Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a> College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural economics to look not just at what people buy, but why they buy it, how often, and what those habits reveal about the modern consumer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-move-beyond-florists">Flowers move beyond florists</h2>



Drawing on a nationally representative survey of more than 8,500 people, the team found remarkable variety rather than a single archetype. Using marketing-style cluster analysis, they identified 13 distinct kinds of flower buyers.



Some are the classic date-night crowd: heavy on roses, big on Valentine’s Day. Others show up once a year for anniversaries and otherwise keep their wallets shut. 



A growing slice is buying flowers solely for themselves - home-use-only shoppers who treat stems like candles or throw pillows, a mood boost for the living room. And then there’s the “everything” group: people who purchase for all kinds of occasions and tend to spend the most overall.



Ask people what flowers mean and the responses span the spectrum. Word clouds from open-ended answers lit up with “beauty” and “smell,” but also “expensive” and “waste.”



Even so, buyers describe tangible upsides. Those who’d purchased flowers in the past year were more likely to report feeling better at home and at work - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-and-self-guided-nature-program-quickly-improves-mood-and-reduces-stress/">improved mood</a>, less stress, higher morale. The effect was strongest among recent purchasers.



As agricultural economist Ben Campbell put it, “there’s a perceived benefit of buying flowers - whether it’s real or not. People feel they’re getting something valuable from the experience.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-changed-how-we-buy-flowers">Covid changed how we buy flowers</h2>



Behind the scenes, the cut-flower supply chain is both global and intricate. Imports - especially roses from Colombia - still dominate U.S. shelves. But the domestic picture has shifted in surprising ways.



When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-lockdowns-weakened-our-immune-systems/">COVID-19</a> hit, weddings and funerals vanished overnight. Growers plowed under fields. Florists closed their doors. And then, stuck at home, people started buying flowers anyway - to brighten kitchen tables and Zoom backgrounds, to mark time when weeks blurred together. Grocery stores and even convenience stores leaned into the demand.



“It became almost like therapy,” said Julie Campbell, the study’s lead author and a horticulture professor. “The habit stuck around.”



That collective turn inward sparked new growth outdoors. From 2017 to 2022, open-field flower acreage in the U.S. more than doubled. Much of that expansion came from small and mid-sized farms growing stems that don’t ship well - zinnias, dahlias, snapdragons - varieties that explode with color but wilt on long-haul flights. 



Rather than compete with mass-produced roses from the Andes, these growers staked out a complementary niche: seasonal, local, and often more diverse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-farms-find-their-niche">Local farms find their niche</h2>



Today’s bouquets are often a collage of origins. One sleeve might hold Ecuadorian roses, California ranunculus, and Georgia-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-wildflowers-may-be-harming-bees/">wildflowers</a>, all in the same mix.



Consumers seem comfortable with that blend, and many are learning to read seasonality the way they do with produce: peonies in late spring, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/">sunflowers</a> in midsummer, chrysanthemums in fall.



For domestic growers, that seasonality is an advantage. It allows them to sell what travels poorly and tell a fresher story - field to vase instead of farm to table. For retailers, it’s an opportunity to meet shoppers where they already are.



The UGA study suggests that people inclined to toss a bouquet in the cart also value other small home upgrades. In other words, flowers are converging with the broader “home as haven” mindset that accelerated during the pandemic and never really retreated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-are-no-longer-just-gifts">Flowers are no longer just gifts</h2>



If there’s one throughline in the data, it’s diversity of intent. Flowers are still gifts, of course, but self-purchase is no longer niche. 



The “everything” buyers - those who grab stems for birthdays, apologies, Tuesdays, and everything in between - anchor the market, yet the once-a-year romantics and the treat-yourself crowd matter too.



That mix is why bouquets now show up in so many retail formats. A pharmacy endcap might catch the anniversary buyer; a grocery display might tempt the self-care shopper who wants tulips with their tomatoes.



It also helps explain the emotional payoffs respondents described. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flower-quality-is-a-critical-driver-of-bee-abundance/">Fresh flowers</a> are a fast, visible change in a room and an affordable luxury compared to furniture or renovations. That hit of beauty, scent, and novelty can feel outsize relative to the spend, which reinforces repeat purchases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-industry-goes-next"><a></a>Where the industry goes next</h2>



Policy and logistics will continue to shape the landscape - trade agreements, air freight costs, and climate impacts all ripple into what appears in the bucket by the checkout. But the UGA team’s work points to a few practical implications now.



Retailers can segment more intelligently, tailoring assortments and messaging to different buyer types rather than assuming a single use case. 



Growers can lean into their strengths - distinctive, local, and seasonal - without trying to displace imports that excel at year-round volume. And marketers can speak to well-being without overpromising: flowers won’t solve life’s problems, but they routinely make spaces feel better, and people notice.



Perhaps the biggest takeaway is the simplest: Americans are still buying flowers - and not just to hand to someone else.



Whether it’s a dozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-delicate-roses-have-such-harsh-prickles/">roses</a> flown in from Colombia or a handful of dahlias clipped from a nearby farm, fresh stems have become an everyday indulgence. They sit by the sink, brighten a desk, bookend the produce aisle, and remind us, in small ways, why bringing a bit of the outside in still resonates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/horttech/35/3/article-p286.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HortTechnology</a>.



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Why more people are buying flowers for everyday therapy

Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast. Researchers at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural...

Closeup,Of,Coffee,Fruit,In,Coffee,Farm,And,Plantations,In

Coffee is not just a boost in the morning, it's a big deal for the world. Scientists from the <a href="https://www.uniud.it/en/uniud-international?set_language=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Udine</a> have cracked the code on the genes that make our favorite morning drink, coffee, so delicious and resilient. 



The unique study behind Coffea arabica shines a light on how coffee survives and thrives. By understanding its genetic makeup, we can better protect our beloved coffee from threats like climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-disease-experts-discover-how-bacteria-hijack-plant-cells/">disease</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-genetic-secrets-of-coffee">Mapping the genetic secrets of coffee</h2>



The scientists wanted to map the coffee plant's blueprint. For this, they created DNA libraries from its leaves. Using advanced sequencing methods, they pieced together its genome like a puzzle.&nbsp;



The study then figured the genes' physical locations and predicted gene functions by comparing them to other plant genes. Finally, they compared the DNA of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-coffee-trade-is-increasingly-threatened-by-climate-change/">coffee plants</a>, finding variations that explain the evolution and key traits.



