Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Scientists have unearthed the existence of a colossal volcano, provisionally named the Noctis Volcano, alongside a potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-korolev-crater-holds-a-50-mile-wide-sheet-of-solid-ice-that-is-one-mile-thick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">buried glacier</a> within the eastern part of Mars' Tharsis volcanic province, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-may-have-once-been-a-cradle-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near the equator</a>. 



This discovery, previously overlooked due to significant erosion, has been hidden in one of the most iconic Martian regions, at the juncture of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mars-volcano_NoctisVolcano_overlay-map_SETI_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Noctis Labyrinthus</a> and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-captured-in-true-color-like-youve-never-seen-the-red-planet-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Valles Marineris</a> canyons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-meets-ice-and-shapes-the-martian-landscape">Fire meets ice and shapes the Martian landscape</h2>



The Noctis Volcano stands at an impressive 29,600 feet in elevation and stretches over 280 miles in width. Its vast size and intricate history of modifications suggest a long period of activity, hinting at Mars' complex geological evolution. 



The southeast part of the volcano harbors a recent thin volcanic layer beneath which glacier ice likely remains, marking an exciting new chapter in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study of Mars</a>.



Dr. Pascal Lee, a planetary scientist with the <a href="https://www.seti.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SETI Institute</a> and the Mars Institute based at NASA <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/ames/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ames Research Center</a>, and lead author of the study, shares his experience, saying, “We were examining the geology of an area where we had found the remains of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-look-to-mars-to-help-clarify-how-river-paths-change-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> last year when we realized we were inside a huge and deeply eroded volcano.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deciphering-the-noctis-volcano-s-magnitude">Deciphering the Noctis Volcano's magnitude</h2>



Sourabh Shubham, a graduate student at the University of Maryland’s <a href="https://www.geol.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Geology</a> and the study’s co-author, said, "This area of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-captured-in-true-color-like-youve-never-seen-the-red-planet-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> is known to have a wide variety of hydrated minerals spanning a long stretch of Martian history." 



"A volcanic setting for these minerals had long been suspected. So, it may not be too surprising to find a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mars-volcano-glacier-discovery_noctis-volcano_map_SETI_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano here</a>. In some sense, this large volcano is a long-sought ‘smoking gun’”, she continued.



Further exploration within the volcano's perimeter revealed a 1930 square mile area filled with volcanic deposits characterized by unique, blister-like mounds. 



These formations, known as "rootless cones," are believed to result from explosive steam venting, suggesting interaction between volcanic materials and underlying ice or water sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-from-the-crater-the-science-behind-the-scenes">Clues from the crater: The science behind the scenes</h2>



A significant find from the previous year by Lee, Shubham, and colleague John W. Schutt was the identification of a "relict glacier" through a large erosional opening, containing a light-toned deposit of sulfate salt with glacial traits. 



This discovery, alongside the identification of breached rootless cones with similar polyhydrated sulfates, bolsters the theory that a vast glacier might still be preserved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-internal-structure-of-mars-core-is-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beneath the volcanic surface</a>.



The study highlights the Noctis Volcano's lengthy and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-mars-seismic-discoveries-and-the-quest-for-past-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex history</a>, shaped by fracturing, thermal erosion, and glacial activity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enduring-secrets-from-unchartered-territory">Enduring secrets from unchartered territory</h2>



This layered volcanic shield, comprised of pyroclastic materials, lavas, and ice, reveals the dynamic interplay between the Martian surface and its subsurface forces, offering clues to the planet's geologic and climatic past.



Yet, many questions about the Noctis Volcano remain unanswered, including its exact age, the timing of its eruptions, and whether it could still be active today. The potential for sustained warmth and water from ice raises intriguing possibilities about the volcano's capacity to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-found-for-life-on-mars-where-ancient-rivers-once-flowed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">support life</a>.



Dr. Lee emphasizes the unique appeal of the Noctis Volcano for future exploration. “It’s really a combination of things that makes the Noctis volcano site exceptionally exciting. It’s an ancient and <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mars-volcano-glacier-discovery_noctis-volcano_map_SETI_2m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-lived volcano</a>. It has also had a long history of heat interacting with water and ice, which makes it a prime location for astrobiology and our search for signs of life," Dr. Lee explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noctis-volcano-and-the-history-of-mars">Noctis Volcano and the history of Mars</h2>



The discovery of the Noctis Volcano and its possible glacial companion offers a new lens through which to view Mars' geological evolution and opens up promising doors for the search for life and the planning of future robotic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elon-musks-spacex-plans-to-land-a-spacecraft-on-mars-in-3-to-4-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human missions</a>. 



The presence of glacier ice near the equator presents a less harsh environment for exploration, potentially unlocking new strategies for sustaining human presence on Mars through the extraction of water for hydration and rocket fuel production. 



This groundbreaking find underscores the dynamic and continually evolving nature of Mars, inviting us to delve deeper into its mysteries with each new discovery.



The full study was published by the <a href="https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2024/pdf/2745.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USRA</a>.



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Massive 'Noctis Volcano' and a buried glacier discovered on Mars

Scientists have unearthed the existence of a colossal volcano, provisionally...

In the world of pet care, DNA tests are increasingly used to trace our pets' ancestry. However, a <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/">University of Colorado</a> study led by Dr. Casey Greene and Dr. Halie Rando has revealed significant inaccuracies in canine DNA testing. This raises concerns among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-celebrating-all-the-ways-that-dogs-make-life-better/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> owners about the reliability of these tests.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questioning-the-methodology">Questioning the methodology</h3>



The catalyst for this study was a curious observation: some DTC companies requested a photo of the dog along with the DNA sample. This peculiar requirement led Greene to the question: "Are they actually doing a DNA test at all?" 



To explore this, the team embarked on a study with 12 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-breeds-have-specific-genes-that-shape-their-behavior/">purebred dogs</a> from across the United States. Each dog was eligible for registration with a breed organization. This ensured a clear expectation of their genetic background.



The research process was meticulous. For half of the DNA samples, the researchers included an accurate photo of the dog and sent them to six DTC testing companies. For the other half, the researchers accompanied the sample with a photo of a different dog. 



This ensured a stark contrast in appearance and genetics. Consequently, the strategy aimed to determine if the visual representation of the dog influenced the test outcomes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-dog-dna-tells-a-different-story">When dog DNA tells a different story</h3>



Surprisingly, the study unveiled significant discrepancies in the test results. In an extreme case, one company inaccurately identified Lila, a registered purebred beagle, as having no trace of beagle ancestry. Instead, it suggested she was a mix of poodle and bichon frisé. This inconsistency was not isolated. 



