wake measurements could be misleading.



Dr. Thomas Upton, clinical research fellow and co-lead author, emphasized the importance of considering both pre- and post-wake cortisol levels in future studies.



"Much caution should be exercised if attempting to interpret post-wake cortisol values where information about the pre-waking state is not known," he explained.



The findings also stress the importance of circadian rhythms, the body’s natural 24-hour cycles, in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-is-contagious-and-this-applies-to-animals-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulating cortisol</a>. "Cortisol changes around waking are more about the body's internal rhythms than a response to awakening," said Lightman.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-health-conditions">Implications for health conditions</h2>



The research offers valuable insights into the role of cortisol in sleep disorders, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-stress-harms-the-brains-of-low-status-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>, and other conditions. 



“Our study opens up a whole new framework for understanding the relationship of overnight increases in cortisol with sleep,” Lightman said.



Marcus Munafò, professor of biological osychology at the University of Bristol, noted that this study challenges “received wisdom” in research and stresses the importance of rigorously testing previous findings.



Professor Munafò also highlighted the significance of the study in understanding the biology of sleep-wake cycles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-stress-hormones">Future research on stress hormones</h2>



The researchers suggest that future studies on sleep and arousal should examine the dynamic changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, which regulates cortisol release. 



Understanding how sleep affects cortisol secretion could lead to better insights into various health conditions and improve treatment strategies.



The study was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 grant ‘Ultradian’ and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (<a href="https://www.ukri.org/who-we-are/bbsrc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BBSRC</a>).



Ultimately, the new findings encourage a reassessment of the cortisol awakening response and emphasize the complexity of cortisol <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-protects-against-work-stress-burnout/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulation</a>.



Researchers will need to consider both pre-wake and post-wake cortisol levels to gain a fuller understanding of how this hormone interacts with sleep, health, and behavior.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.1844" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Stress hormones rise during sleep to prepare your body for the day

For years, it was widely believed that waking up triggered...

Many decades ago, a massive star collapsed. A shockwave erupted, tearing the star apart. As this shockwave hit the star’s surface, it created a burst of intense X-rays, ultraviolet light, and a powerful light echo.



This pulse traveled across space, and 350 years later, it reached a vast region of interstellar gas and dust. This explosion lit up the surrounding material, warming it and causing it to glow in infrared light.



Thanks to NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers are now able to observe this glowing cosmic material in unprecedented detail. 



The infrared light echoes created by this supernova have revealed intricate structures, like the knots and whorls of wood grain. These observations have allowed scientists to map the interstellar medium in 3D for the very first time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-gas-and-dust-details">Interstellar gas and dust details</h2>



"We were pretty shocked to see this level of detail," said Jacob Jencson, principal investigator from <a href="https://www.ipac.caltech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech/IPAC</a> in Pasadena. 



The telescope revealed layers of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-dust-may-contain-signs-of-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interstellar material</a>, resembling the layers of an onion.



"We think every dense, dusty region that we see, and most of the ones we don’t see, look like this on the inside. We just have never been able to look inside them before," noted Josh Peek of the <a href="https://www.stsci.edu/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> in Baltimore.



Webb's infrared imaging is allowing scientists to peer into areas of space that were once completely concealed, uncovering a hidden cosmic landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-light-echoes">What are light echoes?</h2>



The light echo phenomenon occurs when a star explodes, sending light into the surrounding clumps of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-can-engulf-the-entire-planet-of-mars-but-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interstellar dust</a>. This light then heats up the dust, causing it to glow in an expanding pattern. 



Webb's Near-Infrared Camera (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/nircam/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIRCam</a>) has been crucial in studying these light echoes, revealing their intricate expansion over just a few weeks - a remarkably fast evolution for cosmic phenomena.



The researchers have focused on a particular light echo near the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. This light echo comes from background material behind Cassiopeia A, not from the material ejected by the star’s explosion. 



