Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

HD 63433 Side View DUPE

Astronomers recently unveiled the discovery of an Earth-like planet, younger and closer than any previously identified, named HD 63433d.



This exceptionally hot world offers an unparalleled opportunity to study planetary evolution, given its proximity to our planet and a sun-like star.



<a href="https://www.astro.wisc.edu/staff/soares-furtado-melinda/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melinda Soares-Furtado</a>, a NASA Hubble Fellow at the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> soon to be an astronomy professor, and <a href="https://astro.ufl.edu/directory/ben-capistrant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Benjamin Capistrant</a>, a recent graduate now studying at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>, led this extraordinary study. 



Their findings, detailed in The Astronomical Journal, were supported by a global team of co-authors.



Soares-Furtado highlights the significance of HD 63433d, stating, “It’s a useful planet because it may be like an early Earth.”



This comparison paves the way for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theia-ancient-planet-buried-inside-of-earth-may-be-the-origin-of-our-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early planetary conditions</a> and evolutionary processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-earth-like-planet-hd-63433d">Characteristics of Earth-like planet HD 63433d</h2>



HD 63433d is the<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Earth-sized-planet_HD-63433d_Ursa-major-constellation_Credit-Alyssa-Jankowski_2m.webp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> third planet orbiting a star</a> named HD 63433. Its orbit is remarkably short, completing a full revolution around its star every 4.2 days. This proximity has intriguing implications. 



“Even though it's really close-orbiting, we can use follow-up data to search for evidence of outgassing and atmospheric loss that could be important constraints on how terrestrial worlds evolve,” explains Soares-Furtado. 



However, she notes, “that’s where the similarities [with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earth-will-meet-its-demise-astronomers-witness-a-star-devour-a-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>] end — and end dramatically.”



The planet is likely tidally locked, meaning one side perpetually faces the star. This results in extreme conditions: one side may reach temperatures up to 2,300 degrees Fahrenheit.



At these temperatures, HD 63433d could possibly host <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-lava-worlds-magma-oceans-affect-the-evolution-of-hot-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowing lava</a>, while the other remains in eternal darkness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-63433-the-star-of-the-show">HD 63433: The star of the show</h2>



The star HD 63433 shares similarities with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-dies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our sun</a> in size and type but is significantly younger, at roughly 400 million years old. 



It's located about 73 light years away, in the constellation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ursa Major</a>, which includes the Big Dipper. 



“On a dark night in Madison, you could see [HD 63433] through a good pair of binoculars,” Soares-Furtado remarks.



HD 63433d's discovery is a part of the <a href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210015717" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">THYME</a> planet-hunting project. Utilizing data from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (<a href="https://tess.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TESS</a>), the team initially identified two mini-Neptune-sized planets in 2020. 



Continued observations led to the detection of HD 63433d as it transited between its star and the satellite.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-in-the-study-of-hd-63433d">What’s next in the study of HD 63433d</h2>



The research team, including UW–Madison’s Andrew C. Nine, Alyssa Jankowski, and Professor Juliette Becker, is enthusiastic about the future study of HD 63433d. 



Its young, vibrant star is visible from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, allowing for extensive observation using various instruments like the South African Large Telescope and the WIYN Observatory in Arizona, projects UW–Madison played a role in developing.



The proximity of HD 63433d offers unique opportunities for studying gas escape from the planet and possibly measuring its magnetic field. 



Soares-Furtado emphasizes the excitement of this discovery, “This is our solar backyard, and that's kind of exciting. What sort of information can a star this close, with such a crowded system around it, give away? How will it help us as we move on to look for planets among the maybe 100 other, similar stars in this young group it’s part of?”



This fascinating discovery sheds light on a new world, while opening doors to a deeper understanding of the cosmos, especially regarding young, Earth-like planets.



The full study was published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad1039" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astronomical Journal</a>.



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New Earth-like planet discovered in Big Dipper constellation

Astronomers recently unveiled the discovery of an Earth-like planet, younger...

Global warming demands immediate and effective actions. One critical aspect of tackling this challenge is the reduction of greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/">emissions</a>, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2).&nbsp;



Traditional approaches are not sufficient to meet the ambitious climate targets set by the global community. Consequently, there is a growing emphasis on innovative methods to capture CO2 directly from the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-capture-technologies-nbsp">Carbon capture technologies&nbsp;</h2>



Current carbon capture technologies are energy-intensive and costly. This limitation highlights the urgent need for alternative, efficient methods.&nbsp;



A team of researchers at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> led by Professor Maria Lukatskaya has developed a novel approach to direct CO2 capture by harnessing the power of sunlight.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-phenomenon-nbsp">Chemical phenomenon&nbsp;</h2>



In acidic aqueous solutions, CO2 exists in its original state, while in alkaline solutions, it converts to carbonates. This reaction is reversible, depending on the solution's acidity.



To manipulate this acidity, the ETH team introduced photoacids into the solution. These special molecules respond to light. In the presence of light, they acidify the liquid, and in darkness, they revert, making the liquid more alkaline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-technique-nbsp">Breakthrough technique&nbsp;</h2>



The process begins by passing air through an alkaline solution containing photoacids in the dark, causing CO2 to react and form carbonates.&nbsp;



Once a significant amount of carbonates accumulate, the solution is exposed to light, turning acidic and releasing CO2 gas, similar to the effervescence observed in a cola bottle. The released CO2 is then collected in gas tanks. After most CO2 is expelled, the light is turned off, and the cycle restarts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-challenges-nbsp">Overcoming challenges&nbsp;</h2>



Initially, the researchers found that the photoacids were unstable in water. “In the course of our earliest experiments, we realized that the molecules would decompose after one day,” said study lead author Anna de Vries.



To overcome this, the team experimented with a mix of water and an organic solvent, eventually finding an optimum ratio that stabilized the photoacids for nearly a month and allowed the required reversible reaction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-over-traditional-methods">Advantages over traditional methods</h2>



The new technique stands out from existing carbon capture processes, which typically involve cyclical temperature-based systems requiring significant energy for heating and cooling.&nbsp;



By contrast, the ETH Zurich method is more energy-efficient as it eliminates the need for heating, potentially operating solely on sunlight.



“Another interesting aspect of our system is that we can go from alkaline to acidic within seconds and back to alkaline within minutes. That lets us switch between carbon capture and release much more quickly than in a temperature-​driven system,” explained de Vries.



Looking ahead, the researchers aim to enhance the stability of photoacid molecules and optimize the process parameters for potential market application.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02435" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chemistry of Materials</a>.&nbsp;



Image Credit: ETH Zurich



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Sunlight may be the secret weapon for direct CO2 capture 

Global warming demands immediate and effective actions. One critical aspect...