Another test mistakenly linked a bulldog to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-ancestry-traced-to-two-populations-of-ancient-wolves/">wolf</a> hybrid ancestry. The researchers have observed similar inaccuracies across all tests, underscoring the troubling inconsistency in their reliability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-consequences">Real-world consequences</h3>



The implications of such inaccuracies extend beyond mere curiosity. Specifically, with breed-specific legislation and housing or insurance policies that discriminate based on breed, inaccurate DNA test results can have financial consequences for dog owners. 



Moreover, the experts noted instances where dogs were wrongly labeled as "dangerous" breeds. Consequently, such misidentifications could greatly affect a dog owner's living situation and insurance rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-caution-with-canine-dna-testing">Using caution with canine DNA testing</h2>



The researchers emphasize the need for caution and skepticism towards DTC dog DNA testing services. As Greene succinctly puts it, "Not all tests are created equal." 



Subsequently, the investigation highlights the need for independent, scientific scrutiny to identify the strengths and flaws of canine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/identification-shelter-dogs-adoption/">genetic testing</a> services.



Moreover, the study did not examine the health or trait analyses provided by some companies. The researchers flagged this as an additional concern for pet owners and veterinarians. 



Misinterpretation of genetic information can have dire consequences on the decisions pet owners make regarding their pets' health and well-being.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-informed-decisions">A call for informed decisions</h3>



The study serves as a wake-up call to dog owners and the broader community about the reliability of canine DNA testing. While the allure of uncovering our pets' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/golden-retrievers-and-all-dog-breeds-will-live-longer-lives-thanks-to-science/">genetic heritage</a> is undeniable, the findings call for a more informed and cautious approach to utilizing these services. 



Consequently, as we navigate the complex landscape of genetics and pet ownership, it's crucial to remain vigilant about the tools and tests we employ to understand our beloved animals better.



The study is published in the <a href="https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/aop/javma.23.07.0372/javma.23.07.0372.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</a>.



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Uncovering the truth: The reality behind canine DNA testing

In the world of pet care, DNA tests are increasingly...

Colon,Cancer,,Bacterias,,Viruses,In,Sick,Unhealthy,Intestine.,3d,Illustration

Colon cancer remains a formidable challenge in the realm of public health, with its detection and early intervention being crucial for effective treatment. Thankfully, medical science is making breakthroughs in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-major-risk-factors-predict-colorectal-cancer-in-men/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">both areas</a>.



Scientists revealed today that a new blood test demonstrates an 83% success rate in identifying colon cancer among individuals of average risk who show no symptoms. This level of accuracy is on par with the existing at-home stool tests, marking a significant stride toward more accessible and convenient cancer screening methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-detection-the-blood-test-breakthrough">Early detection: The blood test breakthrough</h2>



Developed and tested within the scope of the <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04136002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ECLIPSE study</a> -- a comprehensive clinical trial led by Guardant Health involving nearly 8,000 participants aged 45 to 84 -- the Shield blood test compares favorably to the colonoscopy, the current pinnacle of colorectal cancer screening. 



The test operates by detecting signals of colorectal cancer through circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) present in the blood, a method also employed in liquid biopsies for monitoring cancer recurrence.



<a href="https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/grady-william.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. William M. Grady, MD</a>, a leading gastroenterologist at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and the corresponding author of the study, emphasized the significance of these findings. 



"The results of the study are a promising step toward developing more convenient tools to detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-major-risk-factors-predict-colorectal-cancer-in-men/">colorectal cancer</a> early while it is more easily treated," Dr. Grady stated. "The test, which has an accuracy rate for colon cancer detection similar to stool tests used for early detection of cancer, could offer an alternative for patients who may otherwise decline current screening options," he explained further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-screening-for-colon-cancer">Importance of screening for colon cancer</h2>



However, the test showed varying sensitivity, with its detection capabilities being stronger for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-gut-microbiome-protects-us-from-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorectal cancers</a>, including those at early stages, and less so for advanced precancerous lesions. 



Despite this, Dr. Grady reaffirms the test's utility, especially given its similar sensitivity to that of stool-based tests and its potential role in complementing the more accurate, yet invasive, colonoscopy screenings.



Highlighting the broader implications of this innovation, Dr. Grady addressed the underutilization of existing screening tests, with only 50% to 60% of eligible individuals partaking in them. 



"Getting people to be screened for cancer works best when we offer them screening options and then let them choose what works best for them," he remarked, underscoring the importance of increasing screening accessibility and options.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battling-the-silent-predator">Battling the silent predator</h2>



The urgency of improving colorectal cancer screening rates is underscored by its status as the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S., with an estimated 53,010 fatalities expected in 2024. This, according to the <a href="https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/colon-rectal-cancer/about/key-statistics.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Cancer Society</a>.



Alarmingly, while older adults have seen a decline in mortality rates, there has been a consistent annual increase in cases among individuals under 55 since the mid-2000s. 



Current guidelines recommend that average-risk individuals begin regular screening at age 45, a recommendation that becomes increasingly pertinent as the incidence among younger populations continues to rise.



Dr. Grady also highlighted the particular significance of this advancement for younger demographics. “We continue to see younger people getting colorectal cancer and it’s now the third most common cancer for people under the age of 50,” Grady concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accuracy-availability-and-the-future">Accuracy, availability and the future</h2>



The availability of a blood-based test could facilitate more widespread screening during routine doctor visits, potentially increasing the rate of early detection and successful treatment outcomes.



In summary, the development of a blood test for colorectal cancer screening marks a significant leap forward in the battle against a disease that claims thousands of lives annually. 



By offering an 83% success rate in detecting colon cancers among asymptomatic, average-risk individuals, this innovative approach promises to enhance early detection rates, improve patient outcomes, and offer a convenient alternative to traditional screening methods. 



As the medical community and patients alike embrace these advancements, the future of cancer screening looks brighter, paving the way for more lives saved and a decrease in cancer-related mortality. With ongoing research and widespread implementation, this blood test stands to revolutionize how we approach <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduce-colon-cancer-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorectal cancer</a> prevention and care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-colon-cancer">More about colon cancer</h2>



As discussed above, colon cancer poses a significant risk to individuals worldwide, quickly becoming one of the most prominent cancer diagnoses in the world. 



By delving into its causes, symptoms, and the paramount importance of early detection, we can empower ourselves with the knowledge to combat this silent threat effectively.



This deadly disease originates in the large intestine or colon, which is the final part of the digestive tract. Typically starting as small, benign clumps of cells called polyps, colon cancer develops when these polyps undergo mutations in their DNA, growing and evolving into malignant tumors over time. 



Factors increasing the risk of colon cancer include age, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-linked-to-unexpected-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high-fat diet</a>, a history of polyps, inflammatory intestinal conditions, and genetics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-signs-and-early-detection">Warning signs and early detection</h3>



Early stages of colon cancer seldom manifest with symptoms, making its early detection challenging yet crucial. As the condition progresses, symptoms may include changes in bowel habits, blood in the stool, persistent abdominal discomfort, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Noticing these warning signs early can be a lifesaver, urging immediate medical consultation.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-encourage-cancer-to-spread-around-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early detection</a> of colon cancer significantly enhances treatment success rates. Screening methods like colonoscopies allow doctors to identify and remove polyps before they transform into cancer. 



