<p>Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.</p>



<p>This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



<p>In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.</p>



<p>For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. </p>



<p>If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. </p>



<p>The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.</p>



<p>In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



<p>Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. </p>



<p>Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.</p>



<p>In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<p><a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. </p>



<p>They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.</p>



<p>About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. </p>



<p>"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



<p>Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.</p>



<p>With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. </p>



<p>Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.</p>



<p>"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.</p>



<p>Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. </p>



<p>"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.</p>



<p>Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. </p>



<p>All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.</p>



<p>The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. </p>



<p>This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



<p>Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. </p>



<p>They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.</p>



<p>The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



<p>"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."</p>



<p>Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. </p>



<p>Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.</p>



<p>Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Forest Ecology and Management</em></a>.</p>



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

<p>In an ambitious new partnership, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/">University of Copenhagen</a> and Aarhus University are teaming up with several industry partners to create a sustainable co-production model for fish, shrimp, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-superfood-could-help-ease-global-food-crisis/">seaweed</a>. The innovative project, called "SeaFree," aims to revolutionize the aquaculture industry over the next four years.</p>



<p>The heart of SeaFree is an advanced, land-based closed cycle that cleverly uses residual nutrients and carbon dioxide from fish and shrimp farming. These waste products will be repurposed to cultivate high-value seaweed, creating an eco-friendly system that benefits both the food and healthcare sectors.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-goals-of-the-seafree-project">The goals of the SeaFree project</h2>



<p>Professor Marianne Thomsen from the Department of Food Science at the University of Copenhagen explained the project's key goals: "The project aims to use seaweed production to absorb and convert emissions from land-based aquaculture into a high-value product."</p>



<p>The seaweed, rich in umami flavor and health benefits, will be used in dietary supplements to prevent diabetes and fuel sustainable food innovations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In addition to capturing emissions that would have otherwise been emitted into the atmosphere and aquatic environment, the seaweed produced is both healthy and rich in umami flavor," said Thomsen.</p>



<p>SeaFree's budget of DKK 14.4 million (€1.9m) is generously provided by Innovation Fund Denmark. The project is a collective effort, featuring partnerships with companies including Pure Algae, DryingMate, Food Diagnostics, Sigrid Therapeutics, XOventure GmbH/Rigi Care, KOST, SOF Odden Caviar, and HanseGarnelen.</p>



<h2 id="h-seafree-only-requires-a-40-foot-container">SeaFree only requires a 40-foot container</h2>



<p>The operational nucleus of the project is a 40-foot container fitted with eight one-thousand-liter tanks. This cutting-edge Plug’n’Play technology unit, brimming with export potential, combines salt water, CO2, nutrients, and LED lights to grow a full batch of seaweed in just one week - an astoundingly short harvest period.</p>



<p>Thomsen explains the technology's potential impact on the aquaculture industry: "SeaFree represents the latest in recycling technology for land-based shrimp and fish farming. Besides capturing emissions, the system also recirculates surplus heat from the plants to the Plug'n'Play technology."&nbsp;</p>



<p>She further explained that the project incorporates an innovative technology that uses surplus heat to dry the seaweed for the healthcare industry, making SeaFree a model of sustainable and efficient production.</p>



<p>The result of this groundbreaking project is a set of climate-friendly products: fish, shrimp, and sea lettuce—a nutrient-dense seaweed species packed with fiber and protein. Sea lettuce, apart from being used in various dietary supplements, also serves as a healthy side dish to seafood meals.</p>



<h2 id="h-next-steps-take-this-global">Next steps – take this global</h2>



<p>According to Thomsen, part of SeaFree's mission is to raise public awareness of seaweed as a key ingredient in delicious home-cooked meals. She is also optimistic about the global potential of farming fish and seaweed as envisioned by SeaFree. Implementing this method across all the world's land-based shrimp and fish farms could drastically reduce the carbon footprint of global food systems.</p>



<p>The fusion of aquaculture and seaweed cultivation in closed systems, as per the SeaFree model, holds promise as a significant new Danish export market.</p>



<p>Professor Thomsen underscores the global applicability of the SeaFree technology, marketed as "SeaFree Synergy Solutions."&nbsp;</p>



<p>She noted that they are already in discussions with South Korea, a country showing keen interest in the technology and the project’s development. "On a global level, it will be possible to implement the technology anywhere in the world. As for the technology’s environmental benefits, they are unequivocal."</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-aquaculture">More about aquaculture</h2>



<p>Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the practice of farming aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants. It involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and is an alternative to harvesting wild marine life.</p>



<p>Aquaculture comes in many forms, and each type has different requirements and impacts on the environment.</p>



<h3 id="h-marine-aquaculture">Marine Aquaculture</h3>



<p>Also known as mariculture, it involves the cultivation of species that live in the ocean. This can range from shellfish like oysters and mussels to seaweed and fish species like salmon. Marine aquaculture can take place in the open ocean, or in ponds or tanks on land.</p>



<h3 id="h-freshwater-aquaculture">Freshwater Aquaculture</h3>



<p>This involves the rearing of aquatic organisms in freshwater environments. These can include ponds, lakes, man-made reservoirs, and tanks. The species cultivated can range from freshwater fish like tilapia and catfish to crustaceans and plants.</p>



<h3 id="h-algaculture">Algaculture</h3>



<p>A form of aquaculture that involves the farming of algae. Algae are incredibly diverse and can be used for a variety of purposes, including food, biofuel, and as a means to mitigate carbon emissions.</p>



<h3 id="h-integrated-multi-trophic-aquaculture-imta">Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)</h3>



<p>This is a practice in which the waste produced by one species serves as food for another. For example, fish waste can provide nutrients for plants or shellfish. This creates a system where waste is minimized, mirroring natural ecosystem interactions.</p>



<p>Aquaculture has both benefits and drawbacks. On the positive side, it can contribute to food security by providing a growing global population with a reliable source of high-quality protein. It also plays a part in economic growth, particularly in developing countries, by creating jobs and improving balance of trade.</p>



<p>However, if not managed properly, aquaculture can also have negative environmental impacts. These can include water pollution, habitat destruction, and the spread of diseases to wild fish populations. Intensive farming can also lead to problems with fish welfare and can contribute to the overfishing of certain species, used as feed for farmed fish.</p>



<p>In recent years, sustainable practices in aquaculture have been promoted to mitigate these issues. These include better management of fish health, reducing the reliance on wild-caught fish for feed, and developing systems like the one in the SeaFree project, where waste is recycled and used to grow other valuable products.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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SeaFree: New technology turns waste from fish farming into seaweed

In an ambitious new partnership, researchers from the University of...

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-threaten-australian-tiger-sharks/">Sharks</a>, the ocean's top predators, have held our fascination for centuries. Their impressive teeth and lower jaws, which allow them to devour a wide variety of prey, are among their most distinctive traits. But how has the jaw shape of these fascinating creatures changed over their long evolutionary journey?&nbsp;</p>



<p>An international team of researchers, spearheaded by Faviel A. López-Romero of the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/">University of Vienna</a>, has dived into this question, revealing some intriguing findings about these marine predators.</p>



<p>The study, recently published in the renowned journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04882-3"><em>Communications Biology</em></a>, highlights that the jaw shape of the most widespread shark species has shown surprisingly little variation over millions of years. Intriguingly, the most significant jaw diversity was observed among deep-sea sharks.</p>



<p>Sharks' ability to feast on a diverse array of prey is evident in the corresponding adaptations they have acquired over the course of their evolution. These evolutionary advancements have enabled them to colonize almost all marine habitats, with some species even daring to venture into freshwater.</p>



<p>An international, multidisciplinary team of scientists embarked on this research journey. Alongside López-Romero from the University of Vienna, scholars from Imperial College London, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, and the Naturalis Museum in Leiden also participated.</p>



<p>The research findings underscore the significance of prey, position in the marine food webs, and habitat in relation to the diversity of jaw shapes among shark species. This crucial insight helps decipher the evolutionary triggers behind the differences in jaw morphology associated with various habitats.</p>



<h2 id="h-first-evidence-of-sharks-dates-back-to-180-million-years-ago">First evidence of sharks dates back to 180 million years ago</h2>



<p>With an evolutionary lineage extending back to nearly 180 million years, today's sharks have consistently been key components in the marine realm and its food chains, primarily occupying the roles of meso and top predators. Over these vast spans of time, sharks have adopted a plethora of lifestyles and forms, including bottom dwellers, swift swimmers in the open sea, and even small species inhabiting the deep sea.</p>



<p>The research team conducted a detailed quantitative analysis to examine the possible correlation between jaw morphology and sharks' lifestyle. They used X-ray computed tomographic scans of the jaws of 90 shark species, preparing 3D reconstructions to estimate the evolution of shark jaw shape over time.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-found">What the researchers found</h2>



<p>One of the surprising results was that species-rich groups like requiem sharks displayed low variation in jaw shape, despite being one of the most widely distributed shark groups. Conversely, the most variability in jaw shape was found among deep-sea dwelling species.</p>



<p>"Although sharks from the deep sea are not as extensively represented in the data as reef sharks, they display the most disparate forms seen in our analysis," explained López-Romero, the study's first author from the Department of Palaeontology at the University of Vienna.</p>



<p>Deep-sea sharks showcase an array of adaptations, including bioluminescence and a wide variety of feeding strategies, ranging from large bites out of whales to a diet consisting of eggs or cephalopods. Meanwhile, the feeding choices of reef-dwelling species and large top predators in the open sea seem more restricted, mainly preying on fish and even other shark species.</p>



<p>"Of course, many sharks in these environments feed on a large variety of prey with only a few having adapted to a single, specific prey, such as the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, which preys almost entirely on hard-shelled crabs, while shrimps and fish are only captured occasionally," noted Jürgen Kriwet from the University of Vienna.</p>



