Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

An ominous forecast awaits bighorn sheep in the the Sierra Nevada mountains. There are likely to be more frequent avalanches as the world continues to warm.



Even though a decline in snow cover is anticipated as the climate changes, avalanches could occur more often, particularly at high elevations, which spells trouble for the bighorn sheep that inhabit these areas. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-bighorn-sheep-and-their-history">Endangered bighorn sheep and their history</h2>



The Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis sierrae) are true survivors, built to handle some of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mapping-2024s-record-heat-unveiling-earths-climate-danger-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toughest conditions</a> in North America. 



They are smaller and leaner than their relatives, making it easier for them to scale the steep, rocky slopes of the Sierra Nevada at heights of 10,000 to 14,000 feet (3,000 to 4,200 meters). Their tan coats help them blend perfectly into the rugged landscape, keeping them safe from predators like mountain lions.



John Muir, in his 1894 book The Mountains of California, described the "perfect strength and beauty" of these wild bighorn sheep - agile creatures that effortlessly jump from one crag to another.



They have managed to survive threats from diseases and overgrazing by domestic sheep introduced into the Sierra Nevada. But today, these animals are endangered. 



Now, a new menace looms in the form of avalanches, coupled with predation by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-lions-cleverly-change-their-habits-to-avoid-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain lions</a>. These threats have caused the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep population to fall by half since 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avalanches-and-bighorn-sheep">Avalanches and bighorn sheep</h2>



Ned Bair, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>, and his team have run simulations, analyzing the present (1990-2020) and future (2050-2080) climate. 



The researchers aim to determine how avalanches might continue to affect bighorn sheep.



"There's certainly going to be less snow in the future, and it's going to impact the sheep, which are very fragile as is," said Bair. "In dry winters, they don't have enough forage. And in the big winters, they die of starvation and avalanches."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bighorn-sheep-a-struggle-for-survival">Bighorn sheep: A struggle for survival</h2>



While bighorn sheep also inhabit other western mountain ranges, the Sierra Nevada subgroup is genetically unique. The approximately 350 sheep that remain of this species live at high elevations, feeding on grasses, herbs, and shrubs. 



"They like to live in very <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-shatters-heat-records-earths-hottest-year-is-here/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">challenging environments</a>, hence the avalanche problem," Bair explained.



Snow is critical for bighorn sheep as it provides them with water. However, it can pose threats, too. 



Record-breaking precipitation during the winter of 2022-2023 in California led to approximately 18 meters (60 feet) of snow blanketing the Sierra Nevada.



That winter, avalanches led to the deaths of at least 73 bighorn sheep, with just one avalanche accounting for 12 of those deaths, as noted by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-snowfall-in-the-sierra-nevada">Future snowfall in the Sierra Nevada </h2>



The researchers conducted projections on future snowfall amounts in the Sierra Nevada under climate change, basing their simulations on precipitation data from past dry years (2013 and 2018) and a wet year (2019). 



As expected, snow cover is predicted to decrease generally in the Sierra Nevada in the future. This decline, however, will mostly occur at lower elevations, where snowfall may turn to rain. Higher elevations, where bighorn sheep dwell, will experience less change in snow cover.



As climate change amplifies the number and intensity of California's atmospheric rivers, these high elevations could even witness an increase in snow accumulation. This snow could trigger more frequent avalanches at high altitudes, resulting in increased bighorn sheep fatalities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-threats-to-the-wild-sheep">Increased threats to the wild sheep</h2>



It remains unclear how the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program will respond to the rise in avalanches caused by the harsh winters.



Additionally, recovering wolf and mountain lion populations could pose increased threats to the wild sheep. 



"It's a hard population to sustain," said Bair. "I think there are some real challenges with being assured of at least my children being able to see a bighorn sheep in the wild when they're my age."



The research will be presented by Bair at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union (<a href="https://www.agu.org/annual-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU24</a>).



Bair presented these findings at <a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/agu24/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1637990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU’s Annual Meeting</a>.



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Bighorn sheep face increasing avalanche dangers as the climate warms

An ominous forecast awaits bighorn sheep in the the Sierra...

Picture this: you've just been left out of your friend's wedding or were the last to get picked for a team. You are feeling a sense of social rejection.



While social rejection hurts, it also teaches us valuable lessons, according to a recent study from the University of Southern California (USC).



The study explores how rejection shapes our social interactions. It uncovers the brain’s role in helping us understand relationships - revealing why some bonds feel rewarding yet others do not.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-rejection-as-a-learning-tool">Social rejection as a learning tool</h2>



Leor Hackel, an assistant professor of psychology at <a href="https://www.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC</a>, explained the study’s unique focus. "We often study how rejection causes distress. But we know less about its role as a learning tool."



The researchers set out to answer critical questions: How do these experiences refine our understanding of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-observation-our-decisions-shift-when-people-are-watching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social roles</a>? How do they influence our perceptions of how others see us? Most importantly, how do they help us decide who deserves our time and effort?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-bonds-and-the-brain">Social bonds and the brain</h2>



According to the study, forming relationships relies on two key brain functions: learning from rewards and recognizing relational value, or how much others appreciate us.



Positive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-stress-harms-the-brains-of-low-status-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interactions</a>, such as smiles or compliments, act as rewards that encourage further connection. Similarly, recognizing when others value us - like a friend offering support - motivates us to deepen those relationships.



But these two processes don’t always align. A friend might miss your birthday party due to work but still value you deeply. Similarly, a job rejection doesn’t necessarily reflect your worth as a candidate. 



"Our brains track these nuances," said Professor Hackel. "Understanding this can provide insight into mental health issues like social anxiety or depression, where these signals may get misinterpreted."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-pain-and-rejection">Social pain and rejection</h2>



To study these mechanisms, researchers designed a game mimicking real-life <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survival-of-the-friendliest-social-animals-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interactions</a>. College students - an ideal group to study due to their rapidly changing social networks - played the game while undergoing MRI scans.



Participants created profiles describing their trustworthiness, believing that others would evaluate them. They then acted as "responders" in an economic trust game, deciding whether to share rewards with hypothetical "deciders."



Each interaction provided feedback on two fronts: whether a match was successful and how highly the participant was ranked. Brain scans revealed distinct neural pathways for processing these outcomes. 



Rejection activated areas associated with social pain, while acceptance engaged regions tied to reward learning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-brain-interprets-feedback">How the brain interprets feedback</h2>



The study’s computational models showed participants’ decisions were influenced by both outcomes and rankings. 



For instance, someone who experienced a positive match and a high ranking was more likely to choose the same "decider" again.



The findings also highlighted differences in brain activity based on feedback type. Negative feedback triggered areas linked to social rejection, while positive experiences activated reward-related regions.



These insights shed light on how we process <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gen-ai-and-social-media-divert-peoples-attention-from-climate-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social</a> cues. "Our study shows that people learn differently from the same feedback," noted Professor Hackel. "This raises questions about how these variations influence our ability to form connections."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-social-behavior">Implications for social behavior</h2>



The research has profound implications for understanding mental health. For instance, individuals with social anxiety might struggle to recognize when others value them. 



