Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

In the face of rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-were-a-driving-force-behind-2023s-record-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a>, fish are altering their foraging behavior and prey selection, leading to potentially significant ecological impacts. 



A recent study conducted by the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (<a href="https://www.idiv.de/en/index.html">iDiv</a>) and <a href="https://www.uni-jena.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Friedrich Schiller University Jena</a>, discovers how these changes could escalate the risk of extinctions within marine ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-climate-change-impacts-fish-foraging">Studying how climate change impacts fish foraging</h2>



The research focused on fish in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-blooms-baltic-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baltic Sea</a>, revealing that with temperature increases, fish tend to consume the first prey they encounter, which are usually more abundant but smaller, such as brittle stars, small crustaceans, worms, and mollusks.



This shift towards what is termed "flexible foraging behavior" is driven by the need to meet higher metabolic demands in warmer waters. 



While opting for readily available, smaller prey offers a quick energy fix, it falls short of meeting the long-term energy requirements of fish, as larger prey would.



This discrepancy between the fish's energy needs and their actual intake could, according to model food web calculations, lead to a higher likelihood of extinctions, particularly under warmer conditions. 



This effect is pronounced higher up the food chain, suggesting that climate change could make ecosystems more susceptible to disruption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-dietary-shifts">Unexpected dietary shifts</h2>



Benoit Gauzens of iDiv and the University of Jena, the study's lead author, points out, "It is usually assumed that species will adapt their foraging to maximize energy intake. However, our findings indicate that fish, and potentially other animals, might respond to climate change stress in unexpected and inefficient ways."



The research team analyzed a decade's worth of data on the stomach contents of six commercially significant fish species from the Bay of Kiel, covering various feeding strategies. 



This analysis, which spanned from 1968 to 1978, revealed a gradual shift in diet from less abundant to more abundant prey as temperatures increased.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effect-threat-to-marine-biodiversity">Ripple effect: Threat to marine biodiversity</h2>



"Fish species in the Baltic Sea and elsewhere are facing a multitude of human-made pressures, like overfishing or pollution”, adds co-author Gregor Kalinkat of the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (<a href="https://www.igb-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IGB</a>). 



“The effect of more inefficient prey searching behavior under warming might be another, so far overlooked factor leading to fish stocks that cannot recover even when fisheries pressure is significantly reduced."



The study's theoretical models, based on mathematical food web calculations, indicate that warming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water temperatures</a> lead to changes in foraging behavior that, in turn, increase extinction risks for consumer species, including fish. These extinctions could have cascading effects on other species within the ecosystem.



Gauzens adds a thought-provoking perspective, "Adaptation to local environmental conditions is typically crucial for maintaining biodiversity. Yet, it seems this principle might not hold in the context of rising temperatures."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-warmer-waters-and-fish-foraging">Implications of warmer waters and fish foraging</h2>



In summary, this important and disturbing study uncovers a critical, yet overlooked aspect of climate change's impact on marine ecosystems. 



By demonstrating how fish in warmer waters shift their dietary preferences towards smaller, more abundant prey, the research highlights a significant behavioral adaptation that could have far-reaching consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/historic-treaty-adopted-to-protect-biodiversity-in-the-high-seas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a> and the stability of ecosystems. 



This change in foraging behavior, driven by the need to meet increased metabolic demands, threatens the survival of fish species themselves and poses a risk to the broader community of marine organisms. 



As such, these findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate climate change effects on marine life, ensuring the resilience of our oceans in the face of environmental shifts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-fish-foraging">More about fish foraging</h2>



As discussed above, fish foraging involves the various strategies and behaviors fish employ to locate, capture, and consume their food. It's a fundamental aspect of their existence, crucial for survival, growth, and reproduction.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-and-behaviors">Strategies and behaviors</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-search-tactics">Search Tactics</h4>



Fish use a range of search tactics to find food. Some species rely on keen eyesight, others on sensitive olfactory cues, and yet others on the detection of vibrations through their lateral lines. Predatory fish might stalk their prey, while others graze continuously on algae or detritus.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-foraging">Social Foraging</h4>



Many fish forage in groups, benefiting from the collective effort. Schooling, for instance, allows fish to cover more area and efficiently locate food sources. This social behavior can also confuse predators, reducing individual risk while feeding.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-and-diurnal-patterns">Seasonal and Diurnal Patterns</h4>



Foraging behavior often follows seasonal and diurnal patterns. Some species are diurnal, actively searching for food during the day, while others are nocturnal, exploiting the cover of darkness to surprise their prey. Seasonal migrations to areas abundant in food are common among various fish species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-for-foraging">Adaptations for foraging</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-morphological-adaptations">Morphological Adaptations</h4>



Fish exhibit a wide array of physical adaptations for foraging. The shape of the mouth, teeth, and body can indicate a fish's preferred diet and foraging style. For instance, bottom feeders might have downward-facing mouths suitable for scavenging, whereas predators have sharp teeth for seizing prey.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensory-adaptations">Sensory Adaptations</h4>



Sensory adaptations play a crucial role in fish foraging. Some species have developed highly sensitive barbels or whiskers to detect prey in murky waters. Others might use electric fields to locate hidden prey. These adaptations enhance their ability to find and capture food in diverse and challenging environments.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h3>



In summary, fish foraging is a complex, dynamic aspect of aquatic life, showcasing the remarkable adaptability of fish. 



Through diverse strategies and specialized adaptations, fish have evolved to exploit their environments efficiently. 



Understanding these behaviors not only fascinates but also informs conservation efforts, ensuring the survival of fish populations in the face of environmental challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-01946-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.



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Fish foraging behavior is changing as they adapt to warming waters

In the face of rising ocean temperatures, fish are altering...

Imagine planting a garden on the moon - what would the soil feel like? Scientists from <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> are now using virtual reality to dig into this question. They created a digital twin of moon dirt, known as lunar regolith, to understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-soil-could-be-the-basis-of-moon-life-support-system/">lunar soil</a> behaves.



The team created a computer model that acts like a detailed, virtual version of moon dust. This model is based on information from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/man-in-the-moon-craters-are-200-million-years-older-than-previously-believed/">Apollo missions</a>, including how moon dust sticks together and resists movement in the moon's vacuum and low gravity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulating-moon-dust">Simulating moon dust</h2>



Traditionally, simulating moon dust was difficult because computers needed to calculate interactions between every single particle, making it too slow for large areas. The new model uses a clever method to solve this problem. It divides the simulated space into tiny cubes, and only checks for collisions between particles in nearby cubes.&nbsp;



This significantly reduces the number of calculations needed, allowing the model to simulate much larger areas of moon dust more efficiently.



"Think of it like a realistic video game set on the Moon - we want to make sure the virtual version of moon dust behaves just like the actual thing, so that if we are using it to control a robot on the Moon, then it will behave as we expect,” noted study lead author Joe Louca from Bristol's School of Engineering Mathematics and Technology.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-the-stability-of-moon-dust">Testing the stability of moon dust</h2>



The scientists carefully compared lunar regolith with specially made materials on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-soil-planet-warming-global-carbon-cycle/">Earth</a> that are designed to act like real moon dust. One way they do this is by watching how both the computer model and the fake moon dust flow through funnels of different sizes. This shows them how easily the dust can move around, which is important for planning how to use it during missions to the moon.&nbsp;



During the test, they also measure how much of a pile the dust makes when they pour it out on a flat surface. This helps them understand how stable the dust is, which is important for building structures on the moon.



Importantly, the "flow" and “piling” of fake moon dust through funnels in the computer model is not a physical process but a simulation. The computer calculates how particles, represented within the model, would move based on their properties and the conditions set in the simulation (like gravity, cohesion, and friction).&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-flow-of-small-and-large-particles">Measuring the flow of small and large particles</h2>



The experts found that the model worked well for large dust particles, but not so well for small ones.&nbsp;



For large tests using funnels, the model worked well for some sizes of fake moon dust particles. Smaller particles got stuck in the funnel, and the model overestimated or underestimated how quickly other sizes flowed compared to real-world tests. Particles between 4 and 5 millimeters in size worked best, matching real-world results except when the funnel was almost blocked.



For smaller tests using funnels, the model had trouble capturing how quickly sand and a specific type of fake moon dust (LMS-1) flowed through funnels of different sizes. Real-world tests showed that both materials flowed faster through wider funnels. The model, however, predicted that LMS-1 would flow slower through wider funnels, likely because it did not fully account for the forces that make the particles stick together.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-lunar-dirt-model">Limitations of the lunar dirt model</h2>



Larger particles in the model flowed faster than in real-world tests, suggesting the model needs improvement in how it represents these forces.