<p>The evolution of jaw shape also allowed the team to reconstruct the historical changes in jaw morphology over time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Remarkable changes occurred in carpet, sleeper, and dogfish sharks. These changes were probably concomitant with the clear distribution of these sharks in reefs and the deep sea, which noticeably distinguishes them morphologically from other species with larger jaws as seen in the top predators in the open sea,” said López-Romero.</p>



<h2 id="h-sharks-living-in-the-deep-showed-most-variation">Sharks living in the deep showed most variation</h2>



<p>Deep-sea sharks, despite their underrepresentation in the data, presented the most diverse jaw shapes, noted López-Romero. Such diversity likely reflects the diverse feeding strategies of these creatures, which span from chomping down on whales to dining on eggs or cephalopods. As such, their jaws have evolved to be incredibly versatile and adapt to their unique environmental needs.</p>



<p>By contrast, the choices of most reef-dwelling species and the large top predators in the open sea are more limited. These predators mainly feed on fish and occasionally other shark species, restricting the evolution of their jaw morphology.</p>



<p>However, this doesn't mean that all sharks in these environments have limited diets. "Many sharks in these environments feed on a wide variety of prey, with only a few having adapted to a single, specific prey," explained Kriwet.</p>



<p>He cited the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, as an example, which preys almost exclusively on hard-shelled crabs, with shrimps and fish only occasionally captured.</p>



<p>The research team's study of the evolution of shark jaw shape provided an opportunity to reconstruct the historical changes in this crucial morphological feature. López-Romero noted that "remarkable changes occurred in carpet, sleeper, and dogfish sharks."&nbsp;</p>



<p>He suggested that these changes likely coincided with the clear distribution of these sharks in reefs and the deep sea, distinguishing them from other species with larger jaws found among the top predators in the open sea.</p>



<p>The findings provide an insightful snapshot of shark evolution, illuminating the intriguing link between jaw morphology, habitat, and prey diversity. As scientists continue to delve into the evolutionary history of these captivating creatures, each discovery brings us one step closer to understanding their long-standing dominance in the world's oceans.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-sharks">More about sharks</h2>



<p><br>Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head.</p>



<p>They are a diverse group with over 500 known species ranging from the small dwarf lanternshark, a species of only 17 centimeters in length, to the whale shark, the largest fish, which can grow up to 12 meters in length.</p>



<h3 id="h-here-are-some-key-points-about-sharks">Here are some key points about sharks:</h3>



<h4 id="h-evolution-and-classification">Evolution and Classification</h4>



<p>Sharks have a long evolutionary history dating back to at least 420 million years. They are divided into eight orders, which include the well-known great white shark, tiger shark, and hammerhead shark, among others.</p>



<h4 id="h-anatomy-and-physiology">Anatomy and Physiology</h4>



<p>Sharks have a streamlined, torpedo-shaped body that enables them to swim swiftly through the water. They have a cartilaginous skeleton, which is lighter and more flexible than bone. They are equipped with multiple rows of teeth, and when they lose a tooth, another one slides forward to replace it.</p>



<p>Sharks have several adaptations for sensing their environment. They possess a network of special cells that can detect electricity (called the ampullae of Lorenzini) which they use to detect the electrical fields that all living things produce. This helps them locate prey. Sharks also have an extraordinary sense of smell.</p>



<h4 id="h-diet-and-feeding">Diet and Feeding</h4>



<p>Most sharks are carnivorous. They can be top predators, feeding on smaller fish and invertebrates, or they can be filter feeders, like the whale shark and basking shark, which sieve tiny plankton from the water.</p>



<h4 id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h4>



<p>Sharks have diverse modes of reproduction. Some species lay eggs (oviparity), while others give live birth. In the latter group, some have a placenta-like organ (viviparity), while others do not and the young feed on yolk or other siblings in the womb (ovoviviparity).</p>



<h4 id="h-behavior">Behavior</h4>



<p>Sharks exhibit a wide range of behaviors. Some are solitary, while others, like the scalloped hammerhead, can be found in large schools. Some species migrate over great distances to feed or reproduce.</p>



<h4 id="h-conservation">Conservation</h4>



<p>Many shark species are threatened by human activities. Overfishing, both targeted and incidental, is the primary threat to sharks, with millions killed annually for their meat, fins, and liver oil. Habitat degradation and climate change also pose significant threats. As a result, many species are now listed as endangered or critically endangered.</p>



<h4 id="h-sharks-and-humans">Sharks and Humans</h4>



<p>While sharks are often portrayed as dangerous to humans, in reality, shark attacks are rare and typically the result of mistaken identity. Sharks play a crucial role in the ecosystem by maintaining the species below them in the food chain and serving as an indicator for ocean health. They help remove the weak and the sick, and maintain balance with competitors, ensuring species diversity.</p>



<p>As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, ongoing research continues to provide new insights into the biology, behavior, and ecology of sharks. They remain a fascinating group of animals that are critical to the health of the world's oceans.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Jaws of most shark species show little variation over millions of years

Sharks, the ocean's top predators, have held our fascination for...

<p>In the world of gummy candies, texture may just trump taste. The disappointment of biting into a rock-hard, stale gummy, despite its lingering sweetness, is a sensation most of us know all too well.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The secret to maintaining the ideal gummy texture is a complex dance between the formulation of the candy and its storage conditions - factors that significantly influence how the candy's molecules link together.</p>



<p>Recently, researchers from <a href="https://www.ozyegin.edu.tr/en">Ozyegin University</a> and Middle East Technical University delved into the depths of gummy-making, conducting a series of experiments that examined the impact of changing key components of the process on the final product.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their research, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0146761"><em>Physics of Fluids</em></a>, also explored how gummy candies responded to different storage temperatures.</p>



<p>The researchers' goal? To determine the most shelf-stable formulation for gummy candies.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>In their pursuit of the perfect gummy, the researchers adjusted a range of variables in the candy-making process. They tweaked everything from the ratio of glucose syrup to sucrose, to the concentrations of starch and gelatin. They wanted to grasp how these modifications influenced various features of the candies, including their texture, moisture content, and pH levels.</p>



<p>The team then analyzed the features of the candies, both pre and post-storage. The storage conditions for these candies varied, ranging from 10 to 30 degrees Celsius over a 12-week period or 15 to 22 C for an entire year.</p>



<p>The sheer variety of procedures and combinations, however, presented significant challenges. Suzan Tireki, one of the authors of the study, explained, "A high number of parameters was the main challenge in our study. We had eight different candy formulations, four different temperature conditions, and two different storage times. Another challenge was to try to find a common model for all these eight formulations, as each of them behaved differently.”</p>



<p>Addressing these variables, the researchers employed a statistical model. This model helped describe how each combination influenced the quality parameters of the gummy. They honed in on the chemical crosslink distances - the length of bonds between the molecules in the candy.</p>



<p>“The most innovative part of our study was investigating the texture of the gummy candies by estimating the average crosslink distances using the hardness data coming from texture profile analysis,” Tireki noted.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>Some significant findings emerged. The moisture content and pH of the candies relied heavily on the glucose syrup-to-sucrose ratio. On the other hand, the gelatin content influenced the crosslink distances. However, one surprising discovery stood out. "Our most surprising finding was that hardness and average crosslink distance were not affected by the amount of starch,” Tireki revealed.</p>



<p>Such revelations are more than just sweet science. They have practical applications too. Identifying the most stable combinations for gummies can extend their shelf life and enhance their quality, making them more enjoyable in varying climates and contributing to improvements across the food industry.</p>



<p>Looking to the future, the researchers plan to delve deeper into the gummy mystery. They aim to investigate the role of plant-based formulations, the effect of different mold shapes, and the impact of various packaging types on the beloved gummy candy.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-history-of-gummy-candy">The history of gummy candy</h2>



<p>The history of gummy candy stretches back to the early 20th century, with a confectioner in Germany named Hans Riegel laying the groundwork for this chewy treat. Riegel was the founder of the Haribo company, and in 1922 he invented the "Dancing Bear" – a fruit-flavored gum candy that was the predecessor of today's gummy bear.</p>



<p>Riegel's creation was inspired by the trained bears seen at street festivities and markets in Europe through to the 19th century. His Dancing Bears were larger than the gummy bears we're familiar with today and were initially made by hand. However, the shape, texture, and basic recipe were similar to current gummy candies.</p>



<p>Gummy candy became popular in Germany and began to spread across Europe. However, it wasn't until several decades later that gummy candies made their way to the United States. It is believed that American soldiers stationed in Germany during World War II discovered the candies and brought them back home after the war ended.</p>



<h3 id="h-popularity-booms-in-the-u-s">Popularity booms in the U.S.</h3>



<p>The gummy bear's popularity in the U.S. skyrocketed in the 1980s, partly due to the founding of the American-based Haribo of America Inc. in 1982. Another company, Trolli, also introduced a new gummy candy around this time – the gummy worm. Designed to shock parents and delight children, the gummy worm added to the demand for gummy candies.</p>



<p>Today, gummy candies come in a dizzying array of shapes, sizes, and flavors. While they were originally fruit-flavored, you can now find gummies in flavors ranging from sour to sweet, in forms from worms to bears to nearly anything else you can imagine. There are even vitamins and supplements available in gummy form.</p>



<p>Despite all the changes and developments in the gummy candy world, the basic recipe has remained largely the same: sugar, glucose syrup, starch, flavoring, food coloring, citric acid, and gelatin.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The last ingredient, gelatin, is what gives gummy candy its signature chewy texture. It's made by boiling animal tissues, typically from pigs, and has been the subject of much of the modern innovation in gummy candy, with companies seeking vegetarian and vegan alternatives to traditional gelatin.</p>



<p>Gummy candy has certainly come a long way since its humble beginnings in a small German kitchen, and its popularity doesn't seem to be waning anytime soon.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

The secrets of gummy bears: What it takes to make the perfect batch

In the world of gummy candies, texture may just trump...