A new study has revealed that the world's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americas-beaches-contain-alarming-levels-of-fecal-contamination/">beaches</a> and dunes are under significant threat due to a phenomenon known as "coastal squeeze." This issue stems from the encroachment of roads and buildings on these natural landscapes.



Coastal squeeze has adverse effects on biodiversity, drinking water supplies, and our protection against rising sea levels. However, the research provides a glimmer of hope, showing that beaches and dunes can be effectively safeguarded through the designation of nature reserves.



The study was led by a team of experts from the <a href="https://www.nioz.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Netherlands Institute for Sea Research</a>, University of Groningen, Utrecht University, TU Delft, and the Dutch Forestry Commission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-startling-reality">Startling reality</h2>



The research highlights a startling reality: on average, a mere 390-meter walk from any given point on a beach leads to the nearest road or building.&nbsp;



This proximity, while seemingly convenient for beachgoers, actually spells disaster for the environment.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vital-functions-nbsp">Vital functions&nbsp;</h2>



Beaches and dunes serve as crucial natural barriers against flooding and important habitats for diverse wildlife.&nbsp;



But as these areas become increasingly boxed in by human infrastructure on one side and rising sea levels on the other, their ability to perform these vital functions is severely compromised.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-data-analysis">Extensive data analysis</h2>



To quantify the extent of coastal squeeze, the team used a combination of previous measurement data from TU Delft.&nbsp;



The researchers conducted an extensive survey, measuring the straight-line distance from the coastline to the nearest paved road or building along all the sandy beaches globally. This meticulous process involved 235,469 individual measurements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



The study revealed that on a global scale, human infrastructure is alarmingly close to the sea, with the average distance to the first building or paved road being just 390 meters.&nbsp;



The situation is even more dire in densely populated regions like the Netherlands (210 meters) and France (30 meters). Europe emerges as the continent with the most constrained beaches and dunes, averaging a distance of only 130 meters, in contrast to Oceania's 2.8 kilometers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-outlook">Future outlook</h2>



Looking ahead, the issue of coastal squeeze is expected to worsen due to rising sea levels. In a natural scenario, beaches and dunes would migrate inland to adapt, but the presence of buildings and roads obstructs this natural process.&nbsp;



The researchers project that by 2100, up to 30 percent of the world's beaches and dunes could be eroded or submerged.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserves-offer-hope">Nature reserves offer hope</h2>



The study, however, offers hope that the establishment of nature reserves could help prevent the negative impacts of coastal squeeze. Areas with protected status exhibit a significantly greater distance between infrastructure and the coastline.&nbsp;



"Encouragingly, we find that nature reserves relieve squeezing by 4-7 times. Yet, at present only 16% of world’s sandy shores have a protected status. We therefore advocate the incorporation of nature protection into spatial planning policies," wrote the study authors.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44659-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Shrinking shores: Beaches need protection from coastal squeeze

A new study has revealed that the world's beaches and...

Adélie,Penguin,Jumping,From,A,Ice-shelf,At,Brown,Bluff,(antarctic

Point Blue Conservation Science, a non-profit organization based in Petaluma, has unveiled fascinating insights into the migration habits of Adélie penguins in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. 



Published in the prominent journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4196" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a>, the study marks a significant advancement in our understanding of these remarkable birds and their interaction with their rapidly changing environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strength-and-resilience-of-adelie-penguins">Strength and resilience of Adélie penguins</h2>



Adélie penguins, known for their incredible migratory journeys despite being flightless, mirror the long-distance travel of their airborne counterparts. 



These resilient birds venture thousands of kilometers into the ocean from their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-face-tragic-breeding-failures-due-to-sea-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic breeding grounds</a>, following the elusive sunlight and food sources through the harsh Antarctic winter. 



Until now, the specifics of how they navigate and conserve energy during these extensive migrations remained largely unknown.



Dennis Jongsomjit, the lead author of the study from <a href="https://www.pointblue.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Point Blue</a>, highlights the technological breakthroughs that have enabled his team to to track the winter movements of 87 individuals across 146 trips spanning 3 years.



“Combining these new tracking tags with remotely sensed satellite data of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-sea-ice-extent-hit-a-record-low-this-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a> movement meant that we were able to investigate in greater detail than we’ve ever done before if and how Adélie penguins interacted with sea ice," Jongsomjit explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



The study’s findings are both intriguing and vital for conservation efforts:



<ol start="1">
<li>Adélie penguins cover greater distances with less effort when assisted by the movement of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-levels-in-antarctica-have-reached-an-unprecedented-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a>. </li>



<li>Conversely, their speed is reduced when moving against the direction of ice drift. </li>



<li>The penguins were observed further north as ice speeds increased, suggesting a strategic balance between the advantages and drawbacks of traveling on ice floes. </li>



<li>Fluctuations in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/startling-decline-in-antarctic-sea-ice-is-unprecedented-in-modern-records/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea ice</a> movement may directly affect the penguins' survival rates and reproductive success, thereby influencing the population trends on Ross Island.</li>
</ol>



These discoveries not only shed light on the penguins' migration patterns but also underscore the interconnectedness within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Ocean</a> ecosystem. 



The movement of ocean currents and sea ice affects a wide array of species, including krill, silverfish, and the Antarctic toothfish, which are integral to the penguins' diet.



“As climate change alters sea ice patterns,” Jongsomjit added, “it could impact the energetic costs of migration, breeding success, and population dynamics of Adélie penguins, as well as the overall ecology within one of the most pristine ecosystems on Earth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-future-holds-for-adelie-penguins">What the future holds for Adélie penguins</h2>



In summary, Point Blue Conservation Science's comprehensive study illuminates the intricate and adaptive migratory patterns of Adélie penguins, offering a window into their struggle for survival amidst the challenges posed by climate change. 



The study enriches our understanding of these charismatic birds while also serving as a crucial reminder of the broader environmental shifts impacting polar ecosystems. 



As these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/penguins-may-have-a-degree-of-self-awareness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">penguins</a> adjust their ancient rhythms to a rapidly changing world, their journey becomes a symbol of both the resilience of nature and the urgent need for concerted conservation efforts. 



This research, therefore, stands as a call to action, emphasizing the importance of continued scientific exploration and global commitment to preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-adelie-penguins">More about Adélie penguins</h2>



As discussed above, Adélie penguins thrive as one of the most fascinating and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-sea-ice-has-a-direct-impact-on-adelie-penguin-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient species</a>. These birds, small yet mighty, have adapted remarkably to one of the harshest environments on Earth, captivating researchers and wildlife enthusiasts alike with their unique behaviors and incredible survival skills.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics-and-habitat">Physical characteristics and habitat</h3>



Adélie penguins, identifiable by their classic black and white plumage and distinctive white ring around their eyes, are a true symbol of the Antarctic. 