The model also struggled to predict the angle at which the materials would form a stable pile, again due to simplifications in how it represents the forces between particles.



Overall, the model is a promising tool for studying lunar soil on a large scale, but it needs further development to be more precise, especially in how it represents the forces between particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



Simulating lunar regolith is crucial for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-will-melt-lunar-dust-to-build-roads-on-the-moon/">moon exploration</a> and living there. Understanding moon dust is important for three main reasons:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-moon-equipment">Building moon equipment</h3>



Knowing what moon dust is like helps engineers design rovers, tools, and other equipment that work well on the moon. This includes things like dealing with dust, staying stable on the surface, and making sure materials last in harsh conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-training-astronauts">Training astronauts</h3>



By creating simulations based on real moon dust, astronauts can practice tasks like walking, building, and doing science experiments in an environment that feels almost exactly like the moon. This training is essential for making sure astronauts can do their jobs safely and efficiently when they actually go to the moon.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-food-on-the-moon">Growing food on the moon</h3>



One exciting idea for long-term moon living is to grow plants there, like in a "moon garden." To do this, we need to understand the physical and chemical properties of moon dust. This knowledge can help us figure out how to grow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-grow-plants-in-lunar-soil-for-the-first-time/">plants</a> in it, potentially creating a way to grow food for astronauts on the moon and make it possible for them to live there for longer periods.



Developing realistic computer simulations of moon dust is a big step towards making these ambitious goals a reality.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frspt.2024.1303964" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Space Technologies</a>.



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Moon dust: Simulating lunar dirt will make it easier to collect

Imagine planting a garden on the moon - what would...

3d,Rendering,Robot,Learning,Or,Machine,Learning,With,Education,Hud

Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the realm of creativity and divergent thinking, has marked another milestone. A fascinating study recently revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machines-and-consciousness-are-ai-systems-really-awake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT-4</a>, a cutting-edge AI language model, outshined human participants in tests designed to gauge divergent thinking -- a core indicator of creativity. 



This exploration into the capabilities of AI showcases its potential to generate unique and complex solutions to problems that lack a single correct answer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-ai-creativity-and-divergent-thinking">Understanding AI creativity and divergent thinking</h2>



Divergent thinking allows for the generation of multiple solutions to a given problem, exemplified by questions like, “What is the best way to avoid talking about politics with my parents?” 



In this particular study, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-proves-very-useful-to-doctors-when-diagnosing-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT-4</a> demonstrated an ability to provide answers that were not only more original but also more detailed than those given by human participants.



Published in Scientific Reports, the study was led by Kent F. Hubert and Kim N. Awa, Ph.D. students in psychological science at the University of Arkansas. They were joined by assistant professor Darya L. Zabelina, who directs the <a href="https://mocca.uark.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mechanisms of Creative Cognition and Attention Lab</a> at the same institution. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chatgpt-4-takes-on-human-creativity">ChatGPT-4 takes on human creativity</h2>



Their research, titled “The current state of artificial intelligence generative language models is more creative than humans on divergent thinking tasks,” utilized three specific tests to measure creativity:



<ol start="1">
<li>The Alternative Use Task: Participants were asked to think of creative uses for everyday items such as a rope or a fork. </li>



<li>The Consequences Task: This task required participants to envision potential outcomes of hypothetical scenarios, for instance, the implications of humans not needing sleep. </li>



<li>The Divergent Associations Task: Here, participants generated ten nouns that were semantically unrelated, challenging them to think beyond closely related concepts.</li>
</ol>



The evaluation criteria focused on the quantity and length of responses, as well as the semantic diversity between words. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-ai-s-creative-boundaries">Understanding AI's creative boundaries</h2>



The findings were clear. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-dead-people-have-the-right-to-forbid-their-digital-resurrection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT-4</a> consistently delivered more original and comprehensive responses across all tasks, even when adjusting for the fluency of those responses, highlighting its superior creative potential.



However, the researchers caution that these findings, while significant, represent only one dimension of creativity -- creative potential. 



They remind us that creativity also encompasses active participation in creative activities and achievements, which were not the focus of this study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creativity-unbound-the-human-factor">Creativity unbound: The human factor</h2>



Hubert and Awa pointed out a critical difference between AI and human creativity: AI lacks agency and requires human interaction to activate its creative capabilities, which otherwise remain dormant. 



Furthermore, the study did not assess the appropriateness of the AI's responses, leaving open the question of how human participants balanced creativity with the need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">realism</a>.



Awa raised additional questions regarding the measurement of creativity, pondering the effectiveness of these tests in capturing the full spectrum of creative thinking across different populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-role-of-ai-in-creativity">Evolving role of AI in creativity</h2>



This study is not a definitive measure of human versus AI creativity but a demonstration of the advancing capabilities of large language models. 



The real question of whether AI will replace human creativity remains unanswered. Instead, the authors are optimistic about the future, envisioning AI as a source of inspiration and a tool to enhance human creativity, promising avenues to overcome creative barriers.



As we move forward, the intersection of AI and creativity opens up new possibilities for collaboration between humans and machines, offering a glimpse into a future where AI aids in the creative process, potentially leading to unprecedented levels of innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-chatgpt-4-ai-creativity-and-humans">More about ChatGPT-4, AI creativity, and humans</h2>



As discussed above, ChatGPT-4 represents the latest milestone in artificial intelligence, showcasing remarkable advancements over its predecessors. 



Developed by OpenAI, this iteration of the Generative Pre-trained Transformer series excels in understanding and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-dead-people-have-the-right-to-forbid-their-digital-resurrection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">generating human-like text</a>, offering a more nuanced and coherent interaction experience.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-core-features-of-chatgpt-4">Core features of ChatGPT-4</h3>



ChatGPT-4 demonstrates a profound grasp of language nuances, enabling it to comprehend complex queries and provide responses that are not only accurate but also contextually relevant. 



This improvement stems from its training on a diverse dataset that includes a wide range of languages, dialects, and jargon.



One of the most significant advancements in ChatGPT-4 is its ability to maintain context over longer conversations. This ability allows for more meaningful and sustained interactions, as the model can recall and reference previous exchanges within a conversation, offering responses that build on earlier dialogue.



ChatGPT-4 is remarkably versatile, capable of engaging in conversations across various domains such as technology, medicine, law, and more. This flexibility makes it an invaluable tool for professionals seeking information or advice, as well as for individuals looking for casual conversation on a wide range of topics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-and-impact">Applications and impact</h3>



ChatGPT-4 serves as an excellent educational tool, providing explanations, summarizing complex concepts, and offering tutoring in subjects ranging from mathematics to literature. Its ability to adapt to the learner's level and offer tailored feedback can significantly enhance the learning experience.



Businesses can leverage ChatGPT-4 to revolutionize their customer service, offering instant, accurate, and personalized responses to customer inquiries. This not only improves the customer experience but also reduces the workload on human customer service representatives.



Writers can use ChatGPT-4 as a creative partner, generating ideas, suggesting plot developments, or even composing entire pieces of text. Its capacity to understand and mimic various writing styles makes it a versatile tool for creative endeavors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-considerations-and-future-directions">Ethical considerations and future directions</h3>



As with any powerful technology, the deployment of ChatGPT-4 raises ethical considerations, including privacy concerns, the potential for misuse, and the impact on employment. OpenAI continues to address these challenges, ensuring that ChatGPT-4 and future models are used responsibly and for the benefit of society.



In summary, ChatGPT-4 marks a significant step forward in the field of artificial intelligence, offering enhanced language understanding, improved contextual awareness, and versatility across domains. 



Its applications in education, customer service, and creative writing demonstrate its potential to positively impact various aspects of life. As we look to the future, the ongoing development and ethical use of AI technologies like ChatGPT-4 will continue to be of paramount importance.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53303-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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AI outperforms humans in creativity tests

Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the realm of creativity and...

In a remarkable discovery that underscores Japan's role as a global leader in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">botanical research</a>, scientists have unveiled a new species and genus of fairy lanterns. These are a unique, tiny plant with a glass-like appearance that derives its sustenance from fungi. 



This important and thrilling find marks the first time in nearly a century that a new plant genus has been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/non-photosynthesizing-plant-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">identified in Japan</a>, a country celebrated for its comprehensive exploration of flora.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fairy-lanterns-unveiled-understanding-thismiaceae">Fairy Lanterns Unveiled: Understanding Thismiaceae</h2>



Fairy lanterns, scientifically known as Thismiaceae, are extraordinary plants that challenge our traditional understanding of how plants survive. 