Similarly, people with depression may find it hard to feel motivated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-characters-boost-social-and-emotional-skills-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social</a> rewards, hindering their ability to form relationships.



"By exploring these neural pathways, we hope to develop better strategies for addressing these challenges," said Professor Hackel.



"Understanding the science of social learning could improve interventions for those struggling with loneliness or relationship difficulties."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-lab-practical-lessons">Beyond the lab: Practical lessons</h2>



While the study focuses on brain mechanisms, its findings have practical implications. Recognizing that rejection doesn’t always reflect a lack of value can help people navigate social challenges more effectively. 



For example, understanding that a missed invitation doesn’t necessarily mean someone doesn’t care can prevent unnecessary misunderstandings.



"Social rejection, though painful, can help us refine our understanding of relationships. It teaches us where to invest our time and energy," said Professor Hackel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-social-connections-with-rejections">Better social connections with rejections</h2>



The USC study highlights the complexity of human relationships. It reveals how our brains navigate the delicate balance of social acceptance and rejection, guiding us toward meaningful connections. 



By understanding these processes, we can promote healthier relationships and support those struggling with social challenges.



Ultimately, while rejection may sting, it also holds the potential to shape us into better, more discerning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-trust-news-that-matches-their-political-views-even-when-its-fake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social beings</a>. As this research shows, even the pain of exclusion can serve as a powerful tool for growth and connection.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2400022121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Social rejection teaches us valuable lessons about relationships

Picture this: you've just been left out of your friend's...

Harbor seals in icy regions rely on icebergs shed by glaciers for critical life activities. These floating ice platforms serve as safe spaces for giving birth, caring for young, and molting. 



However, as climate change affects glaciers, the size, speed, and number of icebergs change - directly affecting the seals’ habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-harbor-seals-use-icebergs">How harbor seals use icebergs</h2>



Mother <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weddell-seals-have-a-surprising-survival-strategy/">seals</a>, for example, prefer stable, slower-moving icebergs during the pupping season to ensure safety for their newborns. 



In contrast, during the molting season, both mothers and the larger seal population tend to favor faster-moving icebergs near foraging grounds. 



This seasonal preference highlights the intricate balance between the seals’ needs and their changing environment.



"Our work provides a direct link between a glacier’s advance and seals' distribution and behavior," said Lynn Kaluzienski, a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://uas.alaska.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Southeast</a> who led the study.



"Interdisciplinary studies like this one, coupled with long-term monitoring campaigns, will be important to understand how climate change will influence tidewater glacier fjord ecosystems in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seals-and-icebergs-at-glacier-bay-national-park">Seals and icebergs at Glacier Bay National Park</h2>



The study was focused on harbor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seals-have-genetic-scars-from-intense-hunting/">seals</a> and icebergs in Johns Hopkins Inlet and Glacier, which is part of Glacier Bay National Park in Alaska.



Unlike many glaciers globally, Johns Hopkins Glacier is advancing rather than retreating. 



This anomaly is due, in part, to its terminal moraine - a natural barricade of crushed rock and sediment. This barrier shields the glacier from warmer ocean water, thus slowing its melt rate.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/harbor-seals_iceberg_resting_glacier-national-park_credit-NPS_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/harbor-seals_iceberg_resting_glacier-national-park_credit-NPS_1s.webp" alt="Seal resting on an iceberg in Johns Hopkins Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park. Credit: Jamie Womble/NPS" class="wp-image-1953189"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Seal resting on an iceberg in Johns Hopkins Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park. Credit: Jamie Womble/NPS</figcaption></figure>



However, the terminal moraine also limits the number of icebergs that the glacier sheds into the fjord. Fewer icebergs mean reduced habitat for seals, which fuels the need for research to understand how seals adapt to these changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-seals-and-icebergs">Observing seals and icebergs</h2>



Over the past few years, Kaluzienski and her team, in collaboration with the U.S. National Park Service, monitored the fjord using time-lapse cameras and aerial photographic surveys. They documented fine-scale variations in icebergs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seal-colony-lost-95-of-its-pups-to-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals distribution</a>.



"Icebergs are found throughout the fjord in regions of fast flow, within eddies, and close to the glacier," Kaluzienski explained. 



"We wanted to understand which of these areas seals were using and how this habitat is changing in response to advances at the glacier front and reduction in iceberg numbers."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-freshwater-runoff">The role of freshwater runoff</h2>



When an iceberg calves from a glacier, its movement is influenced by wind, ocean currents, and freshwater runoff from the glacier’s base. 



This runoff, known as a plume, brings nutrient-rich freshwater to the surface, creating a hotspot for plankton and fish. These areas act as a moving buffet for seals, which use icebergs near the plume to forage.



Using remote sensing data, the researchers pinpointed the plume’s location and compared it to seal and iceberg distributions during the pupping season in June and the molting season in August. 



The findings revealed distinct preferences. During the pupping season, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seals-use-sonar-signals-to-dine-deep-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals</a> often rested on slower-moving icebergs, which traveled at speeds of less than 7-8 inches (0.2 meters) per second.



During the molting season, seals increasingly used faster-moving icebergs located in or near the nutrient-rich plumes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-seasonal-preferences">Why the seasonal preferences?</h2>



The preference for slower-moving icebergs during the pupping season likely stems from their stability, which provides a safer platform for mother seals and their pups.



Conversely, stability becomes less critical during the molting season, when seals prioritize access to food. Icebergs near the plume offer better foraging opportunities, aligning with the seals’ needs during this period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-of-glacier-dynamics">Broader impact of glacier dynamics</h2>



This study highlights the complex interplay between glacier behavior and wildlife adaptation. Changes in glacier size, speed, and iceberg distribution ripple through the ecosystem, influencing seal behavior and habitat use.



Understanding these dynamics is crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-is-killing-thousands-of-seals-and-sea-lions-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protecting harbor seals</a> and the broader tidewater glacier fjord ecosystems they inhabit. 



As Kaluzienski emphasized, long-term, interdisciplinary research will play a vital role in assessing the ongoing impact of climate change on these fragile environments.



Kaluzienski presented the findings at AGU’s 2024 Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. The meeting, scheduled to take place from December 9-13, will host over 30,000 scientists to discuss cutting-edge Earth and space science research.



The <a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/agu24/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1710238" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> was presented at AGU’s 2024 Annual Meeting.



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Harbor seals rely on icebergs for daily life, but their environment is changing

Harbor seals in icy regions rely on icebergs shed by...

Every winter, a spectacle unfolds across North America. Millions of monarch butterflies, those radiant creatures with iconic wings, embark on a journey that stretches thousands of miles to their wintering grounds in the forests and mountains of central Mexico.



However, this annual migration faces growing challenges as monarch populations experience a troubling decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proposal-to-protect-monarch-butterflies">Proposal to protect monarch butterflies</h2>



In response to this alarming trend, U.S. wildlife officials <a href="https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2024-12/monarch-butterfly-proposed-endangered-species-act-protection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proposed</a> listing the monarch butterfly as threatened under the Endangered Species Act.



