In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp;



Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-heart-with-light">Controlling the heart with light</h2>



The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest.



The external controller detects abnormal rhythms and sends light through the body to activate the pacemaker and restore heartbeat. The study demonstrates the device’s effectiveness across animal and human donor hearts.&nbsp;



The development of the pacemaker was led by John A. Rogers, a professor of material science, biomedical engineering, and neurological surgery at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>.&nbsp;



“We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the world’s smallest pacemaker,” said Professor Rogers.



“There’s a crucial need for temporary pacemakers in the context of pediatric heart surgeries, and that’s a use case where size miniaturization is incredibly important. In terms of the device load on the body - the smaller, the better.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solution-designed-for-newborns">Solution designed for newborns</h2>



Though the light-activated pacemaker can function in patients of all sizes, its miniaturized design was motivated by the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-speech-is-driven-by-heart-rate-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Igor Efimov is a co-leader of the study and experimental cardiologist at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“About 1% of children are born with congenital heart defects. The good news is that these children only need temporary pacing after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-robot-could-transform-minimally-invasive-surgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surgery</a>. In about seven days or so, most patients’ hearts will self-repair. But those seven days are absolutely critical," said Efimov.



Traditional pacemakers require surgery and have wires sticking out of the chest to connect to an external device. When they are no longer needed, the wires are removed - risking bleeding, tissue damage, or even death.



“Wires literally protrude from the body, attached to a pacemaker outside the body,” Efimov explained. “When the pacemaker is no longer needed, a physician pulls it out. The wires can become enveloped in scar tissue. That’s actually how Neil Armstrong died.”



The new injectable pacemaker addresses these risks. All of its components are biocompatible and bioresorbable, meaning they safely dissolve in the body’s fluids without needing surgical removal. Once the device has served its purpose, it simply disappears.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-light-activated-pacemaker">Refining the light-activated pacemaker</h2>



This innovation builds on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00948-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> by Rogers and Efimov, who developed a quarter-sized dissolvable pacemaker in 2021. Surgeons asked for a smaller version to allow easier placement and suit the smallest patients.&nbsp;



The original device used near-field communication (NFC), but its antenna limited how small the device could be made. To overcome this, the team replaced the NFC system with a novel light-based mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1s.webp" alt="The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University" class="wp-image-1964846"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Click image to enlarge. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University</figcaption></figure>



“Instead of using the radio frequency scheme for wireless control, we developed a light-based scheme for turning the pacemaker on and delivering stimulation pulses to the surface of the heart. This is one feature that allowed us to dramatically reduce the size,” said Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powered-by-the-body-s-own-fluids">Powered by the body’s own fluids</h2>



The engineers also reimagined how to power the tiny pacemaker. Rather than requiring a battery or external power source, the device uses a simple galvanic cell - a chemical battery formed by two different metals as electrodes.&nbsp;



When the device is inside the body, surrounding biofluids act as the electrolyte, allowing electrical current to flow and stimulate the heart.



“A very tiny light-activated switch on the opposite side from the battery allows us to turn the device from its ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state upon delivery of light that passes through the patient’s body from the skin-mounted patch,” explained Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-trauma-and-risk">Reducing trauma and risk</h2>



Using infrared light, which can safely penetrate deep into the body, the wearable controller detects when a patient’s heart rate falls too low. It then triggers a light-emitting diode (LED) to flash on and off at the desired pacing rhythm.&nbsp;



“Infrared light penetrates very well through the body,” Efimov said. “If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.”



Despite its microscopic size - just 1.8 mm wide, 3.5 mm long, and 1 mm thick - the pacemaker delivers stimulation on par with traditional devices. “The heart requires a tiny amount of electrical stimulation,” Rogers said.&nbsp;



“By minimizing the size, we dramatically simplify the implantation procedures, we reduce trauma and risk to the patient, and, with the dissolvable nature of the device, we eliminate any need for secondary surgical extraction procedures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-heart-care">A new era of heart care</h2>



Because these light-activated pacemakers are so small and wireless, doctors could one day deploy multiple units on different parts of the heart to create more advanced pacing systems. 



Each device could be controlled independently using different light wavelengths, enabling personalized and precisely timed stimulation across the heart’s surface.



“We can deploy a number of such small pacemakers onto the outside of the heart and control each one,” Efimov said. “Then we can achieve improved synchronized functional care.”



Professor Rogers noted that because it’s so small, the pacemaker can be integrated with almost any kind of implantable device.



“We also demonstrated integration of collections of these devices across the frameworks that serve as transcatheter aortic valve replacements to address complications that can occur during a patient’s recovery process," said Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-bioelectronic-medicine">Future of bioelectronic medicine</h2>



While this breakthrough has clear implications for pediatric heart care, the technology could pave the way for a new generation of bioelectronic medicine.&nbsp;



These tiny, dissolvable devices could one day be adapted to promote nerve and bone regeneration, manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a>, support wound healing, and more.



Northwestern engineers shrank the device and removed risks by making it dissolve after use. In doing so, they’ve created a tool that could reshape how doctors care for the heart - from the tiniest patients to adults.



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Click here to <a href="https://youtu.be/j_0hZ8cUwgo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watch a video interview...</a>



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08726-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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World's smallest pacemaker is set to revolutionize heart health

In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp; Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries. Controlling the heart with light The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest. The external controller detects...

The natural world is full of wonders, one of which involves the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-symbiotic-relationships-evolve-between-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiotic relationship</a> between plants and the animals that assist in seed dispersal.



The conventional wisdom is that birds and mammals, tempted by the sight of red fruit hanging from branches, are the primary players in this relationship. 



A study from <a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a>, however, has shown that insects might be doing more to help plants reproduce than we previously realized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-allure-of-tasty-fruit">The allure of tasty fruit</h2>



Plants offer delicious fruit to animals like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-increase-forest-recovery-by-dispersing-seeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> and mammals with the aim of getting them to swallow their smooth, sturdy seeds. 



These creatures then move away from the plant and excrete the seeds, giving them a chance to grow in a new location. 



But are bigger animals the only ones playing this seed-dispersal role? Traditional thought may have led us to believe so, but the intriguing new study offers a different perspective.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-unsung-heroes-of-seed-dispersal">Insects: Unsung heroes of seed dispersal</h2>



Led by botanist SUETSUGU Kenji, the research team focused on interactions between plants and arthropods, particularly those plants that produce dust-like seeds.



These are often encapsulated in whitish, somewhat translucent fruit that promptly falls to the ground once ripe. 



Due to their minute size and ground-dwelling habits, insects become the best candidates for dispersing these subtle seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-insects-in-action">Investigating insects in action</h2>



The researchers traveled to Amami-Oshima Island in Japan to study a shrub-like plant called Rhynchotechum discolor, which produces such translucent fruit with dust seeds. 



The team undertook nocturnal photography, capturing images of insects feasting on the fallen fruit. They also trapped <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-silent-language-decoding-the-chemical-signals-of-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> nearby and examined their excrement to identify whether plant seeds were present and viable.



The team's findings verified that insects, specifically camel crickets, were the primary consumers of the Rhynchotechum discolor fruit.According to the researchers, roughly 80% of the seeds found in the insects' excrement were still viable.



"This result provides the first evidence of insects acting as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/woodlice-prove-crucial-players-plant-seed-dispersal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seed dispersers</a> for a light-harvesting, green plant in regions inhabited by land-dwelling mammals," said SUETSUGU Kenji.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conventional-wisdom">Challenging conventional wisdom </h2>



These findings challenge the traditional thought that insects only play a major role in seed dispersal in special situations. 