<p>Clam leases are designated aquatic areas in which individuals or businesses can cultivate and harvest clams of all sizes, from littlenecks to chowders. However, unwanted marine intruders such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-two-thirds-of-coral-reef-sharks-and-rays-face-extinction/">rays</a> often endanger clam production or aquaculture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, in the Indian River Lagoon along Florida’s Atlantic coast, clam fisherman have frequently reported seeing rays and suspect that their interactions could lead to damaged aquaculture gear and crushed clams.</p>



<p>Now, a team of researchers led by <a href="https://www.fau.edu/">Florida Atlantic University</a> (FAU) has used passive acoustic telemetry to better understand the interactions between two highly mobile species of rays – the whitespotted eagle rays (<em>Aetobatus narinari</em>) and the cownose rays (<em>Rhinoptera&nbsp;</em>spp.) – over two years in two clam leases and four other sites in Sebastian, including the Sebastian Inlet and the Saint Sebastian River mouth.</p>



<p>“We wanted to understand how often and when rays visited these clam leases, how long they stayed there, and if it was seasonal or year-round,” said&nbsp;senior author Matt Ajemian, an associate research professor of Fisheries Ecology and Conservation at FAU. “We tagged them, set them on their way, and logged 17,014 unique visits to the leases derived from 38 different rays.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The investigation revealed that, although rays spent even more time in the clam leases sites than fisherman reported, these places were not necessarily where they preferred to roam. In fact, white spotted eagle rays spent only 6.2 percent of their time near clam leases, and cownose rays 13.2 percent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Nevertheless, both species exhibited longer visits at clam lease sites than at other locations, with the longest continuous duration spent at the northern and southern clam leases being 387.5 and 207.1 minutes, respectively. The extended periods of time spent in these areas suggest that they may possibly interact with and even forage upon clams.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Since 84 percent of all visits were from whitespotted eagle rays and their visits were significantly longer at night, this information suggests that observed interactions with the clam leases are potentially underestimated, given most clamming operations occur during daytime,” said lead author Brianna Cahill, a graduate student in Marine Science and Oceanography at FAU.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Results from our study justify the need to continue monitoring mobile predators in the region, including more studies to assess their behaviors, such as foraging at the clam lease sites.”</p>



<p>However, since both ray species tend to be highly mobile, their impact on clams may be limited. “Additional good news for clammers is that rays did not use the clam lease sites year-round, and their visits varied seasonally, with substantially fewer detections and visits during the summer months. This suggests that clammers need only deploy anti-predator protections against rays, if needed, for a portion of the year,” Ajemian explained.</p>



<p>These findings highlight the need to clarify if specific clam leases are situated within rays’ natural foraging habitats and if rays are actively interacting with the clams or are attracted by other organisms nearby.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It’s possible that rays may be feeding on other organisms that are attracted to the clams in the clam lease sites, as bivalve aquaculture farms have been known to change community structure and attract a wide variety of predatory snails, which may be an alternative attractant for cownose and whitespotted eagle rays given their diets,” Cahill concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285390"><em>PLoS ONE</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Clam production possibly threatened by migrating rays

Clam leases are designated aquatic areas in which individuals or...

<p>The cultural shift towards cannabis acceptance and its increased recreational use have led to an interesting, if not concerning, trend: cannabis, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marijuana-smokers-may-have-more-lung-damage/">marijuana</a>, is often suggested by dispensaries to pregnant women as a remedy for pregnancy symptoms, particularly morning sickness.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the implications of this advice are yet to be fully understood, as current research presents a somewhat murky picture of marijuana's impact on prenatal development.</p>



<p>In an attempt to shed light on this issue, a team of researchers embarked on a study to explore how the timing of cannabis exposure during pregnancy affects fetal development.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the findings, even marijuana use restricted to the first trimester of pregnancy resulted in a noteworthy decrease in birth weight - over 150 grams on average.</p>



<p>Dr. Beth Bailey, professor and director of population health research at <a href="https://www.cmich.edu/">Central Michigan University</a> and senior author of the study, commented: “We show that even when marijuana use occurred only in the first trimester of pregnancy, birth weight was significant reduced, by more than 150g on average.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>She further revealed that if cannabis use extended into the second trimester, it resulted in a significant reduction in newborn head circumference as well.</p>



<p>Dr. Phoebe Dodge, the study’s lead author, emphasized the importance of these findings, stating: “These findings are important as newborn size is one of the strongest predictors of later child health and development.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Dodge, a recent graduate from the <a href="https://www.cmich.edu/academics/colleges/college-of-medicine">Central Michigan University College of Medicine</a> and an incoming pediatric resident at University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital in Cleveland, adds her voice to a growing chorus of experts calling for more scrutiny of cannabis use during pregnancy.</p>



<p>The study builds upon previous research demonstrating a strong correlation between cannabis use and reduced newborn size. “Size deficits were largest among newborns exposed to marijuana throughout gestation," said Bailey.</p>



<p>In this context, babies born to mothers who used cannabis throughout their pregnancy weighed nearly 200 grams less and had almost one cm smaller head circumference compared to unexposed newborns. However, this study did not identify a significant correlation between cannabis use and newborn length.</p>



<p>The findings, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1103749"><em>Frontiers in Pediatrics</em></a>, also provide insight into patterns of cannabis use during pregnancy. The research suggests that even occasional use - such as taking marijuana to alleviate first trimester morning sickness - could inhibit fetal growth in a manner similar to continuous use throughout pregnancy. The same holds true for individuals who unknowingly use cannabis in early pregnancy.</p>



<p>However, the researchers also underscored some limitations to their research. Specifically, they did not have detailed data on the frequency or volume of cannabis use among participants. Their findings relied solely on whether or not participants used marijuana at certain stages of pregnancy.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As a result, the study could not conclusively establish whether heavy cannabis use would lead to more severe impacts on newborn growth.</p>



<p>The researchers stressed the need for further studies to unravel the complex relationship between the timing or amount of cannabis use and its effects on newborn size. Dr. Dodge concluded the study with a clear message: “The best recommendation is that women should be advised to quit marijuana use prior to becoming pregnant.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Nonetheless, quitting as soon as possible after discovering a pregnancy is a close second, potentially mitigating long-term adverse health and developmental outcomes. “There are some benefits of quitting among those who begin pregnancy using marijuana,” Dodge added.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-health-benefits-and-harms-of-cannabis">More about the health benefits and harms of cannabis</h2>



<p>Cannabis, often referred to as marijuana, has been used for centuries for its medicinal and recreational properties. While it can provide several health benefits, it also has potential health risks that users should be aware of.</p>



<h3 id="h-health-benefits-of-cannabis">Health Benefits of Cannabis:&nbsp;</h3>



<h4 id="h-pain-management">Pain Management</h4>



<p>Cannabis contains cannabinoids, active compounds that can alleviate pain by binding to brain receptors. It's often used to treat conditions causing chronic pain like arthritis, migraines, endometriosis, and fibromyalgia.</p>



<h4 id="h-mental-disorders">Mental Disorders</h4>



<p>Medical marijuana is sometimes prescribed for mental health disorders, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression. It's also used to manage anxiety in some patients, although the evidence on this is mixed.</p>



<h4 id="h-neurological-and-movement-disorders">Neurological and Movement Disorders</h4>



<p>Cannabis may help treat symptoms of neurological and movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. The FDA has approved Epidiolex, a CBD-based drug, for treating certain types of severe epilepsy.</p>



<h4 id="h-nausea-and-vomiting">Nausea and Vomiting</h4>



<p>Cannabis, particularly the compound THC, can effectively alleviate nausea and vomiting. It's especially useful for patients undergoing chemotherapy who don't respond to other anti-nausea medications.</p>



<h4 id="h-appetite-stimulation">Appetite Stimulation</h4>



<p>THC can also stimulate appetite, beneficial for individuals with conditions like HIV or cancer who struggle with weight loss or lack of appetite.</p>



<h3 id="h-health-risks-of-cannabis">Health Risks of Cannabis:&nbsp;</h3>



<h4 id="h-mental-health-issues">Mental Health Issues&nbsp;</h4>



<p>Regular or heavy use of cannabis, especially at a young age, may contribute to mental health disorders such as schizophrenia, other psychoses, and social anxiety disorders. It can also lead to an increased risk of suicidal thoughts.</p>



<h4 id="h-dependency-and-addiction">Dependency and Addiction</h4>



<p>Over time, chronic use can lead to cannabis use disorder, which is characterized by dependency and addiction. This could lead to difficulties in daily life and withdrawal symptoms during cessation.</p>



<h4 id="h-lung-health">Lung Health</h4>



<p>Similar to tobacco smoke, cannabis smoke contains harmful chemicals that could irritate your lungs and throat and could potentially increase the risk of bronchitis, lung infections, or even lung cancer, although more research is needed on this aspect.</p>



<h4 id="h-cognitive-impairment">Cognitive Impairment</h4>



<p>Cannabis can cause cognitive impairment affecting attention, memory, and learning, both in the short term and potentially the long term.</p>



<h4 id="h-cardiovascular-health">Cardiovascular Health</h4>



<p>Smoking cannabis can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure, and there is some evidence that it may increase the risk of a heart attack.</p>



<h4 id="h-prenatal-development-risks">Prenatal Development Risks</h4>



<p>As discussed in your previous question, cannabis use during pregnancy may have adverse effects on the baby's development.</p>



<p>It's important to note that while cannabis can offer health benefits, it doesn't come without risks. If you're considering using cannabis for medicinal purposes, consult with a healthcare provider to ensure it's the right choice for you. They can provide you with a comprehensive understanding of how cannabis could interact with your current health situation and any other medications you're taking.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Cannabis exposure during pregnancy significantly reduces birth weight

The cultural shift towards cannabis acceptance and its increased recreational...