NASA's retired <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/spitzer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> first observed this phenomenon, but Webb’s exquisite resolution has provided a far clearer view of these cosmic echoes.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="huBQbcgU76-4226095-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stunning-images-from-webb">Stunning images from Webb</h2>



The most striking features in the Webb images are dense, tightly packed sheets of gas and dust. These filaments appear on scales of about 400 astronomical units - less than one-hundredth of a light-year.



“We did not know that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storm-triggered-stunning-auroras-worldwide-october-11-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interstellar medium</a> had structures on that small of a scale, let alone that it was sheet-like,” said Josh Peek.



These sheet-like structures might be influenced by interstellar magnetic fields. Webb's images also showcase areas resembling knots in wood grain, which could represent magnetic "islands" within the interstellar medium's more uniform magnetic fields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3d-scan-of-the-cosmos">3D scan of the cosmos</h2>



The data collected from <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Webb</a> are revolutionary. "This is the astronomical equivalent of a medical CT scan," explained Armin Rest of the Space Telescope Science Institute.



"We have three slices taken at three different times, which will allow us to study the true 3D structure. It will completely change the way we study the interstellar medium."



These findings will not only enhance our understanding of the space around us, but they could also change how we approach the study of the universe's most distant and mysterious regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-opportunities-to-study-light-echoes">Opportunities to study light echoes</h2>



In addition to these spectacular images, the team is planning to conduct spectroscopic observations using Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/mid-infrared-instrument-miri/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIRI</a>). 



"We can observe the same patch of dust before, during, and after it’s illuminated by the echo and try to look for any changes in the compositions or states of the molecules," said Jencson.



Infrared light echoes are rare events that require a unique type of supernova explosion. The upcoming Nancy Grace <a href="https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roman Space Telescope</a> is expected to provide additional opportunities to study light echoes, potentially offering new insights that Webb can explore in greater detail.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lasting-legacy-of-webb">The lasting legacy of Webb</h2>



"Even as a star dies, its light endures - echoing across the cosmos. It's been an extraordinary three years since we launched NASA's James Webb Space Telescope," reflected NASA Administrator <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/nasa-administrator-bill-nelson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bill Nelson</a>.



"Every image, every discovery, shows a portrait not only of the majesty of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-space-station-observes-something-unknown-55-miles-above-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a> but the power of the NASA team and the promise of international partnerships.



"What a privilege it has been to oversee this monumental effort, shaped by the tireless dedication of thousands of scientists and engineers around the globe. This latest image beautifully captures the lasting legacy of Webb - a keyhole into the past and a mission that will inspire generations to come."



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, J. Jencson (Caltech/IPAC)



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Webb captures the light echoes of an exploding star

Many decades ago, a massive star collapsed. A shockwave erupted,...

In our efforts to sustain the planet, one vital aspect that we have often failed to consider is the role of tree crops. 



Did you know that tree crops cover an astounding 183 million hectares worldwide? Yet, they remain largely overlooked in agricultural policies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-of-tree-crops">The potential of tree crops </h2>



Whether it's apples, cherries, olives, nuts, coffee, or cacao, tree crops offer much more than just a tasty snack or your morning caffeine boost.



A recently published study has highlighted their immense potential not only by feeding us globally but by safeguarding biodiversity, tackling climate change, and improving millions of lives worldwide. 



The international team of authors shared their findings in a Perspectives article published in the journal Nature Sustainability.



"In this Perspective, we highlight the potential of properly managed and incentivized perennial woody crops to support holistic sustainable development and urge scientists and policymakers to develop an effective agenda to better harness their benefits," wrote the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overlooked-role-of-tree-crops">Overlooked role of tree crops</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-salt-lake-agriculture-is-draining-a-natural-wonder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agricultural</a> policies have traditionally focused on annual crops like wheat, rice, and sunflowers. These crops have a much shorter life cycle, typically completing germination to harvest in a year. 



While promoting sustainable practices for these crops is essential, their ecological benefits are limited. Their simpler vegetation and short harvest cycles don't offer the same long-term ecological benefits.



Tree crops, in contrast, are far more complex. They consist of multiple layers of vegetation, such as herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees, creating stable ecosystems that support biodiversity when managed sustainably. 