"Our findings challenge the notion that insect-mediated seed dispersal is a special case and suggest that it may be more widespread and ecologically important than previously understood," noted SUETSUGU Kenji.



The research also sheds light on the evolution of dust seeds. The small size and minimal energy reserves of dust seeds have often been linked with heterotrophy.



Yet, the study on Rhynchotechum discolor suggests that small seed size could have evolved as a strategy to transform seed-eating insects into seed-dispersing agents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paving-the-way-for-future-studies">Paving the way for future studies</h2>



The Kobe University team believes that similar seed dispersal systems might be common in plants that produce dust seeds, which are found in at least 13 families. 



"We have laid the groundwork for future studies to investigate similar interactions in other regions and with other plant species," rapid SUETSUGU Kenji. 



"This research enhances our knowledge of how plants adapt to their environments and the roles that different organisms play in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-life-cycles-predicting-the-impacts-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life cycles</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-insect-mediated-seed-dispersal">Implications of insect-mediated seed dispersal</h2>



Understanding the role of insects in seed dispersal opens new avenues for appreciating ecosystem dynamics. 



Insects are abundant and diverse, often occupying various ecological niches that larger animals cannot. This means they can facilitate plant reproduction in environments that are less accessible to traditional seed dispersers. 



For instance, in densely packed forests or urban areas where larger mammals might be scarce, insects can ensure that plant species continue to thrive by spreading their seeds effectively.



Moreover, the relationship between plants and their insect seed dispersers emphasizes the interconnectedness of life forms in an ecosystem. 



As insects help disperse seeds, they also contribute to genetic diversity by allowing plants to colonize new areas and creating opportunities for adaptation to changing environments. 



This ecological function is vital in the face of climate change, as plants that can distribute their seeds effectively may have a better chance of survival.



Finally, recognizing insects as significant players in seed dispersal can inform conservation strategies. Protecting insect populations is crucial not only for their intrinsic value but also for maintaining healthy plant communities and ecosystems. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10556" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants People Planet</a>.



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Insects play a much bigger role in seed dispersal than we thought

The natural world is full of wonders, one of which...

Ever contemplated the origin of the matter that humans, and all other things, are made of? Isn't it fascinating how the very fabric of existence is still such a mystery to us?



Scientists have been racking their brains over this question for time immemorial, striving tirelessly to unravel this beguiling mystery.



In the quest for answers, experts have been replicating the early universe's conditions in a controlled lab environment. They utilize particle accelerators to crash atoms together at nearly light speed.



This simulates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-novae-star-explosion-may-be-origin-phosphorus-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fiery conditions</a> of the big bang, the widely accepted theory explaining the universe's birth. Indeed, the ingenuity of these scientific odysseys is nothing short of admirable!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiring-matter-origins">Inspiring matter origins</h2>



The important and pioneering research that pulls back the veil on this mystery is steered by an exceptional team of physicists from renowned institutions --<a href="https://www.yale.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Yale University</a> and <a href="https://duke.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a>.



Their intriguing findings have found a place in the prestigious Physics Letters B journal, shedding light on the origins of matter in an awe-inspiring way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-matter-s-origin-story">Matter's origin story</h2>



This riveting tale of discovery transports us back to the very genesis of it all, when the universe was just about a microsecond old. 



At that fleeting moment, the universe was boiling at a temperature approximately 250,000 times hotter than the core of our sun. 



The staggering heat made it impossible for protons and neutrons, the building blocks of matter, to form.



Instead, the universe started as a thick soup of quarks and gluons, the tiniest particles known to us. As the universe cooled and expanded, these minute matter started interacting, giving birth to protons and neutrons. 



These protons and neutrons are the building blocks of the atoms that construct the matter we witness around us in different forms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-particle-puzzle">Particle puzzle</h2>



Physicists gauge the cascade of particles generated in these mini recreations of the big bang to ascertain how matter came into existence. 



These particles can shape up through diverse ways -- either from the primordial soup of quarks and gluons or through subsequent reactions.



The intriguing aspect of the research is the revelation that nearly 70% of some particles measured are a result of later reactions, not the initial formation of the universe. 



This suggests that much of the matter surrounding us today might have been shaped up later than previously believed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solving-the-charmonium-conundrum">Solving the charmonium conundrum</h2>



Back in the 1990s, physicists observed that specific particles, known as D mesons, interact to produce a rare particle known as charmonium. 



However, the underlying significance of this interaction remained vaguely understood, primarily because of the rarity of charmonium.



Fast forward to the present, the team from Yale and Duke employed new experimental data to estimate the strength of this interaction. 



The results were stunningly more significant than anyone had anticipated - more than 70% of the charmonium measured appears to originate from these interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-d-mesons-and-charmonium">Understanding D mesons and charmonium</h2>



D-mesons are fascinating particles made of a charm quark and an up or down antiquark. They belong to the meson family, which forms from one quark and one antiquark. 



Even though these particles are unstable and decay quickly, studying them helps physicists understand the strong interaction, one of nature's four fundamental forces.



Charmonium is another interesting and enigmatic system. It consists of a charm quark and a charm antiquark held together. 



It is similar to positronium, which has an electron and its antiparticle, the positron. We categorize charmonium states by their energy levels and the spins of the particles.



Exploring charmonium is key for advancing our grasp of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory behind the strong interaction. 



Physicists use these particles to test and fine-tune QCD predictions, helping us better understand the fundamental forces that shape the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



This novel calculation carries tremendous implications for understanding the origins of matter. It suggests that to wholly comprehend the results of accelerator experiments, scientists must disregard particles formed in later reactions. 



The particle matter originating from the primeval soup is the ones that truly reveal the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/during-the-cosmic-dawn-of-our-universe-empty-space-looked-very-different/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early universe's conditions</a>.



The study also highlights an interesting aspect. Scientists need not precisely know how the fiery ball of subatomic particles expands. 



Despite the specifics of the expansion, the collisions yield considerable amounts of charmonium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-matter-and-the-future-of-our-universe">Origin of matter and the future of our universe</h2>



So, what does this really mean for us? It signifies that we are inching closer to understanding our universe's very fabric - matter. 



This is an incremental step but a significant one in our quest to comprehend our <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-brilliant-sombrero-galaxy-hints-at-an-expanding-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic roots</a>.



As we venture further into the enigmatic realm of quantum physics, the continuous evolution of experimental techniques promises even more revelations. 



Emerging technologies in particle detection and analysis are set to enhance our understanding of the conditions immediately following the Big Bang.



This ongoing research not only seeks to clarify the origins of matter but also aims to address profound questions surrounding dark matter and energy, which continue to baffle scientists. 



By pushing the boundaries of current methodologies, future studies might reveal the interconnectedness of various particles and their roles in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shaping the universe</a> we inhabit today. 



Truly, the journey into the quantum world is just beginning, and the mysteries it holds could frame the foundational elements of future scientific breakthroughs related to matter.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269323005804?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters B</a>.



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Origins of all matter discovered by recreating the Big Bang in the lab

Ever contemplated the origin of the matter that humans, and...

A,View,Of,A,Meteor,Shower,And,The,Milky,Way.

As the August night sky makes its grand entrance, what does the cosmos have in store for us, the star-gazing denizens of Earth? The answer is -- a lot more than just a meteor shower.



Get comfy, and prepare for a celestial spree that weaves a wistful tale of planets glimmering and stars gleaming ceaselessly against the vast canvas of the night sky. 