<p>Imagine strolling along a beach, splashing in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-ancient-ocean-floor-surrounds-the-earths-core/">ocean</a>, or even floating through the air. Now, imagine that you're leaving traces of your DNA behind everywhere you go. As unlikely as it sounds, a new study from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a> suggests that's exactly what's happening.</p>



<p>Everywhere we go, from a muggy day in Florida to the chilly climes of Ireland, we're shedding our DNA. We're coughing it, spitting it, and even flushing it into countless environments. It's not just in the obvious places like the beach or the ocean, either.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This human genetic material can be found in riverways, in the air, and in almost every corner of the globe, excluding only the most isolated islands and remote mountaintops.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>The researchers found our DNA's ubiquity to be both a scientific gift and an ethical conundrum.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They sequenced this widespread DNA and found it of such high quality that they could identify disease-associated mutations and determine the genetic ancestry of nearby populations. In some cases, they could even match genetic information to individual participants who had voluntarily offered their DNA for recovery.</p>



<p>Professor David Duffy, who spearheaded the project, believes that these environmental DNA samples, if handled ethically, could yield significant benefits for various fields from medicine and environmental science to archaeology and criminal forensics.</p>



<p>"Researchers could track cancer mutations from wastewater or uncover hidden archaeological sites by looking for human DNA," Duffy suggested. He added that detectives could even identify suspects from the DNA floating in the air at a crime scene.</p>



<p>But the extraction of this level of personal information requires extreme caution. Scientists and regulators are now facing the ethical dilemmas associated with inadvertently, or intentionally, gathering human genetic information from unexpected sources like sand, water, or even a person’s breath.</p>



<h2 id="h-results-of-the-study-call-for-ethical-safeguards">Results of the study call for ethical safeguards</h2>



<p>The team's paper, published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/"><em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em></a>, highlights the ease with which they collected human DNA from almost every location they explored.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Professor Duffy expressed his surprise at the amount and quality of human DNA they discovered. "In most cases, the quality is almost equivalent to if you took a sample from a person.”</p>



<p>The potential to identify individuals through these means underlines the need for ethical safeguards in this area of research. This study had the approval of the University of Florida's institutional review board, which ensures that research adheres to ethical guidelines.</p>



<p>“It’s standard in science to make these sequences publicly available. But that also means if you don’t screen out human information, anyone can come along and harvest this information," said Professor Duffy.</p>



<p>"Do you need to get consent to take those samples? Or institute some controls to remove human information?”</p>



<h2 id="h-success-stories-for-wildlife-preservation">Success stories for wildlife preservation</h2>



<p>The team has successfully applied environmental DNA, or eDNA, to study endangered sea turtles and their susceptibility to viral cancers at UF's Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital. They retrieved useful DNA from turtle tracks in the sand, a technique that greatly expedited their research.</p>



<p>The researchers expected to find human eDNA in their turtle samples and many other places they explored. With modern genetic sequencing technology, it's now relatively easy to sequence the DNA of every organism in an environmental sample.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The question was, how much human DNA would be present, and would it be intact enough to yield useful information?</p>



<p>Their research took them to the ocean and rivers near the Whitney Lab, sand from isolated beaches, and even a remote island where people had never set foot. In a test conducted in collaboration with the National Park Service, they were able to retrieve DNA from the footprints of voluntary participants in the sand and sequence parts of their genomes, all with their consent.</p>



<p>Professor Duffy also tested the technique in his native Ireland. Along a river that meanders through a town and out to sea, he discovered human DNA at every point, except for the remote mountain stream where the river originates, far from human settlement.</p>



<h2 id="h-indoor-testing-works-as-well-as-outdoor">Indoor testing works as well as outdoor</h2>



<p>The research wasn't limited to outdoor locations. They also collected air samples from a veterinary hospital, managing to recover DNA matching the staff, the animal patient, and even common animal viruses.</p>



<p>The evidence is clear: human eDNA can be easily sampled from a multitude of environments. Duffy believes it's now time for policymakers and the scientific community to address issues of consent and privacy, and weigh them against the potential benefits of studying this unintentional DNA trail.</p>



<p>"Any time we make a technological advance, there are beneficial things that the technology can be used for and concerning things that the technology can be used for. It’s no different here," Duffy said. He wants to bring these issues to light early, giving policymakers and society the time they need to develop appropriate regulations.</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research from the University of Florida has illuminated the potential of environmental DNA as a tool for scientific discovery.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, as we leave traces of ourselves in the sand, the water, and even the air, the question of how to protect our genetic privacy becomes increasingly pertinent. As we move forward, the balance between scientific progress and ethical responsibility will be crucial.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-dna">More about DNA&nbsp;</h2>



<p>DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. Here's a more in-depth look at its various characteristics and importance:</p>



<h3 id="h-structure">Structure</h3>



<p>DNA is made up of two long, twisted strands that form a double helix structure. Each strand is composed of repeating units called nucleotides. Every nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases — adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).</p>



<p>In the DNA double helix, the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases. Adenine always pairs with thymine, and cytosine always pairs with guanine. This complementary base pairing enables the base pairs to be copied accurately during DNA replication.</p>



<h3 id="h-replication">Replication</h3>



<p>DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division. The double helix is unwound by enzymes, and each strand of the original DNA molecule serves as a template for the production of the complementary strand. This replication process allows genetic information to be passed from cell to cell and from parents to offspring.</p>



<h3 id="h-genes-and-chromosomes">Genes and Chromosomes</h3>



<p>DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. Humans typically have 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent) in each cell. Segments within these chromosomes are known as genes. Each gene serves as a blueprint for making a specific protein. Proteins, in turn, perform a vast array of functions within the organism, from catalyzing metabolic reactions to responding to stimuli to providing structure to cells and organisms.</p>



<h3 id="h-dna-sequencing-and-genetic-code">DNA Sequencing and Genetic Code</h3>



<p>The precise order of the bases in a stretch of DNA - known as the DNA sequence - forms the genetic code, which carries the instructions for building an organism's cells and for running those cells. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, sequenced the entire human genome for the first time, revealing around 20,500 genes.</p>



<h3 id="h-role-in-heredity-and-variation">Role in Heredity and Variation</h3>



<p>One of the key roles of DNA is in heredity. Offspring inherit their DNA from their parents. This inheritance is why offspring resemble their parents, both in physical traits and in susceptibility to certain diseases. But DNA also allows for variation, through mutations (changes in the DNA sequence). While many mutations are harmful, some can be beneficial, driving evolution and species diversity.</p>



<h3 id="h-dna-technology">DNA Technology</h3>



<p>DNA technology has a wide range of applications. In medicine, it's used for genetic testing and personalized treatment. In forensics, DNA fingerprinting can identify individuals. In biotechnology, genetic engineering can modify organisms' DNA to produce desirable traits.</p>



<h3 id="h-ethical-considerations">Ethical Considerations</h3>



<p>The use of DNA technology raises various ethical considerations. Issues include privacy (in terms of DNA data), consent (for genetic testing), and potential misuse of genetic engineering (such as in creating "designer babies").</p>



<p>In summary, DNA is a complex molecule that plays a central role in life as we know it. It carries the instructions for building and maintaining organisms, and its study has revolutionized fields from medicine to ecology.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Scientists can collect human DNA from water, air, and basically everywhere

Imagine strolling along a beach, splashing in the ocean, or...

<p>Many believe that stepping outside and immersing oneself in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-with-access-to-nature-are-mentally-and-physically-healthier/">nature</a> could be a remedy for the overuse of screens. However, a groundbreaking study has recently discovered that this isn't always the case. Spending time outdoors doesn't necessarily equate to less screen time.</p>



<p>The research, which kept a close eye on the smartphone activity of 700 participants over two years, found an unexpected twist. As participants wandered through city parks and urban green spaces, their smartphone use actually escalated.</p>



<p>The rise in global smartphone use has posed many challenges, and this study points to one possible solution. Participants who traded concrete jungles for actual forests and nature reserves experienced a significant reduction in screen time within the first three hours of their visit. This is compared to a similar amount of time spent in urban settings.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>Featured in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00139165231167165"><em>Environment and Behavior</em></a>, the study stands as the first of its kind to highlight a worrying trend among young adults. The researchers observed that this demographic now spends significantly more time engaged with their smartphone screens than enjoying nature.</p>



<p>Access to the participants' devices unveiled an unsettling truth. Young adults were found to spend more than double their outdoor time on their smartphones.</p>



<p>"Greentime, or time outdoors, has long been recommended as a way to restore our attention from the demands of daily life. Yet before our study, little was known about whether nature provides a way for people to disconnect from the mobile devices that now follow us into the great outdoors," explained study lead author Kelton Minor, a postdoctoral research scientist at Columbia University's <a href="https://datascience.columbia.edu/">Data Science Institute</a>.</p>



<p>"While past research suggested that short trips to city parks might provide a digital detox, we saw texting and phone calls actually go up. It was really the longer visits to wilder areas, like forests or nature preserves, that helped people get off their screens and wrest back their attention from their smartphones."</p>



<p>A significant aspect of this study lies in the depth of its data, surpassing that of prior smartphone studies. Typically, these studies rely on participants to self-report their smartphone use or environmental behaviors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In contrast, participants in this study agreed to share their smartphone data. This included over 2.5 million privacy-preserving logs of activity from texts, calls, and screen time, all in the name of science.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>Chris Danforth, a Gund Fellow at the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/">University of Vermont</a> (UVM) and co-author of the study, expressed his concern. "Smartphones have an incredibly powerful pull on our attention, which will undoubtedly increase in the future - that’s what many technology companies are working on."</p>