"We’re missing an opportunity to leverage tree crops to address some of the biggest environmental and social challenges of our time," said Dr. Carlos Martínez-Núñez, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.ebd.csic.es/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doñana Biological Station</a>.



These systems not only provide habitats for various species but also contribute significantly to environmental protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-beyond-food-production">Benefits beyond food production</h2>



Tree crops offer a range of environmental benefits. Their permanent root systems help prevent soil erosion and improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil fertility</a>. The extensive leaf litter from these crops enriches the soil, making it more productive over time. 



Additionally, tree crops act as natural carbon sinks, sequestering greenhouse gases and aiding in climate change mitigation.



These crops also enhance habitat connectivity, allowing fragmented ecosystems to thrive and providing a buffer against the impacts of intensive agriculture. By improving ecosystem services and offering stable, year-round habitats, tree crops play an essential role in global biodiversity conservation.



Moreover, tree crops are less mechanized and demand more manual labor than other forms of agriculture. This makes them vital sources of employment in low- and middle-income countries, where they are widespread. 



"When managed properly, these agricultural systems can be a powerful tool for biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation, and rural poverty alleviation," noted Dr. Martínez-Núñez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-action">A call for action</h2>



The study highlights the need for tailored policies and research to ensure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-are-in-a-race-against-time-to-save-our-food-supply-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable management</a> of tree crops.



Dr. Elena Velado-Alonso, co-author of the study and researcher at Göttingen University’s <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/596513.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Functional Agrobiodiversity and Agroecology Group</a>, emphasized the importance of context-specific measures.



"Tree cropping areas overlap with most of the world’s biodiversity-rich areas, making them key to conservation," said Dr. Velado-Alonso. "However, local practices and landscape-scale measures adapted to different contexts are needed."



To maximize the contribution of tree crops to global sustainability, the research team calls for implementing regulations, financial incentives, and policies that support improved agricultural practices. 



These steps could harness tree crops' full potential in addressing key environmental and social challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-agriculture-with-tree-crops">Rethinking agriculture with tree crops</h2>



This call to action marks a crucial step in rethinking agriculture's role in creating a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-agriculture-are-locked-in-a-destructive-feedback-loop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable and equitable world</a>. 



By embracing the benefits of tree crops and promoting sustainable practices, we can take significant strides toward achieving the United Nations' <a href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. These crops are not just a source of food and income - they are a powerful tool for environmental protection and social progress.



With more attention, research, and support, tree crops could become the cornerstone of sustainable agriculture, helping to address the climate crisis, conserve biodiversity, and uplift communities worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01483-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>.



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Tree crops: A path to feeding the world and saving the planet

In our efforts to sustain the planet, one vital aspect...

Could you imagine happening upon an orchid that looks familiar but has a unique difference that makes you wonder if it is a new species? 



That’s exactly what happened during a study at Norfolk Island National Park. This unexpected find sparked a collaborative effort to uncover the orchid’s true identity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimpse-into-the-field-the-discovery">A glimpse into the field - the discovery</h2>



While conducting botanical research at Norfolk Island National Park, Dr. Heidi Zimmer, an orchid researcher at the <a href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/herbarium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian National Herbarium</a> (ANH), and botanist Dr. Mark Clements were guided by the local expertise of Joel Christian, Mel Wilson, and Allie Andersen. 



In the late afternoon light, the team’s efforts paid off when Dr. Clements spotted a peculiar orchid growing on a tree branch. 



Something about <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/new-orchid-species_cupcake_Adelopetalum-argyropus_credit-Heidi-Zimmer_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the orchid looked different</a>, prompting Dr. Zimmer to collect a sample to take back to the ANH for further study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-the-new-orchid">Investigating the new orchid</h2>



The orchid was identified as belonging to the genus Adelopetalum, but its exact classification was unclear.



Recognizing its potential as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-technology-will-accelerate-the-pace-of-plant-species-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a>, Zimmer and Clements collaborated with a broader team of experts, including retired ANH botanist David Jones, who served as the lead researcher. 