They inhabit the rocky, ice-covered coastline of the continent, where they have adapted to life in extreme cold and wind. 



Their compact bodies, standing about 70 cm tall, are perfectly suited for the icy waters of their habitat. 



They possess a thick layer of blubber and densely packed feathers, providing crucial insulation against the frigid temperatures.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycle-and-breeding-habits">Life cycle and breeding habits</h3>



Each year, these birds undertake a remarkable journey to their breeding grounds, often traveling great distances over ice and through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treacherous waters</a>. 



They form large colonies, sometimes comprising thousands of birds, to lay their eggs and raise their young. 



The breeding season, starting around October, sees the penguins engaging in intricate courtship rituals and fiercely defending their nests from predators and other penguins.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-predation-and-survival">Feeding, predation and survival</h3>



Adélie penguins are proficient swimmers, diving into the icy waters to hunt for krill, fish, and squid. Their diet primarily consists of Antarctic krill, making them a vital part of the Southern Ocean's ecosystem. 



They are not without their predators, however. Seals and orcas hunt adult penguins, while skuas and giant petrels pose a threat to their eggs and chicks.



Their survival in such an extreme environment is a testament to their remarkable adaptations. 



Adélie penguins have special adaptations like a counter-current heat exchange system in their wings to conserve heat, and their strong, webbed feet make them adept at navigating slippery ice.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change">Impact of climate change</h3>



Climate change poses a significant threat to Adélie penguins. The loss of sea ice and changes in krill abundance due to warming temperatures are affecting their breeding and feeding patterns. 



Researchers closely monitor these changes, as the penguins serve as indicators of the health of the Antarctic ecosystem.



In summary, Adélie penguins, with their endearing waddle and impressive resilience, are not just icons of Antarctica but also vital components of its ecosystem. 



They remind us of the beauty and fragility of the natural world, urging us to understand and protect the environments that sustain such remarkable wildlife. 



As we continue to explore and appreciate the wonders of the Antarctic, the Adélie penguin stands as a symbol of the wild and pristine nature that still exists in our world today.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4196" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a>.



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Adélie penguins use sea ice to migrate thousands of miles each year

Point Blue Conservation Science, a non-profit organization based in Petaluma,...

Experts at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> have discovered a "chemical imprint of desire" in the brain, revealing a profound insight into the neurological underpinnings of love and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-time-with-a-romantic-partner-can-improve-your-health/">relationships</a>. The study highlights the critical role of dopamine in sustaining romantic bonds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monogamous-prairie-voles-nbsp">Monogamous prairie voles&nbsp;</h2>



The research, led by Professor Zoe Donaldson, was focused on the behavior of prairie voles, a species known for their monogamous pair bonding. Like humans, these creatures exhibit long-term coupling, shared child-rearing, and even show signs of grief upon losing a partner.&nbsp;



Professor Donaldson's work with prairie voles offers a window into how the human brain develops and maintains intimate relationships, as well as the neurochemical response when these bonds break.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-signature-of-desire">Biological signature of desire</h2>



“What we have found, essentially, is a biological signature of desire that helps us explain why we want to be with some people more than other people,” explained Professor Donaldson.&nbsp;



The study illustrates for the first time how dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is vital for keeping love alive.&nbsp;



“As humans, our entire social world is basically defined by different degrees of selective desire to interact with different people, whether it’s your romantic partner or your close friends,” said Professor Donaldson. “This research suggests that certain people leave a unique chemical imprint on our brain that drives us to maintain these bonds over time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-love-lights-up-the-brain">Love lights up the brain</h2>



To investigate, the researchers used advanced neuroimaging technology. They observed voles' brain activities as they attempted to reunite with their partners, either by pressing a lever or climbing a barrier.&nbsp;



The focus was on the nucleus accumbens, a brain area that motivates rewarding behaviors. The team used a tiny fiber-optic sensor to track activity in the nucleus accumbens millisecond by millisecond. Remarkably, each time the voles neared their partners, this region showed a surge in dopamine, lighting up "like a glow stick."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewarding-relationships-nbsp">Rewarding relationships&nbsp;</h2>



Study first author Anne Pierce said that when the voles pushed the lever or climbed over the wall to see their life partner, the fiber-optic sensor “lit up like a rave,” and this continued as the pair snuggled and sniffed each other. By contrast, when the animals encountered a stranger vole, the fiber had a dim response.



“This suggests that not only is dopamine really important for motivating us to seek out our partner, but there’s actually more dopamine coursing through our reward center when we are with our partner than when we are with a stranger,” said Pierce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurological-coping-mechanism">Neurological coping mechanism</h2>



The study also sheds light on the brain's coping mechanisms after a breakup. In a separate experiment, voles were separated from their partners for an extended period of time.&nbsp;



When the pairs reunited, there was almost no dopamine activity. “We think of this as sort of a reset within the brain that allows the animal to now go on and potentially form a new bond,” said Donaldson.



This discovery offers hope for humans experiencing heartbreak or loss, hinting at a natural brain mechanism that guards against prolonged unrequited love.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The experts emphasize that more research is needed to determine how these results translate to humans. However, they believe their study could ultimately have important implications for people who either have trouble forming close relationships or those who struggle to get over loss – a condition known as prolonged grief disorder.



“The hope is that by understanding what healthy bonds look like within the brain, we can begin to identify new therapies to help the many people with mental illnesses that affect their social world,” said Donaldson. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.041" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.&nbsp;



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What does love look like in the brain? A rush of dopamine

Experts at the University of Colorado Boulder have discovered a...

<a href="https://www.idausa.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">In Defense of Animals</a>, an animal advocacy organization, has released its annual list of the "10 Worst Zoos for Elephants" in North America for 2023. 



This list highlights the plight of male <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-value-of-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> in U.S. zoos, emphasizing their inadequate living conditions and mistreatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-horrific-conditions">Horrific conditions</h2>



Topping the list is the <a href="https://lazoo.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Los Angeles Zoo &amp; Botanical Gardens</a>, which has been criticized for the treatment of Billy, its lone Asian bull elephant. Actor and musician Harley Quinn Smith supports the organization's call for the release of all elephants to reputable sanctuaries.



The list includes various zoos across the United States, with institutions from California, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Missouri, Oklahoma, Florida, and Oregon being named. 



These zoos have been called out for their treatment of bull <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a>, which often includes solitary housing, separation from females, deprivation of food, and invasive breeding practices.