Imagine watching the twinkling constellations tell stories of ancient mythologies and the shimmering planets dance in their orbits, each one with its own unique charm.



The best part? It's all going to unfold right above our heads, inviting us to gaze upwards and appreciate the beauty of the cosmos. 



We’re diving headfirst into a month-long cosmic exploration, packed with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-meteor-showers-delta-aquarids-alpha-capricornids-light-up-night-skies-august-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">awe-inspiring sights</a>, fascinating facts, and the thrill of discovering the mysteries of the universe that have intrigued humanity for centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starting-the-night-sky-show-august-5-11">Starting the night sky show (August 5-11)</h2>



If you're tired of predictable evening television, here's a week to switch channels to the celestial sphere instead. 



As the sun dips below the horizon on Monday, August 5, direct your gazes towards the northwest. There, a crescent moon in its blush, barely lit at 2%, keeps a coy proximity to Venus.



As the universe weaves this dreamy tableau, a closer inspection might bring forth Leo's omnipresent brilliance, Regulus. 



Let's not miss a faint blush of red in the form of Mercury. You should grab a pair of binoculars if you have them. You wouldn't want to miss this bewitching sight.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-to-expect">What to expect?</h3>



As the days roll on, every night promises a fresh cosmic spectacle that captivates stargazers and casual observers alike. 



One such marvel is the elusive phenomenon known as "Earthshine," where the moon's darker side is gently illuminated by sunlight reflecting off the Earth's oceans, creating a soft, glowing effect that enchants those who take the time to look up.



This subtle light contrasts beautifully with the continued brilliance of the moon, which waxes and wanes in its phases, and the bright planet Venus, both of which appear to pirouette gracefully across the vast night sky. 



These celestial dancers not only highlight the beauty of our universe but also remind us of our place within it, sparking curiosity and wonder in the hearts of those who observe their nightly performance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peak-of-the-perseids">Peak of the Perseids </h3>



That's not all. This weekend is the pièce de résistance with the awe-inspiring Perseid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-meteor-showers-delta-aquarids-alpha-capricornids-combine-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteor shower</a> set to peak on Sunday, August 11. 



With an astounding 60 meteors per hour sweeping across the sky, it's a sight for sore eyes. And, the Northern Lights might just make a surprise appearance!



"The Perseid meteor shower, which peaks in mid-August, is considered the best meteor shower of the year. With swift and bright meteors, Perseids frequently leave long 'wakes' of light and color behind them as they streak through Earth's atmosphere," notes <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/meteors-meteorites/perseids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-activity-and-auroras">Solar activity and auroras</h2>



This weekend, we're in for a captivating display from the cosmos. Earth is expected to experience <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storm-alert-auroras-radio-blackouts-expected-weekend-august-9-11-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strong solar storms</a> that could bring stunning auroras to regions much farther south than usual in the U.S.



The NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) has issued alerts for significant geomagnetic storms forecasted between August 9 and August 11, as a coronal mass ejection slams into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-dances-with-solar-wind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetic field</a>.



These geomagnetic storms might cause disruptions in our technology, possibly leading to radio blackouts and power grid issues, especially in northern areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-stars-align-august-12-18">When stars align (August 12-18)</h2>



Still reeling from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseid-meteor-shower-july2024-everything-need-to-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseids</a>' spectacle, the second week keeps the momentum going. Get ready to navigate through an enthralling maze of constellations.&nbsp;



Chase Hercules, home to the Great Globular Cluster, M13, a beguiling gathering of ancient stars. Look out for Vega, shining with unadulterated brilliance in Lyra.



By the week's conclusion, prepare to spot the distinctive orange glow of Arcturus in Boötes, one of the brightest stars to grace our night sky.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celestial-ballet-at-night-august-19-25">Celestial ballet at night (August 19-25)</h2>



Now, we shift gears from cosmic fireflies to the moon and its celestial neighbors. The third week of August kicks off with Saturn in the limelight as it reaches opposition.&nbsp;



Plan a night out with the ringed planet, clearly visible in all its glory.



Later in the week, do keep an eye out for a celestial waltz between Jupiter and the moon. A perfect excuse, wouldn't you say, to spend a night under the stars. 



Not to be left out, the Milky Way ascends majestically, presenting an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-meteor-showers-delta-aquarids-alpha-capricornids-light-up-night-skies-august-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unfiltered spectacle</a> of our home galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-cosmic-act-august-26-september-1">Final cosmic act (August 26 - September 1)</h2>



As we bid adieu to August and welcome September, the celestial drama reaches its grand finale. From a radiant full moon to a special cameo by Mars in close proximity to our lunar companion, every night promises to be a celestial marvel. The Summer Triangle makes a resounding appearance too.



So, this is your cue to grab a star chart, or that astronomy app you've been meaning to try out. Prepare to traverse the night sky on a cosmic odyssey! 



Remember, each night brings with it a new surprise and a reason for us to keep looking up.



The staggering wonders of the cosmos are truly appreciated when we peel ourselves away from the hustle and bustle of our daily lives. 



So, this August, make it a point to admire the night sky. After all, there are always magical secrets of the universe waiting just above you!



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Perseid meteor shower peaks this weekend with a crescent moon and auroras

As the August night sky makes its grand entrance, what...

Permafrost, an ever-prominent issue due to climate change, is causing the frozen lands of Alaska to wear away faster than they can restore themselves. 



The effects are not only detrimental to the physical landscape but also to the balance of Earth's atmosphere. As the land erodes, it releases trapped carbon, bolstering the warming of our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-role-of-permafrost">The crucial role of permafrost</h2>



A sizable part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-a-widespread-decline-of-snow-cover-in-the-northern-hemisphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Hemisphere</a>'s surface is dominated by permafrost - permanently frozen ground that is primarily found in Arctic regions. This chilly natural resource is more than just frozen soil; it's an integral part of our global environment.



The imbalance of its destruction and renewal rate could lead to significant infrastructure damage and amplify the warming of the atmosphere. If <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-exposing-the-dangers-of-melting-permafrost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost melts</a> faster than it can reform, we risk disrupting a delicate ecological balance.



"In the Northern Hemisphere, much of the ground is permafrost, meaning it is frozen year-round. Permafrost is a delicate natural resource. If it is lost faster than it is regenerated, we endanger infrastructure and release carbon, which can warm the atmosphere," said Nathan D. Brown, assistant professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UT Arlington</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-and-river-dynamics-in-alaska">Permafrost and river dynamics in Alaska</h2>



Rivers are dynamic entities, steadily altering their course over time. Influenced by floods, earthquakes, vegetation growth, and wildlife, they harmoniously flow and carve their way through the landscape. However, in Alaska, there’s an added element to this natural process.



The riverbanks, enshrined in permafrost, are consistently eroding, releasing organic carbon as they melt. When this carbon combines with oxygen, it morphs into carbon dioxide - a greenhouse gas responsible for atmospheric warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lingering-uncertainty-of-permafrost">The lingering uncertainty of permafrost</h2>



Dr. Brown, supported by academic peers from several notable institutions, set out to unravel the elusive nature of permafrost in a climate-challenged world.



The study was focused on the Koyukuk River in Alaska. This 425-mile tributary of the Yukon River is a vital component of the Alaskan ecosystem and plays a considerable role in the region's permafrost.