“This was a wonderfully collaborative project with folks from Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island, and Australian botanists and taxonomists all working together,” enthused Dr. Zimmer, 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-the-new-adelopetalum-orchid">Analyzing the new Adelopetalum orchid</h2>



To determine whether this orchid was indeed a new species, the team began an exhaustive process. 



They compared the Norfolk Island specimen to descriptions of orchid species in scientific journals, specimens housed in the Australian National Herbarium - which contains approximately 75,000 specimens - and orchids preserved in herbaria across Australia and internationally.



This analysis utilized both physical specimens and digitized collections, allowing the researchers to examine a vast array of potential matches.



The research revealed a surprising result: the orchid species previously identified as Adelopetalum argyropus was not a single species but three distinct ones.



“We recognized that the Norfolk Island species was different because the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flower</a> did not have a yellow labellum - no giant bright yellow tongue,” explained Dr. Zimmer.



Even for researchers in training, the differences were clear when dissecting the flowers and examining herbarium specimens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-findings-a-new-species">The findings - a new species</h2>



As per taxonomic rules, the species from Norfolk Island retained the name Adelopetalum argyropus because it was the first described, dating back to 1833.



The two newly identified species were named Adelopetalum howense, which was found on Lord Howe Island, and Adelopetalum continentale, which was found on mainland Australia.



The team speculated that these orchids’ seeds, so fine and dust-like, were likely carried by the wind to their distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-reveals-how-plants-use-winged-seeds-to-expand-their-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>.



This discovery highlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the role of natural dispersal mechanisms in shaping biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-publishing-the-discovery-the-description">Publishing the discovery - the description</h2>



The researchers published their findings in Phytotaxa, giving details of the botanical features of the new species.



The paper described the Norfolk Island orchid’s pseudobulbs as “broadly oblong to obconical or turbinate, similar to a cupcake, with shallow grooves and scurfy surfaces from remnants of bracts.” 



These detailed descriptions provide a foundation for further study and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-identifies-4300-types-of-endangered-orchids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-impact-the-assessment">Understanding the impact - the assessment</h2>



Orchids are among the plant families most at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-their-incredible-adaptability-orchids-are-disappearing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of extinction</a>, particularly those confined to habitats that are small in extent.



The three new species face significant threats due to their limited distribution and environmental pressures.



Dr. Zimmer emphasized the importance of naming and describing new species as part of broader conservation efforts. 



“The purpose of naming and describing new orchid species is to build a checklist of Australian orchids so people can conserve them. We think there are risks for these three new species," Dr. Zimmer explains.



"This is because the species on Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands are both confined to small islands and the one on continental Australia was badly impacted by the 2019–2020 bushfires."



This discovery highlights the power of collaboration and the enduring mysteries of nature. It’s a reminder of how much there is still to uncover and protect in our world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://phytotaxa.mapress.com/pt/article/view/phytotaxa.678.1.9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytotaxa</a>.



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New orchid species discovered resembles a small cupcake

Could you imagine happening upon an orchid that looks familiar...

A spacecraft named BepiColombo is currently zipping by planet Mercury, making a very close flyby and snapping incredible high-definition photos of our scorching hot solar system companion.



Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/layer-diamonds-nine-miles-thick-discovered-on-planet-mercury-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smallest in our solar system</a>, packing some pretty extreme features into its tiny frame. It zips around the Sun in just 88 Earth days, making its year the shortest of all the planets. 



Despite being so close to the Sun, Mercury has a surprisingly large core made mostly of iron, which creates a strong magnetic field. 



The surface is covered in craters, similar to our Moon, because it doesn't have much of an atmosphere to protect it from meteoroids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bepicolombo-makes-another-close-mercury-flyby">BepiColombo makes another close Mercury flyby</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-life-on-mercury-possibly-in-the-planets-craters-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury’s stark landscape</a> received another visitor on January 8, 2025. The ESA/JAXA BepiColombo spacecraft, on its sixth flyby of the planet, swept just a few hundred miles above the north pole, capturing fresh glimpses of the cratered terrain. 