Unlike their green counterparts, fairy lanterns do not perform photosynthesis. Instead, they rely on a symbiotic relationship with underground fungal mycelia for nourishment. 



These elusive plants typically remain hidden beneath fallen leaves, emerging briefly to produce delicate, translucent flowers that captivate the eye like fine glasswork. 



In Japan, Thismia, a significant group within the Thismiaceae family, is affectionately termed "Tanuki-no-shokudai" or "raccoon dog’s candleholder," a nod to their unique shape and subterranean lifestyle.



<a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a>'s botanist, SUETSUGU Kenji, an internationally recognized authority on non-photosynthetic plants, highlights the rarity of these plants. 



"Currently, around 100 species within the family have been identified, with nearly half being known only from their initial discovery, sometimes from just a single specimen," he explains. This rarity and the plants' elusive nature underscore the significance of the recent discovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-of-discovery-the-quest-for-mujina-no-shokudai">Journey of Discovery: The Quest for Mujina-no-shokudai</h2>



The journey to this discovery began with the keen observation of a hobbyist botanist and the expertise of local botanists, illustrating the pivotal role of amateur researchers in uncovering the hidden jewels of Japan's flora. 



The specimen in question, initially thought to be a new species within the known genus of Tanuki-no-shokudai, was sent to Suetsugu for analysis. However, it quickly became apparent that this specimen did not fit within any existing genera, prompting further investigation.



After an unsuccessful initial search in Kimotsuki, Kagoshima Prefecture, perseverance paid off a year later when Suetsugu and his team found four more plants in the same vicinity. 



This discovery led to a comprehensive analysis, combining morphological and genetic studies, which revealed that the plant represented not just a new species but an entirely new genus, distinct enough from Tanuki-no-shokudai to warrant this classification.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-badger-s-candleholder-naming-the-new-genus">Badger’s Candleholder: Naming the New Genus</h2>



The decision to name the new genus "Mujina-no-shokudai," or "badger’s candleholder," reflects its unique characteristics and its differentiation from the Thismia genus, akin to the distinction between a badger and a raccoon dog in Japanese folklore. 



The Latin name, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/fairy-lantern-flower_new-species_Suetsugu-Relictithismia-In-situ_Tagane-Shuichiro_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Relictithismia kimotsukiensis</a>, echoes this sentiment, hinting at the plant's ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/fairy-lantern-flower_new-species_Suetsugu-Relictithismia-Stamens_Tagane-Shuichiro_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">divergence</a> from its Thismiaceae relatives and its retention of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/fairy-lantern-flower_new-species_Suetsugu-Relictithismia_Suetsugu-Kenji_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">familial traits</a> lost in other genera.



Suetsugu's discovery is not just a testament to Japan's advanced botanical research but also a reminder of the potential for new discoveries even in well-studied regions. 



"The discovery of new plant species is extremely rare, and finding a new genus is even rarer," Suetsugu remarks, referring to the previous such discovery nearly 100 years ago. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-morphological-and-genetic-revelations">Morphological and Genetic Revelations</h2>



This finding encourages ongoing exploration and study of the world's flora, highlighting the importance of vigilance in botanical research.



Beyond its scientific novelty, the discovery of a plant with such a specialized mode of nutrition and limited geographic distribution underscores its vulnerability to environmental changes. 



This vulnerability motivates Suetsugu and his team to deepen their research into the ecological relationships between Relictithismia and its fungal hosts, as well as the impacts of environmental changes on these delicate balances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-fairy-lanterns-and-relictithismia-kimotsukiensis">Future of Fairy Lanterns and Relictithismia kimotsukiensis</h2>



In summary, the unveiling of a new genus and species of fairy lantern in Japan breaks a century-long hiatus in botanical discoveries and reiterates the critical importance of ongoing research and exploration in the realm of botany.



Through the persistent efforts of both amateur and professional botanists, this discovery highlights the untapped diversity of plant life waiting to be uncovered, even in well-studied regions.



It also underscores the delicate balance of ecological relationships and the vulnerability of specialized species to environmental changes, urging further study into the symbiotic interactions that sustain such unique forms of life.



This breakthrough serves as a compelling reminder of the endless mysteries nature holds and the essential role of scientific inquiry in unraveling them, fostering a deeper appreciation for the world's flora and the intricate networks that underpin our natural environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-fairy-lanterns">More about fairy lanterns</h2>



As discussed above, fairy lantern plants, belonging to the genus Thismia, captivate the imagination with their unique beauty and mysterious life cycle. 



These rare and often elusive plants thrive in the shadows of dense forests, where their ethereal blooms light up the underbrush in a display reminiscent of tiny, glowing lanterns. 



Unlike many flowering plants, fairy lanterns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-plant-species-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycoheterotrophs</a>, meaning they draw their sustenance not from photosynthesis but through a symbiotic relationship with fungi.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mystery-of-fairy-lanterns">Unraveling the Mystery of Fairy Lanterns</h3>



The life of a fairy lantern is one of concealment and surprise. These plants spend most of their existence underground, intertwined with the mycelium of fungi. 



This underground lifestyle supports their survival in dense forests where light penetrates sparingly. It is only when they bloom that they briefly reveal themselves above ground, showcasing their striking, lantern-shaped flowers. 



The colors of these blooms range from translucent white to deep, vibrant reds and purples, often speckled or streaked with contrasting hues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance-and-threats">Ecological Significance and Threats</h3>



Fairy lanterns play a crucial role in the ecosystems they inhabit. They are an integral part of the forest floor's biodiversity, contributing to the complex network of relationships between plants, fungi, and soil organisms. 



However, their existence is under threat. Habitat destruction, deforestation, and climate change are diminishing their numbers, making some species critically endangered. Conservation efforts are vital to protect these unique plants and the delicate ecosystems they support.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascination-and-conservation-efforts">Fascination and Conservation Efforts</h3>



The allure of fairy lantern plants extends beyond their beauty; they represent a fascinating area of botanical research. 



Scientists are particularly interested in their symbiotic relationship with fungi, which could unlock new understanding of plant-fungi interactions and ecosystem dynamics. 



Conservationists are working to preserve their habitats, employing strategies like habitat restoration and the establishment of protected areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conclusion-drastic-action-needed">Conclusion: Drastic Action Needed</h3>



Fairy lantern plants remind us of the wonders and fragility of nature. Their secretive life cycle and dependence on undisturbed habitats highlight the importance of conservation efforts. 



By protecting these enchanting plants, we not only preserve their beauty but also safeguard the biodiversity and health of forest ecosystems around the world. 



It is a call to action for all of us to participate in conservation efforts, ensuring that future generations can also marvel at the mysterious glow of the fairy lanterns.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10265-024-01532-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Plant Research</a>.



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"Fairy lantern" plants now have a new family member

In a remarkable discovery that underscores Japan's role as a...

In an unprecedented discovery, scientists from Oregon State University (<a href="https://www.oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU</a>) documented the first-ever sighting of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/hoary-bat_flying-over-ocean_Credit-Oregon-State-U_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hoary bat over the open ocean</a>, shocking scientists while shedding new light on the mysteries of nature and the unexpected journeys of terrestrial mammals.



This discovery came during a research cruise aimed at studying marine mammals and seabirds in the Humboldt Wind Energy Area, approximately 30 miles off Northern California's coast. 



This area is known for its potential in offshore energy development and, interestingly, is a region where hoary bats are frequently found deceased at land-based wind power facilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hoary-bat-s-journey-over-open-ocean">Hoary bat's journey over open ocean</h2>



Will Kennerley, an OSU faculty research assistant and the first to spot the bat, alongside his colleagues, captured this rare moment and later detailed their observations in the Journal of North American Bat Research. 



The sighting occurred under clear skies just after 1 p.m. on October 3, 2022, highlighting the bat's robust and migratory nature.



“I have spent a lot of time at sea in all oceans of the world, and I’ve seen a lot of amazing things,” said Lisa Ballance, director of OSU’s <a href="https://mmi.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Mammal Institute</a>. “A hoary bat was a first for all of us. It’s a reminder of the wonder of nature, and of its vulnerability.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-mystery-of-the-hoary-bat">Unveiling the mystery of the hoary bat</h2>



Hoary bats are known for their impressive flying capabilities, migrating across North America from breeding to wintering areas. 