This status signifies that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creating-new-forests-to-assist-monarch-butterfly-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. 



The monarch butterfly, with its remarkable orange-and-black coloration, plays a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity by pollinating plants and serving as a food source for various animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mounting-threats-to-survival">Mounting threats to survival</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-monarch-butterflies-vanishing-in-the-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monarch’s plight</a> stems from a combination of threats, including habitat loss due to illegal logging, exposure to insecticides, and the intensifying climate crisis. These factors have disrupted the species’ breeding and migratory patterns.



The butterfly’s eastern migratory population has declined by roughly 80%, while the western population has plunged by more than 95% since the 1980s, according to U.S. wildlife officials.



Without immediate intervention, experts warn the monarch could disappear from the continent by the end of the century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate-change">The role of climate change</h2>



In 2022, the International Union for Conservation of Nature categorized the migratory monarch butterfly as endangered, citing climate change and habitat loss as primary drivers. 



Between 2021 and 2022, the monarchs’ presence in their Mexican <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-shift-to-winter-breeding-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wintering grounds</a> decreased by 22%, according to a World Wildlife Fund (WWF) report.



Droughts, frost, and heat across the continent are killing milkweed - the monarchs’ food source - and destroying their habitat.



Eduardo Rendón-Salinas, head of the monarch butterfly program for WWF-Mexico, highlighted the devastating effects of the climate crisis.



"Pollinators are responsible for 75% of the production of the food for humans. To save these monarchs, humans must reduce the emissions of gasses warming the atmosphere. A lot of [monarchs] are dying. That is my call to action," said Rendón-Salinas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-plan-for-preserving-monarch-butterflies">A plan for preserving monarch butterflies</h2>



The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s proposed plan aims to bolster conservation efforts by protecting nearly 4,400 acres in California as critical habitat for the western monarch population.



However, experts stress that government protections alone cannot stabilize and reverse population trends.



"Stabilizing and reversing population trends requires an all-hands approach that not only relies on government protections, but also collaboration among landowners, farmers, conservationists, and everyday citizens," said Clay Bolt, the World Wildlife Fund’s manager of pollinator conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-of-monarchs">Resilience of monarchs</h2>



"Despite [the monarch’s] fragility, it is remarkably resilient, like many things in nature when we just give them a chance," said Martha Williams, director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.



"Science shows that the monarch needs that chance, and this proposed listing invites and builds on unprecedented public participation in shaping monarch conservation efforts," she explained.



Williams emphasized that providing monarchs with sufficient milkweed and nectar plants, “even in small areas,” could significantly aid their recovery. "Working together, we can help make this extraordinary species a legacy for our children and generations to come," she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-you-can-help">How you can help</h2>



Protecting the monarch butterfly calls for all of us to act together. You can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milkweed-gardens-are-needed-to-save-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help by planting milkweed</a> and nectar-rich flowers in your garden or community. 



Supporting conservation programs and pushing for sustainable practices can also make a difference.



Small changes, like reducing pesticide use, can have a big impact. By working across neighborhoods and nations, we can ensure the monarch butterfly continues its incredible journey for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-monarch-butterflies">More about monarch butterflies</h2>



Monarch butterflies are not only famous for their striking appearance, but also for their unique life cycle.



The butterfly undergoes four life stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult. The entire process takes about a month. 



Remarkably, the monarch’s migration spans several generations, with one generation flying north in spring and subsequent generations continuing the journey until the final one travels back to Mexico in autumn.



Another fascinating aspect is their navigational ability. Monarchs use environmental cues like the position of the sun and Earth’s magnetic field to find their way, even though no single butterfly completes the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-with-more-white-spots-are-more-likely-to-survive-their-migration-journey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>.



The protection proposal by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services is reported <a href="https://www.fws.gov/press-release/2024-12/monarch-butterfly-proposed-endangered-species-act-protection">here</a>. 



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Monarch butterflies may be added to the endangered species list

Every winter, a spectacle unfolds across North America. Millions of...

A minuscule bacterium, named after the legendary hero Conan, has been gaining attention due to its unparalleled ability to thrive in extreme environmental conditions.



Identified as Deinococcus radiodurans, this robust bacterium can endure radiation levels that would easily wipe out other organisms on Earth, including humans.



It's a superhero in its own right, possessing a unique power that has baffled scientists worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-secret-to-conan-s-sturdiness">The secret to Conan's sturdiness</h2>



The remarkable resistance of this bacterium lies in a cluster of simple metabolites that, when partnered with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manganese-soil-turns-forests-into-net-carbon-emitters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manganese</a>, form a potent antioxidant shield.



An innovative study has recently shed light on how this antioxidant shield functions and its potential applications.



A team of chemists from <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> and the <a href="https://www.usuhs.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uniformed Services University</a> (USU) took on the task of investigating this cellular mystery.



By focusing their attention on a synthetic antioxidant named MDP (Mn2+-Decapeptide Complex), which was inspired by the resilience of Deinococcus radiodurans, the researchers discovered something extraordinary.



They found that MDP, made up of manganese ions, phosphate, and a small peptide, forms a strong trio complex. This trio is exponentially more effective in protecting against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chernobyl-is-teeming-with-worms-resistant-to-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiation</a> than any individual or dual combination of its components. 



The antioxidants in this complex are able to mop up the oxygen radicals before they can damage proteins in the bacterial cell that are critical to its repair processes. 



This revelation could lead to the design of new synthetic antioxidants that are specifically tailored to address human needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-science-fiction-real-world-applications">Beyond science fiction: Real-world applications</h2>



Potential applications of such innovations are vast, spanning from the protection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-radiation-levels-are-measured-for-the-first-time-and-will-help-astronauts-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronauts</a> during lengthy interstellar missions to emergency radiation preparedness. 



"It is this ternary complex that is MDP’s superb shield against the effects of radiation," said Brian Hoffman from Northwestern University.



"We've long known that manganese ions and phosphate together make a strong antioxidant, but discovering and understanding the 'magic' potency provided by the addition of the third component is a breakthrough."



"This study has provided the key to understanding why this combination is such a powerful - and promising - radioprotectant," Hoffman explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-conan-bacterium-and-its-microbial-world">The Conan bacterium and its microbial world</h2>



The latest study builds upon <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2022.0065">earlier research</a> which was focused on understanding the forecasted radiation resistance capacity of Deinococcus radiodurans on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-kidneys-may-not-survive-a-roundtrip-to-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>.



The Northwestern team successfully measured the accumulation of manganese antioxidants and found that the amount of resistance an organism can put up against radiation directly correlates with its manganese antioxidant content.



In simple words, the more the manganese antioxidants, the higher the radiation resistance.



Past studies have revealed that Deinococcus radiodurans can survive a whopping 25,000 grays of radiation. But the 2022 research discovered that dried and frozen bacteria could endure up to 140,000 grays, a level 28,000 times the lethal dose for humans.



This suggests that such organisms that may be buried on Mars amidst the storm of galactic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic radiation</a> and solar protons, could possibly have survived to this day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-manganese-based-antioxidants">Powerful manganese-based antioxidants</h2>



Further unfolding the mystery of this microbe's radiation resiliance, the team explored a designer decapeptide called DP1.