The introduction of non-invasive tests, such as the promising blood test for colorectal cancer, provides additional, accessible options for early detection, aiming to increase screening uptake among the eligible population.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ending-colon-cancer-with-preventive-measures">Ending colon cancer with preventive measures</h3>



Preventive measures can markedly reduce the risk of developing colon cancer. Maintaining a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-daily-dose-of-almonds-can-boost-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy diet</a> rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, regular exercise, moderating alcohol consumption, avoiding tobacco, and adhering to recommended screening schedules are effective strategies in preventing colon cancer. Moreover, understanding and managing personal risk factors play a crucial role in prevention.



In the fight against colon cancer, knowledge, vigilance, and proactive prevention are our best defenses. With advances in screening techniques and a growing awareness of the importance of early detection, we have the tools to challenge and ultimately reduce the impact of this disease. 



By making informed lifestyle choices and participating in regular screenings, individuals can take significant steps toward safeguarding their health against colon cancer, moving closer to a future where this disease no longer poses a major health threat.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2304714" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New England Journal of Medicine</a>.



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Colon cancer screening will be much easier with accurate new blood test

Colon cancer remains a formidable challenge in the realm of...

In a new study by the <a href="https://pharmacy.ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences</a> at UC San Diego, researchers have unveiled a vast number of previously unknown bile acids. 



These discoveries shed light on the intricate communication between our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-gut-microbiome-protects-us-from-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiome</a> and the rest of our body, offering unprecedented insights into human health and disease management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-our-biochemical-vocabulary">Expanding our biochemical vocabulary</h2>



Senior author Pieter Dorrestein, Ph.D., compared the findings to going from basic language understanding to the complexity of Shakespeare's works. The analogy highlights a significant leap in decoding biochemical signals from our gut microbiome across our bodies.



Lee Hagey, Ph.D., a co-author and bile acids expert, described the research as a "molecular Rosetta stone." It reveals how microbes' biochemical language affects distant organs, showing their significant impact on our overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-multifaceted-role-of-bile-acids">The multifaceted role of bile acids</h2>



Bile acids, produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, are crucial for digestion. They undergo transformation by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beer-may-be-better-for-your-gut-than-probiotics/">gut microbes</a> into secondary bile acids, which are more easily absorbed by the body. 



The study reveals bile acids' numerous roles beyond digestion, suggesting their use in treating various diseases. They regulate the immune system and are pivotal in metabolic processes like lipid and glucose management.



Ipsita Mohanty, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher and co-author, expressed her amazement at the rapid increase in bile acids identified, from merely a few hundred to several thousand. This significant growth in our understanding suggests that bile acids have numerous functions beyond aiding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-humans-have-shockingly-different-digestive-systems/">digestion</a>.



Consequently, these insights open up possibilities for using bile acids in treating a diverse spectrum of illnesses, demonstrating their extensive potential in medical science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bile-acids-and-disease-treatment">Bile acids and disease treatment</h2>



Helena Mannochio-Russo, Ph.D., also a postdoctoral researcher in the Dorrestein lab, highlighted the wide-ranging impact of bile acids, enhanced through their symbiotic relationship with the microbiome. This effect spans well beyond mere digestion, indicating that bile acids may contribute significantly to therapies for various diseases. 



Indeed, many of these potential treatments are now being investigated using bile acid-based therapies that have received FDA approval, showcasing their versatile applications in medicine.



The discovery leveraged unique resources at UC San Diego, notably the Collaborative Microbial Metabolite Center (CMMC). Under Dorrestein's leadership, the CMMC stands as a trailblazing initiative aimed at centralizing data on microbial metabolites.



This effort has been instrumental in advancing our knowledge of their effects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/">human health</a> and the environment. It highlights the critical roles that collaboration and computing power play in driving forward the frontiers of modern scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-the-textbook-on-human-metabolism">Rewriting the textbook on human metabolism</h2>



With the development of a novel tool that pairs microbes with their metabolites, the research team has innovatively prepared the groundwork for further investigations. Specifically, they aim to delve into the roles of newly identified bile acids and various other critical biomolecules.



This initiative has sparked considerable excitement within the scientific community. Professor Dorrestein, a leading figure in the project, expressed his optimism regarding the upcoming phases. He emphasized the potential this tool holds for propelling rapid progress in comprehending human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-before-breakfast-has-a-negative-impact-on-metabolism/">metabolism</a>.



Additionally, Professor Dorrestein pointed out the significant implications for improving the treatment of various diseases. Through this breakthrough, the team anticipates a transformative impact on medical science, paving the way for groundbreaking discoveries.



The research not only marks a significant leap in our understanding of the gut microbiome's language but also opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions. It signifies a shift in the paradigm of disease treatment, moving us closer to a future where the mysteries of human metabolism are fully unveiled.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(24)00185-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867424001855%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports</a>.



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Language of the gut: The unknown potential bile acids

In a new study by the Skaggs School of Pharmacy...

Cheetah,Acinonyx,Jubatus,,Adult,Running,Through,Savannah

In the vast expanse of the animal kingdom, a curious pattern exists where traits like strength and brain size generally increase with an animal's size, yet the peak running speeds are often found in medium-sized creatures.&nbsp;



To uncover the reason behind this anomaly, an international research team, including members from <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a> (ICL), <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>, <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Queensland</a>, and <a href="https://www.usc.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of the Sunshine Coast</a> (USC), embarked on a study to investigate how muscle capabilities limit the top speeds of land animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-running-speeds-have-two-distinct-limits">Running speeds have two distinct limits</h2>



“The fastest animals are neither large elephants nor tiny ants, but intermediately sized, like cheetahs,” said lead author David Labonte, an expert in bioengineering at ICL. “Why does running speed break with the regular patterns that govern most other aspects of animal anatomy and performance?”



The investigations reveal that maximum running speed isn't constrained by a single factor but by two distinct limits related to muscle function: the speed of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cat-purring-remains-a-mystery-that-we-dont-fully-understand/">muscle contraction</a> and the extent of muscle shortening during a contraction. An animal's maximum <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-animals-travel-slowly-because-they-get-too-hot/">speed</a> is capped by the first limit it encounters, which varies according to its size.