<p>"Given the reported connections between mental health and our digital life, we need more studies like this to help establish ways to encourage a healthier relationship with technology.”</p>



<p>Upon reflection, the researchers theorize that urban green spaces may actually enhance remote social ties - explaining the increase in texts and phone calls in city parks. However, this might disrupt the individual’s opportunity to utilize the attention-restoring properties of nature.</p>



<p>The rise in smartphone use has been tied to an increase in anxiety, depression, and sleep problems, predominantly among younger generations. Simultaneously, studies from UVM and other institutes have found that nature has restorative benefits for our minds and bodies. These benefits can even generate a sense of joy akin to a major holiday like Thanksgiving or New Year’s.</p>



<p>The researchers speculate that the visual and sensory experiences of nature help individuals better focus on life beyond their smartphones. This study stands as the first to contrast time spent on smartphone screens with time spent in outdoor green spaces.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, the experts found that even the most digitally connected young adults reduced their smartphone usage when in natural areas. This provides evidence that more time spent in wilder green spaces may indeed offer a much-needed digital break.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-health-benefits-of-nature">More about the health benefits of nature</h2>



<p>Spending time in nature, often referred to as 'green time', has been linked to a multitude of health benefits, both physical and psychological. Here's a more in-depth look at these benefits:</p>



<h3 id="h-stress-reduction">Stress Reduction</h3>



<p>Numerous studies have shown that spending time in nature can help decrease stress levels. A natural environment can lower cortisol, a hormone often used as a marker for stress. The calm and serenity offered by green spaces can help individuals relax and rejuvenate.</p>



<h3 id="h-improved-mood-and-reduced-anxiety">Improved Mood and Reduced Anxiety</h3>



<p>Exposure to nature can enhance mood and alleviate symptoms of anxiety. Walking in a park or forest, for instance, has been shown to reduce negative thoughts and boost mood-enhancing neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine.</p>



<h3 id="h-better-physical-health">Better Physical Health</h3>



<p>Green spaces often encourage physical activity, which has an array of health benefits, including reduced risk of obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and other health conditions. Some studies have also found that people recover faster from surgery or illness when they have a view of nature.</p>



<h3 id="h-enhanced-concentration-and-cognitive-function">Enhanced Concentration and Cognitive Function</h3>



<p>Nature can help restore mental fatigue, improving concentration and productivity. This effect, known as attention restoration theory, suggests that natural environments demand less directed attention, allowing the brain to recover and replenish.</p>



<h3 id="h-improved-immune-function">Improved Immune Function</h3>



<p>Research from Japan on 'forest bathing' or 'shinrin-yoku' has shown that spending time among trees can boost the immune system. This happens due to the inhalation of phytoncides, airborne chemicals produced by plants, which increase the number and activity of a type of white blood cell that kills tumor- and virus-infected cells in our bodies.</p>



<h3 id="h-increased-happiness-and-well-being">Increased Happiness and Well-being</h3>



<p>Regular exposure to nature has been linked to increased feelings of happiness, satisfaction, and overall well-being. This is partly due to nature's ability to foster a greater sense of belonging and purpose.</p>



<h3 id="h-enhanced-creativity">Enhanced Creativity</h3>



<p>There's evidence to suggest that spending time in nature can boost creativity. This could be due to the removal of technology and other everyday distractions, allowing for a more free flow of ideas.</p>



<p>While these benefits are compelling, it's important to remember that everyone's experience with nature is unique. Some people may find significant mental health improvements after spending time outdoors, while others might notice more subtle effects. As always, it's essential to combine time in nature with other aspects of a healthy lifestyle for optimal well-being.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

People use smartphones even more in parks, but less in forests

Many believe that stepping outside and immersing oneself in nature...

<p>A fascinating new study has emerged that challenges the common belief across various species - from humans to horses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hybridization-among-wild-baboons-comes-with-hidden-costs/">baboons</a> - that early life adversity results in a higher likelihood of experiencing hardship later in life.</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research was conducted by a team from the <a href="https://gorillafund.org/">Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund</a> and the <a href="https://umich.edu/">University of Michigan</a> who decided to investigate this question in gorillas, unsure of what they might discover.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/1x8JsN172-1000x662.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-1917767"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image Credit: Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund </figcaption></figure>



<p>Previous studies conducted by the Fossey Fund showed that young gorillas displayed an incredible resilience after losing their mothers - a stark contrast to other species. However, the loss of a mother is only one form of adversity that young animals can face.</p>



<p>Senior author on the study, Stacy Rosenbaum, an anthropologist from the University of Michigan, remarked: "Assuming that you survive something that we consider early life adversity, it's often still the case that you will be less healthy or you will have fewer kids or your lifespan will be shorter - no matter what species you are."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



<p>Rosenbaum noted that there is a wide range of negative impacts that early life adversity can have on adulthood.</p>



<p>The researchers, however, were surprised to find that gorillas who survived past the age of six were largely unaffected by the hardships they faced as infants or juveniles. This crucial finding has been published in the prestigious journal, <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home"><em>Current Biology</em></a>.</p>



<p>Rosenbaum compared this phenomenon to humans, who also experience early life adversity that can lead to issues in adulthood, such as health complications or a shortened lifespan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, in human studies, it's a challenge to determine whether these outcomes are directly due to early life adversity, or if they stem from a combination of behavioral, environmental, and cultural factors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Studying these events in non-human species, such as gorillas, may provide valuable insights to help understand and mitigate these effects in humans.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/eCpcMmNU-1000x667.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-1917768"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">image Credit: Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund </figcaption></figure>



<p>Robin Morrison, a researcher with the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund and the lead author on the study, described the benefits of studying animals in this context.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"When you look at animals, you remove a lot of the variation that we have in humans. For example, they are all eating similar diets, they all get exercise as part of their daily lives, they don't have the opportunity to engage in behaviors with negative health outcomes like smoking," explained Morrison.</p>



<p>Despite this, most species still suffer negative effects in adulthood from early adversity, suggesting an underlying biological mechanism that is not yet fully understood. The differing pattern observed in gorillas, however, indicates that it's possible to overcome these adversities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Morrison believes that understanding how this resilience works could have important implications for our own species.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-use-gorillas-for-the-study">Why use gorillas for the study?</h2>



<p>The researchers chose gorillas for this study as they, like humans, have a long lifespan and invest heavily in a small number of offspring. The research team analyzed 55 years of long-term data collected on 253 wild mountain gorillas - 135 males and 118 females - living in Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. These gorillas have been under the continuous observation of the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund for over five decades.</p>



<p>The study identified six different types of early life adversity, including losing a parent, experiencing the death of a group member through infanticide, social group instability, having few age-mates in the social group, and having a sibling born soon after them. The data showed how many of these adversities each gorilla faced and at what age, as well as their lifespan.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered</h2>



<p>The researchers found that gorillas who experienced more adversities before the age of six were more likely to die as juveniles. However, if they survived past their juvenile stage, their lifespan was not shortened, regardless of how many adversities they faced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Surprisingly, gorillas who faced three or more adversities actually lived longer, with a 70 percent reduction in the risk of death in adulthood. This intriguing trend was primarily seen in males, leading researchers to theorize that it may be linked to a phenomenon known as viability selection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In essence, this means that a gorilla robust enough to endure tough early life events might be a "higher-quality individual" and consequently more likely to enjoy a longer lifespan.</p>



<p>"I was expecting to see that these gorillas would have short lifespans and would not do very well as adults," said Rosenbaum.</p>



<p>"We found that these events are definitely associated with a much higher risk of death when you're young. But if you survive to age 6, there's no evidence that those shorten your lifespan at all. This is quite different from what we see in other species."</p>



<h2 id="h-mountain-gorillas-exhibit-incredible-resilience">Mountain gorillas exhibit incredible resilience</h2>



<p>The team has a few theories to explain the extraordinary resilience of these mountain gorillas. For one, gorillas live in very close-knit social groups, and previous studies have shown that when a young gorilla loses its mother, other group members step in to fill the void in social companionship.</p>



<p>"The youngster actually increases its time near other gorillas after the loss of its mom and in particular the highest-ranking adult male, even if he isn't their biological father," said Morrison.</p>



<p>"These strong networks might provide critical social buffering, as has been shown in humans. The quality of our social relationships is a very important predictor of our health and longevity - in some cases, more important than genetics or lifestyle."</p>



<p>Another factor contributing to their resilience may be the resource-rich environment mountain gorillas inhabit, which is a luxury many other wild primates don't enjoy.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"For comparison, savanna baboons - who were the inspiration for this analysis - live in this highly seasonal environment where they go through extreme droughts," said Rosenbaum. "They sometimes will have to walk miles to get to a water hole. They're often struggling for every single calorie they take in." She contrasted this with the world of mountain gorillas, which she described as a "giant salad bowl."</p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



<p>The findings from this research suggest that species closely related to humans can exhibit significant resilience to early life adversity. It also raises intriguing questions about the biological roots of sensitivity to early experiences and the protective mechanisms that contribute to resilience in gorillas.</p>



<p>"I don't think we should assume that the long-term negative effects of early life adversity are universal," said Rosenbaum.</p>



<p>She challenged the ubiquity of this belief, emphasizing that the data is much more complex for humans and other animals. "I actually think that that's a hopeful story," Rosenbaum added, indicating a silver lining to the challenges faced in early life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research opens up new avenues for understanding and potentially mitigating the impacts of early life adversity across species, including our own.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-mountain-gorillas">More about mountain gorillas</h2>



<p>Mountain gorillas are a critically endangered species of great ape, and one of the two subspecies of the eastern gorilla. As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, there were only about 1,000 mountain gorillas left in the wild.</p>