When paired with phosphate and manganese, DP1 forms the effective free-radical-scavenging agent called MDP, which has been proven to protect cells and proteins against radiation damage.



In a more recent analysis, it was discovered that MDP could potentially play a crucial role in the preparation of irradiated polyvalent vaccines. 



"This new understanding of MDP could lead to the development of even more potent manganese-based antioxidants for applications in healthcare, industry, defense, and space exploration," said Michael Daly from USU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-conan-bacterium">Implications of the Conan bacterium</h2>



Deinococcus radiodurans, now famous for its unparalleled radiation resistance, continues to captivate scientists seeking to push the boundaries of biotechnology and innovation.



Its antioxidant mechanisms, driven by a manganese-based shield, offer insights that could transform various fields.



For example, the bacterium’s resilience could play a crucial role in space exploration, particularly in protecting astronauts from cosmic radiation on long missions, such as a journey to Mars. 



This natural defense system may also aid in preserving biological materials that are vital for deep-space research and future colonization efforts.



Beyond space, the bacterium’s unique properties hold potential in healthcare and industrial applications.



As researchers explore its extraordinary mechanisms, Deinococcus radiodurans stands as a testament to the untapped possibilities within the microbial world.



The full study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.



Image Credit: USU/Michael Daly



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'Conan the Bacterium' can endure extreme radiation

A minuscule bacterium, named after the legendary hero Conan, has...

Who doesn't enjoy a sweet treat now and then? After all, a little of what you fancy does indeed seem to do you good. Well, unless it’s a fizzy drink, according to a new study.



Unraveling the tangled relationship between sugar and cardiovascular disease, the research suggests that indulging in the occasional treat could potentially lower your risk for heart-related ailments.



On the other hand, regularly gulping down sweet beverages might do just the opposite. This finding challenges long-held assumptions that all sugars are equally detrimental to heart health.



It also highlights the importance of considering not just how much sugar we consume - but also the form and context in which we consume it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-sugar-paradox">The sugar paradox</h2>



Researchers at <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lund University</a> embarked on a mission to understand the complexities of how our consumption of added sugars impacts our heart health.



Intriguingly, they found that not all sugars consumed are equal in the eyes of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular system</a>.



Suzanne Janzi, a Ph.D. candidate and the corresponding author of the study, noted that the team's most striking discovery was the divergent relationship between different sources of added sugar and cardiovascular disease risk.



Janzi emphasizes that the source and context of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-average-american-consumes-80-pounds-of-sugar-per-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugar</a> consumed are as significant to consider as the amount of sugar. This unexpected contrast implies that blanket advice to cut down all sugars might not be the most helpful guidance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-intake-and-cardiovascular-disease">Sugar intake and cardiovascular disease </h2>



As we all know, public health bodies across the globe have long advocated for eradicating excess sugar from our diets, in an effort to protect our teeth and promote healthier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-eating-habits-can-lead-to-lifelong-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating habits</a>.



However, concrete evidence linking sugar intake to cardiovascular diseases has remained limited.



Given that some of these diseases rank as leading causes of death in Europe, the researchers sought to fill this gap, focusing on diet as an accessible lever for risk reduction. They collected data from two major cohort studies involving over 69,000 participants.



Each individual's consumption of different kinds of sugar was tracked and cross-examined against their incidence of seven distinct cardiovascular diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweet-treats-vs-sugary-beverages">Sweet treats vs. sugary beverages</h2>



The researchers discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-are-consuming-more-sugary-drinks-than-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugary drinks</a> have the most egregious impact on health, far outweighing any other form of sugar intake.



The risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stroke-deaths-expected-to-rise-to-five-million-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ischemic stroke</a>, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and abdominal aortic aneurysm significantly spiked with an increase in these liquid sugars.



"Liquid sugars, found in sweetened beverages, typically provide less satiety than solid forms - they make you feel less full - potentially leading to overconsumption," explained Janzi.



The context of consumption also matters, with treats often savored during social settings or special occasions and sweet beverages consumed more regularly, she added.



Interestingly, various kinds of cardiovascular diseases were impacted differently by sugar intake and, surprisingly, eating occasional treats such as chocolate and pastries hinted at better outcomes than not indulging at all.



"This might reflect underlying dietary behaviors - individuals consuming very little sugar might have very restrictive diets or might be limiting sugar due to pre-existing health conditions," said Janzi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-diet-and-health-in-a-broader-context">Viewing diet and health in a broader context</h2>



These findings, intriguing as they are, pose several knots that have yet to be unraveled. How different types of sugars trigger diverse responses in our bodies remains an area that needs further exploration.



Moreover, given the cultural specificity of dietary habits, these findings might not directly translate across diverse populations.



"Our findings are based on a Swedish population, which may have dietary habits and lifestyle factors that differ from those in other populations," said Janzi, alluding to the cultural element that is often overlooked in dietary studies.



So, while these insights might not be applicable globally, they highlight the importance of viewing diet and health in a broader, culturally-informed context.



In conclusion, the Lund University study invites us to take a new look at our sugar consumption habits, and reminds us that balancing our sweet tooth with an understanding of the source and context of our indulgence might ultimately hold the key to a healthier heart.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452085/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Public Health</a>.



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Sugary drinks harm heart health, but sweet treats can be beneficial

Who doesn't enjoy a sweet treat now and then? After...

Detail,Of,Pouring,Beer,Into,Glass,,Close-up.,Abstract,Beverages,Background.

A new study has revealed evidence of rice beer brewing dating back approximately 10,000 years at the Shangshan site in Zhejiang Province, China.



This discovery sheds light on the ancient roots of alcoholic beverage production in East Asia and its connections to early agricultural practices and social structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-early-beer-brewing-practices">Tracing early beer brewing practices</h2>



The study focused on twelve pottery fragments from the Shangshan site in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province, dating to the early Holocene (10,000–9,000 years before present).&nbsp;



“These sherds were associated with various vessel types, including those for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brewing-beer-in-space-the-future-of-fermentation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fermentation</a>, serving, storage, cooking, and processing,” explained senior author Jiang Leping, a scientist at the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (<a href="https://rwsk.zju.edu.cn/rwsken/2019/0621/c30504a1263820/page.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICRA</a>)..



To uncover the vessels' roles, the researchers analyzed microscopic residues on the pottery's inner surfaces and surrounding sediments. 



Using microfossil extraction techniques, they identified phytoliths, starch granules, and fungi -- key indicators of food processing and fermentation.



“We focused on identifying phytoliths, starch granules, and fungi, providing insights into the pottery’s uses and the food processing methods employed at the site,” said Jiu Li of <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, the study’s lead author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-beer-fermentation-the-basics">Understanding beer fermentation -- the basics</h2>



Beer fermentation is the seemingly magical process that turns simple ingredients like water, malt, hops, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-bakers-yeast-have-similar-dna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">yeast</a> into the delicious brew we all enjoy. 