This detailed "coffee map" unlocks exciting possibilities: breeding better beans, boosting disease resistance, and enhancing the beloved beverage for generations to come.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-s-findings">Study’s findings</h2>



This revealed two distinct sections within the coffee plant's genetic makeup. These areas hinted at a tough past where the coffee plant had to fight to survive. It had scars like missing, extra, or mixed-up pieces of DNA, showing how it adapted and changed.



The coffee map also highlights how mixing genes (genetic diversity) and breeding with different plants (hybridization) helps coffee plants survive and adapt. One key player is the Timor hybrid, a natural mix of regular coffee (C. arabica) and a sturdier type (C. canephora, aka Robusta).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disease-resistance">Disease resistance</h2>



Hybridization helped regular coffee get valuable new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genes-identified-to-protect-crops-from-drought/">genes</a>, making it more diverse and stronger. The most important gift from the Timor hybrid is its resistance to disease.



Bugs like coffee leaf rust and coffee berry disease can wipe out entire farms, but these new genes give regular coffee better defenses. This means more coffee plants survive, leading to better harvests and a steadier supply of delicious coffee for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-variation">Genetic variation</h2>



Scientists also found several genetic variations in the plants. Previously, scientists believed specific DNA variations in coffee plants were anomalies.&nbsp;



However, this investigation revealed these seemingly random alterations played a key role in the plant's ability to adjust to different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-have-evolved-to-survive-harsh-environments/">environments</a> and stressors. It's actually how it keeps changing and adapting, which is good news for the future. Furthermore, by understanding its DNA, scientists can even create new coffee varieties that are extra tough!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



The lessons from the research go beyond coffee to highlight the critical importance of keeping and using the wide variety of genes found in crops worldwide.&nbsp;



With climate change making the earth hotter, habitats disappearing, and fewer types of many crops being grown, mixing different varieties and carefully planting diverse crops becomes essential for keeping people fed.&nbsp;



Having more genes in crops makes agriculture stronger and able to handle new problems, which helps ensure nutritious food for the growing global population.



So next time you savor a cup of coffee, remember - you're not just holding a beverage, but a testament to nature's resilience and a symbol of hope for a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/">sustainable future</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-coffee-plants">More about coffee plants</h2>



Coffee plants, belonging to the genus Coffea, are tropical evergreens that thrive in the warm climates of regions such as Latin America, Africa, and Asia. These plants produce the coffee beans that, once processed, become the coffee beverage enjoyed worldwide.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ideal-conditions-nbsp">Ideal conditions&nbsp;</h3>



Coffee plants generally prefer shaded conditions, with ideal temperatures ranging between 60°F and 70°F, and they require significant amounts of water to grow, though they must also have well-drained soil to prevent root rot.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-development">Development</h3>



The plant itself can grow to heights of up to 30 feet if left unpruned, but farmers often keep them shorter to facilitate easier harvesting.&nbsp;



Coffee plants start bearing fruit, known as coffee cherries, three to four years after planting. These cherries typically contain two seeds, which are the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-birds-and-the-bees-boost-coffee-production/">coffee beans</a>. The color of the cherries turns from green to red or yellow when they are ripe and ready for picking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harvesting">Harvesting</h2>



Harvesting methods vary, including hand-picking, which ensures only ripe cherries are selected, and strip-picking, where all cherries are removed from a branch at once.&nbsp;



After harvesting, the beans undergo processing either through a dry method, where cherries are laid out to dry in the sun, or a wet method, which involves removing the pulp and fermenting the beans to remove the slimy layer of mucilage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivation">Cultivation</h2>



Following processing, the beans are roasted, a critical step that influences the flavor of the coffee. Roasting temperatures and times vary, allowing for a range of coffee types, from light to dark roasts.&nbsp;



Coffee cultivation plays a significant role in the economies of many countries, with millions of people involved in its farming, processing, and distribution. Coffee plants not only contribute to the global economy but also to cultural practices and social interactions around the world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44449-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Coffee plants fight climate change with a genetic weapon

Coffee is not just a boost in the morning, it's...

Mosquito,Fern,(azolla,Caroliniana);,One,Of,World's,Smallest,True,Fern

In the quest for innovative solutions to combat food insecurity and bolster resilience in the face of disasters, researchers from <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> have shed light on a remarkable yet underappreciated plant: Carolina azolla. 



This research unfolds the potential of azolla, a water plant native to the eastern U.S., known scientifically as azolla caroliniana Willd, to revolutionize our approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-infections-are-threatening-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food sustainability</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-the-secrets-of-carolina-azolla">Discovering the secrets of Carolina azolla</h2>



Carolina azolla, with its rapid growth rate -- capable of doubling its biomass in just two days -- and its ability to capture atmospheric nitrogen, presents a multifaceted solution to pressing global challenges. 



Not only does it serve as a green fertilizer, but it also holds promise as a nutritious feed for poultry and livestock, and, intriguingly, as a viable food source for humans in crisis situations.



A study led by Daniel Winstead, alongside Professors <a href="https://ecosystems.psu.edu/directory/mgj2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Jacobson</a> and <a href="https://plantscience.psu.edu/directory/fxd92" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Francesco Di Gioia</a>, explores the unique properties of Carolina azolla that make it more digestible and nutritious for human consumption compared to its counterparts used in Asia and Africa. 



This discovery is part of a broader research initiative, <a href="https://sites.psu.edu/emergencyfoodresilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Resilience in the Face of Catastrophic Global Events</a>, aimed at identifying sustainable food resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-cooking-unlocks-its-dietary-potential">How cooking unlocks its dietary potential</h2>



The nutritional profile of Carolina azolla is notable for its moderate protein content and high mineral yields, challenging the previously held belief that its high total polyphenolic content could limit its use in human diets. 



Polyphenols, while beneficial in lower concentrations for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-behind-a-smoothie-the-fruit-you-choose-makes-a-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidant properties</a>, can inhibit nutrient absorption when present in high amounts. 



However, the Carolina strain's lower phenolic content, further reducible through cooking methods such as boiling, pressure cooking, and natural fermentation, marks a significant advancement in making azolla a feasible dietary option.



Described as having a crisp texture and a neutral taste, Carolina azolla's adaptability to different cooking processes significantly diminishes its antinutritional factors, thus enhancing its appeal for human consumption and livestock feed alike. 



The research found that cooking reduces the plant's total phenol content by up to 92%, making it comparable to common fruits, beans, and nuts in terms of phenolic content.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carolina-azolla-as-a-sustainable-food-source">Carolina Azolla as a sustainable food source</h2>



Beyond its nutritional benefits, Carolina azolla stands out for its low maintenance and minimal input requirements, making it an ideal crop for fast cultivation. 