<h3 id="h-here-s-what-you-should-know-about-mountain-gorillas">Here's what you should know about mountain gorillas:</h3>



<h4 id="h-habitat-and-distribution">Habitat and Distribution</h4>



<p>Mountain gorillas live in the high-altitude cloud forests of central Africa, specifically in two isolated regions. One population can be found within the Virunga volcanic mountain range, which stretches across Rwanda's Volcanoes National Park, Uganda's Mgahinga Gorilla National Park, and Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The other population resides in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable National Park.</p>



<h4 id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical Characteristics</h4>



<p>Mountain gorillas are large and powerfully built, with long, strong arms and a broad chest. Adult males, known as silverbacks due to the characteristic patch of silver hair on their back and hips, typically weigh between 300 and 400 pounds and stand about 4 to 6 feet tall when upright. Females are typically smaller, weighing between 150 and 200 pounds. Mountain gorillas have a robust build with a large head, a prominent brow ridge, and a long, muscular arms.</p>



<h4 id="h-behavior-and-social-structure">Behavior and Social Structure</h4>



<p>Mountain gorillas are highly social animals, living in stable groups that usually consist of one dominant silverback, multiple females, and their offspring. Groups may also include younger subordinate males, known as blackbacks. Silverbacks lead the group, making decisions about feeding, nesting, and movement.</p>



<p>Mountain gorillas are diurnal, spending most of their day foraging for food and resting. They build new nests from foliage each night.</p>



<h4 id="h-diet">Diet</h4>



<p>Mountain gorillas are primarily herbivorous. They eat a variety of plant species, including leaves, stems, roots, vines, and fruits. They are also known to eat small invertebrates. Their diet varies by season and depends on what food is available.</p>



<h4 id="h-reproduction-and-lifespan">Reproduction and Lifespan</h4>



<p>Female mountain gorillas typically start to breed in their late teens, while males start in their early teens. The gestation period is about 8.5 months, and infants are cared for by their mothers for several years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Mountain gorillas have a slow rate of reproduction which, along with other factors, has contributed to their status as a critically endangered species. In the wild, mountain gorillas can live to be over 40 years old.</p>



<h4 id="h-threats-and-conservation">Threats and Conservation</h4>



<p>Mountain gorillas face numerous threats, including habitat loss due to agriculture and human settlement, disease (including diseases transmitted by humans), poaching, and civil conflict. Conservation efforts have included anti-poaching patrols, veterinary care, community education, and ecotourism. These efforts have led to a slow increase in their numbers, but mountain gorillas remain critically endangered.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Does early life adversity in gorillas lead to hardship as adults?

A fascinating new study has emerged that challenges the common...

<p>A significant event transpired about 100 million years ago: a faction of innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-moths-are-more-efficient-pollinators-than-bees/">moths</a> began to fly during the day, as opposed to night, favoring the nectar-laden flowers that had evolved alongside bees.&nbsp;This singular event sparked the evolution of butterflies, a fascinating transformation that scientists have been studying for decades.</p>



<p>In 2019, scientists were able to pinpoint the timing of this evolution through a comprehensive DNA analysis. This groundbreaking research debunked the previously held theory that butterflies evolved due to pressure from bats, following the extinction of dinosaurs.</p>



<p>Today, scientists have unearthed new exciting revelations concerning the geographical origins of the first butterflies and their dietary preferences.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-discovery-was-made">How the discovery was made</h2>



<p>This discovery was not easy to come by. It necessitated the collaborative efforts of researchers from across the globe, who worked tirelessly to construct the world's most extensive butterfly tree of life. This complex structure comprised DNA from over 2,000 butterfly species, representing every butterfly family and 92 percent of all genera.</p>



<p>The researchers utilized this tree as a roadmap, tracing the butterflies' journey and dietary patterns through time, a monumental task akin to solving a four-dimensional puzzle. The puzzle's solution pointed to North and Central America as the origin of the first butterflies, a finding recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9"><em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em></a>.</p>



<p>For Akito Kawahara, the lead author of the study and the curator of lepidoptera at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, this project was the culmination of a lifelong dream.</p>



<p>“This was a childhood dream of mine,” said Kawahara. “It’s something I’ve wanted to do since visiting the American Museum of Natural History when I was a kid and seeing a picture of a butterfly phylogeny taped to a curator’s door. It’s also the most difficult study I’ve ever been a part of, and it took a massive effort from people all over the world to complete.”</p>



<h2 id="h-how-to-trim-down-a-100-million-year-history-from-19-000-species">How to trim down a 100-million-year history from 19,000 species</h2>



<p>The study's enormity is reflected in the sheer number of butterfly species - about 19,000. Stitching together their 100 million-year history required a deep understanding of their modern distributions and host plants. Unfortunately, before this study, such data was not readily available in one location.</p>



<p>“We often had to rely on field guides that hadn’t been digitized and were written in various languages,” Kawahara explained.</p>



<p>The lack of an existing database did not deter the researchers. They embarked on the painstaking process of creating a publicly accessible database, translating and digitizing information from books, museum collections, and scattered web pages.</p>



<p>A crucial component of their analysis was 11 rare butterfly fossils. These fossils, preserved despite the delicate nature of butterfly wings and fine hairs, served as calibration points on the genetic trees. They enabled the researchers to record the timing of key evolutionary events.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The results revealed a dynamic narrative of rapid diversifications, intermittent advancements, and unlikely dispersals. Some butterfly groups covered vast distances, while others remained stationary, seemingly indifferent to the shifting continents, mountains, and rivers around them.</p>



<p>The first butterflies, the study found, appeared in Central and western North America. During this period, North America was split in two by a vast seaway, and Mexico was connected in a long arc with the United States, Canada, and Russia. The Isthmus of Panama had not yet joined North and South America, but butterflies managed to cross the strait between them with ease.</p>



<p>The migration pattern of butterflies was intriguing. Despite the relative proximity of South America and Africa, butterflies took a circuitous route, journeying to Asia across the Bering Land Bridge. Once there, they rapidly dispersed, spreading into Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and the Horn of Africa. Incredibly, they also reached India, which was then an isolated island surrounded by miles of sea.</p>



<p>Their arrival in Australia, which was still connected to Antarctica, the last remnants of the supercontinent Pangaea, was even more astounding. It’s plausible that butterflies thrived in Antarctica when global temperatures were warmer, traversing the northern edge of the continent into Australia before the landmasses eventually separated.</p>



<p>Interestingly, butterflies lingered on the outskirts of western Asia for nearly 45 million years before finally venturing into Europe. The cause of this extended pause remains unclear, but its effects are still visible today.</p>



<p>“Europe doesn’t have many butterfly species compared to other parts of the world, and the ones it does have can often be found elsewhere," explained Kawahara. "Many butterflies in Europe are also found in Siberia and Asia, for example.”</p>



<h2 id="h-butterfly-species-diversification-begins">Butterfly species diversification begins</h2>



<p>Once butterflies had established themselves, they diversified rapidly alongside their plant hosts. By the time the dinosaurs met their end 66 million years ago, almost all modern butterfly families had emerged. Each family seemed to have a specific preference for certain groups of plants.</p>



<p>“When we looked at this association over an evolutionary timescale, we found that in pretty much every family of butterflies, bean plants appeared to be the ancestral hosts,” Kawahara said. “This was true for the ancestor of all butterflies as well.”</p>



<p>While bean plants have since broadened their pollinators to include various bees, flies, hummingbirds, and mammals, butterflies have also diversified their tastes.</p>



<p>Study co-author Pamela Soltis, a Florida Museum curator and distinguished professor, points out that the symbiotic relationships butterflies developed with plants were instrumental in their evolution from a minor moth offshoot to one of the largest insect groups on Earth.</p>



<p>“The evolution of butterflies and flowering plants has been inexorably intertwined since the origin of the former, and the close relationship between them has resulted in remarkable diversification events in both lineages,” she stated.</p>



<p>This intricate, vibrant history of butterflies demonstrates the profound interconnectedness of life on Earth, the perpetual dance of evolution and adaptation, and the mystery that continues to envelop the natural world.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study underscores the importance of cross-disciplinary and international collaboration in expanding our knowledge about the origin and evolution of species. The journey of these tiny creatures over millions of years offers invaluable insights into the dynamism and resilience of life, and the ongoing saga of evolution.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-butterflies">More about butterflies</h2>



<p>Butterflies are much more than just beautiful creatures that flutter around our gardens. They play several essential roles in ecosystems and contribute significantly to the overall health of the environment.</p>



<h3 id="h-pollination">Pollination</h3>



<p>Like bees, butterflies are important pollinators. As they move from flower to flower in search of nectar, they inadvertently pick up and transfer pollen grains. This cross-pollination is crucial for the fertilization and propagation of many plant species, including those that humans depend on for food.</p>



<h3 id="h-bioindicators">Bioindicators</h3>



<p>Butterflies are considered sensitive bioindicators, meaning their presence, absence, or population trends can tell us a lot about the health of an ecosystem. Because butterflies are highly sensitive to changes in habitat quality and climate, a decline in butterfly populations can serve as an early warning sign of environmental problems.</p>



<h3 id="h-biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>



<p>Butterflies contribute to biodiversity both as pollinators and as a food source for other species. Their caterpillars are a primary food source for birds and some insects. A healthy butterfly population can indicate overall biodiversity and ecosystem health.</p>



<h3 id="h-nutrient-recycling">Nutrient Recycling</h3>



<p>Butterfly larvae (caterpillars) play a role in nutrient recycling. They consume plant leaves, aiding in the decomposition process and contributing to the nutrient cycle. When they metamorphose into butterflies, their discarded pupal cases provide nutrients for the soil.</p>



<h3 id="h-plant-growth-and-evolution">Plant Growth and Evolution</h3>



<p>Some butterfly species have co-evolved with specific plant species, leading to mutual benefits. For example, the plant may rely on the butterfly for pollination, while the butterfly relies on the plant as a food source for its larvae. This relationship can drive the evolution of both species.</p>



<h3 id="h-human-wellbeing">Human Wellbeing</h3>



<p>The aesthetic value of butterflies also contributes to human wellbeing. Their beauty encourages people to spend time outdoors, engage with nature, and appreciate biodiversity, which has numerous mental health benefits.</p>



<h3 id="h-education-and-research">Education and Research</h3>



<p>Butterflies, due to their wide variety, availability, and the fascinating process of metamorphosis they undergo, serve as excellent subjects for educational purposes and scientific research. Observing butterflies can provide insights into biological processes like metamorphosis, behavior, and ecological interactions.</p>



<p>However, it's essential to note that butterfly populations are declining globally due to habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and the use of pesticides.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The loss of these creatures can have cascading effects on ecosystems and biodiversity, underscoring the need for conservation efforts. Protecting and restoring butterfly habitats, reducing pesticide use, and planting butterfly-friendly plants can all help to support butterfly populations.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Mystery solved: When butterflies evolved and what plants they used for food

A significant event transpired about 100 million years ago: a...