It all starts when brewers mix malted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-variants-help-plants-adapt-to-nitrogen-deficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">barley</a> with hot water to create a mash, which converts the starches into sugars. 



Once the mash cools down, they add yeast, the star of the show, which munches on those sugars and produces alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts. 



This transformation usually takes about one to two weeks, depending on the type of beer being made. 



During fermentation, the beer starts to develop its unique flavors and aromas, whether you’re brewing a crisp lager or a rich stout.



But fermentation isn’t just about flavor -- it's also where the alcohol content is created and the beer gets its fizz. 



Brewers carefully control the temperature and environment to ensure the yeast does its job properly, avoiding off-flavors and ensuring consistency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rice-centric-fermentation">Rice-centric fermentation</h2>



Phytolith analysis revealed a substantial presence of domesticated rice, indicating that it was a staple resource for the Shangshan people.&nbsp;



Further investigation revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-study-reveals-secrets-of-weedy-rice-invasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rice</a> husks and leaves were used in pottery production, underlining rice's centrality in Shangshan culture.&nbsp;



Alongside rice, the researchers identified starch granules from other plants such as Job’s tears, barnyard grass, Triticeae, acorns, and lilies. 



Many granules displayed signs of enzymatic degradation and gelatinization, hallmarks of fermentation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-qu-based-brewing-techniques">Traditional qu-based brewing techniques</h2>



Additionally, fungal elements, including Monascus molds and yeast cells, were detected in the pottery residues. Some of these fungi exhibited developmental stages associated with fermentation.&nbsp;



These findings align with the traditional qu-based brewing techniques still used in producing red yeast rice <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wine-production-in-a-warming-world-the-winners-and-losers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wine</a> (hongqujiu) in China.



Globular jars showed higher concentrations of Monascus and yeast remains compared to other vessel types like cooking pots and processing basins. 



This pattern suggests that these jars were specifically designed for alcohol fermentation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-and-agricultural-synergies">Technological and agricultural synergies</h2>



The emergence of this early brewing technology coincided with rice domestication and the favorable climate of the early Holocene, which supported the growth of fermentation-related fungi.&nbsp;



“Domesticated rice provided a stable resource for fermentation, while favorable climatic conditions supported the development of qu-based fermentation technology, which relied on the growth of filamentous fungi,” Liu explained.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/rice-beer_ancient-china_pottery_brewing_diagram_credit-IGG_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/rice-beer_ancient-china_pottery_brewing_diagram_credit-IGG_1s.webp" alt="Reconstruction of the production-consumption process involving pottery and food in early Shangshan culture. (A) Plant procurement: collecting wild plants and harvesting rice; (B) plant processing: for food and pottery making; (C) food processing: cooking food and making qu starter with molds, yeast, and rice; (D) food consumption: eating and drinking. Credit: IGG" class="wp-image-1953128"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Reconstruction of the production-consumption process involving pottery and food in early Shangshan culture. (A) Plant procurement: collecting wild plants and harvesting rice; (B) plant processing: for food and pottery making; (C) food processing: cooking food and making qu starter with molds, yeast, and rice; (D) food consumption: eating and drinking. Credit: IGG</figcaption></figure>



To confirm their findings, the researchers conducted modern fermentation experiments using rice, Monascus, and yeast.&nbsp;



The experiments demonstrated morphological similarities with the fungal remains identified on the ancient pottery.&nbsp;



Control samples of sediment showed significantly fewer starch and fungal remains, ruling out contamination and reinforcing the connection between the residues and ancient fermentation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-beer-brewing">Cultural significance of beer brewing</h2>



The study suggests that rice <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beer-may-be-better-for-your-gut-than-probiotics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beer</a> played an important role in ceremonial feasting during the Shangshan period. These rituals may have encouraged the intensified use and cultivation of rice in Neolithic China.&nbsp;



“These alcoholic beverages likely played a pivotal role in ceremonial feasting, highlighting their ritual importance as a potential driving force behind the intensified utilization and widespread cultivation of rice in Neolithic China,” Liu said.



The discovery represents the earliest known evidence of rice-based alcohol production in East Asia. It offers a deeper understanding of how rice domestication, brewing technology, and social structures were interconnected during the early Holocene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-early-innovation">A window into early innovation</h2>



The findings at Shangshan provide critical insights into the technological and cultural advancements of ancient China.&nbsp;



By revealing the link between early rice agriculture and alcohol fermentation, this research highlights the innovative spirit of the Shangshan people and their influence on subsequent agricultural and social developments.



This study opens doors for further exploration into the interplay between human innovation, environmental factors, and cultural evolution in shaping ancient societies.



----



The research was a collaboration between <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, the <a href="https://english.igg.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Geology and Geophysics</a> (IGG), and the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (<a href="https://rwsk.zju.edu.cn/rwsken/2019/0621/c30504a1263820/page.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICRA</a>).



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412274121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Ancient humans were drinking beer in China over 10,000 years ago

A new study has revealed evidence of rice beer brewing...

Floating,Ocean,Plastic,With,Sea,Turtle,Entangled,Within,It.

The story about plastic clogging up our oceans is a familiar one. The idea that bits of plastic litter in the sea impact marine life is hardly shocking anymore.



That’s why a new suggestion making the rounds has left some environmentalists speechless. A small group of scientists is now saying that we should pause all ocean plastic cleanup efforts.



Maybe, they say, those rafts of floating junk aren’t just trash, but something more complicated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-on-ocean-plastic">A new perspective on ocean plastic</h2>



Rebecca Helm, a marine biologist, brings a strange but thought-provoking perspective to this ongoing debate. 



After years of people screaming for more action to rid the seas of plastic, a few voices like Helm’s are now encouraging a more careful approach.



This is not some random idea that has popped out of thin air. It’s rooted in fresh observations about how certain sea organisms seem to have settled into their new environment.



Helm, who is currently at the <a href="https://new.unca.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina Asheville</a>, is not alone in her thinking. This view isn’t endorsed by any large public institution yet, but a number of smaller research groups have latched onto it. 



The French portal Sciencepost first shared the researchers’ findings with a wide audience.



Though the mainstream view still champions large-scale cleanup operations, Helm and others highlight that a few organisms, collectively known as the neuston, appear to be using floating plastic as their new home.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-surface-dwellers">Ocean surface dwellers</h2>



The neuston is a group of living organisms that stay right on the surface of the water. Some are algae or bacteria. Others are tiny, almost invisible animals that drift on the ocean’s top layer. 



These animals are not famous, and they rarely get any attention. Yet, these creatures are critical components of the ocean’s life support system.



They help keep the food web running, take part in shifting gases between the atmosphere and the sea’s watery depths, and break down dead matter that is floating around so that other life forms can use it.



Without them, a lot of important processes might not unfold properly. The idea that these small organisms could be snatched away if we pull out the plastic is unsettling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch">The Great Pacific Garbage Patch</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-garbage-patch-in-the-north-pacific-is-home-to-an-abundance-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a>, sometimes called the “seventh continent” by environmentalists, stands out as a key example. No one doubts it’s enormous size. No one thinks it is a good thing that millions of tons of plastic swirl in that area.