“Animals about the size of a cheetah exist in a physical sweet spot at around 50 kg, where these two limits coincide. These animals are consequently the fastest, reaching speeds of up to 65 miles per hour,” explained co-author Christofer Clemente, a researcher at both Queensland and USC.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-size-and-running-speed">Animal size and running speed </h2>



The study introduces two theoretical limits: the 'kinetic energy capacity limit' for smaller animals, which are limited by the speed at which their muscles can contract, and the 'work capacity limit' for larger animals, constrained by the degree to which their muscles can contract.&nbsp;



“For large animals like rhinos or elephants, running might feel like lifting an enormous weight, because their muscles are relatively weaker and gravity demands a larger cost,” said co-author Peter Bishop, a postdoctoral fellow in organismic and evolutionary biology at Harvard.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-principles-governing-muscle-evolution">Physical principles governing muscle evolution</h2>



The team's model, tested against data from over 400 species ranging vastly in size, accurately predicted the variation in maximum running speeds across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-disturbances-are-globally-restructuring-animal-movement/">animal kingdom</a>, highlighting the underlying physical principles governing muscle evolution.&nbsp;



This insight could potentially guide the development of robots that emulate the athleticism of nature's finest runners.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limb-muscle-mass-and-body-weight">Limb muscle mass and body weight</h2>



Furthermore, the model sheds light on differences between animal groups, suggesting, for example, that reptiles' smaller limb muscle mass, relative to body weight, may explain why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-climate-change-drove-the-rapid-evolution-of-reptiles/">larger reptiles</a> tend to be smaller and slower than large mammals.&nbsp;



“One possible explanation for this may be that limb muscle is a smaller percentage of reptiles’ bodies, by weight, meaning that they hit the work limit at a smaller body weight, and thus have to remain small to move quickly,” said study co-author Taylor Dick, a senior lecturer in biomedical sciences at Queensland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-muscle-physiology-of-massive-animals">Muscle physiology of massive animals</h2>



The findings also suggest that the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/behavior-of-land-mammals-changed-dramatically-during-covid-19-lockdowns/">land mammals</a> alive today, like the African elephant, are well below the theoretical weight limit beyond which land animals would be immobile.&nbsp;



This casts doubt on the muscular anatomy of extinct giants such as the Patagotitan, which likely exceeded 40 tons, and prompts further investigation into their unique physiological adaptations.



“Our study raises lots of interesting questions about the muscle physiology of both extinct animals and those that are alive today, including human athletes. Physical constraints affect swimming and flying animals as much as running animals – and unlocking these limits is next on our agenda,” Labonte concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46269-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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What determines the maximum running speed of animals?

In the vast expanse of the animal kingdom, a curious...

Giraffes have long been admired for their beauty and stateliness. However, scientists have recently discovered a surprising fact about these animals: they may not be just one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/darwins-finches-reveal-how-one-species-becomes-many/">species</a>. 



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a> found evidence suggesting there may actually be four distinct giraffe species across Africa. This completely changes our understanding of giraffes. Recognizing four giraffe species would mean developing separate plans to protect each one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-four-giraffe-species">Four giraffe species</h2>



Previously, all the giraffes were recognized as one species - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-world-giraffe-day-celebrate-the-worlds-tallest-animal-on-the-earths-longest-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Giraffa camelopardalis</a>. The research provided strong genetic evidence that all the giraffes are distinct enough to be classified as separate species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northern-giraffe-giraffa-camelopardalis">Northern Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)</h3>



All Northern Giraffes have lighter colored spots. They are divided into three subspecies, each found in different geographical locations:



<ul>
<li>Nubian giraffe: Found in Ethiopia and South Sudan.</li>



<li>West African giraffe: Located in Niger.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-precarious-state-of-kordofan-giraffes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kordofan giraffe</a>: Inhabits Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and possibly Sudan.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reticulated-giraffe-giraffa-reticulata">Reticulated Giraffe (Giraffa reticulata)</h3>



This species is also called the Somali giraffe, is known for its unique brown spots with clear white borders that look like a net. They live in northern Kenya, southern Ethiopia, and Somalia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-masai-giraffe-giraffa-tippelskirchi">Masai Giraffe (Giraffa tippelskirchi)</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/masai-giraffes-are-nearing-critically-endangered-status/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Masai</a> is the biggest and darkest colored of all, with patches shaped like stars that go all the way down to their hooves. You'll find them in central and southern Kenya and throughout Tanzania. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-southern-giraffe-giraffa-giraffa">Southern Giraffe (Giraffa giraffa)</h3>



Southern Giraffes have round or blotched spots, which are more uneven and less defined than the Reticulated Giraffe's spots. They are classified further into two subspecies:



<ul>
<li>South African giraffe: Inhabits northern South Africa, southern Botswana, southern Zimbabwe, and southwestern Mozambique.</li>



<li>Angolan giraffe: Found in northern Namibia, southern Botswana, southwestern Zambia, and western Zimbabwe.</li>
</ul>



All of the groups are connected and some even mix, like the reticulated giraffe which has genes from both the northern and southern giraffe ancestors. The researchers were surprised by this interconnectedness. 



"When we started getting results from our analyses of gene flow between different giraffe lineages, we had to check twice," recalled Laura D. Bertola, a postdoc at the Department of Biology and one of the authors on the study. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-giraffe-species">Redefining giraffe species</h2>



This widespread mixing between giraffe groups throws a wrench into how we define a species. Traditionally, scientists thought extensive gene sharing only happened within a single species. But the giraffes' story flips that idea on its head. 



It suggests that the amount of genetic difference might not be the clear-cut way to identify new species as we once believed. "Our findings touch on a very delicate matter in biology, namely that we do not have a universally agreed species concept." said Rasmus Heller, one of the senior authors. 



Instead of trying to pinpoint the exact number of giraffe species, the study aims to highlight the fluidity of gene flow among giraffes, which remains possible under the right conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-of-giraffe-species">Conservation of giraffe species</h2>



This discovery is a game-changer for giraffe species conservation. Traditionally, we've focused on protecting different species entirely. But this study emphasizes the need to consider the genetic variation within a species as well. Each giraffe lineage, regardless of its specific taxonomic classification, boasts a unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-low-genetic-diversity/">genetic makeup</a> that deserves protection.



"Giraffes are such endlessly fascinating animals, and this study confirms just how much genetic variation there is even on small geographical scales," noted Yoshan Moodley, a co-author of the study from the University of Venda in South Africa. 



The findings from the University of Copenhagen are part of a broader effort under the African Wildlife Genomics research framework, associated with the African BioGenome Project. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.051" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Study reveals four unique giraffe species across Africa

Giraffes have long been admired for their beauty and stateliness....

Many people sacrifice sleep in our fast-paced world, filled with late-night screen time and unfinished tasks. A new study by Professor Soomi Lee from <a href="https://hhd.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State's College of Health and Human Development</a> explores the connection between sleep patterns and long-term health. 