Its ability to thrive with limited resources positions it as a key player in enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-systems-will-play-a-key-role-in-future-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food supplies</a>, particularly in smallholder farms and low-income regions. 



The plant's versatility and quick growth cycle make it a strategic resource in disaster recovery efforts, offering a rapid response to food scarcity and contributing to climate resilience.



This study is part of a series of investigations by Penn State researchers into drought-resistant food crops and the role of agrobiodiversity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-farming-could-boost-food-security-slow-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustaining food systems</a> amid increasing disasters. 



By highlighting underutilized plants like Carolina azolla, which once formed a part of Native American diets, the research advocates for a diversified approach to food security.



As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change and food scarcity, Carolina azolla emerges as a beacon of hope. Its potential applications, from emergency food supplies to inclusion in space exploration programs, underscore the importance of exploring and developing resilient food systems. 



Through continued research and development, Carolina azolla could play a pivotal role in securing a sustainable and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient food future</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carolina-azolla-and-a-future-of-resilient-food-systems">Carolina azolla and a future of resilient food systems</h2>



In summary, this important research by Penn State offers hope for addressing global food insecurity and building resilience against disasters. 



Through its rapid growth, nitrogen-fixing ability, and potential as a nutritious food source, Carolina azolla presents a versatile solution to the challenges of sustainable agriculture and emergency food provision. 



The study highlights the plant's significant benefits and underscores the importance of innovative approaches to food production. 



As we move forward, embracing underutilized resources like Carolina azolla could be key to developing robust, sustainable food systems capable of withstanding the unpredictable challenges of the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fsn3.3904" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Science &amp; Nutrition</a>.



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Carolina azolla plant could help reduce global food insecurity

In the quest for innovative solutions to combat food insecurity...

Within the realm of plants known for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/masters-of-deception-orchids-use-trickery-to-get-what-they-need/">deceptive pollination</a> strategies, a team from <a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a> has discovered a species that transforms its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/">flowers</a> into a nurturing space rather than a fatal trap. 



This finding challenges the traditional dichotomy of mutualism and parasitism, illuminating the intricate evolution of plant-pollinator relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-fatal-trap">A fatal trap</h2>



Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/">plants</a> engage animals for pollination by offering them rewards. However, the Arisaema genus stands out for its unique approach, trapping pollinators to ensure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weevils-the-unknown-and-underappreciated-pollination-heroes/">pollination</a> at a fatal cost.&nbsp;



“It is famous as the only plant that achieves pollination at the expense of the pollinator's life,” said Kobe University biologist Suetsugu Kenji. The plant entices fungus gnats with its musky scent, only to trap them inescapably within its female flowers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Driven by a commitment to expand the boundaries of pollination biology, Suetsugu and his team delved into the genus Arisaema. The goal was to uncover more complex interactions.&nbsp;



The research focused on the species A. thunbergii, commonly known as Asian jack-in-the-pulpit. The team investigated the fate of both male and female flowers and the insects ensnared by them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-and-escape">Survival and escape</h2>



The study revealed that the primary pollinator, the fungus gnat Leia ishitanii, uses the flowers as a breeding ground. The larvae feed on the decaying floral matter and eventually emerge as adults.&nbsp;



Intriguingly, some gnats were observed escaping from flowers unharmed, suggesting a possibility of survival and escape from the floral trap.



“This finding adds a new dimension to our knowledge of plant-insect interactions," Suetsugu remarked, highlighting the continuous potential for discovery within well-explored fields.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-nursery-pollination-mutualism">Evolution of nursery pollination mutualism</h2>



Suetsugu argued that the relationship between A. thunbergii and its pollinators might not fully align with typical nursery mutualism. Trapped gnats lose future reproductive opportunities, yet some level of mutual benefit exists, unseen in other Arisaema species.



Thus, this interaction may represent a transitional phase in the evolution of nursery pollination mutualism, suggesting a shift from deceptive to mutualistic relationships.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



According to Suetsugu, further examination of the Arisaema genus may reveal more examples of such complex interactions, underscoring the importance of revisiting and refining models of pollination biology to encompass a broader spectrum of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-alters-the-dynamics-of-plant-pollinator-networks/">plant-pollinator dynamics</a>.



Through this research, the scientists not only challenge established notions in pollination biology but also contribute to a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the ongoing dance between plants and their pollinators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Plant-pollinator relationships</h2>



Plant-pollinator relationships form the cornerstone of ecosystems and biodiversity, acting as essential mechanisms for the reproduction of many flowering plants. In these relationships, pollinators such as bees, butterflies, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-years-fireworks-send-millions-of-birds-on-erratic-flights/">birds</a>, and bats visit flowers to feed on their nectar and pollen.&nbsp;



During their visits, pollinators inadvertently transfer pollen from the male parts of one flower (the anthers) to the female parts of another (the stigma), facilitating cross-pollination. This process is crucial for the production of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chia-seeds-have-great-potential-to-improve-human-health/">seeds</a> and fruits, ensuring the continuation of plant species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Attracting pollinators</h3>



Flowering plants have evolved a variety of strategies to attract their specific pollinators. For instance, they exhibit brightly colored petals and produce alluring scents to draw in bees and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-with-more-white-spots-are-more-likely-to-survive-their-migration-journey/">butterflies</a>. Some plants, like the night-blooming jasmine, release their fragrance at night to attract nocturnal pollinators such as moths and bats.&nbsp;



Others have developed shapes and structures that cater to the feeding habits of their pollinators, ensuring an effective transfer of pollen. For example, tubular flowers are perfectly shaped for hummingbirds. Their long beaks can reach the nectar at the base, while simultaneously coming into contact with the pollen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mutual benefits&nbsp;</h3>



The benefits of plant-pollinator relationships are mutual. While plants receive pollination, essential for their reproductive success, pollinators gain access to vital food resources. Nectar provides them with energy in the form of sugars, and pollen offers proteins and fats, crucial for their diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Growing threats</h2>



However, threats from habitat loss, pesticide use, pollution, and climate change endanger the survival of both plants and their pollinators. The decline in pollinator populations poses a significant risk to global food security.&nbsp;



Conservation efforts are therefore critical to protect these relationships, ensuring the sustainability of natural ecosystems and agricultural systems alike.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/PPP3.10494" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants, People, Planet</a>.



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New twist in the evolution of plant-pollinator relationships

Within the realm of plants known for their deceptive pollination...