Yet, these researchers argue that, within this mess, some life forms have begun to adapt and maybe even thrive.



According to Helm’s findings, it’s possible that what looks like a plain old polluted section of the ocean could, in fact, hold entire communities we have never studied before.



“Some of these cleanup projects have the potential to get rid of an entire ecosystem that we do not understand and that we may never be able to restore," Helm cautioned.



Such words carry weight and they push us to think more carefully. Have we been too quick to jump on the bandwagon of cleanup, without really looking at what has formed in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-on-beaches-is-now-visible-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic-rich zones</a>?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-ocean-plastic-so-complicated">Why is ocean plastic so complicated?</h2>



It’s not just the neuston, either. The scientists hint that there are other species lurking around these floating bits of waste. Some are larger animals, while others may be important players in bigger food webs.



But if we start vacuuming out plastic, what happens to them? Will we knock out a rung in a ladder that holds up a bigger network of life forms? 



The researchers emphasize that we simply don’t know enough yet. We might need to step back and think harder before we wipe out the plastic and whatever has grown used to it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-very-strange-turn-of-events">Very strange turn of events</h2>



This whole situation feels like a weird twist. We spent decades learning about the dangers of plastics in the oceans. 



We know <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics end up in fish</a>. We also know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plastic-items-found-in-deceased-sea-turtles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea turtles</a>, seabirds, and marine mammals eat plastic bags by mistake. Across the globe, many species struggle with all this garbage.



That’s why it feels odd to suggest pressing the pause button on cleanup. But the takeaway might be that ocean life is extremely complicated.



Sometimes, as we charge ahead, we might cause a different kind of damage. We focus on known harm and forget to ask what hidden bonds we might break along the way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-and-the-future-of-earth-s-oceans">Plastic and the future of Earth's oceans</h2>



What’s the answer here? Is anyone seriously suggesting that we let ocean plastic continue to pile up? Probably not. But maybe it’s time to take a closer look at who is living inside these patches of drifting litter.



In the end, these scientists aren’t telling the world to abandon the fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-microplastics-are-here-to-stay-so-what-can-we-do-now/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic pollution</a>. They are calling for reflection.



The ocean’s web of life is full of surprises. Life can adapt in unexpected ways, often right under our noses. 



If we barge in, grabbing and tossing out what we think is only junk, we might end up disrupting a habitat that is important to some organisms.



The message is simple: we need more information, more research, and a better understanding of what’s going on down there. 



No one wants to see the ocean turn into a garbage dump, but to protect the delicate web of life in the ocean, we need to learn the full story before acting.



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Some experts think we should pause our ocean plastic cleanup efforts

The story about plastic clogging up our oceans is a...

Planetary scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder have made progress in understanding what sparks massive dust storms on Mars, weather phenomena that can envelop the entire planet in swirling clouds of grit. 



The findings indicate that relatively warm and sunny conditions may play a key role in initiating these dramatic storms.



Study lead author Heshani Pieris is a graduate student at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (<a href="https://lasp.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LASP</a>) at CU Boulder.



“Dust storms have a significant effect on rovers and landers on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-captured-in-true-color-like-youve-never-seen-the-red-planet-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>, not to mention what will happen during future crewed missions to Mars,” said Pieris. "This dust is very light and sticks to everything.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-dust-storms-on-mars">The mystery of dust storms on Mars</h2>



Dust storms on Mars are extraordinary spectacles, often beginning as small, localized events around the planet’s polar ice caps during the latter part of the Martian year, which lasts 687 Earth days. These storms can rapidly grow, spreading across millions of square miles and persisting for days.



In popular media, such as the film The Martian, these storms are depicted as violent enough to wreak havoc on equipment and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-takes-a-greater-toll-on-astronauts-brains-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronauts</a>. However, Mars’ thin atmosphere means the storms lack the force to cause such destruction.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, they can pose serious challenges. In 2018, a global dust storm coated NASA’s Opportunity rover in dust, blocking its solar panels and ultimately ending its mission.



“Even though the wind pressure may not be enough to knock over equipment, these dust grains can build up a lot of speed and pelt astronauts and their equipment,” explained Paul Hayne, co-author of the study and an associate professor at LASP.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-weather-patterns-on-mars">Investigating weather patterns on Mars</h2>



The study focused on two recurring weather patterns on Mars, labeled “A” and “C” storms. Using data from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, particularly the Mars Climate Sounder instrument, the researchers examined eight Martian years (equivalent to 15 Earth years) of observations.&nbsp;



They identified periods of increased surface temperatures - when more sunlight penetrates Mars’ thin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-mars-missing-atmosphere-hiding-in-plain-sight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> and heats the surface - as a potential precursor to major storms.



The researchers found that about 68% of large dust storms were preceded by a sharp increase in surface temperatures. These warm periods appeared to act as a trigger for storm formation, with a few weeks of heightened heat followed by the emergence of dusty conditions.



“It’s almost like Mars has to wait for the air to get clear enough to form a major dust storm,” Hayne noted.



While the team cannot definitively say that warm conditions directly cause the storms, Pieris pointed out that similar processes occur on Earth. On hot summer days in places like Boulder, Colorado, warm air near the ground rises, forming towering storm clouds.



“When you heat up the surface, the layer of atmosphere right above it becomes buoyant, and it can rise, taking dust with it,” Pieris explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-dust-storms-on-mars">Predicting dust storms on Mars</h2>



Pieris and Hayne are now analyzing data from more recent Martian years to further refine their understanding of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-oceans-hidden-influence-on-global-weather-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather patterns</a>. They aim to eventually predict dust storms on Mars in real-time, improving the safety of future robotic and crewed missions.



“This study is not the end all be all of predicting storms on Mars,” said Pieris. “But we hope it’s a step in the right direction.”



Understanding the triggers behind these storms, including why some regional events grow into planet-wide phenomena, is a critical piece of the puzzle.&nbsp;



“We don’t even fully understand the basic physics of how dust storms start at the surface,” Hayne added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paving-the-way-for-future-exploration">Paving the way for future exploration</h2>



The research lays the groundwork for better tools to predict and mitigate the effects of Martian dust storms.&nbsp;



Such advancements could prove invaluable for future exploration, ensuring that equipment and astronauts are prepared for the challenges of the Red Planet.



As the experts concluded, this research is a foundational step toward building the tools we need to tackle Mars’ extreme weather, by bridging the gap between what we observe and what we can predict.



Pieris will present these <a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/agu24/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/1725206">findings</a> on December 10 at the <a href="https://www.agu.org/annual-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2024 American Geophysical Union meeting</a> in Washington.



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Dust storms can engulf the entire planet of Mars - but how?

Planetary scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder have made...

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into journalism, newsrooms face the dual challenge of effectively using the technology while transparently disclosing its involvement to readers.&nbsp;



New research from the <a href="https://www.ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a> (KU) reveals that readers often view AI's role in news production negatively, even when they don't fully understand its specific contributions. This perception can lower their trust in the credibility of the news.