Despite being regular visitors to places like the Farallon Islands near San Francisco and Bermuda, no records existed of a hoary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-a-protein-in-bats-that-can-slow-aging-and-fight-most-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat</a> being observed from a ship in North American offshore waters until this event.



The researchers aboard the R/V Pacific Storm, including Kennerley and marine ecologist Leigh Torres, were part of the MOSAIC Project, led by Ballance. 



This four-year initiative aims to study the distributions and densities of seabirds and marine mammals around potential offshore <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wind-turbines-bird-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind energy</a> areas. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-documenting-the-first-open-ocean-bat-sighting">Documenting the first open ocean bat sighting</h2>



The unexpected appearance of the hoary bat, flying between 5 and 10 meters above the ocean surface and nearing the vessel to within 50 meters, underscores the importance of field research in revealing unforeseen aspects of wildlife behavior.



Kennerley, who photographed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bats-navigate-noisy-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat</a>, remarked on the significance of such unexpected findings. 



"We of course didn’t set out to look for bats at sea, but this demonstrates the value of having observers out on the water ready and able to document unexpected observations like this,” said Kennerley. “I think surprises like this are one of the most exciting parts of doing science."



The sighting raises concerns about the hoary bat's future, especially considering a 2019 study led by OSU-Cascades indicating a decline in its population in the Pacific Northwest. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-flyers-migratory-might-of-the-hoary-bat">High flyers: Migratory might of the hoary bat</h2>



Bats play crucial roles in ecosystems worldwide, offering services such as pollination, pest control, and seed dispersion. However, they face significant threats from wind energy production and diseases like white-nose syndrome.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-wind-farms-interact-with-wind-can-optimize-their-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wind turbines</a>, for example, can cause fatal injuries to bats through collision and barotrauma, a condition resulting from rapid atmospheric pressure changes. 



This sighting within a leased offshore wind energy area emphasizes the need for further research on the potential risks offshore environments pose to bats.



"Our study only documents a single individual but nonetheless suggests a greater need for studies looking at threats bats may face at sea," Kennerley concluded, highlighting the importance of continued monitoring and research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-bats-from-the-open-ocean">Protecting bats from the open ocean</h2>



In summary, the unexpected sighting of a hoary bat flying over the open ocean not only underscores the boundless wonders of the natural world, but also highlights the critical need for ongoing research and conservation efforts. 



This remarkable discovery by the Oregon State University scientists aboard the R/V Pacific Storm propels us to reconsider our understanding of wildlife behaviors and the potential impacts of human activities, such as offshore wind energy development, on migratory species. 



It serves as a vivid reminder of the interconnectedness of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and the importance of vigilance and curiosity in scientific exploration, urging us to protect these delicate balances for future generations.



The study, funded by the U.S. Departments of Energy and the Interior, was co-authored by Donald Solick of the <a href="https://www.epri.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Electric Power Research Institute</a> and <a href="https://www.batacousticsurveys.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vesper Bat Detection Services</a>, along with OSU marine ecologist Rachael Orben.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-hoary-bats-and-the-ocean">More about hoary bats and the ocean</h2>



The hoary bat, a creature of the night skies, captivates with its distinctive frosted fur and widespread wings. 



Known scientifically as Lasiurus cinereus, this species stands out as one of the most widespread bats in the Americas, yet it remains shrouded in mystery. 



Dwelling primarily in woodlands and forests, hoary bats embark on remarkable migrations that showcase their incredible resilience and adaptability.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-features-and-habitat">Features and habitat</h3>



Characterized by their striking grayish-brown fur with white tips, hoary bats embody a frosty appearance that sets them apart in the bat world. 



They possess large, rounded ears and a wingspan that can reach up to 16 inches, making them adept fliers capable of long-distance travel. 



These solitary creatures prefer the solitude of tree canopies, emerging at dusk to hunt for insects in a display of aerial agility.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-and-behavior">Migration and behavior</h3>



Hoary bats are not just any nocturnal hunters; they are seasoned travelers, migrating across continents from their summer breeding grounds in the north to warmer southern or coastal wintering areas. 



This migration highlights their unique role in ecosystems as pest controllers, managing insect populations wherever they go. 



Unlike many bat species that hibernate in caves or mines, hoary bats find refuge in the leaves and branches of trees, even during their migration stops.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-concerns">Conservation concerns</h3>



Despite their widespread presence, hoary bats face significant threats from habitat loss, wind turbines, and climate change. 



Wind energy, while a renewable resource, poses a risk to these bats through collisions and barotrauma caused by the turbines. 



Furthermore, the spread of white-nose syndrome, a fungal disease lethal to bats, adds to the conservation challenges. These threats underscore the importance of research and conservation strategies to ensure the hoary bat's survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calls-for-bat-protection">Calls for bat protection</h3>



The hoary bat's journey through the night skies is a testament to nature's wonders and complexities. As we uncover more about these elusive creatures, the need to protect them and their habitats becomes increasingly clear. 



Conservation efforts must balance human development with the preservation of the natural world, ensuring that hoary bats continue to grace our skies for generations to come.



In essence, the hoary bat's story is a reminder of our interconnectedness with nature and the critical role we play in safeguarding its diversity. 



By fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation for species like the hoary bat, we can inspire actions that contribute to the health and vibrancy of our planet's ecosystems.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.eaglehill.us/nabr-pdfs-notes/nabr-004-Solick.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of North American Bat Research</a>.



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A bat is seen flying over the open ocean for the first time ever

In an unprecedented discovery, scientists from Oregon State University (OSU)...

In recent years, the Simulation Hypothesis has become a subject of fascination among scientists and philosophers while capturing the general public's imagination.



This captivating theory suggests that our reality might actually be an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">advanced digital simulation</a>. Far from being a mere plot of science fiction narratives, this hypothesis has its roots deeply embedded in philosophical thought and is buoyed by rapid technological advancements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-the-simulation-hypothesis">What Exactly is the Simulation Hypothesis?</h2>



At its core, the Simulation Hypothesis posits that our entire reality, including Earth and the universe at large, could be an artificial construct created by a highly advanced civilization. 



This concept, which might sound like a narrative straight out of a sci-fi novel, has increasingly found acceptance among philosophers, futurists, and technologists. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-nick-bostrom">Who is Nick Bostrom?</h2>



The hypothesis was notably articulated by philosopher Nick Bostrom in his 2003 paper, “<a href="https://simulation-argument.com/simulation.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?</a>” 



Bostrom's argument, based on probability, suggests a significant chance that our existence is part of a complex simulation developed by posthuman civilizations. This hypothesis is not a novel idea and has its precedents in science fiction, such as in the narrative of The Matrix. 



However, Bostrom presented it within a philosophical framework, igniting serious debate about the possibility of our reality being a simulation. His compelling statistical reasoning urged us to consider the possibility that we might be living within an ancestor simulation created by a posthuman civilization.



Though the hypothesis is currently unprovable with the tools at our disposal, it forces us to confront profound questions about existence, reality, and our place within the universe. It challenges us to rethink our assumptions about science, technology, and our understanding of the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-support-for-the-simulation-hypothesis">Growing Support for the Simulation Hypothesis</h2>



The Simulation Hypothesis has garnered support from various quarters, including mathematical arguments rooted in quantum physics and information theory. 



The essence of these arguments is that if creating complex simulated realities is within the realm of possibility for advanced civilizations, it's more probable that we are residing in one of these simulations rather than in the original "base reality."



Philosopher Nick Bostrom has posited that one of three propositions is likely true: humanity never reaches the posthuman stage, posthuman civilizations have no interest in running simulations, or we are almost certainly living in a simulation. 



This hypothesis implies that if advanced civilizations possess both the capability and the desire to run complex ancestor simulations, simulated realities could vastly outnumber actual reality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perspectives-from-tech-visionaries">Perspectives from Tech Visionaries</h2>



Prominent tech figures, including Elon Musk and Peter Thiel, have shown interest in, or outright support for, the Simulation Hypothesis. 



Musk, in particular, has suggested the likelihood of us not living in a computer simulation is "one in billions." 



Their interest is largely driven by the exponential advancements in computing power, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality, making the creation of convincing simulations increasingly feasible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-philosophical-implications-and-ethical-concerns">Philosophical Implications and Ethical Concerns</h2>



The Simulation Hypothesis, while fascinating, also presents a series of philosophical and ethical dilemmas. It brings to the forefront the age-old debate about reality, consciousness, and existence. 



If our reality is indeed a simulation, it raises questions about free will, the nature of the soul, and the foundation of our existence.