The research, published by the <a href="https://www.agu.org/user-profile/research?cstkey=C0D323FE-9886-4216-8D59-91B9B7B8D051&amp;researchType=publication" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union</a>, reveals a concerning trend. While new permafrost is developing along the floodplain, it’s not keeping pace with the amount melting due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-is-losing-its-cooling-power-making-the-earth-even-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a>.



"By dating these permafrost deposits, we found that permafrost formation in this region can take thousands of years. Under a warming climate, permafrost formation is expected to take longer, while thawing permafrost riverbanks will become more susceptible to erosion," explained Dr. Brown. 



"The net result will be a loss of permafrost and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-permafrost-thaw-releases-more-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contribution of carbon</a> to the atmosphere."



In the fight against climate change, every small alteration in the environment can have a cascading impact on the global stage. 



With the rapid melting of Alaska's permafrost, the future may hold even more challenges. Our Earth is a complex and delicately balanced system. Maintaining that balance is essential as we move forward into an uncertain climate future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-thawing-ice-on-wildlife">The impact of thawing ice on wildlife</h2>



As the climate warms and the ice melts, the implications extend beyond just the landscape; they significantly affect local wildlife. 



Many species, particularly those adapted to cold environments, are facing increasing challenges. For instance, polar bears, which rely on sea ice for hunting seals, are struggling to find adequate food sources as their habitat diminishes.



Moreover, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-sea-ice-has-a-direct-impact-on-adelie-penguin-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting ice</a> alters the natural cycles of rivers and lakes, affecting fish populations and other aquatic life. Fish spawn in specific conditions that are becoming more unpredictable due to temperature fluctuations and changes in water levels. This disruption can lead to declines in fish stocks, which not only impacts the ecosystem but also local communities that depend on fishing for their livelihoods.



Further, as ice retreats, it exposes new areas of land that were previously frozen, leading to potential habitat shifts for various species. Some animals may adapt to these changes, while others could face extinction. 



The ripple effects of these changes can disrupt the intricate web of life in Alaska and beyond, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate climate change and protect vulnerable ecosystems.



Understanding and addressing these challenges is vital for the preservation of biodiversity as we strive for a sustainable future in a warming world.



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Rapid permafrost thaw in Alaska threatens global climate balance

Permafrost, an ever-prominent issue due to climate change, is causing...

A new study has provided clear evidence that significantly more birds are killed by window collisions than previously thought.



The researchers noted that building collisions impact hundreds of bird species, killing between 365 million and one billion birds a year in the United States alone.&nbsp;



The study was led by experts at the <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fordham University</a>, the <a href="https://nycbirdalliance.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYC Bird Alliance, Inc</a>, and the <a href="https://www.gea.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collisions-are-a-leading-source-of-bird-mortality-nbsp">Collisions are a leading source of bird mortality&nbsp;</h2>



“Even common avian species in North America are declining, so identifying and addressing threats to bird populations is critical for the conservation of not only individual species, but the ecosystems they belong to,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Collisions with buildings are a leading anthropogenic cause of death for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-linked-to-1430-bird-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> in the United States, with major collision events garnering national attention and, as of 2024, 25 U.S. cities or states have passed legislation that requires new buildings to be bird-friendly.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-severe-injuries-and-near-instant-deaths">Severe injuries and near-instant deaths</h2>



Previously, scientists have shown that windows are a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/window-collisions-are-a-leading-cause-of-bird-mortality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">major hazard</a> for a great variety of birds, which often don’t notice them and fly directly into them. 



In some cases, these collisions lead to a “stunning effect,” with birds crashing to the ground, only to recover moments later and fly away. In other cases, the impacts lead to severe injuries or near-instant-deaths.



“Building collisions are a leading threat to wild birds; however, only those that are found dead or fatally wounded are included in current mortality estimates, with injured or stunned birds largely assumed to survive long-term. Avian building collision victims are often brought to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-conservation-can-help-stabilize-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> rehabilitators for care, with the hopes they can be released and resume their natural lives,” the authors explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-deaths-are-underestimated">Bird deaths are underestimated </h2>



According to the experts, although scientists have previously estimated that hundreds of millions of birds die annually in the United States due to such collisions, the number may in fact be much larger.&nbsp;



While previous window collisions calculations are derived by adding up counts of dead birds found on the ground, they fail to take into account the cases of birds surviving the initial collisions but dying later due to injuries.



In order to estimate the number of birds dying after the initial impacts, the scientists examined data from eight states on 3,100 avian-window collisions between 2016 and 2021. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-injuries-are-common">Brain injuries are common</h2>



The analysis revealed that most birds that were discovered and treated for their injuries - about 60 percent -&nbsp; still died later on, mainly due to brain injuries.



“The number of admissions varied by season; fall migration had the highest number of cases and winter had the least number of cases, and summer having the lowest release proportion and winter having the highest. The most common reported injury was head trauma and concussion,” the authors explained.



Thus, while it is not uncommon for a bird to wake up after a collision and fly away apparently unharmed, they nevertheless seem to experience the same type of symptoms happening to people after car accidents, such as brain swelling, which nearly always leads to death in birds.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-on-bird-building-collisions-nbsp">A new perspective on bird-building collisions&nbsp;</h2>



Taking this data into account, the experts estimate that the total number of bird deaths after window collisions may in fact significantly exceed one billion a year in the United States alone.



“This study reports different data than carcass studies and views bird-building collisions from the perspective of surviving victims to explore longer-term effects of these collisions on mortality,” noted the researchers.



The experts recommend increased communication and collaboration between wildlife rehabilitators and conservation researchers to better understand building collisions and how to respond to this leading threat to wild birds.&nbsp;



“These findings, along with our estimate of delayed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-is-luring-birds-to-their-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mortality</a>, suggest that overall collision mortality estimates based on carcass collection far exceed one billion birds in the U.S. each year,” the authors concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306362" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



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More than a billion birds are killed in window collisions each year

A new study has provided clear evidence that significantly more...

Happiness is an omnipresent quest, an ever-elusive goal that many strive to achieve throughout life. But what if we are judging our happiness too much?



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-path-to-happiness-the-science-is-still-not-clear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pursuit of happiness</a> is often seen as the holy grail of a meaningful life, yet this quest could potentially be a double-edged sword, leading to unintended consequences.



New research published by the <a href="https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2024/08/judging-your-happiness" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Psychological Association</a> suggests that constantly measuring and evaluating your own happiness could cause it to wither away, negatively impacting overall life satisfaction and psychological well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-costs-of-judging-personal-happiness">Hidden costs of judging personal happiness</h2>



For their investigation, the researchers conducted three experiments involving more than 1,800 participants.



The results of the analysis showed that having concerns or judgments about one's level of happiness was associated with lower well-being, partly due to increased negativity and disappointment about positive events.



Lead researcher Felicia Zerwas, PhD, was a doctoral student at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California-Berkeley</a> during this research and is now a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York University</a>.



Zerwas explained that thinking too much about one's own happiness might relate to fears of not measuring up or not being as happy as others.



"There are plenty of societal pressures, at least within the United States, which encourage the fallacy that people must feel happy all of the time to achieve greater well-being," she noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-social-constraint-of-constant-joy">The social constraint of constant joy</h2>



In many societies, as Zerwas noted, there is an overwhelming amount of pressure to maintain constant happiness as a key to life satisfaction. However, the study's findings suggest otherwise.



Zerwas emphasized that allowing yourself to experience and accept your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>, whether they are positive or negative, could be a useful tool in the pursuit of happiness and well-being.