<p>At the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/">University of Waterloo</a>, a team of pioneering engineers has found an innovative way to program robots that could significantly aid people struggling with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/watching-tv-increases-risk-of-dementia-in-seniors/">dementia</a>. These robots are designed to help individuals locate essential items - such as medicine, eyeglasses, or phones - that they often misplace.</p>



<p>The implications of this technology extend beyond aiding those with dementia. This technology could revolutionize the way anyone finds lost items, potentially turning a frantic search into a quick, effortless task.</p>



<p>"The long-term impact of this is really exciting," Dr. Ali Ayub, a post-doctoral fellow in electrical and computer engineering at the University of Waterloo, enthuses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>He envisions a future where users interact not just with any companion robot but with a personalized companion robot. "A user can be involved... with a personalized companion robot that can give them more independence," he asserts.</p>



<h2 id="h-inspired-by-concern-for-rising-number-of-dementia-cases">Inspired by concern for rising number of dementia cases</h2>



<p>Ayub, alongside three of his colleagues, was inspired by the rising number of individuals coping with dementia. This debilitating condition can limit brain function, causing confusion, memory loss, and disability. These symptoms often lead to a decreased quality of life as individuals frequently forget the location of everyday objects, adding stress to their caregivers.</p>



<p>The engineers propose a novel solution to this problem - a companion robot equipped with its own form of episodic memory. They utilized artificial intelligence to create a new type of artificial memory, a feature they believe could be a game-changer.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-robots-were-created">How the robots were created</h2>



<p>The research began with a Fetch mobile manipulator robot, equipped with a camera to perceive its surroundings. The team then programmed the robot using an object-detection algorithm, enabling it to detect, track, and maintain a memory log of specific objects within its field of vision.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This memory log was created using stored video. The robot, now capable of distinguishing one object from another, records the time and date when objects come into or leave its view.</p>



<p>The engineers also developed a graphical interface to enhance user experience. Users can select objects they want the robot to track.&nbsp;</p>



<p>After typing in the names of the objects, users can then search for them using a smartphone app or computer. The robot, in response, can indicate when and where it last saw the specified object.</p>



<p>The system has proven to be highly accurate in tests. Ayub acknowledges that while the technology might be daunting for some individuals with dementia, caregivers could readily use it to assist in their duties.</p>



<p>As they move forward, the research team plans to conduct user studies with people without disabilities, followed by tests with individuals living with dementia. This exciting development points to a future where personalized companion robots could make a significant difference in the lives of those dealing with dementia, and anyone else who's ever misplaced something important.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-dementia">More about dementia</h2>



<p>Dementia is a general term for a range of conditions associated with a decline in brain function that impacts daily life. It's not a specific disease but rather a group of symptoms that affect memory, thinking, problem-solving, language, and perception.</p>



<p>There are various types of dementia, and some people may have a combination of types. The most common type is Alzheimer's disease, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia.</p>



<p>Dementia is characterized by a number of symptoms. The most well-known is memory loss, especially the difficulty remembering recent events (short-term memory loss). Other symptoms can include challenges with thinking and problem-solving, difficulty with language and communication, changes in mood, confusion and disorientation, and difficulties carrying out daily activities.</p>



<p>It's important to note that dementia is not a normal part of aging. While it's true that the likelihood of developing dementia increases with age, many older adults never develop it. In addition, dementia can also affect younger people, a condition known as early-onset dementia.</p>



<p>Risk factors for dementia include age, family history, certain genetic mutations, and lifestyle factors like smoking and alcohol use. Conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol may also increase the risk of dementia.</p>



<p>As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, there is no cure for dementia, but there are treatments that can slow its progression and improve the quality of life for those affected. These typically involve medication, cognitive training, therapy, and lifestyle changes.</p>



<p>Research is ongoing to better understand dementia, find effective treatments, and ultimately discover a cure. This includes the development of new technologies and approaches, such as the companion robot for individuals with dementia described in your earlier question.</p>



<p><em>Image Credit: University of Waterloo&nbsp;</em></p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

New robots can help you find objects that you’ve lost or misplaced

At the University of Waterloo, a team of pioneering engineers...

<p>In an exciting leap forward in understanding the life cycle of microplastics, a team of researchers from <a href="https://www.kyushu-u.ac.jp/en/">Kyushu University</a> and Asahi Kasei Corporation has unveiled a novel method to discern the age of these minute pollutants prevalent in our oceans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The methodology makes use of an innovative mix of oxidation analysis of the plastics, along with a consideration of environmental factors such as exposure to UV rays and the surrounding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-temperature-has-been-steadily-rising-since-the-1850s/">temperature</a>.</p>



<p>The team ventured out to field test their method, focusing their efforts on microplastics found in the North Pacific Ocean, both near the shore and offshore.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results, recently published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/marine-pollution-bulletin"><em>Marine Pollution Bulletin</em></a>, indicated that the microplastics in nearshore regions were as young as fresh to a maximum of five years old, while those in offshore regions were a little older, ranging from one to three years.</p>



<h2 id="h-defining-microplastics">Defining microplastics</h2>



<p>Microplastics, fragments of plastic waste that are smaller than 5mm, have taken over marine environments from lakes to oceans as the leading type of pollutant. As larger plastic waste endures the elements, it breaks down into these smaller particles.</p>



<p>"Microplastic pollution is recognized as a global problem. We found in a previous study that there are about 24 trillion grains of microplastics floating on the ocean's surface layer," said study lead author Professor Atsuhiko Isobe from Kyushu University's Research Institute for Applied Mechanics.</p>



<p>"Despite this, our knowledge about the impact of microplastics on the environment or living organisms is still scarce. A pressing question we are grappling with is the duration microplastics spend drifting through the ocean."</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>To answer this, Isobe's team set out to first determine how to measure the age of microplastics. Rie Okubo, a researcher at Asahi Kasei Corporation and the study's first author, explained that polyethylene is the most common material in plastic.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As it interacts with the environment, it oxidizes and degrades. We can measure this degradation level using the change in the material's molecular weight and the carbonyl index. In simple terms, as polyethylene degrades, its carbonyl index rises, and molecular weight drops."</p>



<p>But the team didn't stop there. They recognized that microplastics are exposed to the elements, which means temperature and UV radiation also play a role in their degradation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To understand this, the team conducted a series of exposure experiments on polyethylene material, collecting data on how different combinations of UV and temperature affected the material's molecular weight and carbonyl index.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results showed that ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) - a measure of ground-level UV radiation - and seawater temperature were the prime contributors to plastic degradation. Armed with this data, the team then turned to their collected microplastic samples, all drawn from the upper ocean, up to one meter from the water surface.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We collected microplastics from a range of areas. Some samples were from nearshore to Japan, ranging from 10 to 80 km off the coast. Others were from offshore, in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean and the Philippine Sea," said Okubo.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>With their new method, the researchers could estimate the age of each sample. Nearshore microplastics varied from 0 to 5 years old, while offshore samples were between 1 and 3 years old.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Nearshore microplastics range from 0 to 5 years because they are frequently washed ashore and 'survive' for a longer time. Offshore microplastics take longer to reach that part of the ocean, explaining why we didn't find microplastics over 3 years old. These offshore microplastics likely settle deeper into the waters, removing them from the upper oceans," explained Okubo.</p>



<p>The researchers believe their new method will provide greater insights into the generation and dispersal of microplastics in the environment. The valuable data gathered could aid in creating more accurate simulations to track the journey of microplastics across the ocean.</p>



<p>"Our understanding of microplastics is still in its infancy, and this data provides us with a slightly clearer picture of the basic science surrounding these tiny pollutants. Our next move is to explore how mechanical stimuli such as ocean waves and currents can degrade plastics, allowing us to gather even more accurate data," said Isobe.</p>



<p>Thus, this breakthrough could potentially be a game changer in comprehending the mysterious journey of microplastics, from creation to degradation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The pioneering work of the team at Kyushu University and Asahi Kasei Corporation promises to shed more light on the environmental hazards posed by these minute pollutants, and could be instrumental in devising more effective strategies to combat this global issue.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-microplastics">More about microplastics</h2>



<p>Microplastics are tiny plastic particles less than 5mm in size, roughly the size of a sesame seed. These particles are either intentionally manufactured at a small size, often used in personal care products, or they result from the breakdown of larger plastic items due to exposure to the elements over time. As of my last training data in September 2021, microplastics are a significant source of environmental pollution, impacting both land and oceans.</p>