Furthermore, the pursuit of proving or disproving this hypothesis carries its own set of risks. Believing too firmly in the hypothesis could lead to nihilistic attitudes or destabilize societal norms and values. 



On the other hand, attempting to "break out" of the simulation, if it exists, could have unforeseen consequences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concluding-thoughts">Concluding Thoughts</h2>



The Simulation Hypothesis opens up a myriad of intriguing questions and possibilities about the nature of our reality. 



While it remains a speculative theory with more questions than answers, it encourages a reexamination of our basic assumptions about the universe and our existence within it. 



As we continue to explore and understand the mysteries of the cosmos, the Simulation Hypothesis serves as a reminder of the endless possibilities that lie ahead.



In essence, while the Simulation Hypothesis invites us to ponder the very nature of reality, it also emphasizes the importance of approaching such profound questions with a balance of curiosity, skepticism, and ethical consideration. 



As we delve deeper into the realms of science and philosophy, the journey of exploring such hypotheses promises to enrich our understanding of the universe and our place within it.



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Simulation hypothesis: Are humans living in a simulated world?

In recent years, the Simulation Hypothesis has become a subject...

M42,Orion,Nebula,Apod

In the quest to unravel the origins of planetary systems like our own Solar System, a collaborative research effort has focused on massive stars to solve this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planetary-migration-model-explains-super-earths-and-sub-neptunes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic puzzle</a>. 



Utilizing the unparalleled capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>), the team embarked on an exploratory journey into the Orion Nebula, a cradle of star formation. 



Their focus was a protoplanetary disc known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-nebula-destroys-an-oceans-worth-of-water-every-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">d203-506</a>, through which they aimed to understand the critical influence of massive stars on the nascent stages of planetary systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pivotal-role-of-massive-stars-in-our-universe">Pivotal role of massive stars in our universe</h2>



Dr. Olivier Berné of the National Centre for Scientific Research (<a href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en/the-cnrs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CNRS</a>) in Toulouse, who spearheaded the study, and his colleagues have made a very important discovery. 



Their research, detailed in the paper ‘A far-ultraviolet-driven photoevaporation flow observed in a protoplanetary disk’ published in Science, reveals how these colossal stars, both in mass and luminosity, dictate the fate of emerging planetary systems.



Massive stars, possessing tenfold the mass of our Sun and outshining it by 100,000 times, bathe nearby planetary formations in intense ultraviolet radiation. 



This radiation plays a pivotal role -- it can either foster the birth of planets or hinder their formation by dispersing the essential matter needed for their development. 



In the case of the Orion Nebula's planetary system d203-506, the team found that the overwhelming radiation from nearby massive stars prevents the formation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-find-a-planet-named-halla-that-shouldnt-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter-like planets</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methodology-the-power-of-combined-observations">Methodology: The power of combined observations</h2>



This comprehensive study was made possible through the collective expertise of the team, spanning instrumentation, data analysis, and modeling. 



By integrating data from JWST with observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (<a href="https://www.almaobservatory.org/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>), the researchers were able to pinpoint the physical conditions within the gas of the protoplanetary disk. 



Their findings suggest that the disk is losing mass at a rate that would preclude the formation of a giant planet within its confines.



Dr. Yoko Okada, a member of the team from the University of Cologne’s <a href="https://astro.uni-koeln.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Astrophysics</a>, reflects on the significance of their findings.



"It is great that so many contributions from the team over the years, including the planning of the observations and the evaluation the data, are bearing fruit in the form of these results that represent a significant step forward in understanding the formation of planetary systems," Okada said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-orion-nebula-and-massive-stars">More about the Orion Nebula and massive stars</h2>



As mentioned and pictured above, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jumbos-james-webb-reveals-free-floating-worlds-that-cant-be-explained/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion Nebula</a> stands as one of the most studied and admired objects in the night sky, a bustling nursery where new stars are born. 



Located roughly 1,350 light-years away from Earth, this nebula is a vivid showcase of cosmic creation, visible to the naked eye as a fuzzy spot in the sword of the Orion constellation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cradle-of-star-formation">A cradle of star formation</h3>



At the heart of the Orion Nebula, young stars emerge from clouds of gas and dust, illuminating their surroundings and offering astronomers a clear view of stellar birth. 



This region is not just a single star-forming zone but a complex of clusters, each at different stages of development. 



The most prominent feature, the Trapezium Cluster, is a young, tightly packed group of stars whose intense ultraviolet light sculpts the nebula's landscape.



The Orion Nebula serves as a natural laboratory for scientists aiming to understand the processes of star and planet formation. Its relative proximity to Earth allows for detailed observations, making it an ideal target for telescopes across the electromagnetic spectrum. 



Studies conducted in this nebula help unravel the mysteries of how stars and planetary systems like our own come into being.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-massive-stars">The role of massive stars</h3>



Massive stars within the Orion Nebula play a crucial role in shaping the nebula and influencing the formation of planetary systems. 



Their powerful radiation strips away material from surrounding protoplanetary disks, affecting the ability of new planets to form. 



Observations and analyses of these processes provide valuable insights into the delicate balance of forces that govern the birth of stars and planets.



For amateur astronomers and skywatchers, the Orion Nebula offers a spectacular view, especially during winter nights in the Northern Hemisphere. 



Even with modest telescopes or binoculars, observers can glimpse the intricate structures and dynamic activity within this stellar nursery, making it a favorite subject for astrophotographers and space enthusiasts alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-beyond-the-orion-nebula">Implications: Beyond the Orion Nebula</h2>



The data harvested from the Orion Nebula by the JWST is not only rich but also complex, offering a treasure trove of information for scientists. 



The research team remains engaged in a variety of detailed analyses, from star and planet formation to the evolution of the interstellar medium, each study bringing us closer to comprehending the vast and intricate tapestry of the universe.



It highlights the intricate balance of forces at play in the birth of planets and underscores the invaluable role of international collaboration and cutting-edge technology in peeling back the layers of our universe's most enduring mysteries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-leap-forward-in-cosmic-understanding">A leap forward in cosmic understanding</h2>



In summary, this pioneering study conducted by an international research team using the James Webb Space Telescope has illuminated the pivotal role of massive stars in the formation of planetary systems within the Orion Nebula. 



By analyzing the protoplanetary disk d203-506, the researchers uncovered how intense ultraviolet radiation from these colossal stars influences the creation of planets, revealing that such conditions hinder the formation of Jupiter-like planets in this particular system. 



This discovery, a result of years of collaborative effort and sophisticated data integration from JWST and ALMA, advances our understanding of planetary system formation and showcases the critical importance of international scientific collaboration and advanced astronomical tools in unlocking the secrets of the cosmos.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh2861" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Massive stars shape planetary systems like ours with ultraviolet radiation

In the quest to unravel the origins of planetary systems...

Boy,Misbehaving,While,Eating,Breakfast,Cereal

A comprehensive review of scientific research led by <a href="https://www.deakin.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deakin University</a> has unveiled potential widespread health risks associated with diets rich in ultra-processed foods (UPFs).&nbsp;



The consumption of products like ready meals, sugary cereals, and mass-produced bread is correlated with a heightened risk of 32 health conditions, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/">cancer</a>, type 2 diabetes, and various mental health issues.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-risk-of-heart-disease">Increased risk of heart disease</h2>



These foods, typically laden with unhealthy levels of fat, salt, and sugar while lacking in essential vitamins and fiber, have been convincingly linked to a 50 percent increased risk of mortality due to heart attack or stroke.