Contrary to some previous studies, the current research found that simply viewing happiness as an essential goal did not negatively affect well-being. Instead, the issue emerged in the judgment of one's own happiness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



The study included diverse samples of participants, such as students from <a href="https://www.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University</a>, community members from Denver and Berkeley, California, and online participants from across the United States and Canada. 



The participants were asked detailed questions about their beliefs regarding happiness and their overall psychological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a>.



Those who were particularly concerned about their own level of happiness demonstrated significantly lower overall life satisfaction, poorer psychological well-being, and greater depressive symptoms. 



Moreover, these individuals exhibited more negativity towards positive experiences, highlighting the detrimental effects of excessive self-judgment and high expectations on personal joy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-double-edged-sword-of-judging-happiness">The double-edged sword of judging happiness</h2>



In light of these findings, cultivating authenticity in our emotional experiences is crucial. 



The pressure to project constant happiness can disconnect us from our true feelings and distort self-perception. Instead of striving for an idealized version of happiness, we should embrace our authentic selves, acknowledging both the highs and lows of our emotions.



Practicing authenticity fosters a deeper understanding of our emotions and builds <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resilience-is-surprisingly-linked-to-gut-and-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a>. Experiencing a full spectrum of emotions, including discomfort and sadness, as natural parts of life can enhance overall well-being by allowing genuine responses without self-judgment.



Cultivating a supportive social environment is also essential. Surrounding ourselves with individuals who value emotional honesty can help mitigate societal pressures. Open conversations about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-67-minutes-daily-outdoors-boosts-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> and emotional struggles normalize varying emotional states, reminding us we are not alone.



Ultimately, the pursuit of happiness should be a fluid journey guided by self-acceptance and understanding. Embracing authenticity and fostering a supportive community allows us to navigate our emotional lives with grace, finding fulfillment in the richness of our shared human experience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mindfulness-as-a-path-to-well-being">Mindfulness as a path to well-being</h2>



In addition to embracing authenticity, integrating mindfulness practices into our daily lives can further enhance our emotional well-being and life satisfaction.



Mindfulness encourages us to be present in the moment, allowing us to experience our emotions without judgment. This practice can help us manage stress, improve focus, and find a sense of inner peace.



By combining mindfulness with authenticity, we can develop a more holistic approach to our emotional health, leading to a more balanced and fulfilling life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/emo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emotion</a>. 



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Judging your happiness makes you less happy

Happiness is an omnipresent quest, an ever-elusive goal that many...

Have you ever wondered why the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth is warming</a> at an alarming rate? The answer lies right under our noses - climate change, a phenomenon that scientists worldwide have been battling against. A recent study from <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> presents insights into our planet's climatic past, offering a unique perspective on the effects of warming today.



The research was led by Earth scientists at ETH Zurich. The team collaborated with eminent institutions, including the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>, <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>, CNRS Toulouse, and the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-past-and-climate-change">Earth's past and climate change</h2>



Earth's geological history is complex, with major events like volcanic eruptions that changed landscapes and released ash and gas into the atmosphere.



These eruptions often led to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-earths-hottest-day-ever-was-recorded-on-july-22-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quick climate warming</a>, affecting ecosystems and life. Mass extinctions, like the one that killed the dinosaurs, were key moments that changed evolution and allowed new species to develop.



These periods of enhanced volcanic activity altered the carbon-climate regulation systems for millions of years. As if Earth's fiery turmoil wasn't enough, the changing vegetation further shifted the planet's climatic equilibrium, leaving an indelible mark on Earth's geological narrative.



"The Siberian Traps event released some 40,000 gigatons of carbon over 200,000 years. The resulting increase in global average temperatures between 5 - 10°C caused Earth’s most severe extinction event in the geologic record,” noted Professor Taras Gerya from ETH Zurich, a seasoned veteran in the field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surviving-thriving-or-dying">Surviving, thriving, or dying</h2>



Unsurprisingly, nature has had to adapt to these climatic changes. However, some species simply didn't have the luxury of time to adapt to the steadily increasing temperatures.&nbsp;



“The recovery of vegetation from the Siberian Traps event took several millions of years and during this time Earth’s carbon-climate regulation system would have been weak and inefficient resulting in long-term climate warming,” explained study lead author Julian Rogger of ETH Zurich.



According to the study, the severity of such climatic turmoil relies on the rapid sequestration of emitted carbon back into Earth's interior, either through silicate mineral weathering or organic carbon production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-lessons-from-earths-past">Climate lessons from Earths past </h2>



The historical data from Earth's climate reveals that resilience and adaptation are not merely choices but necessities for survival.&nbsp;



The drastic shifts during previous warming periods serve as a warning, portraying the potential consequences of inaction in the face of current climate crises. Learning from the past enables us to develop robust strategies for resilience not just in plant life but across ecosystems.&nbsp;



As communities and nations grapple with climate challenges, integrating historical climate insights into modern policymaking will be essential.&nbsp;



Understanding how previous species thrived or perished can guide contemporary efforts in conservation and environmental management, ensuring that we take informed steps towards a sustainable future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-earth-s-climate-crisis">New era of Earth's climate crisis</h2>



So, what does the past have to say about our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-make-your-hometown-feel-like-somewhere-else/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">current climate crisis</a>? Essentially, the disruption of vegetation contributes significantly to the duration and severity of climate warming. The study reveals that an impaired ability of vegetation to regulate Earth's carbon cycle may take millions of years to reach a new stable climatic equilibrium.



“Today, we find ourselves in a major global bioclimatic crisis,” said Professor Loïc Pellissier of ETH Zurich and <a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WSL</a>. 



“Our study demonstrates the role of a functioning of vegetation to recover from abrupt climatic changes. We are currently releasing greenhouse gases at a faster rate than any previous volcanic event. We are also the primary cause of global deforestation, which strongly reduces the ability of natural ecosystems to regulate the climate. This study, in my perspective, serves as ‘wake-up call’ for the global community.”



This is indeed a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-still-prevent-critical-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wake-up call for humanity</a>. Now, the question is, how will we respond? Will we continue on our current path, risking the destruction of our planet, or will we rise to the occasion, making changes to ensure a livable world for future generations?



The clock is ticking, and unlike plant species millions of years ago, we might not have the luxury of time to adapt.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn3450" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Plants needed millions of years to recover from past climate warming

Have you ever wondered why the Earth is warming at...

Life can sure feel heavy at times, right? But what if a diet change could lighten that load? Recent findings from a diligent team at <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a>, State University of New York (<a href="https://www.suny.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SUNY</a>) suggests that Mediterranean diet reduces perceived stress, promoting mental and physical health.



This isn't some casual presumption. It's a conclusion drawn from a meticulously conducted comparison of Mediterranean and Western diets and their impact on stress perceptions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-for-stress">Mediterranean diet for stress</h2>



Driving this exploration is Lina Begdache, an esteemed associate professor of health and wellness studies at Binghamton University. She's been deeply invested in uncovering the effects of various elements on our wellbeing, particularly our mental health.



Begdache and her team delved into whether embracing a Mediterranean diet – plates brimming with fruits, veggies, whole grains, and healthful fats – could alter how people perceive their stress. 



The researchers found that consuming Mediterranean diet staples is tied to lower levels of perceived stress and mental distress.



This Mediterranean approach isn't all about chowing down; it represents a balanced lifestyle teeming with variety and top-notch nourishment. In stark contrast stands the typical Western diet, laden with processed and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unhealthy-diet-leaves-brain-feeling-foggy-frazzled-sad/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high-glycemic foods</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-stress-nexus">Diet-stress nexus</h2>



Stress is a global experience, isn't it? However, your perception of stress can significantly affect your mental and physical health.