“A natural life is impossible for male elephants in captivity. Our 2023 list of the 10 Worst Zoos for Elephants reveals how incarcerated bull elephants are leading tormented, tragic lives in U.S. zoos,” said Courtney Scott, Elephant Consultant for In Defense of Animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-billy-the-elephant-at-the-l-a-zoo">Billy the elephant at the L.A. Zoo</h2>



<a href="https://www.helpbilly-vfta.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Billy, at the Los Angeles Zoo</a>, has become a symbol of the suffering endured by male elephants in captivity. 



He has experienced invasive sperm extractions and exhibits signs of psychological distress, like constant head-bobbing, in his small enclosure. 



This case, along with others, has prompted calls for action, with celebrities like Cher and Lily Tomlin advocating for the release of elephants like Billy to sanctuaries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-important-work-from-in-defense-of-animals">Important work from In Defense of Animals</h2>



In Defense of Animals argues that the natural physical and emotional needs of male elephants cannot be met in a zoo environment, leading to their suffering. 



The organization urges zoos to end breeding programs, halt elephant imports, and transition existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> to sanctuaries. 



Their vision is for all zoos to close their elephant exhibits, as 34 zoos have already done, and to stop subjecting bull elephants to the harsh conditions of zoo life.



“Male elephants are difficult and dangerous to keep because their natural physical and emotional needs are impossible to meet in a zoo environment," said Marilyn Kroplick, M.D., President of In Defense of Animals.



"Zoos across the country are forcing bull <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-elephants-got-their-incredible-iconic-trunks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> to lead tormented, tragic lives. Before you buy a zoo ticket, take a hard look at the invasive sexual procedures, solitary confinement, and damaged bodies of bull elephants.” 



This statement underscores the organization's call for a reevaluation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-behavior-provides-new-insights-into-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a> captivity and a push towards more humane and natural living conditions for these majestic animals.



Here is the list of the 10 worst elephant zoos in the U.S.:



<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-billy-at-the-los-angeles-zoo-002-1023-credit-elephant-guardians-of-los-angeles-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Los Angeles Zoo</a>, Los Angeles, Calif. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-elephant-thai-houston-zoo-920-0623-credit-houston-zoo-facebook-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Houston Zoo</a>, Houston, Texas </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-abq-biopark-zoo-albert-1023-credit-nancy-arenas-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Albuquerque BioPark Zoo</a>, Albuquerque, N.M. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-denver-zoo-elephants-105-1123-credit-anna-staat-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denver Zoo</a>, Denver, Colo. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-elephant-tamani-kansas-city-zoo-and-aquarium-760-1023-credit-kansas-city-zoo--aquarium-facebook-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kansas City Zoo</a>, Kansas City, Mo. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-dallas-zoo-007-1023-credit-the-elephant-initiative-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dallas Zoo</a>, Dallas, Texas </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-screenshot-ok-city-zoo-elephants-601-1123-credit-alyssa-iverson-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oklahoma City Zoo</a>, Oklahoma City, Okla. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-st.-louis-zoo-002-1023-credit-rion-harper-and-sasha-zemmel-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">St Louis Zoo</a>, St Louis, Mo. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-zootampa-at-lowry-park-0010-1123-credit-in-defense-of-animals-1223-duplicate.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoo Tampa</a>, Tampa, Fla. </li>



<li><a href="https://www.idausa.org/assets/files/campaign/Elephants/ttwz2023/be-twz2023-samudra-and-samson-oregon-zoo-551-1122-credit-in-defense-of-animals-1123.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon Zoo</a>, Portland, Ore.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-elephants">More about elephants</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-savannah-elephants-need-connected-habitats-for-stability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> are among the largest and most majestic land mammals on Earth. Their presence in zoos has been a subject of both fascination and controversy. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-adaptation-in-zoos">Habitat and adaptation in zoos</h3>



Zoos provide a unique opportunity for the public to witness elephants up close. These facilities recreate habitats to simulate the natural environments of African and Asian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-asian-elephants-shrinking-habitats-will-increase-conflicts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a>. 



Expert caretakers and veterinarians closely monitor the health and well-being of these animals. They ensure that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-have-taught-themselves-to-peel-bananas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> have ample space to roam, bathe, and engage in natural behaviors. 



Enrichment activities are a crucial aspect of their care, helping to stimulate the elephants' physical and cognitive skills.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-education-efforts">Conservation and education efforts</h3>



Zoos play a pivotal role in conservation efforts. Many participate in breeding programs aimed at increasing the population of endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-elephants-suddenly-dropped-dead-in-2020-and-questions-remain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a> species. 



These initiatives are vital given the threats elephants face in the wild, including habitat loss, poaching, and climate change. 



Zoos also serve as educational platforms. They offer visitors insights into the lives of elephants, fostering awareness and inspiring conservation efforts beyond zoo walls.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-criticisms-of-elephants-in-zoos">Criticisms of elephants in zoos</h3>



Despite these efforts, housing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-asian-elephants-exhibit-strong-capacity-for-innovation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> in zoos is not without challenges. Critics argue that even the best artificial environments cannot fully replicate the vast and complex habitats elephants naturally inhabit. 



Issues such as limited space can lead to health problems like foot and joint disorders. The social structure of elephants, which is intricate and dynamic in the wild, can be hard to replicate in captivity, leading to potential psychological stress.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-considerations">Ethical considerations</h3>



The ethical implications of keeping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-teeth-have-evolved-in-response-to-climate-change-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> in zoos are a topic of ongoing debate. Advocates stress the importance of zoos in conservation and education. They argue that zoos provide a sanctuary for elephants who might otherwise face threats in the wild. 



Critics, however, contend that the confinement and inevitable limitations of zoo environments do not justify their role in education or conservation. They advocate for alternative conservation strategies that focus on protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/flexible-skin-folds-help-elephants-stretch-their-trunks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> in their natural habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward-with-elephants-in-zoos">Moving forward with elephants in zoos</h3>



The future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asian-elephant-calls-are-more-flexible-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> in zoos is evolving. Many zoos are re-evaluating their practices, focusing on creating more expansive and naturalistic environments. 



There is a growing emphasis on global conservation partnerships and efforts to improve conditions for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-asian-elephant-calves-big-sisters-are-better-than-big-brothers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> both in captivity and in the wild.



In summary, the presence of elephants in zoos is a complex issue, balancing the benefits of conservation, education, and public engagement with the challenges and ethical considerations of captivity. 



As our understanding of these magnificent creatures grows, so too must our commitment to their well-being, whether in zoos or in their natural habitats.



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These US zoos have horrific living conditions for elephants

In Defense of Animals, an animal advocacy organization, has released...