New research aimed to observe the changes in the blooming patterns of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-true-survivors-flowering-plants-lived-through-the-dinosaur-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowers</a> and 51 species of shrubs, bushes, and trees over the past 35 years, providing insights into how plant communities are adapting to climate shifts in the southern <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sunny-summer-day-iberian-peninsula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Iberian Peninsula</a>.



Researchers from the <a href="https://ics-seville.org/university-of-seville/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Seville</a> have conducted a significant study to explore the effects of climate change on the flora of <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/685/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doñana National Park</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-s-grip-on-flower-blooming-patterns">Climate's grip on flower blooming patterns</h2>



The backdrop of this study is a notable increase in temperatures in the area, with an average rise of 1°C and a minimum temperature increase of 2°C. 



This warming has led to a significant shift in the plant community's peak flowering time, moving forward by 22 days, from May 9 to April 17. 



This change signifies that the majority of species are now blooming earlier, altering the traditional rhythm of the ecosystem.



This phenomenon is widespread, affecting 80% of the observed species by advancing their flowering start, and 68% by moving up the end of their flowering period. 



Remarkably, rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus) exemplifies this shift, flowering 92 days earlier than in the past. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crowded-gardens-pollination-in-a-warmer-world">Crowded gardens: Pollination in a warmer world</h2>



This uneven shift in flowering times has resulted in prolonged blooming periods for many species, leading to an "overcrowded" floral neighborhood. 



This crowding could intensify competition for the attention of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-90-of-flowering-plant-species-rely-on-animal-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinating</a> insects, as 55% of the species now find themselves in a more congested flowering environment.



Flowering is a crucial phase for plants, as it facilitates sexual reproduction. Since plants are stationary, they depend on insects to transfer pollen from one flower to another. 



This intricate dance requires precise timing; however, the advancing flowering times due to climate change could disrupt the synchronization between plants and their pollinator insects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-meltdown-hotspot-for-flowering-havoc">Mediterranean meltdown: Hotspot for flowering havoc</h2>



The study underscores that the Mediterranean region, including Doñana National Park, is experiencing climate change impacts more acutely than many other areas, with temperature increases outpacing the global average by 20%. 



This rapid change challenges plants, which rely on accumulating warmth to determine the right moment to flower. 



The altered timing may affect the plants' ability to reproduce effectively, potentially leading to fruiting or germination at less optimal times, especially as drought conditions worsen. 



Moreover, unexpected competition for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildflowers-are-self-fertilizing-to-deal-with-a-lack-of-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> could arise, further complicating the survival of these species.



This research was made possible by leveraging data collected in the 1980s, initially aimed at a different study. 



The foresight to monitor the flowering patterns of these plant communities has provided invaluable data, highlighting the profound effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change on biodiversity</a>. 



It emphasizes the importance of long-term research perspectives, often challenged by the short-term nature of most research projects. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-s-toll-on-flowering-and-reproduction">Climate change's toll on flowering and reproduction</h2>



The research conducted by the University of Seville reveals the profound impact of climate change on the flowering patterns of plant species in Doñana National Park, highlighting a critical shift towards earlier bloom times and the resulting ecological consequences. 



This study underscores the urgent need for continued and comprehensive research to understand the broader implications of these changes on biodiversity and ecosystem health. 



By documenting the significant advancement in flowering times and the challenges posed to plant-pollinator interactions, the findings serve as a compelling call to action for mitigating climate change effects and preserving the delicate balance of our natural environments for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/aob/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aob/mcad193/7473614" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Botany</a>.



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Flowers are blooming up to 92 days earlier due to climate change

New research aimed to observe the changes in the blooming...

Scientists from the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> have identified the genetic pathways responsible for the diversity of plant leaf structures. This discovery advances our understanding of plant morphology and its implications for survival in various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crocodile-evolution-was-influenced-by-environmental-factors/">environmental conditions</a>.&nbsp;



The research was led by Zhongchi Liu, a professor in the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics. The study was focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strawberry-consumption-may-lower-the-risk-of-dementia/">strawberry</a> plants, shedding light on how different leaf shapes and sizes are formed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-plants-survive-challenging-conditions-nbsp">How do plants survive challenging conditions?&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/">Plant leaves</a> exhibit an astonishing variety of forms, ranging from simple, smooth-edged leaves to complex, serrated, or multi-leaflet structures. Leaf diversity plays a vital role in how plants adapt to their surroundings, manage water transport, and regulate temperature.



"Plant morphology is diverse in nature," said Professor Liu. "Morphological differences contribute to plant survival, including how well plants can regulate their temperatures and how efficiently they can transport water from their roots to the rest of their bodies."



"Understanding the mechanisms responsible for diverse leaf forms will lead to a better understanding of how plants can survive challenging conditions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights">Critical new insights</h2>



The study reveals that two key regulatory pathways dictate the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=leaves&amp;start=0">leaves</a>, influencing their complexity and margin features. Based on three types of strawberry plants, Liu's team found that genes activate at different stages to produce varied leaf forms. 



The connection between these pathways and leaf structures could be used to help plants tolerate a greater range of environments.



"If we can tune that relationship, we can do things like have the strawberries produce a larger biomass, potentially supporting more fruit production," explained study lead author Xi Luo.



"We can also take these strawberries somewhere beyond their native habitat and expand their adaptivity by changing their leaf morphologies. More serrations mean they'll have higher resilience to cold, for example. And broader, smoother leaves can mean that they'll be better at surviving in warmer places."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-understanding-of-plant-development-nbsp">A new understanding of plant development&nbsp;</h2>



Initially, the team identified a pathway governed by a specific gene that dictates the complexity of the leaf's structure. This genetic pathway can command a strawberry plant to deviate from its typical trifoliate (three-piece) leaf pattern to develop single-leaf formations.&nbsp;



This finding alone revolutionizes our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-and-the-environment-interact-in-plant-development/">plant development</a>, highlighting a genetic basis for leaf structure variation that can be influenced or manipulated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-the-cuc2-gene-nbsp">The role of the CUC2 gene&nbsp;</h2>



As the plant continues to mature, another layer of genetic interaction comes into play. A separate pathway, controlled by a gene that dictates the leaf's margin features, can suppress the activity of the CUC2 gene.&nbsp;



The CUC2 gene is pivotal in plant biology. It oversees cell growth and division, directly influencing how leaf edges form. By inhibiting CUC2, the pathway can regulate the depth of leaf serrations, adding another dimension to the leaf's shape and functionality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmonious-collaboration-nbsp">Harmonious collaboration&nbsp;</h2>



What's particularly fascinating is how these pathways are not isolated in their function. Instead, they collaborate over the plant's development to cultivate a spectrum of leaf shapes. This synergistic effect underscores the complexity of genetic regulation in plants and its impact on their adaptability and survival.&nbsp;



Diverse leaf shapes can provide various benefits, from improved water conservation to enhanced sunlight capture, thereby increasing a plant's ability to thrive in its environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of these findings are vast. By understanding and potentially manipulating these pathways, scientists could enhance crop resilience and even increase their productivity.&nbsp;



The research not only delves into the specifics of strawberry plant development but also extends to other species, including Arabidopsis, a model organism in plant biology.&nbsp;



Similarities in leaf regulation across different species suggest a universal mechanism that could apply broadly across the plant kingdom. This universality opens up exciting possibilities for conservation efforts, particularly in the face of climate change.