The study, the most extensive of its kind, encompassing data from 10 million individuals, indicates that those with the highest consumption of ultra-processed foods face a 40 to 66 percent elevated risk of death from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/">heart disease</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-upf-health-risks">Additional UPF health risks</h2>



Additionally, significant associations were found with obesity, respiratory conditions, and sleep disturbances.&nbsp;



Drawing parallels with tobacco, the researchers emphasize the critical need for public health interventions to reduce UPF intake and advocate for the development of consumption guidelines and labeling requirements for ultra-processed foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strict-upf-guidelines-are-needed">Strict UPF guidelines are needed</h2>



Ultra-processed foods are characterized by the inclusion of ingredients uncommon in home cooking, such as artificial chemicals, colorings, sweeteners, and preservatives designed to enhance shelf life.&nbsp;



The researchers propose advertising restrictions and the prohibition of UPF sales in or around educational and healthcare facilities. They urge governments to promote dietary guidelines that favor minimally processed foods and to make fresh, home-prepared meals more affordable and accessible to the populace.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obesity-epidemic">Obesity epidemic</h2>



The United Kingdom stands out as the European country with the highest rate of UPF consumption, which constitutes 57 percent of the national diet. These foods are identified as major contributors to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fructose-puts-the-body-in-low-power-mode-fueling-obesity/">obesity epidemic</a>, imposing an estimated annual cost of £6.5 billion on the National Health Service.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultra-processed-food-in-the-gut">Ultra-processed food in the gut</h2>



The industrial processing of ultra-processed foods not only alters the physical structure of food, leading to rapid absorption and spikes in blood sugar, but also impacts satiety and harms the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-gut-microbiome-is-shaped-by-what-we-eat/">gut microbiome</a>.&nbsp;



This ecosystem of beneficial bacteria plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health, and its disruption by food additives like sweeteners, modified starches, and emulsifiers may further elevate the risk of cardiovascular diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mortality-risk">Mortality risk</h2>



The researchers analyzed 14 review articles from the past three years and categorized the evidence linking UPF consumption to poor health outcomes. 



They reported convincing evidence of a 50 percent greater risk of cardiovascular death, a 12 percent increased risk of type 2 diabetes, and a 48-53 percent higher likelihood of developing anxiety associated with higher UPF intake. 



The analysis also highlighted a "highly suggestive" link between UPFs and an increased risk of mortality from any cause - obesity, diabetes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-problems-linked-to-higher-risk-of-stroke/">sleep</a> issues, and heart disease - with risks ranging from 40 to 66 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



The relationship between UPF consumption and conditions like asthma, gastrointestinal health, certain cancers, and cardiometabolic risk factors remains less clear, indicating the need for further research.&nbsp;



In an editorial, experts from Sao Paulo, Brazil, concluded that diets high in ultra-processed food could potentially harm nearly all body systems, asserting that there is no reason to believe humans can fully adapt to these artificial products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about ultra-processed foods</h2>



As discussed above, ultra-processed foods have become a staple, offering convenience and long shelf life. These foods undergo extensive processing, transforming original food substances into products barely recognizable from their original state. 



Common examples include soft drinks, packaged snacks, reconstituted meat products, and ready-to-eat meals.



Ultra-processed foods often contain high levels of sugar, salt, and unhealthy fats. Manufacturers design these products for longer shelf life, appealing taste, and texture, frequently at the expense of nutritional value. 



This results in food items that are calorie-dense yet low in essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-and-environmental-impact">Health and environmental impact</h3>



The consumption of ultra-processed foods is linked to a range of adverse health outcomes. Studies have shown that diets high in these foods can lead to obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. 



The excessive intake of additives, preservatives, and artificial ingredients found in ultra-processed foods can also disrupt the body's natural metabolic processes, contributing to health issues.



The production of ultra-processed foods often requires extensive resources, including water, energy, and packaging materials. 



The reliance on plastic and other non-biodegradable packaging contributes significantly to environmental pollution and waste. 



Furthermore, the industrial processes involved in manufacturing these foods can lead to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating climate change.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-healthier-choices">Making healthier choices</h3>



To mitigate the risks associated with ultra-processed foods, individuals can take several steps towards healthier eating habits. Prioritizing whole, minimally processed foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can significantly improve diet quality. 



Reading labels carefully to understand the nutritional content and making conscious choices to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods are crucial steps in adopting a healthier lifestyle.



To conclude, ultra-processed foods pose significant health and environmental risks. By understanding these dangers and making informed dietary choices, individuals can improve their health outcomes and contribute to a more sustainable food system. 



Embracing whole and minimally processed foods not only benefits personal health but also supports the well-being of the planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMJ</a>.



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Ultra-processed foods are harmful to nearly every part of the body

A comprehensive review of scientific research led by Deakin University...

The world's weight map is being redrawn. Over the past three decades, obesity rates have skyrocketed globally, while undernourishment remains a challenge in some regions. This dramatic shift reflects changes in our diets and lifestyles, impacting people of all ages.&nbsp;



Alarmingly, over a billion people are now classified as obese, according to research by the <a href="https://ncdrisc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCD Risk Factor Collaboration</a>. This calls for a global focus on tackling this pressing health issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-trends">Weight trends</h2>



In a massive analysis involving data from over 3,600 studies, the researchers examined the weight trends of 222 million people across 200 countries over a 32 year period, from 1990 to 2022.&nbsp;



The team meticulously tracked both underweight and obesity rates across different age groups - children, teens, and adults. This in-depth analysis allowed them to observe how these weight issues shifted geographically and over time.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obesity-in-children-and-adolescents">Obesity in children and adolescents</h2>



For the younger demographic, including children and adolescents, the increase in obesity rates is particularly striking. Among children and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marijuana-use-may-change-brain-structure-in-adolescents/">adolescents</a>, obesity rates increased from 1.7% to 6.9% for girls and from 2.1% to 9.3% for boys from 1990 to 2022. This suggests that by 2022, the obesity rates had quadrupled.&nbsp;



The dramatic rise signifies not only an immediate health concern but also indicates potential long-term health challenges, as obesity in youth often transitions into adulthood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adult-obesity">Adult obesity</h2>



The situation among adults is equally concerning, with obesity rates witnessing a substantial surge over the last three decades.&nbsp;



For women, the rate of obesity has more than doubled. This increase is significant, reflecting broader societal, environmental, and possibly genetic factors contributing to the global obesity epidemic. For men, the scenario is more severe, with obesity rates nearly tripling.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underweight-trends">Underweight trends</h2>



Although the global trends show a decrease in the number of underweight people, the problem isn't evenly spread. In 2022, countries like India, China, Japan (for women only), Indonesia, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh still had a high number of underweight adults.



There's good news and bad news here. The decrease in underweight adults is a positive sign. It means many areas of the world have improved access to food, better economies, and stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">public health</a> programs. But, the bad news is that some regions, particularly in South Asia and Africa, still have a lot of underweight people.&nbsp;



This shows that undernourishment remains a challenge in these areas. Food insecurity, limited access to healthy food, and economic limitations that make it hard to buy or find good food are all problems these regions face.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-dual-burden">A dual burden</h2>



Evidently, growing numbers of people are overweight at the same time that others are still not getting enough to eat. This "double burden" of malnutrition shows how our world faces two big problems related to food, even though they seem opposite. 



Obesity, from having too much fat, and undernutrition, from not getting enough calories or nutrients, are both caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-among-college-students-linked-to-unhealthy-diets/">unhealthy diets</a>. They're signs of deeper problems in how food is grown, shared, and eaten.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-managing-obesity">Managing obesity</h2>



"This new study highlights the importance of preventing and managing obesity from early life to adulthood, through diet, physical activity, and adequate care, as needed," noted Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General.&nbsp;



In addition to lifestyle changes, some people with existing health problems linked to obesity may require medical treatment. Healthcare systems should offer proven treatments for obesity and related conditions, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/willow-bark-may-contain-life-saving-antiviral-medications/">medications</a>, therapy, and sometimes even surgery.&nbsp; For long-term success, these treatments must be accompanied by supportive counseling and follow-up care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-underweight-challenges">Addressing underweight challenges</h2>



Addressing the underweight issue requires a multifaceted approach. Governments and international organizations must collaborate to ensure food security. This encompasses not only the availability of food but also its accessibility and affordability.&nbsp;



We must invest in producing more nutritious foods, implementing policies that make healthy options cheaper, and establishing social safety nets to protect those most at risk of undernutrition.



Furthermore, public health initiatives should prioritize nutrition education. This ensures individuals and communities understand the importance of a balanced diet and are equipped with the knowledge to make healthier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-make-unhealthy-food-choices-based-on-their-emotions/">food choices</a>.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet</a>.&nbsp;



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Obesity now affects more than a billion people

The world's weight map is being redrawn. Over the past...

View,Of,A,Young,Attractive,Woman,Being,Vaccinated

Scientists have made a significant discovery regarding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-vaccines-linked-to-neurological-blood-and-heart-related-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 vaccination</a> and its impact on menstrual cycles. Conducted by a research team from Oregon Health &amp; Science University (<a href="https://www.ohsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OHSU</a>), the study exposes how the timing of vaccination can lead to slight, albeit temporary, changes in the length of menstrual cycles. 



This research builds upon previous findings by the same team, enhancing our comprehension of the vaccine's effects on menstrual health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the Study Was Conducted</h2>



The study involved nearly 20,000 participants using the FDA-cleared birth control app, Natural Cycles, who agreed to share their de-identified data for research. 