Scientists at <a href="https://www.kew.org/">Kew Gardens</a> have announced their top 10 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1700-new-plant-species-discovered/">plant</a> and fungi discoveries of 2023, showcasing the astonishing diversity of the natural world. Despite naming 74 new plants and 15 fungi last year, these 10 discoveries stand out for their uniqueness and peculiarities.&nbsp;



The findings span from explosive orchids on dormant volcanoes to underground flowering plants, highlighting species from various corners of the globe, including Borneo's jungles and Antarctica's icy wilderness. However, concerns arise as some of these species are already facing the threat of extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-orchid-saved-by-a-rare-bird-nbsp">An orchid saved by a rare bird&nbsp;</h2>



The Aeranthes bigibbum, found in Madagascar, is particularly remarkable because it is found only in a small nature reserve. This reserve, managed by local villagers, is primarily focused on protecting the Helmet vanga, a rare bird with a distinctive blue beak. The income generated from birdwatchers visiting the reserve helps protect the forest, indirectly saving the orchid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-explosive-discovery-on-a-dormant-volcano">An explosive discovery on a dormant volcano</h2>



The Dendrobium lancilabium subspecies wuryae, a striking red orchid, was an unexpected find on Mount Nok, a dormant volcano on Indonesia's Waigeo Island. The researchers were originally searching for a blue orchid not seen for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nine-species-of-australian-tobacco">Nine species of Australian tobacco </h2>



Researchers discovered nine new species of Nicotiana in Australia, known for its arid climate. These species, part of the tobacco plant family, are adapted to survive in harsh environments. The new plants include N. olens, named for its pleasantly scented flowers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-potentially-carnivorous-flower">A potentially carnivorous flower</h2>



In Madagascar, a peculiar sticky flower covered with thin hairs, each topped with a drop of dew, was discovered. Named Crepidorhopalon droseroides for its resemblance to carnivorous sundew plants, it belongs to the mint family and may possess insect-eating capabilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-baffling-pair-of-underground-trees-nbsp">A baffling pair of underground trees&nbsp;</h2>



In the Kalahari's sandy soils of Angola, researchers found two extraordinary tree species that grow mostly underground. Baphia arenicola, a member of the bean family, barely exposes its leaves and flowers above ground. The second species, Adjanys Cochlospermum, named after environmental prize-winner Adjany Costa, features beautiful yellow flowers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-species-of-pathogenic-fungus">A new species of pathogenic fungus </h2>



The Lichtheimia koreana, part of a heat-loving fungal group, was discovered in soy waste in South Korea. While it belongs to a family with three known human pathogens, this particular species is less likely to pose a threat to human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-new-antarctic-fungi">Three new Antarctic fungi </h2>



Despite the harsh conditions of Antarctica, scientists have found a rich diversity of lichens. The newly discovered fungi species live on these lichens and contribute to the surprising biodiversity of the continent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unusual-underground-palm">An unusual underground palm </h2>



The Pinanga subterranea is a unique palm from Borneo that fruits and flowers entirely underground, a rare trait previously observed only in a single orchid species. Though new to science, this palm is well-known to some local Bornean communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-endangered-thai-violet">An endangered Thai violet</h2>



A new species from the Microchirita family, with small yellow flowers known locally as Yat neramit, is already considered endangered. Found only in two unprotected sites in Thailand, the Microchirita fuscifaucia is threatened due to its limited habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-indigo-bearing-shrub">An indigo-bearing shrub </h2>



The newly discovered Indigofera abbottii, named after conservationist Anthony Dixon Abbot, is part of a family known for blue dye-producing plants. Found in South Africa, this species adds to the diverse Indigofera genus, which has various uses and ecological roles.



Dr. Martin Cheek of Kew's Africa Team underscores the importance of documenting these new plants. “Without doing so, we risk losing these species without ever even knowing they existed,” he said. These findings highlight the incredible diversity of plant life and the need for conservation efforts to protect these unique species and their habitats.



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Kew Gardens' top 10 new plants and fungi discovered in 2023

Scientists at Kew Gardens have announced their top 10 plant...

A group of esteemed physicians convened by the International Federation of Fertility Societies (<a href="https://www.iffsreproduction.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IFFS</a>) highlight a concerning trend: the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-fertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertility</a> rate is on a downward spiral. 



Their findings underscore the significant yet underrecognized impacts this trend has on economies and societies worldwide.



The physicians note a startling forecast: excluding migration, many countries might see their populations halve between 2017 and 2100. 



By 2050, 77% of predominantly high-income countries, and by 2100, a staggering 93% of all nations, are projected to have fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-perspective-on-fertility">A global perspective on fertility</h2>



This team of experts includes fertility specialists from diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childbirth-rates-vary-greatly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nations</a>, including Australia, Chile, Denmark, Egypt, Greece, The Netherlands, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cdc-total-fertility-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United States</a>, ensuring a global perspective on the issue.



With underpopulation looming as a critical concern, the paper presents a suite of recommendations for governments, policymakers, companies, healthcare professionals, and patients to combat infertility risks and improve the affordability and accessibility of fertility care.



Bart CJM Fauser, co-first author of the paper and IFFS Scientific Director, emphasizes the human right to family building. He highlights the challenges in accessing fertility care, noting its often prohibitive costs and limited availability. 



“Choosing to have a family is a human right,” said Fauser. “But access to fertility care is often unaffordable, inaccessible, and inequitable and that needs to change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disparities-in-access-and-human-rights">Disparities in access and human rights</h2>



The paper points out significant advancements in fertility treatments over the past three decades, benefiting infertile couples, singles, and members of the LGBTQ+ community. However, disparities in access and equity persist globally.



Edgar Mocanu, IFFS President, offers a silver lining: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-population-could-peak-below-nine-million-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infertility</a> is often preventable. He advocates for comprehensive education on fertility and contraception, empowering individuals to make informed decisions about family planning.



“The good news is that infertility is often preventable,” said Mocanu. “A simple step is offering balanced fertility and contraceptive education so that everybody can decide when to prevent pregnancy and when it is ideal for them to start a family, if they choose.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-infertility-with-a-multifaceted-approach">Addressing infertility with a multifaceted approach</h2>



The paper addresses the alarming prevalence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-may-be-linked-to-female-fertility-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infertility</a>, affecting one in six individuals of reproductive age, with both sexes equally impacted. 



Factors such as sexually transmitted infections, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/e-cigarette-fertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoking</a>, excessive alcohol intake, obesity, and poor nutrition contribute to decreased fertility in both sexes. 



Additionally, environmental factors like air pollution and unregulated chemicals pose increasing risks.



The authors propose several solutions to bolster birth rates, including policy measures supporting families and working women. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disparity-in-art-services">Disparity in ART services</h2>



These encompass extended pregnancy leave compensation, childcare, parental leave, and broader access to assisted reproductive technology (ART) services.



Dr. Luca Gianaroli, IFFS Director of Education, notes the disparity in ART access. While some wealthy countries report over 10% of children born through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-improves-sperm-quality-and-fertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertility</a> assistance, the high costs and varying availability remain barriers worldwide. 