The research sheds light on how our sleep patterns, both good and bad, affect our well-being in the long run.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-sleep-patterns">Types of sleep patterns</h2>



Lee and her team studied the sleep patterns of 3,700 adults over ten years. The researchers identified four main sleep styles:



<ul>
<li>Good sleepers:&nbsp;Get enough sleep, feel well-rested during the night, and have high energy levels throughout the day.</li>



<li>Weekend catch-up sleepers:&nbsp;Don't get enough sleep during the week but make up for it by sleeping longer on weekends, indicating irregular sleep patterns.</li>



<li>Insomnia sleepers:&nbsp;Have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, leading to tired days and a constant struggle for restful sleep.</li>



<li>Nappers: Sleep well at night but also take naps during the day.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-health-and-sleep-patterns">Long term health and sleep patterns</h2>



The study found that more than half of the participants had either insomnia or napped frequently. The participants are linked to a higher risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and depression. There are several key ways sleep affects our health:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-repair-and-restoration">Repair and restoration</h3>



While we sleep, our body repairs and restores itself. This includes healing and repair of the heart and blood vessels, which is essential for preventing heart disease. If we don't get enough sleep, these processes are disrupted, potentially leading to cardiovascular problems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-health">Metabolic health</h3>



Sleep affects how our body regulates blood sugar which influence our risk of diabetes. When sleep is insufficient or disrupted, it can affect how our body processes sugar, leading to insulin resistance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hormonal-balance">Hormonal balance</h3>



Sleep helps regulate hormones that control appetite, stress, and growth. If our sleep patterns are disrupted, it can lead to hormonal imbalances. This can contribute to weight gain, increased stress levels, and other factors that make us develop chronic conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-function">Immune function</h3>



Getting enough sleep is crucial for maintaining a healthy immune system. During sleep, our body produces proteins called cytokines that help us fight infection, inflammation, and stress. If we have insomnia or fragmented sleep, our immune system can weaken, making us more susceptible to infections and diseases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



Sleep has a significant impact on our mental well-being. It helps regulate our mood and is linked to the risk of depression. People with insomnia and poor sleep quality often experience symptoms of depression. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-patterns-over-the-decade">Sleep patterns over the decade</h2>



Unfortunately, once people get used to sleeping a certain way, it's hard to change. The experts found that people's sleep patterns were surprisingly stable over ten years. Especially for people with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-half-of-night-shift-workers-have-a-sleep-disorder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insomnia</a> or who napped a lot, changing their sleep habits was very difficult. 



“These results may suggest that it is very difficult to change our sleep habits because sleep health is embedded into our overall lifestyle. It may also suggest that people still don’t know about the importance of their sleep and about sleep health behaviors,” Lee said. 



“We need to make more efforts to educate the public about good sleep health. There are sleep hygiene behaviors that people could do to improve their sleep, such as not using cell phones in bed, exercising regularly and avoiding caffeine in the late afternoon.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daily-influences-on-sleep-patterns">Daily influences on sleep patterns</h2>



The study also showed a bigger connection between sleep patterns and our lives in general. They found that sleep differed depending on life stages, economic conditions, and education levels. 



For example, older adults and people who were retired often napped during the day. On the other hand, people who were unemployed or had less education were more likely to have trouble sleeping. This implies that our sleep pattern is majorly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consistent-sleep-slows-down-aging-at-a-cellular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">affected</a> by the world around us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



The study was supported by a team of researchers from prestigious institutions and funded by the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Aging. It challenges us to consider the profound impact that sleep has on our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-color-has-no-impact-on-our-internal-clocks-or-sleep-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lives</a>, health, and well-being.



“Sleep is an everyday behavior,” Lee noted. “Sleep is also modifiable, So, if we can improve sleep almost every day, what outcomes might we see after several months, or even several years?" 



"Better sleeping habits can make many significant differences, from improving social relationships and work performance to promoting long-term healthy behaviors and healthy aging.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/abstract/9900/10_year_stability_of_an_insomnia_sleeper_phenotype.193.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychosomatic Medicine</a>.



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How sleep patterns affect your health over time

Many people sacrifice sleep in our fast-paced world, filled with...

A recent analysis presents a compelling case for the benefits of leisure time physical activity in stroke prevention. 



The study shines a light on an encouraging fact. Even activities falling below the current recommended guidelines can offer protective benefits against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-are-at-risk-of-a-stroke-from-intense-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stroke</a>. This revelation stands independent of age or sex.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-physical-activity-is-not-always-better">Intense physical activity is not always better</h2>



The prevailing wisdom has long supported the idea that moderate to high levels of physical activity during leisure time significantly decrease stroke risk. However, questions remained about the protective value of lower levels of activity. 



It was also unclear whether factors like age and gender influenced these benefits. The new study seeks to provide clarity on these points.



Current international guidelines suggest adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity each week. Alternatively, they can opt for 75 minutes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-boosts-health-and-lifespan-regardless-of-intensity/">vigorous-intensity</a> activity. 



This recommendation aims to mitigate cardiovascular disease risks, including stroke. Unfortunately, achieving these benchmarks is a common struggle among adults.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stroke-risk-reduced-by-29-percent">Stroke risk reduced by 29 percent </h2>



To explore the potential benefits of less intensive exercise, the researchers analyzed 15 studies encompassing 752,050 adults who were monitored over an average span of 10.5 years. The studies varied in their categorization of leisure time physical activity, ranging from none to intense levels.



The analysis revealed that, compared to a lack of activity, engaging in the highest "ideal" level of leisure time physical activity reduced stroke risk by 29%. 



Intriguingly, even "below target" levels of activity associated with an 18% reduction in risk. This trend remained consistent across studies, even those that examined up to five different levels of activity intensity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimal-amounts-of-physical-activity-count">Minimal amounts of physical activity count</h2>



A moderate level of physical activity was found to reduce stroke risk by 27% to 29%. This reduction occurred irrespective of the participants' sex and age.



Despite facing challenges such as the diverse definitions of activity levels across studies and the subjective nature of physical activity assessment, the researchers' conclusions are robust. Leisure time physical activity, even in minimal amounts, could significantly contribute to stroke prevention over the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-movement-matters">Movement matters</h2>



The authors advocate for a broad encouragement of physical activity. “According to our results, all levels of [leisure time physical activity] can be beneficial for stroke prevention, including levels currently regarded as low or insufficient. People should be encouraged to be physically active even at the lowest levels," wrote the researchers.