By analyzing this data, the team was able to compare menstrual cycle lengths among three groups:



<ol>
<li>Those vaccinated in the follicular phase (the first half of the menstrual cycle) </li>



<li>Those vaccinated in the luteal phase (the second half of the menstrual cycle) </li>



<li>Those in an unvaccinated control group</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-covid-vaccination-impacts-menstrual-cycles">How COVID Vaccination impacts Menstrual Cycles</h2>



Findings revealed that individuals vaccinated during the follicular phase experienced an average one-day increase in their menstrual cycle length, compared to their cycles before <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-vaccination-reduces-mortality-risk-but-only-for-6-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a>. 



Importantly, these changes were temporary, typically resolving in the cycle following vaccination.



Dr. Alison Edelman, the lead author of the study and a respected professor of obstetrics and gynecology at OHSU, emphasized the value of these insights. 



"Understanding these changes on a population level allows us to more effectively counsel patients about what to expect with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/premature-births-linked-to-covid-19-were-halted-by-vaccines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 vaccine</a>," she stated. Dr. Edelman hopes the study will validate people's experiences, alleviating any fears or anxieties about vaccination.



The research team also delves into the possible interactions between the immune and reproductive systems to explain these changes. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-covid-immunity-and-menstrual-cycles">Link Between COVID Immunity and Menstrual Cycles</h2>



Although the precise biological mechanisms remain undetermined, the vaccine's ability to elicit an immune response is believed to be a plausible cause for the observed menstrual cycle alterations.



“We are constantly learning about how our bodies work together, but we do know the immune and reproductive systems interact closely with one another,” Edelman explained. 



“Based on this relationship, it is certainly plausible that individuals may see temporary changes in their menstrual cycle due to the immune response that vaccines are designed to produce.”



For individuals experiencing unexpected menstrual changes post-vaccination, this study offers reassurance. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temporary-changes-what-women-should-expect">Temporary Changes: What Women Should Expect</h2>



The findings suggest that while changes in cycle length may occur, they are likely to be minor and short-lived. However, those who notice more prolonged changes are encouraged to consult with a healthcare professional.



The need for further research is also highlighted, particularly to understand the effects of vaccination on individuals with irregular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-improves-sperm-quality-and-fertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">menstrual cycles</a> and other menstrual characteristics, such as symptoms and flow. 



Dr. Edelman points out the historical neglect of menstruation in scientific research, underscoring the importance of addressing the many unanswered questions people have about their menstrual health.



“Historically, menstruation has not been prioritized in scientific and medical research, which leaves individuals who menstruate with a lot of unanswered questions, especially when they are experiencing something that’s not ‘normal’ for their body,” Edelman said. 



“Menstruation is a key indicator of fertility and overall health, so understanding these changes is very important to us as reproductive health researchers and to our patients," she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-menstruation-in-research">Prioritizing Menstruation in Research</h2>



In summary, the research conducted by Oregon Health &amp; Science University sheds crucial light on the slight, temporary changes in menstrual cycle length associated with the timing of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-linked-to-lower-covid-19-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a> vaccination. 



Dr. Edelman and her team have given valuable insights and reassurance to those concerned about the vaccine's effects on reproductive health. 



By analyzing data from nearly 20,000 participants, the study not only confirms these changes as short-lived but also underscores the importance of further research in understanding the nuanced interactions between our immune and reproductive systems. 



This work represents a significant step forward in demystifying the impact of vaccination on menstrual cycles. In addition, the team encourages individuals to approach vaccination with informed confidence, while also contributing to the broader conversation on the necessity of prioritizing menstrual health in scientific research.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/fulltext/9900/timing_of_coronavirus_disease_2019__covid_19_.1031.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Obstetrics and Gynecology</a>.



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COVID vaccination timing can change menstrual cycle length

Scientists have made a significant discovery regarding the COVID-19 vaccination...

The drug finasteride, widely recognized for its use in treating male pattern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finally-a-cure-for-baldness-scientists-regrow-hair-using-stem-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baldness</a> and enlarged prostate, has been identified as having the potential to improve heart health by lowering cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>. This discovery adds a surprising new dimension to the drug's known benefits.



This exciting research by the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois</a> Urbana-Champaign highlights findings from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</a> conducted between 2009 and 2016. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-hair-finasteride-s-potential-to-protect-your-heart">Beyond hair: Finasteride's potential to protect your heart</h2>



Previous research revealed that men using finasteride exhibited significantly lower cholesterol levels compared to those not on the medication. 



Further experiments in mice corroborated these findings, showing reductions in plasma cholesterol, delayed progression of atherosclerosis, and decreased liver inflammation among other positive outcomes.



<a href="https://fshn.illinois.edu/directory/jaume6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaume Amengual</a>, the lead study author and an assistant professor in the <a href="https://fshn.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition</a> at the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, expressed his surprise at the results. 



"“When we looked at the men taking finasteride in the survey, their cholesterol levels averaged 30 points lower than men not taking the drug. I thought we’d see the opposite pattern, so it was very interesting," he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-the-limitations-in-finasteride-research">Navigating the limitations in finasteride research</h2>



The study, however, faced limitations due to its observational nature and the small sample size of men over 50 who reported using finasteride. 



Despite these challenges, the findings prompted further investigation into the drug's effects on mice, aiming to understand the mechanisms behind these observations.



“This was not a clinical study in which you can control everything perfectly,” Amengual said. “It was more of an observation that led us to say, ‘Okay, now we've seen this in people. Let's see what happens in mice.’”



Amengual's curiosity about finasteride stemmed from its mechanism of action -- blocking a protein that activates testosterone, a hormone suspected to play a role in atherosclerosis. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finasteride-testosterone-and-heart-health">Finasteride, testosterone, and heart health</h2>



This connection between testosterone and cardiovascular diseases led the team to explore finasteride's potential impact beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fat-injection-therapy-offers-hope-for-reversing-baldness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hair loss</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/men-exhibit-better-sexual-health-eating-a-plant-based-vegan-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prostate health</a>.



“I was reading about this medication one day, and I started to notice that there were not many long-term studies of the implications of the drug. Initially, it was just my own curiosity, based on the fact that hormone levels are known to have an effect on atherosclerosis, hair loss, and prostate issues,” Amengual said. “So, we decided to dig into it.”



<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/donald-molina-ba3099197/?locale=es_ES" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Donald Molina Chaves</a>, a doctoral student working with Amengual, conducted experiments on mice predisposed to atherosclerosis. The mice were fed varying doses of finasteride alongside a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. 



“Mice that were given a high dose of finasteride showed lower cholesterol levels within the plasma as well as in the arteries,” Molina Chaves said. “There were also fewer lipids and inflammatory markers in the liver.”&nbsp;



The highest dose tested showed significant decreases in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-salmon-can-help-lower-your-cholesterol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cholesterol levels</a> and inflammatory markers in the liver, though Amengual notes such a dose would be impractical for human use.



“It's an incredibly high level of the drug. But we use mice as a model, and they are extremely resistant to things that would kill any of us,” he said. “So it is not that wild when you think about it that way.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-transgender-health">Implications for transgender health</h2>



The study's implications extend beyond men with hair loss or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eight-lifestyle-choices-that-lower-your-risk-of-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prostate issues</a>. Amengual points out the potential benefits of finasteride for transgender individuals undergoing hormonal transitions, who are at an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. 



This discovery suggests finasteride could offer a preventative measure for a broader audience, including the transgender community.



However, Amengual cautions that finasteride, like any medication, carries risks and emphasizes the importance of consulting healthcare providers for personalized advice.



“Over the past decade, doctors have started prescribing this drug for individuals transitioning either from male to female or female to male. In both cases, the hormonal changes can trigger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-gray-hair-will-soon-be-a-thing-of-the-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hair loss</a>,” he said. 



“The interesting thing is that transgender people are also at a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. So this drug could have a potential beneficial effect to prevent cardiovascular disease not only in cis men, but also in transgender individuals.”



This research opens the door to further studies, including potential clinical trials to verify finasteride's cholesterol-lowering effects. 



As the medical community continues to explore this unexpected benefit, finasteride stands out not only as a treatment for common men's health issues but also as a promising ally in the fight against heart problems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-fuels-cardiovascular-deaths-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-finasteride-hair-prostate-and-heart-health">Future of finasteride: hair, prostate, and heart health</h2>



In summary, this fascinating research has unveiled a remarkable new facet of finasteride, a substance already dubbed a "miracle" drug by many, traditionally used to treat male pattern baldness and enlarged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-increases-the-risk-of-non-lung-cancers-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prostate</a>. 