“While more than 10 percent of all children are born with fertility assistance in some wealthy countries, there is great variation in access to care and the high cost remains a barrier across the board,” said Dr. Gianaroli. 



He calls for more countries to consider public funding for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-intelligent-men-tend-to-become-fathers-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertility</a> treatments as a response to declining birth rates.



“A limited number of countries have started public funding of fertility treatment to mitigate falling birth rates, and the IFFS is asking that more countries consider providing financial assistance for individuals needing fertility care,” Gianaroli explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-increase-global-fertility-rates">How to increase global fertility rates</h2>



The paper concludes with four primary action items, forming the backbone of their 'More Joy' global awareness and education campaign:



<ol start="1">
<li>Develop policies to reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humanity-is-facing-a-reproduction-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infertility</a> risk factors and enhance the affordability, accessibility, and equity of fertility care. </li>



<li>Create simpler, less intensive, and more cost-effective assisted reproductive technologies. </li>



<li>Educate patients about infertility prevention and incorporate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-sperm-structure-offers-new-insights-on-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertility awareness</a> into family planning and contraceptive education. </li>



<li>Improve infrastructure and support to expand care access, especially in low-resource countries.</li>
</ol>



In summary, the physicians firmly believe in the economic and societal benefits of providing fertility care, asserting that these advantages will only grow as populations age. 



This crucial work lays the groundwork for addressing a global challenge that affects us all, calling for immediate action to safeguard our future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/humupd/advance-article/doi/10.1093/humupd/dmad028/7513427" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human Reproduction Update</a>.



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Global fertility rates are quickly declining and little is being done about it

A group of esteemed physicians convened by the International Federation...

A giant discovery has revolutionized our understanding of the Tyrannosaurus rex's origins in North America. This research introduces Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis, the earliest known relative of the iconic T. rex on the continent.



This newly unearthed predator shares a striking resemblance in size with the infamous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-weighed-up-to-33000-pounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a>, akin to a double-decker bus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis-was-discovered">How Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis was discovered</h2>



The catalyst for this discovery was a partial skull, unearthed years ago in western New Mexico and displayed at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History &amp; Science (<a href="https://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NMMNHS</a>). 



This specimen suggests that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-t-rex-fossils-belong-a-distinct-tyrannosaur-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus</a> species inhabited North America much earlier than previously believed.



An illustrious team of researchers from various esteemed institutions, including the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bath</a> (UK), <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a>, The <a href="https://www.gwu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">George Washington University</a>, <a href="https://www.harrisburgu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harrisburg University</a>, <a href="https://lehighvalley.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State Lehigh Valley</a>, <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alberta</a>, and the NMMNHS, contributed to this study.



“New Mexicans have always known our state is special, now we know that New Mexico has been a special place for tens of millions of years,” Dr Fiorillo, Executive Director of NMMNHS said. 



“This study delivers on the mission of this museum through the science-based investigation of the history of life on our planet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-t-rex-s-mysterious-origins">T. Rex's mysterious origins</h2>



The appearance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/real-t-rex-feathers-massive-eyes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus rex</a>, arguably the largest and most formidable land predator in history, in North America about 66 million years ago was shrouded in mystery, especially due to the absence of close relatives on the continent. This discovery sheds light on this enigma.



The journey to this revelation began when then-student Sebastian Dalman revisited the study of a horned dinosaur from western New Mexico, sparking a comprehensive reevaluation of the region's dinosaur fossils.



Dalman recalls, “I embarked on this project in 2013 with co-author Steve Jasinski. As we delved deeper, we began suspecting we were uncovering something unprecedented.”



The researchers meticulously examined the skeleton, comparing each bone with those of numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tyrannosaurus-rex-planted-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a> specimens. They identified subtle yet significant differences, affirming the uniqueness of the New Mexico tyrannosaur.



“The differences are subtle, but that’s typically the case in closely related species," said Dr Nick Longrich, a co-author from the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/research-centres/milner-centre-for-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milner Centre for Evolution</a> at the University of Bath.



"Evolution slowly causes mutations to build up over millions of years, causing species to look subtly different over time.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancestral-tree-of-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis">Ancestral tree of Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis</h2>



The Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis, roughly parallel in size to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-had-brains-and-brawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a>, was a formidable meat-eater. The study highlights jawbone distinctions that suggest it's not a direct T. rex ancestor, hinting at more undiscovered tyrannosaur species.



Dr. Spencer Lucas, Paleontology Curator at NMMNHS, emphasizes this point, saying, “Once again, the extent and scientific importance of New Mexico’s dinosaur fossils becomes clear -- many new dinosaurs remain to be discovered in the state, both in the rocks and in museum drawers!”



This discovery expands our knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-cousins-had-even-shorter-arms-and-bulldog-snouts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tyrannosaurs</a> in several aspects. It suggests that apex predators like T. rex roamed the southern United States at least 72 million years ago. 



The study theorizes that tyrannosaurs likely originated in southern North America before expanding westward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-patterns-and-evolutionary-trends">Fossil patterns and evolutionary trends</h2>



Interestingly, the fossils, unearthed on lands managed by the <a href="https://www.usbr.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Bureau of Reclamation</a>, indicate that larger and more advanced tyrannosaurs evolved in the southern United States.



These fossils contrast with the smaller and more rudimentary species in regions like Montana and Canada. This pattern of size evolution in dinosaurs is the opposite of what is observed in modern mammals.



Finally, towards the end of the Cretaceous Period, these giant tyrannosaurs, alongside other large dinosaurs like Triceratops and Torosaurus, spread northward. 



This movement might have been driven by the emergence of new food sources capable of sustaining such colossal creatures.



In summary, the discovery of Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis, stemming from the analysis of a partial skull found in western New Mexico, suggests an earlier presence of Tyrannosaurus in North America. 



The study's revelation that Tyrannosaurus likely originated in southern North America highlights the evolutionary patterns of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-refutes-the-claim-that-t-rex-was-multiple-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tyrannosaurs</a>, contrasting with those of modern mammals and adding a new chapter to our understanding of these prehistoric giants.



Over a century after the first discovery of Tyrannosaurus, these findings remind us that there's still much to learn about these prehistoric giants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-tyrannosaurus-rex">More about Tyrannosaurus rex</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-bite-skull/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus rex</a>, often abbreviated as T. rex, stands as one of the most renowned dinosaurs in the prehistoric world. 



This colossal predator roamed the earth about 68 to 66 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-diet">Size and diet</h3>



Characterized by its massive size, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-did-t-rex-really-look-like/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a> measured up to 40 feet in length and could reach a height of 12 feet at the hips. 