“Stress is recognized to be a precursor to mental distress, and research, including our own, has demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet lowers mental distress,” Begdache said. 



“Thus, one element of the puzzle may be explained by the fact that the Mediterranean diet may be associated with a decrease in the negative components of perceived stress and an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improvement in its positive attributes</a>.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



How did Begdache and her team arrive at this conclusion? They conducted a survey with over 1,500 participants, probing their food habits and measuring their stress levels. 



Post crunching the data with a machine learning model, it became evident that the components of the Mediterranean diet were associated with lower stress and mental distress levels. Conversely, the typical Western diet seemed to be tied to heightened stress and mental distress experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adopting-a-balanced-lifestyle">Adopting a balanced lifestyle</h2>



Embracing the Mediterranean diet doesn't just dampen stress - it's linked to a smorgasbord of health perks. Research suggests this diet can minimize the risk of chronic diseases like heart conditions, diabetes, and certain cancers.



Additionally, the focus on whole foods and healthy fats boosts cognitive functioning, potentially lowering depression risks. By remolding our diet, we can cultivate a lifestyle that champions physical and mental well-being, creating a sturdy foundation for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-may-be-a-fountain-of-youth-for-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehensive health</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pivot-to-the-mediterranean-diet">Pivot to the Mediterranean diet</h2>



Shifting to the Mediterranean diet does not have to be overwhelming. You can start by including more fruits and vegetables in your meals; aim for an array of colorful produce.



Opt for whole grains like quinoa, barley, and brown rice over refined versions. Infuse healthy fats, such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados, while cutting down on processed foods and sugars. 



Play with herbs and spices for flavor in lieu of salt, and remember to share your joyful meals with loved ones. These manageable steps can drive you towards a healthier lifestyle and possibly curtail stress in the bargain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-food-affect-our-stress-levels">How does food affect our stress levels?</h2>



Begdache noted that this study bridges a vital gap in the field. Although plenty of studies scrutinize how stress influences our dietary choices, scant research investigates how food can affect our stress levels.



Her team continues to probe various aspects of brain function, behaviors, and dietary trends, eager to unearth more correlations and health advantages.



The next time you're drawn to a doughnut or a packet of chips in a stressful moment, why not consider a fresh fruit salad or a handful of nuts instead? 



Switching from a Western diet to a Mediterranean approach might be just the trick to managing stress more effectively. Isn't it heartening to realize that your next meal could be a stride towards a less stressful existence?



Remember, stress does not have to rule your life. So, are you primed for a dietary shift to lead a healthier, more cheerful life? The decision is entirely up to you.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02601060241263375" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrition and Health</a>.



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Mediterranean diet: A delicious way to manage stress

Life can sure feel heavy at times, right? But what...

Have you ever wondered how large crowds dance in perfect unison at concerts or how everyone seems to move to the same rhythm in nightclubs? The secret to synchronized dance movements, according to a new study, is quite simple: bouncing.



The research, coming from the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (<a href="https://www.iit.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIT</a>), or the Italian Institute of Technology in Rome, has unearthed a fascinating fact.



Bouncing, a basic movement, has been identified as a key factor facilitating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/classical-music-can-synchronize-the-heartbeats-of-strangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">synchronization</a> among people dancing together. 



This intriguing discovery might be tied to the bouncing movement that humans experience as infants, linked to the rhythm of a mother's walk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-synchronized-dancing">What drives synchronized dancing?</h2>



The study, led by Giacomo Novembre of the Center for Life Nano- &amp; Neuro-Science of IIT in Rome, engaged 35 pairs of individuals. Each pair was asked to dance spontaneously while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/listening-to-music-makes-medication-more-effective/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">listening to music</a> under various conditions.



The participants listened to the same or different tunes through earphones while maintaining or avoiding eye contact. 



The focus was to understand what drives people to synchronize their dance movements: the sight of their partner, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-find-cultural-differences-in-how-we-interpret-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythm</a> of the music, or both. 



The findings of this intriguing research were published in the international journal Current Biology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-dance-movements">Unraveling the dance movements</h2>



The participants engaged in a "silent disco" mode, standing a few meters apart on their designated spaces. 



Their movements were meticulously recorded via wearable markers on the main joints, providing data for a sophisticated optical motion capture system equipped with infrared cameras.



The researchers used a fully data-driven algorithm to decompose complex dance movements into 15 distinct "dance steps," explaining over 95% of recorded movements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-and-partner-driven-dance-movements">Music and partner-driven dance movements</h2>



The study identified two main ways to synchronize in dance: "music-driven" and "partner-driven." The former involves synchronization based on the rhythm of the music, regardless of the partner's movements.



Conversely, the partner-driven mode refers to synchronizing movements solely based on observing the partner’s movement.



According to the research, both modes can coexist and even work simultaneously without interference, leading to the fascinating phenomena observed in group dances. 



The music-driven synchrony often incorporates anterior-posterior movements, while the partner-driven synchrony includes lateral movements common in face-to-face dances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-dance-step-bouncing">Universal dance step: Bouncing</h2>



Among all the dance steps observed, one unique movement stood out: bouncing. This movement involves jumping up and down repeatedly in tune to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-activity-reveals-connection-between-music-and-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a>. The universality of this movement lies in its ability to synchronize through both channels - music and partner.



Interestingly, bounce movement was found to be amplified when the participants could see each other. 



“Vertical movements such as bounce are the most effective for achieving synchronization with other people, through both visual and auditory modes," noted Giacomo Novembre, the principal investigator.



The unique role of the bounce in rhythmic coordination might stem from early human life. As infants, the rhythm of their mother's walk is one of the first experiences of synchronized movement. 



This notion is supported by study first author Felix Thomas Bigand, a postdoctoral researcher at IIT in Rome. Bigand suggests that bounce and locomotion, which are among the first isochronous signals experienced by humans, could be the fundamental elements facilitating synchronization in dance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-context-and-synchronized-dancing">Social context and synchronized dancing</h2>



In addition to physical movements and music, social context plays a significant role in how individuals synchronize their dance. Research indicates that emotional connection and social bonding can enhance the synchronization experience.



When dancers share a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/positivity-and-emotional-awareness-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">positive emotional state</a>, whether through laughter, shared enjoyment of the music, or mutual encouragement, their ability to synchronize improves significantly.



As dance continues to evolve across cultures and settings, understanding the interplay between movement, music, and social dynamics will be crucial. 



This knowledge not only enriches our appreciation of dance as an art form but also highlights its potential as a tool for social cohesion and emotional expression. 



The study of dance synchronization opens doors to exploring how humans connect with one another, making every dance floor a stage for both individual expression and collective harmony.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982224006985" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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The secret to synchronized dance movements

Have you ever wondered how large crowds dance in perfect...

In what can only be described as a herculean accomplishment, a team of scientists has succeeded in bringing to the surface a long, 1,268-meter section of rocks from the Earth's Mantle. This layer, hidden beneath the crust, forms the largest chunk of our planet.



The insights gained from this discovery open doors to a profound understanding of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-has-begun-moving-backwards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet's inner workings</a>, offering a peek into life's origins, the causes behind volcanic activities, and the global cycles of elements vital to our existence such as carbon and hydrogen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-earth-s-interior">Understanding Earth's interior</h2>



The Earth is composed of four <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ringwoodite-mineral-confirms-vast-ocean-exists-400-miles-under-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primary layers</a>: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. At the surface, we find the crust, which is thin and solid, primarily made of rock, representing the layer where we reside.