Morning light soon bathed Mercury’s northern plains, revealing icy floors in areas that never see the Sun. Scientists hope these newly gathered snapshots will shed more light on the composition of this rocky body.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Mercury_s_sunlit_north_viewed_by_M-CAM_1_with_labels" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Mercury_sunlit-north-pole_M-CAM_BepiColombo_ESA_1s.webp" alt="BepiColombo Monitoring camera 1 (M-CAM 1) took this photo at 07:12 CET, when the spacecraft was about 1427 km from the planet’s surface. The spacecraft’s closest approach of 295 km took place on the planet's night side at 06:59 CET. The image shows that large regions of Mercury's heavily cratered surface are smoothed over by lava from volcanic eruptions. This smoothing over is visible inside the 290 km-wide crater at the right of the image, called Mendelssohn. While its outer rim is still visible, it has been largely filled by the same smooth material that makes up the surrounding plains. Smaller, more recent impact craters dot the otherwise smooth crater. Credit: ESA/JAXA" class="wp-image-1956588"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">BepiColombo Monitoring camera 1 (M-CAM 1) took this photo at 07:12 CET, when the spacecraft was about 1427 km from the planet’s surface. Credit: ESA/JAXA</figcaption></figure>



The maneuver was the last in a series of gravity assists that will help BepiColombo enter orbit around Mercury in late 2026. At 06:59 CET, the craft skimmed just 295 miles above the surface on the planet’s night side. 



Around seven minutes later, it passed above the pole and caught remarkable views of the sunlit north. Shortly after this milestone, Frank Budnik, <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BepiColombo</a> Flight Dynamics Manager, underlined the success of the operation.



“This is the first time that we performed two flyby campaigns back-to-back. This flyby happens a bit more than a month after the previous one. Based on our preliminary assessment, everything proceeded smoothly and flawlessly," Budnik explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bepicolombo-sees-mercury-s-polar-shadows">BepiColombo sees Mercury’s polar shadows</h2>



Scientists were excited to see evidence of chilly, forever-shadowed craters near the north pole. These cavities, including Prokofiev, Kandinsky, Tolkien, and Gordimer, are among the coldest places in the Solar System. 



Despite Mercury’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-mercury-is-still-shrinking-and-now-has-more-wrinkles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proximity to the Sun</a>, the crater floors remain dark and frigid. Some studies have suggested the presence of frozen water in these regions. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Mercury_s_shadowy_north_pole_revealed_by_M-CAM_1_with_labels" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Mercury_shadowy-north-pole_M-Cam_BepiColombo_ESA_1s.webp" alt="BepiColombo's M-CAM 1 took this long-exposure photograph of Mercury's north pole at 07:07 CET, when the spacecraft was about 787 km from the planet’s surface. The spacecraft’s closest approach of 295 km took place on the planet's night side at 06:59 CET. In this view, Mercury’s terminator, the boundary between day and night, divides the planet in two. Along the terminator, just to the left of the solar array, the sunlit rims of craters Prokofiev, Kandinsky, Tolkien and Gordimer can be seen, including some of their central peaks. Credit: ESA/JAXA" class="wp-image-1956586"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">BepiColombo's M-CAM 1 took this long-exposure photograph of Mercury's north pole at 07:07 CET, when the spacecraft was about 787 km from the planet’s surface. </figcaption></figure>



BepiColombo will investigate whether that possibility holds true once it settles into its final orbit.



Nearby stretches of volcanic plains called Borealis Planitia captured attention in one of the monitoring camera (M-CAM) images. 



Extensive lava flows roughly 3.7 billion years ago paved this part of Mercury’s crust, burying older impact features like the Henri and Lismer craters. Wrinkles scattered across the plains likely formed as the interior cooled over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-memories-and-ancient-impacts">Volcanic memories and ancient impacts</h2>



Another close-up featured the Mendelssohn crater. Its outer rim is barely visible because past volcanic floods leveled the surface <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bepicolombo-spacecraft-reveals-mercurys-magnetic-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">over countless millennia</a>. Just a handful of smaller, younger craters break up the otherwise smooth ground.