Its most striking features included a large, heavy skull balanced by a long, heavy tail, and its tiny, almost comical forelimbs which contrasted sharply with its otherwise formidable appearance. 



Despite their size, these arms were incredibly strong, capable of lifting hundreds of pounds.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-tyrannosaurus-rexs-arms-so-short/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a> was a carnivorous dinosaur, and its diet consisted primarily of other large dinosaurs. It had an extraordinary biting force, one of the strongest ever recorded for any terrestrial animal. 



Its jaws were filled with large, serrated teeth that could grow up to 12 inches long, perfect for tearing into flesh and bone.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics">Characteristics</h3>



Recent studies have shed light on the T. rex's sensory abilities. Its keen sense of smell, for instance, was likely among the best in the dinosaur kingdom, enabling it to track prey over great distances. 



Moreover, there is growing evidence that suggests the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-was-even-more-fearsome-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a> may have been more than just a solitary hunter, possibly displaying complex social behaviors such as hunting in packs and caring for its young.



The T. rex's legacy continues to captivate scientists and the public alike. Not only does it play a starring role in pop culture and media, but ongoing research into its biology and ecology keeps providing new insights into this iconic dinosaur.



The T. rex, a true titan of the prehistoric era, remains a symbol of the awe-inspiring world of dinosaurs.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-47011-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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New dinosaur species,  Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis, discovered in New Mexico

A giant discovery has revolutionized our understanding of the Tyrannosaurus...

In a breakthrough study, experts have potentially linked the skin microbiome to signs of aging such as wrinkles and overall skin health. The research opens new avenues in understanding and possibly mitigating the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/">aging</a> on skin.



The skin microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing on our skin, has been a subject of interest for quite some time. However, this is the first study to isolate microbes associated specifically with signs of skin aging and skin health, rather than chronological age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The analysis was conducted by experts in the Center for Microbiome Innovation (CMI) at the <a href="https://ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California San Diego</a> in collaboration with L'Oréal Research and Innovation.



The researchers examined data collected during 13 studies by L’Oréal. This information included 16S rRNA amplicon sequence data and corresponding skin clinical data for over 650 female participants between the ages of 18 and 70. The goal of the study was to identify trends related to specific microbes, taking into account variables like age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-microbes-linked-to-skin-aging">Pinpointing microbes linked to skin aging</h2>



“Previous studies have shown that the types of microbes on our skin change fairly predictably with age,” said study co-author Se Jin Song. 



“Our skin also changes physiologically with age; for example, we gain wrinkles and our skin gets drier. But there is variation in what this looks like in people - you've probably noticed that there are some people who have younger or older looking skin than many others their age."



"Using advanced statistical methods, we were able to tease apart the microbes that are associated with these types of aging signs for skin, like crow's feet wrinkles, from those that are associated with simply age as a chronological number.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-nbsp">Key findings&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed two significant trends. First, there was a positive association found between skin microbiome diversity and lateral cantonal lines (crow’s feet wrinkles).&nbsp;



Second, a negative correlation was observed between microbiome diversity and transepidermal water loss, which is the amount of moisture that evaporates through the skin. The researchers identified several potential biomarkers for further investigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Qian Zheng, head of advanced research at L'Oréal, expressed excitement about the implications of this research for beauty products.&nbsp;



“At L'Oréal, our commitment is to create beauty products that meet the unique needs of each individual. Our recent collaboration with the Center for Microbiome Innovation has shed light on the role of the skin microbiome in aging, particularly in how it affects wrinkles and overall skin quality," said Zheng.



"This research is groundbreaking in identifying new microbial biomarkers linked to visible signs of aging like crow's feet wrinkles. It marks a significant step towards developing technologies for healthier, more youthful skin. We look forward to sharing new results as they become available, furthering the scientific community's understanding and contributing to advancing new skincare solutions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions-nbsp">Future research directions&nbsp;</h2>



The study, while preliminary, sets the stage for more in-depth research into the microbial associations with skin aging. Future research directions include metabolomics to discover chemical biomarkers related to skin aging and meta-transcriptomics research into potential targets for genetic engineering.&nbsp;



The researchers also hope to explore other layers of the skin, which have been less studied due to the difficulty of sample collection.



"While the study's findings represent an advance of our knowledge of the skin microbiome, we view them as just the beginning of a new phase of research," said study co-author Professor Rob Knight.&nbsp;



"By confirming a link between the microbiome and skin health, we've laid the groundwork for further studies that discover specific microbiome biomarkers related to skin aging, and, one day, show how to modify them to generate novel and highly targeted recommendations for skin health."



The study is published in the journal Frontiers in Aging.



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Secrets of aging have been found in the skin microbiome

In a breakthrough study, experts have potentially linked the skin...

Many,Red,Sea,Fans,And,White,Cluster,Sea,Whip,Coral

Researchers have unveiled a new ally in the fight to protect corals against the ravages of ocean warming: a unique single-celled microbe. This discovery marks a pivotal moment in our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-in-some-parts-of-the-world-actually-benefit-from-warming-el-nino-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral resilience</a>, especially in the face of escalating ocean-warming events such as bleaching.



The study was spearheaded by a team from the University of Miami <a href="https://www.earth.miami.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rosenstiel School</a> of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, alongside colleagues from the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (<a href="https://www.ibe.upf-csic.es/">IBE: CSIC-UPF</a>) in Barcelona. 



The team highlights the intricate role microbes play in bolstering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> defenses against the severe impacts of end-of-century heat stress and climate change projections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-indicator-of-coral-resilience">Microbial indicator of coral resilience</h2>



At the heart of this research lies the revelation that specific protists within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/devastating-coral-bleaching-is-expected-around-the-world-within-the-next-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> microbiome -- the diverse microorganisms residing in corals -- can serve as indicators of a coral's ability to endure heat stress. 



This insight is particularly vital for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a> worldwide as they increasingly confront more frequent ocean warming events. 



The study places a spotlight on corals devoid of zooxanthellae, a type of symbiotic algae expelled during warm water-induced bleaching, underlining their vulnerability.



“This is the first time that a non-algae microbe has been shown to influence the ability of corals to survive a heat-stress event,” reveals Javier del Campo, the study’s senior author, adjunct assistant professor at the Rosenstiel School, and principal investigator of the IBE. 



He emphasizes the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of the microbial factors affecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-growth-cannot-keep-pace-with-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> survivability to guide conservation strategies, particularly in prioritizing corals for intervention amid climate change.



“As corals face more and more heat-stress events due to climate change, a better understanding of all the microbes that may influence survivability can inform conservation practitioners as to which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrients-from-seabird-poop-accelerate-coral-reef-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a> they should prioritize for intervention," del Campo explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



To arrive at these findings, the international research team embarked on a meticulous journey. 