"Research like this has many implications for our efforts in conservation and agriculture," said Luo. "We're now better equipped to protect our natural resources and food supply from extreme conditions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-diversity-nbsp">Leaf diversity&nbsp;</h2>



Plant leaf diversity showcases the remarkable ability of plants to adapt to their environments, with leaves serving as the primary sites for photosynthesis. 



Leaf diversity manifests in a broad spectrum of forms, sizes, colors, and structures, each tailored to specific ecological niches and functions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-shape">Leaf shape</h3>



The diversity in leaf shape, ranging from the broad, flat leaves of deciduous trees to the needle-like leaves of conifers, reflects adaptations to light intensity, moisture availability, and other environmental factors.&nbsp;



Broad leaves maximize surface area for photosynthesis in environments where light is abundant, while needle-like leaves reduce water loss in dry conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-size">Leaf size</h3>



The size of leaves among plant species can range significantly. Some ground covers exhibit tiny leaves, while tropical rainforest plants often have large leaves, suited to their respective light conditions.&nbsp;



In shady environments, large leaves help in capturing more light, whereas in sunny or windy environments, small leaves help reduce water loss.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-color">Leaf color</h3>



The color of leaves is mostly green due to chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for photosynthesis. However, variations occur, such as the red, purple, or yellow pigments in some leaves. This can provide protection against sun damage or serve to attract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-patches-of-land-can-help-support-pollinators/">pollinators</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-arrangement">Leaf arrangement</h3>



Leaf arrangement on the stem is another area of diversity, with some plants having alternate, opposite, or whorled leaf arrangements. This affects the plant's overall appearance and its efficiency in capturing sunlight and shedding rainwater.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-texture">Leaf texture</h3>



Furthermore, leaves exhibit a range of textures, from smooth to hairy, waxy, or spiky. These variations often serve as adaptations for reducing herbivory, managing water loss, or reflecting excess <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunlight-helps-green-sea-turtles-with-tumors-recover/">sunlight</a>.



The incredible diversity of plant leaves is a testament to the evolutionary adaptability of plants over millions of years, allowing them to colonize nearly every terrestrial habitat on Earth. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Secrets of leaf diversity shape plant survival

Scientists from the University of Maryland have identified the genetic...

Did you know there’s more to tea than just its flavor? Every sip of tea holds a hidden universe that was born in the plant, teeming with microscopic life that shapes its unique flavor. 



Scientists from Chinese universities including <a href="https://english.fafu.edu.cn/main.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University</a> have revealed the secrets of this miniature world within the roots of tea plants.



The experts have uncovered how specific microbes at the roots act as tiny alchemists coordinating the chemical reactions defining a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perfect cup of tea</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mini-tea-ecosystem">Mini tea ecosystem</h2>



Curious about how tiny creatures in tea plant roots impact flavor, the scientists started collecting samples from different tea plants, especially the prized Rougui variety, known for its calming taste. They identified the different types of microorganisms living in the roots and soil.&nbsp;



Next, to see how these organisms work together, the experts created a mini-version of the community. Basically, they created a tiny tea plant ecosystem in a lab. The researchers named this synthetic community “SynCom21.”



Then came the fun part: growing plants. The researchers planted tea plants and even lab plants like Arabidopsis, both within and without SynCom21. 



This experiment was conducted under conditions where there wasn't enough nitrogen in the soil, a nutrient crucial for plant growth. 



By carefully watching how the plants grew and how much nitrogen they absorbed, the experts could see how the microbes made a difference.



Outside the SynCom21, the researchers also wanted to understand the natural production of a calming compound called theanine. 



To gauge this, they compared the roots of two different tea plants- Rougui, known for its high theanine content, to Maoxie, which has lower levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-tea-plant-growth">Enhanced tea plant growth</h2>



Plants with SynCom21 grew taller and stronger, and were better at using nitrogen. Even better, they made more theanine.



“Crucially, through the isolation and assembly of a synthetic microbial community from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matcha-tea-relieves-symptoms-of-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high-quality tea</a> roots, we managed to notably enhance the amino acid content in various tea plant varieties, resulting in an improvement in tea quality," said Tongda Xu from Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University in Fujian, China.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



High-theanine roots had more "good" microbes that helped grab nitrogen from the soil. The plant uses this nitrogen to make theanine, especially in the fall when it makes the most.



The experts also found that the tiny microbes living in tea plant roots change throughout the year, especially those that help the plant use nitrogen. These "nitrogen helpers" are most plentiful in the fall, which is also when the tea plant makes the most of calming theanine.&nbsp;



The results suggest that the relationship between plants and these tiny helpers is constantly changing and depends on the time of year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-tea-plants">Broader implications for tea plants</h2>



The discovery could help farmers grow more food while being kinder to the Earth. It isn't just about delicious, calming tea. It suggests similar strategies could be used for other crops.&nbsp;



“The initial expectation for the synthetic microbial community derived from high-quality tea plant roots was to enhance the quality of low-quality tea plants," said study co-author Wenxin Tang.



"However, to our astonishment, we discovered that the synthetic microbial community not only enhances the quality of low-quality tea plants but also exerts a significant promoting effect on certain high-quality tea varieties. Furthermore, this effect is particularly pronounced in low-nitrogen soil conditions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-food">Sustainable food</h2>



The tiny helpers in the roots seem to make plants better at using nitrogen and creating special compounds, like theanine in tea. This means we might be able to use the same idea to make fruits, vegetables, and grains tastier, healthier, and even tougher in changing weather.&nbsp;



The research could be a big step towards growing food in a way that's good for both humans and the planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.044" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Great tasting tea comes from healthy root microbes in the plants

Did you know there’s more to tea than just its...