Below the crust lies the mantle, a substantial layer of semi-solid rock that flows gradually over time. This dynamic layer is crucial, as it drives the movement of tectonic plates, resulting in earthquakes and volcanic activity.



Delving deeper, the outer core consists of liquid metal, predominantly iron and nickel, and is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field through its movements.



At the very center, we encounter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-is-slowing-down-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the inner core</a> -- a dense, solid sphere of iron and nickel. Despite enduring extreme heat, the extraordinary pressure keeps this inner core solid.



Each layer not only contributes to the structure of our planet but also plays a vital role in processes that shape our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-achievement">Unprecedented achievement</h2>



At the forefront of this remarkable feat is Professor Johan Lissenberg from Cardiff University’s <a href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/earth-environmental-sciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Earth and Environmental Sciences</a>.



The mantle rocks were procured from a tectonic window on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge during Expedition 399 of the JOIDES Resolution, appropriately titled “Building Blocks of Life, Atlantis Massif,” in spring of 2023.



This accomplishment marks an epoch in Earth sciences. The international team, operating under the International Ocean Discovery Program (<a href="https://www.iodp.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IODP</a>), has secured these ancient rocks for detailed analysis. They will now serve as keys to our understanding of Earth's geological and biological history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deciphering-the-many-layers-of-earth-s-mantle">Deciphering the many layers of Earth's mantle</h2>



The rock samples are far from ordinary. Their unique makeup reveals secrets of processes that took place as these rocks ascended from the deep recesses of the Earth to the surface.



Professor Lissenberg notes, "Our study begins to look at the composition of the mantle by documenting the mineralogy of the recovered rocks, as well as their chemical makeup."



Interestingly, they contain less of the mineral pyroxene and more magnesium than anticipated. This points to the mantle undergoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mantle-heat-shaped-earths-crust-3-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">considerably more melting</a> than previously believed, which in turn, helps explain how magma forms and eventually leads to volcanic eruptions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-earth-s-mantle-to-volcanic-eruptions">From Earth's mantle to volcanic eruptions</h2>



Pathways discovered within these rock samples indicate the routes magma took towards the Earth's surface. 



These revelations underscore a better understanding of how magma originates in the mantle, moves upwards, and eventually powers volcanic eruptions.



"This is important because it tells us how the mantle melts and feeds volcanoes, particularly those on the ocean floor that account for the majority of volcanism on Earth," explains Professor Lissenberg.



Understanding this interplay between mantle melting and volcanic activity is a critical piece in Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theia-ancient-planet-buried-inside-of-earth-may-be-the-origin-of-our-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geological puzzle</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foothold-on-the-origins-of-life">Foothold on the origins of life</h2>



The mantle rocks offer key insights not just into geological processes, but also into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/luca-universal-ancestor-to-all-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life on Earth might have originated</a>.



The mineral olivine, abundant in mantle rocks, reacts with seawater to produce hydrogen and other molecules – a process potentially fundamental to the creation of early life conditions.



Dr. Susan Q. Lang from the <a href="https://www.whoi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> underscores the importance of this breakthrough.



"The rocks that were present on early Earth bear a closer resemblance to those we retrieved during this expedition than the more common rocks that make up our continents today," she shares.



This discovery offers a glimpse into conditions billions of years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-exploration-of-earth-s-mantle-layer">Further exploration of Earth's mantle layer</h2>



The journey of the Expedition 399 team is far from complete. The international group, comprised of more than 30 scientists, will continue to examine the mantle samples to unravel a myriad of scientific mysteries.



Dr. Andrew McCaig, the co-chief scientist of the expedition from the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>, sheds light on the extensive implications of this research.



"Our new deep hole will be a type section for decades to come in disciplines as diverse as melting processes in the mantle, chemical exchange between rocks and the ocean, organic geochemistry, and microbiology," McCaig concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-window-into-the-past-present-and-future">Window into the past, present, and future</h2>



The recovery of mantle rocks from the ocean's depths is not just a landmark scientific achievement; it's a giant leap towards untangling the intricate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-drilling-a-hole-more-than-30000-feet-deep-in-the-earths-crust-and-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mysteries of our planet</a>.



As scientists like Professor Lissenberg, Dr. Lang, Dr. McCaig, and their colleagues continue to delve into the data, they're not just increasing our understanding of Earth; they're also reshaping our perception of our planet and our place within it.



It is awe-inspiring to realize that somewhere, deep beneath our feet, the answers to some of life's grandest questions lay shrouded in mystery.



The team's relentless pursuit of knowledge, their spirit of collaboration, and their unending curiosity serves as a reminder of scientific exploration's endless potential.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp1058" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Record-breaking hole drilled into the Earth’s mantle is a scientific goldmine

In what can only be described as a herculean accomplishment,...

Venturing back in time, a team of dedicated scientists have undertaken the formidable challenge of meticulously recreating the obscure scent worn by none other than the infamous Roman dictator, Julius Caesar.



Known as 'Telinum', this distinctive scent was a highly coveted blend of nature's bounty, meticulously crafted from an array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-bees-create-perfume-from-flowers-to-attract-females/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowers</a>, fruits, and oils. Astonishingly, the scent even included the sweat of gladiators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pioneers-of-perfumery-romans-and-egyptians">Pioneers of perfumery: Romans and Egyptians</h2>



While the birth of perfume is often attributed to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scent-of-eternity-experts-recreate-the-fragrance-of-egyptian-mummification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Egyptians</a>, who used it extensively for their rituals and medicinal purposes, it was the Romans who perfected the art of perfumery.



Their sophisticated fragrances captured the essence of Roman society, speaking volumes about class distinctions, social status, and personal style.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-smell-of-power-julius-caesar-s-scent">The smell of power: Julius Caesar's scent</h2>



The Roman ruler, who wielded power from 46 to 44 BC, held a close association with a particular fragrance that was integral to his identity. Researchers delved deeply into historical accounts to unravel the components of Caesar's signature scent.



The experts, led by Professor Cenker Atila from <a href="https://www.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/m/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sivas Cumhuriyet University</a>’s Archaeology Department,&nbsp;meticulously referenced ancient writings and works of his contemporaries to compile a comprehensive list of possible ingredients.



The findings revealed that the Telinum perfume likely held an aromatic mix of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-in-the-mint-family-may-help-produce-new-medicines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mint</a>, rose, lemon, bergamot, lavender, jasmine, water lily, violet, oud cedarwood, and amber.



However, the final touch, according to legend, came from a rather unconventional ingredient: the sweat of gladiators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gladiator-sweat-the-unique-ingredient">Gladiator sweat: The unique ingredient</h2>



The inclusion of gladiator sweat held a uniquely high value in Roman society. It carried traces of their blood, skin, dirt, and the olive oil that was smothered on their bodies before they engaged in lethal combat.



This peculiar addition was carefully recreated by scientists from The Scent Culture and Tourism Association (SCTA) using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-ancient-rome-smelled-like-patchouli/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patchouli</a>, a flowering plant known for its rich, earthy, and musky scent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-history-to-market-the-fragrance-revival">From history to market: The fragrance revival</h2>



The recreated fragrance is scheduled for release in Turkey, France, and Italy in October. However, the pricing details still remain unreleased.



"What Caesar smelled like, what was in his perfume, where he got his perfume, or who made it for him had always been a matter of great curiosity," noted the researchers.