This statement underscores the study's critical message: even small amounts of physical activity can have significant long-term health benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about leisure time physical activity&nbsp;</h2>



Leisure time physical activity refers to any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-exercise-reduces-the-risk-of-premature-death/">exercise</a> or movement that is done during free time, as opposed to physical activity that may be part of one's job or daily chores.&nbsp;



This type of activity is particularly important because it's chosen freely, making it more likely to be enjoyable and sustained over time.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Range of activities&nbsp;</h3>



Leisure time physical activity encompasses a wide range of activities from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-can-counteract-the-health-risks-of-sitting/">walking</a>, swimming, and cycling to playing sports, dancing, and practicing yoga.&nbsp;



The beauty of leisure time physical activity lies in its flexibility and diversity, allowing individuals to select activities that best fit their interests, physical capabilities, and lifestyle.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health benefits&nbsp;</h3>



Engaging in leisure time physical activity offers numerous health benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, better mood and mental well-being, weight management, increased muscle and bone strength, and enhanced flexibility and balance.&nbsp;



For many, it also provides a valuable opportunity for social interaction and outdoor exposure, further enhancing its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-may-improve-mental-health-more-than-medication/">mental health benefits</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Rewarding exercise&nbsp;</h3>



The key to reaping these benefits is consistency and finding activities that are enjoyable. This ensures that exercise feels less like a chore and more like a rewarding, integral part of daily life.&nbsp;



Whether it's a structured exercise program, team sports, or simply a daily walk in the park, incorporating physical activity into leisure time can significantly contribute to overall health and quality of life.&nbsp;



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/early/2024/01/18/jnnp-2023-332457" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery &amp; Psychiatry</a>.



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Leisure time physical activity is a powerful tool to prevent stroke

A recent analysis presents a compelling case for the benefits...

Science,,Chemistry,,Biology,,Medicine,And,People,Concept,-,Close,Up

Researchers have identified blood-based markers that provide insight into the rate at which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">individuals age</a>, offering a novel approach to predict biological age. 



This discovery from the <a href="https://www.pitt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pittsburgh</a> enhances our understanding of the aging process and introduces potential avenues for interventions aimed at extending the period of life spent in good health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tale-of-two-ages-biological-vs-chronological">Tale of two ages: Biological vs. chronological</h2>



At the heart of this research is the notion that age encompasses more than the years since birth. Aditi Gurkar, Ph.D., assistant professor of geriatric medicine at the University of Pittsburgh and a senior author of the study, illustrates this concept with a vivid comparison. 



"Consider two individuals, both aged 65. One is active, biking to work and enjoying skiing, while the other struggles with climbing a single flight of stairs. They share the same <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronological age</a> but differ significantly in their biological ages." Gurkar's research seeks to unravel the mystery behind these divergent aging pathways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-tells-the-story-metabolomics-and-the-aging-process">Blood tells the story: Metabolomics and the aging process</h2>



The study involved comparing two groups of older adults: those who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age healthily</a> and those who age rapidly. The distinction was made based on the participants' ability to complete walking challenges, a reliable measure of overall health. 



Remarkably, the rapid agers, despite being younger, exhibited signs of accelerated biological aging compared to their healthier counterparts.



The research team utilized metabolomics to analyze the participants' blood samples, focusing on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anti-aging-molecule-extends-lifespan-by-improving-cellular-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolites</a> -- dynamic molecules that reflect our current health state and can be influenced by lifestyle choices, diet, and environment. 



This approach revealed distinct differences in the metabolomes of healthy and rapid agers, pointing to specific metabolites associated with biological aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ham-index-a-new-yardstick-for-biological-age">HAM index: A new yardstick for biological age</h2>



Gurkar and her team developed the Healthy Aging Metabolic (HAM) Index from 25 identified metabolites. This index outperformed traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging metrics</a> in distinguishing between the two groups of agers. 



Validation in a separate cohort from Wisconsin confirmed the HAM Index's efficacy, demonstrating its potential as a universal biomarker for biological aging.



Further analysis using artificial intelligence identified key metabolites likely influencing aging trajectories. Future research will explore these metabolites and the pathways producing them, seeking interventions to slow the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consistent-sleep-slows-down-aging-at-a-cellular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging process</a>. 



Gurkar is also looking into assessing the metabolome in younger individuals to potentially predict aging-related diseases early on.



Gurkar envisions a future where medicine proactively addresses aging, "Imagine a blood test that informs a 35-year-old they have the biological age of someone a decade older, prompting early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-protein-linked-to-healthier-aging-and-lower-risk-of-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle adjustments</a> to reverse this trend.



The future of medicine lies in early detection and personalized interventions to delay disease and enhance the quality of life."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-age-redefined-new-path-to-healthy-living">Biological age redefined: New path to healthy living</h2>



In summary, this pioneering research presents new revelations in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-discovered-in-plant-leaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">science of aging</a>, offering a promising future where personalized health interventions extend our years of vitality. 



By uncovering blood-based markers that reveal the secrets behind the varying rates at which we age, this study challenges our understanding of biological age and sets a foundation for predictive health measures. 



With the development of the Healthy Aging Metabolic (HAM) Index and the potential for a predictive blood test, Aditi Gurkar and her team pave the way for a proactive approach in medicine. 



This approach focuses on early detection and tailored lifestyle adjustments, promising a shift towards a future where aging is not merely a number but a modifiable aspect of our health journey.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acel.14104" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aging Cell</a>.



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True biological age is hidden in several newly-identified blood markers

Researchers have identified blood-based markers that provide insight into the...

In an intriguing blend of celestial chemistry and the quest for understanding the origins of potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-expands-the-habitable-zone-where-we-may-find-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable worlds</a>, NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webbtelescope.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) has made a significant discovery of complex organic molecules surrounding two young protostars, IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385.



Utilizing the Mid-Infrared Instrument (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/content/observatory/instruments/miri.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIRI</a>) on the JWST, an international team of astronomers has detected a variety of icy compounds, including complex organic molecules such as ethanol (commonly found in alcohol) and possibly acetic acid (a component of vinegar). 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/protostar-IRAS-23385_complex-organic-molecules_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">This discovery</a> builds upon previous findings of diverse ices within a cold, dark molecular cloud, marking an important step forward in our understanding of cosmic chemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-organic-molecules-in-the-cosmos">Complex organic molecules in the cosmos</h2>



The presence of complex organic molecules (COMs) in solid ice, as observed in this study, suggests they originate from the sublimation of ices -- transitioning directly from a solid state to gas without becoming liquid. 



The detection of these COMs in ice is particularly exciting for astronomers, as it hints at a deeper understanding of how even larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-discovery-about-earths-formation-raises-probability-of-finding-life-on-other-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecules</a> in space are formed.



One of the intriguing aspects of this research is the potential transportation of these COMs to planets during later stages of protostellar evolution. Ices containing COMs are believed to be more easily transported from molecular clouds to planet-forming disks than their warm, gaseous counterparts. 



This means they could be incorporated into comets and asteroids, which may eventually collide with forming planets, delivering the essential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-create-hundreds-of-recipes-for-alien-life-in-new-chemical-cookbook/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ingredients for life</a>.