By demonstrating its potential to significantly lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease, this study opens up exciting new possibilities for finasteride's application in health care. 



Beyond its established uses, finasteride may now be considered a viable option for heart disease prevention, offering hope not only to men suffering from hair loss and prostate issues, but also to the transgender community, who face a heightened risk of heart-related health challenges. 



This discovery paves the way for further research and clinical trials, highlighting the importance of re-evaluating existing medications for new, beneficial uses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-side-effects-of-finasteride">Side effects of Finasteride</h2>



As discussed in depth above, Finasteride, a medication widely used to treat hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), comes with its own set of potential side effects. While many men use finasteride effectively without adverse effects, some experience side effects ranging from mild to severe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sexual-side-effects">Sexual side effects</h3>



One of the most commonly discussed side effects of finasteride involves its impact on sexual health. The medication can cause a decrease in libido for some users. Additionally, it may lead to erectile dysfunction and a decrease in the volume of ejaculate. These side effects occur due to finasteride’s mechanism of action, which involves reducing the production of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone linked to hair loss but also involved in sexual function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-effects">Psychological effects</h3>



Finasteride users have reported experiencing psychological side effects, including depression, anxiety, and changes in mood. Although the exact connection between finasteride and these psychological changes remains unclear, it's crucial for users to monitor their mental health closely while on the medication and seek medical advice if they notice significant changes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-side-effects">Physical side effects</h3>



Apart from sexual and psychological effects, finasteride can cause a variety of physical side effects. Some men report experiencing breast tenderness or enlargement (gynecomastia), rashes, and swelling in the hands or feet. It can also lead to increased liver enzyme levels, which may indicate liver damage in rare cases. Users should undergo regular health screenings to monitor for these potential side effects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-side-effects">Long-term side effects</h3>



A small percentage of finasteride users report experiencing persistent side effects even after discontinuing the medication. These long-term effects, often referred to as Post-Finasteride Syndrome (PFS), can include continued sexual dysfunction, depression, and cognitive issues. Research into PFS is ongoing, as the medical community seeks to understand the syndrome better and find effective treatments.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-high-grade-prostate-cancer">Risk of high-grade prostate cancer</h3>



Finasteride may also be linked to an increased risk of developing high-grade prostate cancer, although the overall risk remains low. The medication lowers prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, which could potentially mask the detection of prostate cancer. Men taking finasteride should continue to undergo regular prostate screenings and discuss the risks with their healthcare provider.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finasteride-heart-health-benefits-come-with-potential-side-effects">Finasteride: Heart health benefits come with potential side effects</h3>



While finasteride offers a solution for hair loss and symptoms of BPH for many men, it's essential to be aware of the potential side effects. Individuals considering finasteride should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider to make an informed decision based on their health history and personal circumstances. Monitoring for side effects during treatment is crucial, and any concerns should be promptly addressed with a healthcare professional.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.jlr.org/article/S0022-2275(24)00012-9/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Lipid Research</a>.



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Finasteride: "Miracle drug" regrows hair, heals prostate, and also boosts heart health

The drug finasteride, widely recognized for its use in treating...

Fashion,Students,Working,As,A,Team,At,The,College

Pivotal research has discovered that achieving higher education levels markedly slows down the biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anti-aging-molecule-extends-lifespan-by-improving-cellular-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging process</a> and extends lifespan.



Conducted by the Columbia University <a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mailman School of Public Health</a> and The Robert N. Butler <a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/centers/robert-n-butler-columbia-aging-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia Aging Center</a>, this significant study utilizes the comprehensive data of the esteemed <a href="https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Framingham Heart Study</a>. 



Initiated in 1948, this long-standing observational study now spans across three generations, providing invaluable insights into the health and lifespan impacts of education over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-a-gateway-to-longer-lifespan">Education: A Gateway to Longer Lifespan</h2>



The core of this analysis lies in its novel approach to understanding the relationship between educational mobility -- that is, achieving a higher level of education than one's parents -- and its effects on the pace of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathing-less-oxygen-could-extend-your-lifespan-by-50-or-more/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> and mortality rates. 



<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/profile/daniel-belsky-phd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Daniel Belsky</a>, PhD, an associate professor of Epidemiology at Columbia Mailman School and the Aging Center and senior author of the study, articulates the significance of linking educational attainment with healthy longevity. 



He highlights the challenges in unraveling how education influences lifespan and posits that enhancing educational attainment may be a key to promoting a healthier, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longer life</a>.



“We’ve known for a long time that people who have higher levels of education tend to live longer lives. But there are a bunch of challenges in figuring out how that happens and, critically, whether interventions to promote educational attainment will contribute to healthy longevity,” said Belsky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behind-the-science-measuring-the-pace-of-aging">Behind the Science: Measuring the Pace of Aging</h2>



To quantify the pace of aging, the team utilized the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8853656/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DunedinPACE</a> epigenetic clock, a cutting-edge tool developed by Columbia researchers and their colleagues. 



This algorithm measures biological aging through DNA methylation marks in white blood cells, offering a "speedometer" for how swiftly or slowly a person is aging. 



According to their findings, an additional two years of education can slow the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pace of aging</a> by two to three percent, equating to about a 10 percent reduction in mortality risk and longer lifespan.



The study meticulously analyzed data from 14,106 participants across three generations of the Framingham Heart Study. 



By comparing educational attainment and biological aging data, including a subset of 3,101 participants for whom detailed educational mobility and aging metrics were available, the researchers uncovered compelling evidence of education's protective effects against rapid aging and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extended-human-lifespans-could-be-catastrophic-for-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">premature death</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-education-on-life-span">Impact of Education on Life Span</h2>



A particularly innovative aspect of this research was its method to control for familial socio-economic differences that could skew results. 



Gloria Graf, a PhD candidate in the Department of Epidemiology and the study's first author, explained the importance of focusing on educational mobility and sibling comparisons to isolate education's true effects. 



“A key confound in studies like these is that people with different levels of education tend to come from families with different educational backgrounds and different levels of other resources,” explained Graf.  



“To address these confounds, we focused on educational mobility, how much more (or less) education a person completed relative to their parents, and sibling differences in educational attainment -- how much more (or less) education a person completed relative to their siblings. These study designs control for differences between families and allow us to isolate the effects of education.” 



The researchers found that individuals with upward educational mobility exhibited slower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging processes</a> and a reduced risk of death, with this educational advantage accounting for up to half of the observed mortality gradient. 



This pattern was consistent across generations and within families, underscoring the robust association between educational attainment and biological aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-and-experimental-evidence">Future Directions and Experimental Evidence</h2>



The study concludes with a call for further experimental research to validate these findings. Both Graf and Belsky emphasize the potential of interventions aimed at increasing educational attainment to decelerate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-anti-aging-drugs-using-ai-technology/">biological aging</a> and extend life expectancy. 



“Our findings support the hypothesis that interventions to promote educational attainment will slow the pace of biological aging and promote longevity,” noted Graf. 



“Ultimately, experimental evidence is needed to confirm our findings,” added Belsky. “Epigenetic clocks like DunedinPace have potential to enhance such experimental studies by providing an outcome that can reflect impacts of education on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy aging</a> well before the onset of disease and disability in later life.” 



“We found that upward educational mobility was associated both with a slower pace of aging and decreased risk of death,” said Graf. “In fact, up to half of the educational gradient in mortality we observed was explained by healthier aging trajectories among better-educated participants.”



The use of epigenetic clocks like DunedinPACE in future studies could significantly advance our understanding of education's role in promoting healthy aging, offering a promising avenue for public health strategies aimed at increasing longevity through education.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-the-key-to-a-longer-healthier-lifespan">Education: The Key to a Longer, Healthier Lifespan</h2>



In summary, this fascinating and important research from Columbia University underscores the profound impact that higher educational attainment has on slowing biological aging and extending lifespan. 



By meticulously analyzing data from the Framingham Heart Study, the study highlights education's role beyond its socio-economic benefits and calls for public health interventions aimed at promoting educational achievement as a strategy for healthier, longer lives. 



With these findings, the need for further experimental studies becomes even more crucial, promising the potential of educational policies to serve as pivotal tools in enhancing the well-being and longevity of future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2815654" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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Longer lifespan and slower aging strongly linked to higher education

Pivotal research has discovered that achieving higher education levels markedly...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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