"The contents of his perfumes have been largely determined by information provided by ancient writers and his close friends."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implication-of-scent-in-ancient-roman-society">Implication of scent in ancient Roman society</h2>



Caesar, who declared himself the dictator over the Roman Republic, utilized his influence to broaden the rule of Rome by invading Great Britain and establishing Cleopatra as the queen of Egypt after defeating Ptolemy’s army in the Battle of the Nile.



The scent preferences among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2000-year-old-wine-discovered-in-ancient-roman-tomb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient Romans</a> were quite simple. They generally preferred a musty and pungent smell. 



On the other hand, emperors, nobles, priests, and military generals sought sweeter perfumes from overseas or commissioned their local brands, aiming to distinguish themselves from the common masses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perfume-and-its-ancient-origins">Perfume and its ancient origins</h2>



The tradition of utilizing perfume for ritualistic and medicinal purposes dates back nearly 4,000 years and was first adopted by Egyptians and Mesopotamians, eventually being embraced by the Romans in the first century.



In the end, the dedicated effort to resurrect Julius Caesar's iconic fragrance reveals intriguing insights into the intricate blend of history, culture, and personal aesthetics in ancient Rome, as well as the endless possibilities for the future of fragrance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-scent">The science of scent</h2>



The study of scent - known as olfactology - explores how our sense of smell influences behavior, memory, and emotion. This ancient sense helps us navigate the world, with olfactory receptors identifying a vast array of scents accurately.



Research shows that certain fragrances evoke powerful memories and emotions, connecting us to past experiences and people.



In perfumery, crafting scents also involves balancing top, middle, and base notes. Top notes provide the initial impression, middle notes form the heart of the fragrance, and base notes leave a lasting impression.



Beyond mere aesthetics, scents have also been linked to physiological effects. For example, lavender is often associated with calming properties, while citrus scents are believed to invigorate the mind.



The significance of scent in both individual experiences and broader societal contexts underscores its enduring role in shaping human interactions and identities throughout history.



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Scientists have recreated Julius Caesar’s signature scent

Venturing back in time, a team of dedicated scientists have...

Growing up, we all learned about Earth's seven continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. These geographical boundaries have been taught as an integral part of our education system for ages.



However, new research suggests that this long-held belief may not be correct. According to Dr. Jordan Phethean and his dedicated team, we actually have only six continents.



This bold claim comes from a detailed study that looks into the geological processes behind the breakup of the European and North American continents, exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-u-s-just-expanded-its-territory-by-a-million-square-kilometers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how these landmasses have evolved</a> over millions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-continental-shift">New perspective on continental shift</h2>



Dr. Jordan Phethean, the lead author of the study from the <a href="https://www.derby.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Derby</a>, highlights a significant shift in our understanding of tectonic plates.



"The discovery indicates that the North America and Eurasian tectonic plates have not yet actually broken apart, as is traditionally thought to have happened 52 million years ago," explains Dr. Phethean.



Instead, these plates are still stretching and in the process of breaking apart. This ongoing process changes how we perceive the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-lost-mega-plate-pontus-resurfaces-after-160-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation and separation</a> of Earth's continents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iceland-s-connection-to-earth-s-continents">Iceland's connection to Earth's continents</h2>



The study focuses on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Iceland, a volcanic island</a> nestled between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. Traditionally, it has been believed that Iceland emerged around 60 million years ago as a result of the mid-Atlantic ridge.



This tectonic boundary, formed by the North American and Eurasian plates, is thought to have facilitated the rise of a hot mantle plume that ultimately created the island.



However, recent findings challenge this long-standing theory. Researchers, through an extensive analysis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-volcanic-events-linked-to-the-slowing-of-tectonic-plates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tectonic movements</a> across the African continent, have proposed a captivating idea.



They claim that Iceland, along with the Greenland Iceland Faroes Ridge (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825218305476" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GIFR</a>), contains geological fragments from both European and North American tectonic plates.



This discovery suggests that these regions are not merely isolated landforms; they are interconnected components of a larger continental structure. To describe this newly identified geological feature, the team has coined the term 'Rifted Oceanic Magmatic Plateau' (ROMP).



This term emphasizes the unique composition of the area and highlights the significant implications for our understanding of plate tectonics and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-building-triggered-a-mass-extinction-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geological history</a> of the North Atlantic region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-romp-earth-s-hidden-treasure">The ROMP: Earth’s hidden treasure</h2>



Dr. Phethean draws an intriguing parallel, describing the ROMP as the Earth Science equivalent of finding the Lost City of Atlantis.



"Fragments of lost continent submerged beneath the sea and kilometers of thin lava flows," he explains. By studying the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-rift-massive-crack-could-split-the-continent-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic Afra region in Africa</a> and comparing it to Iceland, the team found striking similarities in their evolution.



If Dr. Phethean's team is correct, the European and North American continents are still in the process of breaking apart. This means that, scientifically speaking, North America and Europe might be considered a single continent of Earth rather than two distinct continents.



While this idea is controversial, it is grounded in meticulous research.



"It is controversial to suggest that the GIFR contains a large amount of continental crust within it, and that the European and North American tectonic plates have perhaps not yet officially broken up," admits Dr. Phethean. Yet, their findings support this bold hypothesis.



The research is still in its conceptual phase. The team plans to explore volcanic rocks in Iceland for more concrete evidence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/supercontinents-101-pannotia-gondwana-and-pangea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient continental crust</a>. 



They are also undertaking plate tectonic modeling and computer simulations to better understand the ROMP formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-earth-s-proto-microcontinent">Discovery of Earth's proto-microcontinent</h2>



This research follows Dr. Phethean's earlier discovery of a new 'proto-microcontinent' between Canada and Greenland. 



Believed to have formed 60 million years ago, this proto-microcontinent is about the size of England, sitting below the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/additional-heat-is-being-transferred-to-the-arctic-ocean-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Davis Strait</a>.



"Rifting and microcontinent formation are ongoing phenomena," says Dr. Phethean.



Understanding these processes helps scientists learn more about how plate tectonics operate. This knowledge can predict where useful resources might be found and how Earth might look millions of years into the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-earth-science">Implications for Earth Science</h2>



Dr. Phethean's work offers new insights into the dynamic nature of our planet. The discovery of the proto-microcontinent and the ROMP has significant implications.



It helps us understand the past, present, and future of Earth's geological activity. It also sheds light on how plate tectonics might have influenced the development of life.



The next steps for Dr. Phethean and his team involve more in-depth studies and advanced modeling techniques. By continuing their research, they aim to provide more evidence and refine our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/argoland-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-a-lost-continent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's geological history</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-continents-are-forever-changing">Earth's continents are forever changing</h2>



In summary, Dr. Phethean's research offers a transformative perspective on our understanding of Earth's continents. 



By revealing ongoing tectonic shifts and the presence of hidden continental fragments, his findings challenge longstanding assumptions and pave the way for new explorations.



This study emphasizes the dynamic nature of our planet and the constant evolution of its geological framework. 



As we explore these revelations further, we not only revise our scientific literature but also broaden our comprehension of the Earth we inhabit.



Dr. Phethean and his team's work serves as a reminder of the countless hidden mysteries our world holds, waiting to be discovered. 



Their continued efforts are set to illuminate both Earth's history and its future, deepening our appreciation for its ever-evolving character.



How might these insights influence our approach to understanding geological processes and their implications for our environment? Stay tuned.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X24001023?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gondwana Research</a>.



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Earth may now have only six continents instead of seven

Growing up, we all learned about Earth's seven continents: Africa,...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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