The arrival of spring in the Santa Monica Mountains, located northwest of Los Angeles, signals a vibrant bloom of native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildflowers-are-self-fertilizing-to-deal-with-a-lack-of-pollinators/">wildflowers</a>. These floral displays are not just a feast for the eyes; they play crucial roles in supporting local ecosystems by providing sustenance for insects, enhancing soil health, and facilitating water filtration into the earth.&nbsp;



Despite their resilience and ability to recover from wildfire - a phenomenon they have adapted to over millennia - recent findings indicate that these native wildflowers are facing increasing challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vehicle-emissions-nbsp">Vehicle emissions&nbsp;</h2>



In groundbreaking research led by Justin Valliere, an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis </a>Department of Plant Sciences, it has been discovered that the regrowth of native wildflowers and plants, typically expected post-wildfire, is being hindered by invasive species. 



This shift is attributed to the nitrogen found in vehicle emissions, marking a significant departure from the natural rejuvenation process following fires.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-vulnerability-nbsp">Increasing vulnerability&nbsp;</h2>



“Many native plants in fire-prone areas rely on fire, and some are entirely dependent on it. Some are even most abundant after a fire. But we found that these fire-following species may be especially vulnerable to the combination of nitrogen pollution and invasive plants,” Valliere explained. This vulnerability is contributing to a noticeable decline in the native plant population within these mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-for-resources-nbsp">Fighting for resources&nbsp;</h2>



The ecological dynamic described by Valliere can be likened to a depleting bank account, where the "deposits" - in the form of seeds ready to sprout following fires - are not being adequately replenished.&nbsp;



While fire serves as a vital ecological catalyst, recycling nutrients back into the soil for the dormant seeds to utilize upon the next rainfall, invasive species, benefiting from an early start, rapid growth, and higher seed production, are outcompeting the natives.&nbsp;



These invaders exploit the nitrogen and other nutrients from vehicle emissions, effectively winning the essential resources of water and sunlight and inhibiting the growth and maturation of native plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The 2013 Springs Fire offered Valliere and his team, including colleagues from <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/">UC Riverside </a>and the <a href="https://www.nps.gov/index.htm">National Park Service</a>, a unique window to study the effects of wildfire coupled with nitrogen enrichment on native vegetation.&nbsp;



By simulating the nitrogen levels typical of Los Angeles smog in the Santa Monica Mountains test plots, the research demonstrated an accelerated decline of native plants in nitrogen-enhanced soils, post-wildfire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



The study's findings underscore the precarious balance native plants maintain and the dire consequences of their decline, including the potential loss of native pollinators and increased risk of mudslides.&nbsp;



Valliere's research serves as a stark reminder of the broader implications of air pollution on fire-adapted ecosystems globally, raising concerns about biodiversity in regions similar to the Mediterranean basin, southern Africa, and Australia.



As Valliere warns, the intrusion of urban smog into these delicate ecosystems could spell disaster for their biodiversity, emphasizing the urgent need for strategies to mitigate these impacts and preserve the natural splendor and ecological balance of fire-prone landscapes.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17117" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Native wildflowers that thrive after fire are facing new challenges

The arrival of spring in the Santa Monica Mountains, located...

The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the lungs of our planet, is edging closer to a critical tipping point that could trigger a widespread ecological collapse with far-reaching implications for the global climate system.



This dire warning comes from an international team of researchers, including experts from the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> (PIK). 



The study reveals a harrowing scenario in which up to 47 percent of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-is-drying-out-with-far-reaching-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazonian</a> forest could be lost, underscoring the urgent need for global and local action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-stressors-on-the-amazon-rainforest">Multiple stressors on the Amazon rainforest</h2>



“The Southeastern Amazon has already shifted from a carbon sink to a source - meaning that the current amount of human pressure is too high for the region to maintain its status as a rainforest over the long term," said study co-author Boris Sakschewski.



"But the problem doesn't stop there. Since rainforests enrich the air with a lot of moisture which forms the basis of precipitation in the west and south of the continent, losing forest in one place can lead to losing forest in another in a self-propelling feedback loop or simply ‘tipping.’”



The researchers pinpointed the multifaceted stressors weakening the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-warming-amazon-deforestation-has-far-reaching-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon's resilience</a>, including increased temperatures, droughts, deforestation, and fires. 



By 2050, these disturbances are expected to threaten up to 47 percent of Amazonian forests, edging them closer to a tipping point beyond which recovery might be impossible.&nbsp;



The researchers identified five critical drivers of this tipping point: global warming, annual rainfall amounts, rainfall seasonality intensity, dry season length, and accumulated deforestation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-impact-of-the-amazon-rainforest">Far-reaching impact of the Amazon rainforest</h2>



The experts propose safe boundaries for these drivers to prevent crossing the tipping point, such as maintaining mean annual rainfall above 1000 mm to ensure the rainforest's existence.



“We found for example that for mean annual rainfall below 1,000 mm per year, the Amazon rainforest cannot exist. However, below 1,800 mm per year, abrupt transitions from rainforest to a Savanna-like vegetation become possible. This can be triggered by individual droughts or forest fires, which both have become more frequent and more severe in recent years," explained study co-author Da Nian.



The study also highlights the broader impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brazilian-amazon-crisis-deforestation-is-escalating-in-indigenous-territories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon forest loss</a> on global warming and regional precipitation patterns. The flows of atmospheric moisture from the Amazon, known as "flying rivers," are essential for the South American Monsoon system and, by extension, rainfall across the continent. 



Furthermore, the carbon stored in the Amazon, equivalent to 15-20 years of current human CO2 emissions, underscores the global stakes of preserving this rainforest.



Study lead author Bernardo Flores raised concerns about the compounding disturbances within the Amazon's core.&nbsp;



“Compounding disturbances are increasingly common within the core of the Amazon," said Flores. "If these disturbances act in synergy, we may observe unexpected ecosystem transitions in areas previously considered as resilient, such as the moist forests of the western and central Amazon.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-reinforced-forest-loss">Self-reinforced forest loss</h2>



The researchers investigated the consequences of disturbed forests across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazons-rainforests-are-at-risk-of-transforming-into-dry-grassy-savannas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon</a>, noting that some areas might recover but remain in a degraded state, while others may transition to an open-canopy, flammable state, exacerbating the spread of fires. 



“We have evidence showing that rising temperatures, extreme droughts and fires can affect how the forest functions and change which tree species can integrate the forest system," said study co-author Dr. Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert.



"With the acceleration of global change there’s an increasing likelihood that we will see positive feedback loops in which, rather than being able to repair itself, the forest loss becomes self-reinforced.”&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06970-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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The Amazon rainforest is approaching widespread collapse 

The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the lungs of...