The studies, led by researchers Alyssa Appelman and Steve Bien-Aimé of the William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass Communications at KU, explores how readers interpret AI involvement in news articles and its impact on perceptions of credibility.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-bylines-and-reader-perception">AI bylines and reader perception</h2>



Appelman and Bien-Aimé, along with their collaborators Haiyan Jia of <a href="https://www2.lehigh.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lehigh University</a> and Mu Wu of <a href="https://www.calstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California State University</a>, conducted an experiment to investigate how different AI-related bylines influence readers.&nbsp;



Participants were randomly assigned one of five bylines on an article about the safety of artificial sweetener aspartame. These bylines ranged from “written by staff writer” to “written by artificial intelligence,” with variations indicating collaboration or assistance from AI.



The researchers found that readers interpreted these bylines in diverse ways. Even when the byline simply stated “written by staff writer,” many readers assumed AI had played a role in the article's creation due to the absence of a named human author.&nbsp;



Participants used their prior knowledge to make sense of AI’s potential contributions, often overestimating its involvement.



“People have a lot of different ideas on what AI can mean, and when we are not clear on what it did, people will fill in the gaps on what they thought it did,” Appelman explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-credibility-a-complex-relationship">AI and credibility: A complex relationship</h2>



Regardless of their interpretation, participants consistently rated news articles as less credible when they believed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-predicts-global-warmings-impact-on-extreme-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> was involved. This effect persisted even when the byline explicitly indicated human contribution alongside AI assistance. 



Readers appeared to prioritize the perceived extent of human involvement in evaluating the article's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-robots-with-a-local-accent-seem-more-trustworthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trustworthiness</a>.



“The big thing was not between whether it was AI or human: It was how much work they thought the human did,” Bien-Aimé noted.



The findings highlight the importance of clear and precise disclosure about AI’s role in news production.&nbsp;



While transparency is crucial, simply stating that AI was used may not suffice to alleviate reader concerns. If readers perceive AI as having contributed more than a human, their trust in the news could diminish.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transparency-and-ethical-considerations">Transparency and ethical considerations</h2>



The studies highlight the need for greater transparency and improved communication about the use of AI in journalism.&nbsp;



Recent controversies, such as allegations that Sports Illustrated published AI-generated articles while presenting them as human-written, have underscored the risks of insufficient disclosure.



The research also suggests that readers may be more accepting of AI in contexts where it has not traditionally replaced human roles. For instance, algorithmic recommendations on platforms like YouTube are often perceived as helpful rather than intrusive.&nbsp;



However, in fields like journalism, where human expertise is traditionally valued, the introduction of AI can create skepticism about the quality and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coaches-can-improve-athletes-lives-by-being-authentic-leaders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">authenticity</a> of the work.



“Part of our research framework has always been assessing if readers know what journalists do,” Bien-Aimé said. “And we want to continue to better understand how people view the work of journalists.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-improved-reader-education">The need for improved reader education</h2>



Appelman and Bien-Aimé’s findings point to a gap in reader understanding of journalistic practices. Disclosures about AI involvement, corrections, ethics training, or even bylines are often interpreted differently by readers than journalists intend.&nbsp;



To bridge this gap, the researchers emphasize the need for journalists and educators to better communicate the specifics of how AI is used in news production.



“This shows we need to be clear. We think journalists have a lot of assumptions that we make in our field that consumers know what we do. They often do not,” Bien-Aimé said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-journalism-and-future-research">Implications for journalism and future research</h2>



Both studies call for further investigation into how readers perceive AI’s role in journalism and how these perceptions influence trust in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">media</a>. By understanding these dynamics, journalists can refine their practices to maintain credibility while leveraging AI’s potential.



As AI continues to shape the future of journalism, the field must navigate the balance between technological innovation and maintaining public trust.&nbsp;



Transparency, clear communication, and ethical practices will be essential to ensuring that AI serves as a tool to enhance rather than undermine the credibility of the news.



The findings are published in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08934215.2024.2424553" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communication Reports</a> and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949882124000537?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans</a>.



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Readers trust news less when AI is involved

As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into journalism, newsrooms...

Dogs have always found unique ways to communicate with humans, but a recent study reveals that dogs trained with soundboards can piece together two-word combinations. These furry friends are not just mindlessly parroting their owners - they are making sense.



Published in the journal&nbsp;Scientific Reports, the study was focused on data from 152 dogs over 21 months, documenting over 260,000 button presses. Of these, an impressive 195,000 were made independently by the dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-using-soundboards-for-expression">Dogs using soundboards for expression</h2>



Study co-author Federico Rossano is an associate professor of cognitive science at UC San Diego and director of the&nbsp;<a href="https://cclab.ucsd.edu/">Comparative Cognition Lab</a>.&nbsp;



"This is the first scientific study to analyze how dogs actually use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-learn-to-speak-by-pressing-buttons-on-a-soundboard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soundboards</a>. The findings reveal that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-speech-changes-when-we-talk-to-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> are pressing buttons purposefully to express their desires and needs, not just imitating their owners," said Rossano.



"When dogs combine two buttons, these sequences are not random but instead seem to reflect specific requests."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-dog-intentions-with-soundboards">Understanding dog intentions with soundboards</h2>



The most frequently used buttons corresponded to dogs’ basic needs, such as "outside," "treat," "play," and "potty." 



Combinations like "outside" + "potty" or "food" + "water" were meaningful and occurred more often than chance would predict. These findings provide compelling evidence that dogs use soundboards intentionally rather than as random or imitative behavior.



"While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-communication-what-is-your-pet-trying-to-tell-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs already communicate</a> some of these needs, soundboards could allow for more precise communication. Instead of barking or scratching at the door, a dog may be able to tell you exactly what it wants, even combining concepts like ‘outside’ and ‘park’ or ‘beach,'" noted Rossano. 



"This could improve companionship and strengthen the bond between dogs and their owners."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-soundboard-dogs-vs-owners">Using soundboard: Dogs vs owners</h2>



The study relied on data collected via the FluentPet mobile app, where dog owners logged their pets’ button presses in real time. 



The researchers selected 152 dogs that had logged more than 200 button presses each, allowing them to analyze consistent patterns of use.



Advanced statistical tools and computer simulations ruled out randomness and confirmed the intentional nature of the button combinations. Importantly, the experts also compared button usage of dogs to that of their owners.



While humans frequently pressed buttons like "I love you," dogs used such expressions far less often, further supporting the conclusion that dogs were not merely mimicking human behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-future-research">Glimpse into future research</h2>



While the study establishes that dogs can intentionally combine two buttons to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-slower-helps-dogs-understand-what-humans-are-saying/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> immediate needs, the researchers aim to explore even deeper questions about canine intelligence. 



Could dogs use soundboards to reference past experiences, absent objects, or future events? Could they combine buttons to communicate ideas for which they lack specific vocabulary?



"We want to know if dogs can use these soundboards to express ideas beyond their immediate needs, like absent objects, past experiences, or future events. If they can, it would drastically change how we think about animal intelligence and communication," said Rossano.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-dog-owners-and-beyond">Implications for dog owners and beyond</h2>



For pet lovers, this study opens up exciting possibilities for deepening the human-canine bond. 