In addition to complex molecules, the science team also identified simpler substances such as formic acid (responsible for the burning sensation of an ant sting), methane, formaldehyde, and sulfur dioxide. The latter, a sulfur-containing compound, is thought to have played a crucial role in driving metabolic reactions on early Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-ices-to-planets">Journey from ices to planets</h2>



Particularly noteworthy is the low-mass protostar IRAS 2A, which may mirror the early stages of our own solar system. The chemicals found around IRAS 2A suggest that similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-bennu-hints-at-the-possibility-of-life-on-an-ancient-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compounds</a> were present during the initial development of our solar system and may have been delivered to early Earth.



“All of these molecules can become part of comets and asteroids and eventually new planetary systems when the icy material is transported inward to the planet-forming disk as the protostellar system evolves,” said Ewine van Dishoeck of <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leiden University</a>, one of the coordinators of the science program. “We look forward to following this astrochemical trail step-by-step with more Webb data in the coming years.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



In summary, NASA's Webb Telescope has discovered the presence of complex organic molecules in the icy surrounds of young protostars, much like a cosmic recipe for life. 



Through the meticulous work of an international team of astronomers and the pioneering capabilities of the Webb telescope, we now stand on the cusp of understanding how the ingredients for habitable worlds are scattered across the universe. 



This important research deepens our knowledge of the chemical processes that predate planetary formation and holds the promise of uncovering the astrochemical pathways that lead to the birth of life-bearing planets. 



As we continue to trace these cosmic breadcrumbs from icy comets to emerging planets, the legacy of discoveries like those around IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385 propels us forward in our quest to unravel the mysteries of our origins and the potential for life beyond Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-complex-organic-molecules-coms">More about complex organic molecules (COMs)</h2>



As discussed above, complex organic molecules, often referred to as macromolecules, play a pivotal role in the structure and function of living organisms. These molecules are large, typically consisting of thousands of atoms, and are composed primarily of carbon atoms bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-complex-organic-molecules">Types of complex organic molecules</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proteins">Proteins</h4>



Proteins are fundamental to the structure and function of all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-compound-suggests-that-life-beyond-earth-could-be-common/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">living cells</a>. They are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, folding into specific three-dimensional shapes essential for their function. Proteins serve various roles, including acting as enzymes to catalyze biochemical reactions, as structural components of cells and tissues, and as antibodies in the immune response.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nucleic-acids">Nucleic Acids</h4>



Nucleic acids, comprising DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information within a cell. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the instructions for building and maintaining an organism, while RNA (ribonucleic acid) plays a critical role in translating these instructions into proteins. The structure of nucleic acids is a long chain of nucleotides, which include a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbohydrates">Carbohydrates</h4>



Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for most organisms. They are composed of sugar molecules (monosaccharides) bonded together in chains (polysaccharides). Carbohydrates serve various functions, including energy storage (starch in plants, glycogen in animals), structural support (cellulose in plant cell walls), and cell recognition processes on the surface of cells.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lipids">Lipids</h4>



Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that are insoluble in water due to their non-polar nature. They include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids play critical roles in energy storage, forming cell membranes, and serving as signaling molecules. Fats and oils are triglycerides, composed of glycerol bonded to three fatty acids, and are a major energy reserve in many organisms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-functions-and-significance">Functions and significance</h3>



Complex organic molecules are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">essential for life</a> as we know it. They provide the structural components of cells, mediate biochemical reactions, store and transmit genetic information, and supply the energy necessary for survival. 



Understanding these molecules is fundamental to biology, medicine, and many other fields, as it allows us to comprehend the mechanisms of life, disease, and evolution.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-in-the-cosmos">Discovery in the cosmos</h3>



The discovery of COMs in space is a testament to the advancements in astronomical technology and techniques. Telescopes like NASA's James Webb Space Telescope and observatories such as ALMA have detected these molecules in the gas and dust clouds that surround new stars, known as protostellar disks. 



These environments, rich in a variety of organic compounds, provide the perfect laboratory for studying the chemical pathways that lead from simple to complex organic molecules. 



The identification of COMs in these regions suggests that the conditions for life's chemistry are not unique to Earth but can be found throughout the galaxy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-coms-in-planetary-formation">Role of COMs in planetary formation</h3>



The presence of COMs in protostellar environments is a key piece of the puzzle in understanding planetary formation. As stars form from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, the materials that orbit the young star gradually coalesce to form planets. 



The COMs within these disks can become incorporated into comets, asteroids, and the planets themselves. When these bodies collide with or are captured by planets, they deliver their cargo of complex molecules, potentially seeding the planet with the ingredients necessary for life.



In summary, complex organic molecules are the cornerstone of biological systems, enabling the diverse forms of life on Earth. Their study sheds light on the basic principles of life but also has practical applications in healthcare, biotechnology, and environmental science. 



As research advances, our understanding of these molecules continues to deepen, opening new avenues for scientific discovery and technological innovation.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/component/article?access=doi&amp;doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202348427" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



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Complex organic molecules discovered surrounding newborn star

In an intriguing blend of celestial chemistry and the quest...

In a quest to deepen our understanding of how our emotions are influenced by our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-we-see-the-world-based-on-what-we-expect-to-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory perception</a>, a landmark study sheds light on the complex relationship between how we feel and how we perceive the world around us. 



Whether it's the panic incited by a scream, the unease of a shadow, or the delight brought by vibrant landscapes and lively music, our reactions are deeply rooted in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-sense-of-smell-can-change-the-colors-we-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory experiences</a>. But do these reactions rely on specific senses, or is there a more abstract mechanism at work within our brains?



Published in Science Advances, this pioneering research was spearheaded by Italian neuroscientists from the <a href="https://www.imtlucca.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca</a>, in collaboration with the <a href="https://en.unito.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turin</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-processing-emotions-with-sensory-perception">Processing emotions with sensory perception</h2>



The team embarked on an exploration to determine whether our brains use sensory-specific or abstract codes to forge emotional experiences.



"Emotion and perception are deeply intertwined, yet understanding how the brain encapsulates emotional experiences has been a longstanding puzzle," says Giada Lettieri, the study's lead author and a psychology researcher at the IMT School. 



She adds, "Our study offers critical insights into how the brain organizes and interprets emotional information across various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-a-hidden-way-that-humans-feel-and-sense-touch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory modalities</a>, influenced by past sensory experiences."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-emotional-experiences">Decoding emotional experiences</h2>



To dissect these mechanisms, the research involved showing the movie 101 Dalmatians to 50 volunteers, including individuals with typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-story-behind-our-sense-of-smell-is-coming-into-focus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory abilities</a>, as well as those who are congenitally blind or deaf. 



This diverse group allowed the scientists to track brain activity through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as participants processed the film's plot, either by listening to its audio play or watching a silent version.



Further enriching this study, 124 additional participants were asked to watch the movie outside the scanner and record their emotional reactions, aiming to correlate these with the neural responses of people experiencing sensory deprivation.