<h3 id="h-sources-of-microplastics">Sources of Microplastics</h3>



<h4 id="h-primary-microplastics">Primary Microplastics</h4>



<p>These are directly released into the environment as small particles. Examples include microbeads in cosmetics and personal care products, plastic pellets used in industrial processes, and fibers from synthetic clothing that are released during washing.</p>



<h4 id="h-secondary-microplastics">Secondary Microplastics</h4>



<p>These originate from the degradation of larger plastic items, such as water bottles, bags, and fishing nets. These items can break down into microplastics due to physical processes (like abrasion) and environmental conditions (such as UV radiation and heat).</p>



<h3 id="h-impact-on-oceans">Impact on Oceans&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Microplastics have made their way into every corner of the world's oceans, from the surface to the deepest trenches. They can be carried by winds, rivers, and ocean currents across vast distances. Here are some ways they affect marine ecosystems:</p>



<h4 id="h-ingestion-by-marine-life">Ingestion by Marine Life</h4>



<p>Microplastics can be mistaken for food by marine animals, from small plankton to larger mammals. Ingesting these particles can lead to physical harm, including blockage of the digestive tract or a false sense of satiety, which can result in starvation.</p>



<h4 id="h-toxic-chemicals">Toxic Chemicals</h4>



<p>Microplastics can absorb and concentrate harmful chemicals from the surrounding environment. When ingested by marine creatures, these toxins can be released and cause harm.</p>



<h4 id="h-bioaccumulation-and-biomagnification">Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification</h4>



<p>As smaller organisms containing microplastics are consumed by larger ones, the concentration of microplastics and associated toxins can increase up the food chain, potentially reaching humans.</p>



<h3 id="h-impact-on-land">Impact on Land&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The impact of microplastics isn't confined to oceans. They can also accumulate in terrestrial environments, including agricultural lands.</p>



<h4 id="h-soil-health">Soil Health</h4>



<p>Microplastics can alter the physical properties of soil, affecting its structure, porosity, and permeability, which could potentially impact plant growth.</p>



<h4 id="h-organisms-and-biodiversity">Organisms and Biodiversity</h4>



<p>Microplastics can be ingested by terrestrial animals and soil-dwelling organisms, impacting their health and potentially leading to a decrease in biodiversity.</p>



<h4 id="h-food-safety">Food Safety</h4>



<p>Microplastics can enter the human food chain directly through consumption of crops grown in contaminated soil or indirectly through the consumption of animals that have ingested microplastics.</p>



<h3 id="h-mitigation-efforts">Mitigation Efforts&nbsp;</h3>



<p>As of 2021, strategies to mitigate the impact of microplastics include:</p>



<h4 id="h-legislation">Legislation</h4>



<p>Some countries have banned the use of microbeads in personal care products.</p>



<h4 id="h-recycling-and-waste-management">Recycling and Waste Management</h4>



<p>Improving waste management systems and recycling rates can help reduce the amount of plastic that breaks down into microplastics.</p>



<h4 id="h-public-awareness">Public Awareness</h4>



<p>Education about the dangers of plastic pollution can encourage more responsible consumer behavior, such as reducing, reusing, and recycling plastic products.</p>



<h4 id="h-research">Research</h4>



<p>More research is needed to fully understand the impact of microplastics on both human health and the environment, and to develop innovative solutions for plastic waste management.</p>



<p>Microplastic pollution is a complex and global issue that requires collaborative efforts from governments, industries, scientists, and individuals to address effectively.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Experts develop a new method to estimate the age of microplastics in the ocean

In an exciting leap forward in understanding the life cycle...

<p>Obstructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-apnea-may-lead-to-worse-brain-health/">sleep apnea</a> (OSA) - a sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep - affects nearly one billion people globally and often leads to excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS).&nbsp;</p>



<p>The standard treatment for OSA - a positive airway pressure (PAP) mask, which uses compressed air to support lung airways during sleep - can help relieve some of the symptoms. However, many people suffering from OSA still experience excessive daytime sleepiness and could thus benefit from anti-fatigue medication.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Fifteen to 30 percent of people in North America have a diagnosis of OSA and the prevalence could be much higher as many others are undiagnosed. Many people have symptoms as the condition is highly associated with obesity, which affects a large and increasing number of people in Canada, the United States, and other high-income countries,” said study lead author Tyler Pitre, a resident physician in Internal Medicine at <a href="https://www.mcmaster.ca/">McMaster University</a> in Canada.</p>



<p>“Among those patients, many will have EDS, which affects their quality of life, making them less productive and also puts them at risk of other psychological issues. Improving this situation is of paramount importance to physicians.”</p>



<p>“The most important thing that people with OSA should do is use their PAP machine, but if they are still sleepy there are options in the form of medications that can reduce their tiredness.”</p>



<p>To assess which are the best treatments for EDS, Pitre and his colleagues conducted a systematic review of 14 clinical trials of anti-fatigue medications involving 3,085 participants, and analyzed additional data from several databases, such as MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The analyses revealed that the drug solriamfetol - a selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (DNRI) that helps promote wakefulness and alertness – is the most effective treatment for EDS. </p>



<p>However, since this medicine can also raise blood pressure, it can be quite risky for individuals suffering from OSA, as many of them have cardiovascular issues. Thus, some of these people could perhaps benefit more from other anti-fatigue drugs, such as armodafinil–modafinil and pitolisant.</p>



<p>“It would be interesting to see how effective these anti-fatigue medications will be for treating related illnesses such as chronic fatigue syndrome and long Covid, now that we know they work for a similar condition,” concluded senior author Dena Zeraatkar, an assistant professor of Public Health at McMaster.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M22-3473"><em>Annals of Internal Medicine</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-obstructive-sleep-apnea">More about obstructive sleep apnea</h2>



<p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of complete or partial obstructions of the upper airway during sleep. These obstructions cause breathing to briefly and repeatedly stop during sleep.</p>



<h3 id="h-here-are-some-key-points-about-obstructive-sleep-apnea">Here are some key points about obstructive sleep apnea:</h3>



<h4 id="h-symptoms">Symptoms</h4>



<p>The most common symptoms of OSA include loud snoring, gasping for air during sleep, waking with a dry mouth, morning headache, difficulty staying asleep (insomnia), excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty paying attention, and irritability.</p>



<h4 id="h-causes">Causes</h4>



<p>OSA occurs when the muscles in the back of your throat relax too much to allow normal breathing. These muscles support structures including the soft palate, the uvula (a triangular piece of tissue hanging from the soft palate), the tonsils, and the tongue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>When these muscles relax, the airway narrows or closes as you breathe in, and breathing momentarily ceases. This may lower the level of oxygen in your blood. Your brain senses this inability to breathe and briefly rouses you from sleep so that you can reopen your airway. This pattern can repeat itself five to 30 times or more each hour, all night.</p>



<h4 id="h-risk-factors">Risk factors</h4>



<p>Several factors increase the risk of developing OSA. These include excess weight, neck circumference (people with thicker necks might have narrower airways), a narrowed airway (you might have inherited a narrow throat or have tonsils or adenoids that become enlarged), being male (men are two to three times more likely to have sleep apnea than women), age (it's more common in older adults), family history, use of alcohol, sedatives or tranquilizers, smoking, and certain medical conditions such as congestive heart failure, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and hormonal disorders.</p>



<h4 id="h-complications">Complications</h4>



<p>Left untreated, OSA can lead to serious complications, including cardiovascular problems (such as high blood pressure, heart disease, heart attacks, and stroke), daytime fatigue and sleepiness, complications with medications and surgery, eye problems (such as glaucoma), and even a decreased quality of life due to excessive daytime sleepiness affecting social interactions, work performance, and personal safety.</p>



<h4 id="h-treatment">Treatment</h4>



<p>Treatment for OSA may involve lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, quitting smoking, or avoiding alcohol and sleeping pills. A mouthpiece to adjust the position of your lower jaw and tongue can also be used. Most commonly, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is used, where a device delivers air pressure through a mask placed over your nose while you sleep. In more severe cases, surgery may be an option.</p>



<h2 id="h-causes-of-daytime-sleepiness">Causes of daytime sleepiness&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Daytime sleepiness, also known as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), is a high level of fatigue or drowsiness during the day. It's not a disorder in itself, but it can be a symptom of an underlying health condition.</p>



<h3 id="h-here-are-some-of-the-potential-causes-of-excessive-daytime-sleepiness">Here are some of the potential causes of excessive daytime sleepiness:</h3>



<h4 id="h-sleep-deprivation">Sleep deprivation</h4>



<p>The most common cause of daytime sleepiness is not getting enough sleep. This could be due to a busy schedule, poor sleep habits, or an environment not conducive to quality sleep.</p>



<h4 id="h-sleep-apnea">Sleep apnea</h4>



<p>This is a serious sleep disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, leading to poor quality sleep and daytime fatigue.</p>



<h4 id="h-insomnia">Insomnia</h4>



<p>Chronic insomnia can lead to not getting enough sleep and feeling tired during the day.</p>



<h4 id="h-narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</h4>



<p>This is a neurological disorder that impairs the brain's ability to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. It can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden loss of muscle tone, and sometimes hallucinations.</p>



<h4 id="h-restless-legs-syndrome-rls">Restless legs syndrome (RLS)</h4>



<p>This condition causes uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them, often disturbing sleep.</p>



<h4 id="h-circadian-rhythm-disorders">Circadian rhythm disorders</h4>



<p>These are disorders that disrupt the internal body clock, leading to sleepiness when you should be awake and alertness when you should be sleeping.</p>



<h4 id="h-chronic-diseases-and-conditions">Chronic diseases and conditions</h4>



<p>Conditions such as depression, anxiety, chronic pain, and others can interfere with sleep and lead to daytime fatigue.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

What is the best treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness?

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) - a sleep disorder characterized by...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



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<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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