With soundboards, dogs might communicate with their owners in ways previously thought impossible. Imagine your furry friend combined words like "outside" and "park" or "play" and "ball" to convey exactly what they wanted.



As future research unfolds, the potential for understanding our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-feel-our-emotions-through-our-heart-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal companions</a> could redefine how we think about intelligence and communication across species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-collaborators">Study collaborators </h2>



The study’s co-authors include Amalia P. M. Bastos, now at Johns Hopkins University; Zachary N. Houghton, now at UC Davis; and Lucas Naranjo, an expert with CleverPet, Inc.



 While some of the researchers have ties to CleverPet, the company that manufactures the FluentPet devices, the research design and analysis were conducted independently, ensuring unbiased results. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-communication-beyond-soundboards">Dog communication beyond soundboards</h2>



Dogs have always been skilled communicators, even without soundboards. Their body language, vocalizations, and behaviors provide clues to their thoughts and feelings. 



For instance, a wagging tail can indicate happiness or excitement, while pinned-back ears may signal fear or discomfort. Dogs also use nuanced behaviors, like leaning into their owners for comfort or barking at specific objects, to express themselves.



Research into canine communication shows that dogs are highly attuned to human emotions and can read facial expressions and respond to tone of voice.



For example, a soothing voice may calm a nervous dog, while a cheerful tone can encourage playful behavior. Dogs even appear to distinguish between human words, recognizing familiar commands and associating specific sounds with actions or outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-communicate-through-scent">Dogs communicate through scent</h2>



Another fascinating aspect of dog communication involves scent. Dogs possess an extraordinary sense of smell, which they use to gather information about their environment and the emotions of other beings. 



A quick sniff can tell a dog if another animal is stressed, healthy, or on heat. Scent marking, common during walks, serves as a way to leave messages for other dogs.



While soundboards represent a technological leap in understanding canine communication, they are just one part of the puzzle. 



Traditional behaviors, combined with emerging tools like soundboards, offer an even richer view of how dogs convey their thoughts, emotions, and needs. These findings not only deepen our appreciation for our furry companions but also highlight their intelligence and emotional complexity.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-79517-6">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Dogs can use soundboards to express their needs

Dogs have always found unique ways to communicate with humans,...

The ocean absorbs up to a third of the world's man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, this carbon absorption comes at a cost, as it leads to the acidification of seawater.



To combat this issue, scientists are exploring ways to increase the alkalinity of seawater, so it can absorb more CO2 without becoming increasingly acidic. 



Professor Ulf Riebesell’s group at the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel plays a critical role in this research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-ocean-alkalinity-enhancement">What is ocean alkalinity enhancement?</h2>



Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to increase its capacity to absorb CO2. This process also helps counteract the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidification-is-spreading-into-deeper-waters/">acidification</a> effects caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.



Alkaline substances, such as limestone, olivine, and various carbonates can dissolve in seawater and neutralize acidity, thereby enabling greater CO2 sequestration. The approach mimics natural processes where minerals are weathered and transported to oceans over geological timescales.



Different methods are being explored to implement OAE effectively. These include distributing finely ground minerals across large ocean areas or directly injecting alkaline solutions into seawater. The efficiency of OAE depends on factors like ocean currents, water temperature, and the types of minerals used. 



Some forms of ocean alkalinity enhancement might also enhance the growth of marine organisms, such as phytoplankton, which play a role in the biological carbon pump by sequestering CO2 in deeper ocean layers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adjusting-seawater-chemistry-with-alkaline-water">Adjusting seawater chemistry with alkaline water</h2>



The researchers tested the efficiency of CO2-equilibrated OAE, a moderate approach that adjusts seawater chemistry by using alkaline water that is pre-saturated with CO2.



This method ensures carbon dioxide removal (CDR) before releasing the treated water back into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-weaker-ocean-will-release-more-carbon-into-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. 



To simulate real-world conditions, the team used KOSMOS mesocosms (Kiel Off-Shore Mesocosms for Ocean Simulations). These large test tubes, which are submerged directly into the ocean, isolated eight cubic meters of water for this controlled study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-achieving-ocean-alkalinity">Achieving ocean alkalinity </h2>



Different concentrations of sodium carbonate and bicarbonate were added to achieve varying levels of alkalinity, ranging from what occurs in natural conditions to a level that is double what is found in seawater.



Over a 33-day period, the team monitored the responses of zooplankton by examining metrics such as biomass, diversity, production, and fatty acid composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-response-of-marine-communities">Response of marine communities</h2>



The results were encouraging. Plankton communities remained stable, and zooplankton tolerated the moderate chemical changes associated with CO2-equilibrated OAE.



While the nutritional quality of particulate matter - the primary food source for zooplankton - showed potential deterioration, it did not significantly impact these marine consumers.



The researchers attributed this resilience to the oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) conditions of the subtropical waters, which may have buffered the zooplankton’s responses.



"Our study shows that the increase in alkalinity has minor impacts on the zooplankton and that the food web as a whole remains stable," said Nicolás Sánchez, Ph.D. student and first author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-in-climate-protection">Potential in climate protection</h2>



Ocean alkalinity enhancement holds promise as a powerful tool in the fight against climate change. 



By enhancing the ocean’s capacity to absorb CO2 without increasing acidity, OAE could play a vital role in buffering global warming.



It could bridge the gap during the transition to renewable energy, mitigate emissions from hard-to-decarbonize industries, and facilitate the safe removal of historical carbon emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



However, significant gaps in knowledge remain. The study, which was conducted in the nutrient-poor subtropical waters, provides a promising start but its findings cannot be generalized to all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-declared-ocean-pollutant-international-court-ruling/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>.



"Our experiment has shown that CO2-equilibrated OAE does not have a lasting impact on zooplankton and the food web in the nutrient-poor subtropical area we studied," said Sánchez.



"But this does not say anything about how it will affect other marine environments, nor about the safety of other, technically more feasible forms of OAE that cause greater changes to seawater chemistry."



The <a href="https://www.geomar.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEOMAR</a> researchers stress the need for extensive investigations across diverse ecosystems and with various OAE approaches. These studies will be essential to develop a responsible framework for the application of alkalinity enhancement. 



"Our study is a promising first step towards defining a responsible framework for the application of alkalinity enhancement," Sánchez concludes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-alkalinity-as-a-climate-solution">Ocean alkalinity as a climate solution</h2>



While ocean alkalinity enhancement shows significant potential as a climate mitigation strategy, its implementation requires cautious, science-backed approaches.



This initial experiment demonstrates that moderate OAE interventions can be ecologically safe in specific conditions, but broader studies are crucial to address global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-hidden-skin-could-protect-us-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine variability</a>.



By advancing research on OAE and understanding its implications, scientists can help ensure that this innovative approach becomes a safe and effective tool in the global effort to combat climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado0264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Ocean alkalinity may safely boost the carbon storage capacity of seawater

The ocean absorbs up to a third of the world's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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