Farther along, the Rustaveli crater appears to have undergone a similar process, joining a long list of aged and partially filled depressions. 



The towering Caloris basin also makes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bepicolombo-mission-captures-mercury-in-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a striking appearance</a>. Spanning more than 900 miles, it is the largest known impact site on Mercury. 



Lines stretching away from the basin mark the impact’s immense influence on the planet’s crust. A bright patch of lava seems to link with a trough below it, prompting questions about the direction of that molten flow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-surface-bright-surprises">Dark surface, bright surprises</h2>



Mercury is much darker than our Moon. Its surface reflects less light, which makes bright patches on fresh craters and volcanic deposits stand out. 



Those more radiant regions often connect to younger events, such as volcanic eruptions or recent impacts.



A camera shot taken by <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/10/BepiColombo_monitoring_cameras" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">M-CAM 2</a> highlights the Nathair Facula, an expansive fallout deposit from Mercury’s most powerful recorded volcanic explosion. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Lava_and_debris_brighten_Mercury_s_surface_with_labels" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Mercury_lava-north-pole_M-Cam_BepiColombo_ESA_1s.webp" alt="BepiColombo Spacecraft sees bright patch near Mercury's upper edge in this image is the Nathair Facula, the aftermath of the largest volcanic explosion on Mercury. At its centre is a volcanic vent of around 40 km across that has been the site of at least three major eruptions. The explosive volcanic deposit is at least 300 km in diameter. Credit: ESA/JAXA" class="wp-image-1956584"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">BepiColombo Spacecraft sees bright patch near Mercury's upper edge in this image is the Nathair Facula, the aftermath of the largest volcanic explosion on Mercury. Credit: ESA/JAXA</figcaption></figure>



In the middle is a vent around 25 miles across. Scientists believe at least three large eruptions shaped this blast zone, which stretches about 186 miles across. 



Nearby is the Fonteyn crater, formed a few hundred million years ago. Its youth becomes obvious from the pale debris that fans out in all directions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>) Director General Josef Aschbacher revealed the first image during his Annual Press Briefing on January 9, 2025. 



Once BepiColombo starts orbiting Mercury, mission teams aim to use data from multiple instruments to zero in on how these features formed. 



Analysts want to determine if water ice truly exists in the polar shadows and figure out whether the big lava flows advanced into Caloris basin or spread out of it.



The quest to understand Mercury’s makeup includes measuring old and new surface areas with advanced spectrometers. 



Team members look forward to breaking down mineral clues about how the planet cooled and contracted over billions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-countdown-to-orbit">Final countdown to orbit</h2>



Observers see this recent pass as the final time BepiColombo’s monitoring cameras will capture such close-range shots. After all, the modules that house these cameras will separate from the main orbiters by late 2026. 



The ESA’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury Planetary Orbiter</a> and the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Mercury_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAXA Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter</a> will then begin their core studies. That work will include collecting data on the planet’s magnetic field, geology, and surface chemistry.



“BepiColombo's main mission phase may only start two years from now, but all six of its flybys of Mercury have given us invaluable new information about the little-explored planet," explains Geraint Jones, BepiColombo's Project Scientist at ESA.



"In the next few weeks, the BepiColombo team will work hard to unravel as many of Mercury's mysteries with the data from this flyby as we can,” Jones concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-mercury-and-bepicolombo-matter">Why Mercury and BepiColombo matter</h2>



Scientists look ahead to those orbits with great anticipation. They want to put to rest a few long-held questions about Mercury’s hidden polar ices, puzzling volcanic traces, and unexpectedly dark crust. 



The spacecraft’s results should give researchers a better sense of how the planet formed and evolved. All eyes remain on the little world with big questions waiting to be answered.



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Spacecraft captures high-def images of Mercury during very close flyby

A spacecraft named BepiColombo is currently zipping by planet Mercury,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

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[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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