Luca Cecchetti, the study's senior author, emphasizes the value of including individuals with sensory deprivation, saying, "It enables us to untangle the sensory contributions to the neural underpinnings of emotions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abstract-codes-emotions-without-perception">Abstract codes: Emotions without perception</h2>



The findings are revolutionary. Emotions are represented in the brain beyond sensory experiences and modalities. The study identified a distributed network within the brain, spanning sensory, prefrontal, and temporal areas, that collectively encodes emotions. 



Remarkably, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex plays a pivotal role, housing an abstract representation of emotions that transcends specific sensory experiences or modalities.



This abstract coding suggests that our emotional responses are not merely reactions to external stimuli but are instead generated by a brain wired to create emotional significance, independent of sensory input. 



This discovery underscores the resilience and adaptability of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-experiences-alter-time-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>, particularly in individuals with sensory deprivation.



Lettieri underscores the broader implications of this research. "In a society that often overlooks the sensory-deprived, it's crucial to explore how mental faculties and their neural representations develop and refine without sensory input. This advances our understanding of emotion and the brain," she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-further-study">Implications and further study</h2>



In summary, this study dramatically enhances our understanding of the human brain's capacity to process emotions independently of sensory perception. 



By demonstrating that emotions can be abstractly coded within the brain, the research challenges previous assumptions about the direct reliance of emotional experiences on sensory perception. 



This revelation broadens our grasp of emotional and perceptual interplay while emphasizing the adaptability and resilience of the human brain, especially in individuals with sensory deprivation. 



As we continue to explore the depths of human emotion and perception, this study serves as a crucial stepping stone towards more inclusive and comprehensive models of brain function, promising to impact both scientific research and societal perceptions of sensory impairments.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk6840" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Fascinating interplay between emotions and our sensory perception

In a quest to deepen our understanding of how our...

Monarch <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/monarch-butterfly-eggs-and-raising-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> are known for their spectacular migrations, but their journey begins on a surprisingly toxic menu. The monarch caterpillars munch on the leaves of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-milkweed-could-save-the-eastern-monarch-butterfly/">milkweed</a>, a plant notorious for its milky, white latex – a sticky sap packed with toxins. 



But how do these tiny creatures avoid getting poisoned? The answer lies in their metamorphosis of taste and a clever trick they develop as they grow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-of-young-monarch-caterpillars">Journey of young monarch caterpillars</h2>



When a tiny monarch caterpillar emerges from its egg, milkweed is its only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-when-butterflies-evolved-and-what-plants-they-used-for-food/">food source</a>. However, the milky sap, or latex, is a deterrent for most animals. It's like a built-in security system for the plant. 



Young caterpillars inherit a clever way to avoid the toxic substance. They act like picky eaters, carefully nibbling on the leaf and strategically avoiding the veins where the latex flows. In some cases, they might even make tiny cuts to drain the sap before feasting on the "safe" parts of the leaf. 



The study by a trio of German entomologists from <a href="https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hohenheim</a> has revealed an unusual transformation that occurs as these caterpillars grow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-monarch-caterpillars">Transformation of monarch caterpillars</h2>



Scientists closely followed monarch caterpillars from hatching all the way to when they formed their chrysalis. They found something unexpected: once the caterpillars reached a certain size, they stopped carefully avoiding the latex on the milkweed plant and instead actively ate it. 



The change in behavior is a critical turning point in their development. They go from being weak and defenseless to strong and protected. This surprised the researchers and challenged what we previously thought we knew about the connection between monarch caterpillars and milkweed. 



To understand this better, the team gave the caterpillars small amounts of the toxin-filled latex directly. Instead of avoiding it, the caterpillars ate eagerly. In the words of the researchers, observing the caterpillars' behavior was "like watching a cat lap up milk."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarch-caterpillar-s-metabolic-detoxification">Monarch caterpillar's metabolic detoxification</h2>



The secret to the monarch caterpillar's amazing transformation is its ability to handle the milkweed's poisons. These poisons, called cardenolides, are deadly to most animals because they mess up the balance of important salts in their bodies, leading to death. 



But as the monarch caterpillars grow older, they gain the ability to tolerate these poisons in a process called "detoxification" or "metabolic detoxification." This special skill lets the older caterpillars keep the poisons inside of them, turning what could have been a danger into a powerful weapon against predators. 



This clever trick protects monarch caterpillars from predators as they grow and eventually become butterflies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The monarch caterpillar's life cycle is an excellent example of how creatures can adapt and overcome challenges. By finding ways to turn a problem into an advantage, the caterpillar teaches us about resilience in the face of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-monarch-butterflies-are-stressed-by-human-handling/">difficulty</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about monarch caterpillars</h2>



Monarch caterpillars are well-known for their distinctive black, white, and yellow striping. They go through several stages, known as instars, during which they grow rapidly before pupating into the adult butterfly. Here are some key points about Monarch caterpillars:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diet</h3>



Monarch caterpillars feed exclusively on milkweed plants. The milkweed provides all the nutrients the caterpillars need to grow and also supplies them with cardenolides, toxic compounds that make the caterpillars (and the adult butterflies) poisonous to most predators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Growth and development</h3>



Starting as tiny eggs laid on the underside of milkweed leaves, once hatched, the caterpillars go through five growth stages or instars. They shed their skin at each stage.&nbsp;



The entire process from egg to chrysalis can take about two weeks, depending on temperature and food availability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appearance</h3>



Monarch caterpillars are easily recognizable by their bright stripes. These colors are thought to be aposematic, or warning colors, indicating their toxicity to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/">predators</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Role in the ecosystem</h3>



As part of their life cycle, monarch caterpillars play a critical role in their ecosystem, particularly in pollination. Their feeding activity on milkweed can influence the health and distribution of these plants. 



Furthermore, as a food source for some predators that can tolerate their toxins, they contribute to the biodiversity of their habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Migration</h3>



While the caterpillars themselves do not migrate, they are a crucial stage in the life cycle of the monarch butterfly, which is famous for its long-distance migration. 



The butterflies migrate from North America to central Mexico and California for the winter. The generation that migrates is usually several generations removed from the ones that made the journey the previous year.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation</h3>



The monarch butterfly, including its caterpillar stage, is considered an indicator species for monitoring the health of ecosystems. Their numbers have been in decline due to habitat loss, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/retail-milkweed-exposes-monarch-caterpillars-to-pesticides/">pesticide use</a>, and climate change. 



Conservation efforts focus on protecting their habitat, especially the milkweed plants that the caterpillars need to survive.



Understanding and protecting monarch caterpillars is crucial for conserving the species and maintaining the ecological balance in their habitats.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2721" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>. 



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‌

Monarch caterpillars turn milkweed toxin into a survival tool

Monarch butterflies are known for their spectacular migrations, but their...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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