Korean scientists have pioneered a novel food technology that combines the traditional staple of rice with lab-grown animal cells, introducing "cultured beef rice" as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/animal-muscle_fat-cells_rice-grains_frankenfood_Yonsei-university_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viable meat alternative</a> for a planet in crisis. 



In a world grappling with the dual challenges of environmental sustainability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ethical food production</a>, this fascinating innovation emerged from South Korea, promising a new dawn for alternative protein sources. 



This technology aims to mitigate the environmental and ethical quandaries posed by industrial agriculture while offering a nutritious and flavorful alternative that could revolutionize our dietary habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-cultured-beef-rice">The science of cultured beef rice</h2>



This new study details how scientists have successfully grown animal muscle and fat cells within rice grains, creating a hybrid food that could significantly reduce our carbon footprint while providing an affordable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-says-theres-no-difference-between-meat-and-plant-based-sausages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protein source</a>. 



The essence of this breakthrough lies in its potential to harness the nutritional benefits of rice, already a high-nutrient food, and elevate them by integrating the protein-rich cells of livestock.



Sohyeon Park, the study's first author, under the mentorship of Jinkee Hong at <a href="https://www.yonsei.ac.kr/en_sc/index.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yonsei University</a>, envisions a future where our nutritional needs are met through such cell-cultured protein rice. 



The science behind this marvel involves mimicking the natural growth environment of animal cells by leveraging the structural properties of rice grains. 



These grains, characterized by their porosity and organized structure, offer an ideal scaffold for housing animal cells, which are nourished and grown to maturity within this unique medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-power-and-traditional-texture">Nutritional power and traditional texture</h2>



The process begins with coating rice grains in fish gelatin, a safe and edible substance that enhances cell adherence. 



Following this, cow muscle and fat stem cells are introduced into the grains, where they are cultured over a period of 9 to 11 days. 



The result is a safe, allergy-friendly cultured beef rice that promises a new frontier in food technology.



Through rigorous food industry analyses, the researchers discovered that this hybrid rice boasts a protein content 8% higher and a fat content 7% greater than that of regular rice. 



Notably, its texture is firmer and its flavor profile varies according to the ratio of muscle to fat cells, offering a diverse palate ranging from beef and almond to cream, butter, and coconut oil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-cultured-beef-rice">Environmental impact of cultured beef rice</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental benefits</a> of this innovation cannot be overstated. Traditional livestock production is resource-intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. 



In stark contrast, cultured beef rice presents a sustainable alternative, producing protein with a carbon footprint dramatically lower than that of conventional beef. 



Preliminary estimates suggest that for every 100 g of protein, this hybrid rice could reduce CO2 emissions to less than 6.27 kg, compared to the 49.89 kg associated with beef production.



Moreover, the economic implications are equally promising. While traditional beef retails at $14.88 per kilogram, cultured beef rice could be produced for as little as $2.23 per kilogram. 



This cost-effectiveness, combined with low food safety risks and a relatively straightforward production process, positions cultured beef rice as a viable commercial product in the near future.



The research team is now focused on optimizing the growth conditions within the rice grains to further enhance the nutritional value of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-meat-and-dairy-alternatives-will-dramatically-transform-the-global-food-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hybrid food</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultured-beef-rice-global-impact-of-harvesting-hope">Cultured beef rice: Global impact of harvesting hope</h2>



Their success has not only exceeded expectations but also opened up a world of possibilities for rice-based hybrid foods. 



From providing relief in famine-stricken areas to serving as military rations or space food, the potential applications are vast and varied.



In summary, as we look toward the horizon of food innovation, cultured beef rice stands as a testament to human ingenuity and our commitment to sustainability. 



This important development promises to enrich our diets with a more nutritious and environmentally friendly protein source while setting a new standard for the global food industry. 



By blending the ancient staple of rice with the latest in cellular agriculture, scientists offer a solution that could significantly reduce our ecological footprint, combat food scarcity, and open up new avenues for culinary exploration. 



As we move forward, cultured beef rice embodies the potential to reshape our relationship with food, offering a sustainable, affordable, and versatile option that aligns with the pressing environmental and ethical demands of our time.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S259023852400016X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matter</a>.



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Frankenfood: Beef grown inside rice cells that is tasty, healthy, and affordable

Korean scientists have pioneered a novel food technology that combines...

Reforestation,Through,Replanting,In,Mixed,Forest

Recent research unveils a compelling narrative about the eastern United States' reforestation efforts in the 20th century and their significant role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-planting-campaigns-fall-short-of-successful-reforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitigating climate change</a>. 



This important study serves as a prime example of the vital function forests play in cooling our environment, offering a dual strategy of climate adaptation alongside reducing carbon emissions.



“It’s all about figuring out how much forests can cool down our environment and the extent of the effect,” said Mallory Barnes, lead author of the study and an environmental scientist at <a href="https://www.iu.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indiana University</a>. 



“This knowledge is key not only for large-scale reforestation projections aimed at climate mitigation, but also for initiatives like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/us-cities-are-about-to-get-a-lot-greener-with-1-billion-for-tree-planting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban tree planting</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reforestation-as-a-climate-shield">Reforestation as a climate shield</h2>



Historically, the eastern United States was a vast expanse of temperate forests, which underwent drastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-directly-linked-to-atmospheric-mercury-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> from the late 18th to the early 20th centuries due to timber harvests and agricultural expansion. 



Remarkably, around 15 million hectares of forest have regrown since the 1930s, marking a significant ecological recovery. 



Kim Novick, is co-author of the study and also an environmental scientist at Indiana University, reflected on the scale of this transformation. 



“The extent of the deforestation that happened in the eastern United States is remarkable, and the consequences were grave. It was a dramatic land cover change, and not that long ago," Novick explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-cooling-effect">Science behind the cooling effect</h2>



This reforestation has occurred parallel to global warming, with North America experiencing an average <a href="https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-us-and-global-temperature" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature rise</a> of 0.7°C (1.23°F). 



However, the East Coast and Southeast of the United States have seen a cooling of about 0.3°C (0.5°F) from 1900 to 2000, intriguingly referred to as a "warming hole" by climate scientists due to its unexpected lack of warming. 



While previous theories pointed to aerosols, agriculture, or increased precipitation as potential causes, Barnes and Novick's research suggests the significant impact of reforestation in this cooling phenomenon.



“This widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-plants-used-in-reforestation-projects-do-not-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">history of reforestation</a>, a huge shift in land cover, hasn’t been widely studied for how it could’ve contributed to the anomalous lack of warming in the eastern U.S., which climate scientists call a ‘warming hole,’” Barnes said. “That’s why we initially set out to do this work.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forests-as-natural-air-conditioners">Forests as natural air conditioners</h2>



Their investigation employed satellite data and measurements from 58 meteorological towers to compare forested areas with grasslands and croplands. 