They collected samples of the violescent sea-whip (Paramuricea clavata), a vital architect of the Mediterranean temperate reefs currently facing the threats of mass mortality due to global warming. 



In the lab, they analyzed the coral’s microbiome and subjected it to natural heat-stress conditions, observing signs of mortality.



The study identified a group of single-celled parasitic protists, known as Syndiniales, that are more prevalent in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-coral-adaptations-challenge-conservation-plans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals surviving</a> heat stress. 



In contrast, Corallicolids -- protists closely related to human malaria parasites -- are found more abundantly in corals succumbing to heat stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-horizon-in-coral-conservation">New horizon in coral conservation</h2>



Protists, or single-cell eukaryotes, are less studied than bacteria in most host organisms but may have a major influence on the health of their coral host. 



del Campo underscores the importance of considering all members of the microbiome, from bacteria to protists, in assessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-survive-warming-waters-by-remembering-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral health</a>.



“The microbiome is a vital component of coral host health and we should study all members of it from the bacteria to the protists,” said del Campo.



In summary, this study unveils a critical microbial player in the coral ecosystem, while clearing new paths for more targeted conservation efforts. 



Understanding the complex interplay of various microorganisms within corals is crucial in developing strategies to bolster coral resilience against the escalating challenges posed by climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-sea-whip-coral-and-their-microbes">More about sea-whip coral and their microbes</h2>



As mentioned above, sea-whips, captivating marine organisms, claim their place in the underwater world with their unique, whip-like structures. 



These intriguing sea creatures, belonging to the soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> family, paint the ocean floor with their vivid colors and intricate forms. 



Unlike their hard coral cousins, sea-whips lack a rigid calcium carbonate skeleton, allowing them a flexibility that adds a dynamic element to the seascape.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-and-habitat">Anatomy and habitat</h3>



Sea-whips exhibit a fascinating anatomy. They consist of a central, whip-like skeleton covered in polyps, tiny animals that make up the living part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-skeletons-improve-reef-recovery-after-bleaching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a>. 



These polyps possess stinging cells, enabling them to capture tiny organisms for nutrition. Sea-whips thrive in a variety of marine environments, from shallow reefs to deep-sea floors, displaying an incredible adaptability to different ocean conditions.



Sea-whips play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. They serve as habitats for a multitude of marine species, offering shelter and breeding grounds. 



Fish, crustaceans, and other sea creatures often seek refuge within the branches of sea-whips, finding protection from predators and harsh environmental conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-and-conservation-efforts">Threats and conservation efforts</h3>



Despite their resilience, sea-whips face several threats, primarily from human activities. Overfishing, pollution, and destructive fishing practices, like trawling, pose significant risks to their survival. 



Additionally, climate change and the resulting ocean acidification and warming further exacerbate these challenges. Thankfully, as discussed above, single-celled microbes are proving adept at protecting these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-skeletons-improve-reef-recovery-after-bleaching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> from climate change.



Conservation efforts focus on protecting sea-whip habitats, promoting sustainable fishing practices, and raising awareness about the importance of these delicate marine organisms.



Sea-whips attract considerable scientific interest due to their unique biological properties. Researchers study them for insights into coral growth, reproduction, and resilience. 



Moreover, sea-whips are of interest in the field of biomedicine for their potential in drug discovery, as they produce a range of bioactive compounds.



In summary, sea-whips stand as guardians of the ocean's beauty and biodiversity. Their presence adds to the aesthetic value of the underwater world while playing a pivotal role in maintaining the health and balance of marine ecosystems. 



Protecting these magnificent creatures is essential for preserving the richness and diversity of life beneath the waves.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1462-2920.16548" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Microbiology</a>.



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A single-celled microbe is protecting corals from heat and helping them survive climate change

Researchers have unveiled a new ally in the fight to...

A new study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.11.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Journal of Infection Control</a> (AJIC) has exposed a significant concern in hospital hygiene practices. 



Despite strict adherence to disinfection protocols, high-touch surfaces in hospitals are still harboring dangerous microbes, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/non-alcoholic-beer-can-be-a-hotbed-for-pathogens/">pathogenic bacteria</a>. 



This finding underscores a critical vulnerability in the ongoing battle against healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-so-well-known-pathogens-nbsp">Not-so-well-known pathogens&nbsp;</h2>



"Surfaces in the health care environment harbor both well-known and not-so-well-known human pathogens," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Several not-so-well-known pathogens are skin flora or environmental bacteria, which in the right setting, can become pathogenic and cause diseases including meningitis, brain abscess, endocarditis, and bacteremia."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-findings">Alarming findings</h2>



Conducted at the Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, the study took place during June and July of 2022. The team sampled 400 surfaces, focusing on areas frequently touched by multiple individuals.&nbsp;



These included simulation manikins used in resuscitation training, workstations on wheels, breakroom tables, bed rails, and computer keyboards at nurse’s stations.&nbsp;



Astonishingly, all of these surfaces tested positive for bacterial presence, with manikins and bed rails showing the greatest variety of bacterial types.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-60-different-bacterial-species">60 different bacterial species</h2>



The researchers identified 60 different bacterial species across these samples. Of these, 18 were well-known human pathogens, and several others were potentially pathogenic under certain conditions.&nbsp;



Notable among these pathogens were Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes.&nbsp;



Some bacteria correlated with severe conditions like bloodstream infections, meningitis, and endocarditis. Intriguingly, about half of these bacteria mirrored those found in clinical patient samples from 2022.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-evolution-of-microbial-threats">Continuous evolution of microbial threats</h2>



The study serves as a stark reminder of the continuous evolution of microbial threats and the need for innovative disinfection strategies in healthcare settings.&nbsp;



The findings call for a reassessment of current practices and the development of more effective cleaning protocols and educational efforts.&nbsp;



“It is a continuing frustration to healthcare professionals that HAIs persist despite rigorous attention to disinfection practices,” said study senior author Dr. Piyali Chatterjee.



“Our study clearly shows the bioburden associated with high-touch hospital surfaces - including simulation manikins, which are not typically regarded as a risk because patients rarely touch them - and indicates that we must do better in protecting the health of our patients and our hospital employees.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



As the fight against HAIs intensifies, the research highlights the importance of vigilance and innovation in maintaining the highest standards of hospital hygiene.



“This study underscores the critical value of infection prevention and control efforts in our healthcare systems,” said Dr. Tania Bubb.



“By understanding the gaps in our current disinfection protocols, we can focus on developing more effective protocols and education strategies to prevent the spread of dangerous organisms and better protect patients and healthcare workers from HAIs.”



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Harmful microbes persist on hospital surfaces after disinfection 

A new study published in the American Journal of Infection...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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