They discovered that today's forests in the eastern U.S. cool the land's surface by 1 to 2°C (1.8 to 3.6°F) annually, with the most substantial cooling during midday in summer. 



This effect extends beyond the surface, as forests also lower near-surface air temperatures by up to 1°C (1.8°F), providing critical relief during the hottest parts of the day.



By analyzing historical land cover and daily weather data from 398 weather stations, the team found that weather stations surrounded by forests were up to 1°C (1.8°F) cooler than those in deforested areas. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-us-climate-impact-of-reforestation">Broader US climate impact of reforestation</h2>



This cooling even affected areas up to 300 meters (984 feet) from the forests, indicating the broad reach of reforestation's cooling effect. 



Although other factors like agricultural irrigation might also influence regional temperatures, reforestation emerges as a significant contributor to the observed cooling.



Barnes expressed enthusiasm about their contribution to resolving the mystery behind the eastern United States' lesser warming rate.



“It’s exciting to be able to contribute additional information to the long-standing and perplexing question of, ‘Why hasn’t the eastern United States warmed at a rate commensurate with the rest of the world?’” Barnes said. “We can’t explain all of the cooling, but we propose that reforestation is an important part of the story.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-reforestation-in-us-climate-strategy">Future of reforestation in US climate strategy</h2>



In summary, this research highlights the carbon sequestration and storage benefits of reforestation in the eastern United States and positions it as a crucial tool for climate adaptation. 



However, the authors caution that reforestation's impact can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazonian-dark-earth-could-be-used-to-boost-tree-reforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vary by region</a>. In snow-covered boreal areas, for example, adding trees could lead to warming. 



Moreover, reforestation can influence precipitation, cloud cover, and other regional processes, underscoring the need for careful consideration of environmental factors in forest management strategies.



In essence, the study affirms the pivotal role of reforestation in climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, providing future guidance in the battle against climate change. 



Through careful planning and continued research, forests can serve as invaluable allies in securing a cooler, more sustainable future for our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF003663" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s Future</a>.



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Success story: Reforestation has helped keep the eastern US relatively cool

Recent research unveils a compelling narrative about the eastern United...

Over the past 30 years, Greenland has witnessed a significant transformation of its land mass. The warming climate has transformed once icy and snowy regions of the country into barren landscapes, wetlands, and shrubby areas ripe with plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-a-greener-greenland-reveals-shocking-reality-of-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green vegetation</a>. 



Approximately 11,000 square miles (28,707 square kilometers) of its ice sheet and glaciers have melted, an area comparable to the size of Albania. This significant loss accounts for about 1.6% of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-ice-shelves-have-lost-over-35-percent-of-their-volume/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">total ice coverage</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-stories-uncovering-greenland-s-vegetation">Satellite stories: Uncovering Greenland's vegetation</h2>



This transformation is a direct consequence of rising air temperatures, which not only accelerate ice retreat but also affect land surface temperatures, greenhouse gas emissions, and landscape stability.



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a> have meticulously analyzed satellite data from the 1980s to the 2010s to track these changes. Their findings reveal the profound impact of warmer temperatures on Greenland's land cover.



<a href="https://environment.leeds.ac.uk/faculty/staff/1012/jonathan-carrivick" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Carrivick</a>, a key author of the study, emphasizes the linkage between rising temperatures and the observed land cover changes.



“Warmer temperatures are linked to the land cover changes that we are seeing on Greenland," Carrivick said. “By analyzing high resolution satellite images, we have been able to produce a detailed record of the land cover changes that are taking place.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vanishing-vistas-greenland-s-ice-loss-exposed">Vanishing vistas: Greenland's ice loss exposed</h2>



The ice loss predominantly occurs around the peripheries of existing glaciers and is notably pronounced in the north, south-west, west, mid-north-west, and south-east of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>. 



Concurrently, the land area covered by vegetation has more than doubled, expanding by 33,774 square miles (87,475 square kilometers) over three decades. 



This increase in vegetation is especially marked in the south-west, east, and north-east of Greenland, with a significant rise in dense wetland vegetation near Kangerlussuaq in the south-west and in isolated regions in the north-east.



Carrivick points out that the receding ice is setting off a cascade of environmental responses, leading to further ice loss and the 'greening' of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mysterious-arc-joins-ice-on-a-fjord-in-western-greenland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>. 



"We have seen signs that the loss of ice is triggering other reactions which will result in further loss of ice and further ‘greening’ of Greenland, where shrinking ice exposes bare rock that is then colonized by tundra and eventually shrub," Carrivick explained.



“At the same time, water released from the melting ice is moving sediment and silt, and that eventually forms wetlands and fenlands.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappearing-ice-alters-global-temperatures">Disappearing ice alters global temperatures</h2>



This phenomenon sees exposed bare rock gradually become colonized by tundra and eventually shrub. The melting ice also contributes to the formation of wetlands and fenlands by moving sediment and silt.



The retreat of ice impacts land surface temperatures through the albedo effect, where snow and ice, being highly reflective, help maintain cooler global temperatures. 



As ice recedes, it unveils bedrock that absorbs more solar energy, thereby increasing land surface temperatures. 



Melting ice also feeds into lakes, further raising temperatures since water absorbs more solar energy than snow and ice.



The research highlights a near fourfold increase in wetlands across Greenland, particularly in the east and north-east, which are significant sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-absorbs-more-methane-than-it-emits-surprising-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a>. 



The expansion of vegetation and wetlands not only signals but also exacerbates permafrost thaw, active layer thickening, and the release of greenhouse gases previously trapped in Arctic soils.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-floods-flora-and-vegetation-for-future-greenland">Floods, flora and vegetation for future Greenland</h2>



The team also developed a model predicting areas on Greenland likely to undergo marked and accelerated changes in the future. 



Dr. Michael Grimes, lead author of the report, notes the simultaneous expansion of vegetation and retreat of ice and glaciers as significantly altering the flow of sediments and nutrients into coastal waters. 



“These changes are critical, particularly for the indigenous populations whose traditional subsistence hunting practices rely on the stability of these delicate ecosystems," says Grimes.



"The loss of ice mass in Greenland is a substantial contributor to global sea level rise, a trend that poses significant challenges both now and in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenland-s-wake-up-call">Greenland's wake-up call</h2>



In summary, Greenland's dramatic transformation underscores the urgent need for global action against climate change. 



As ice retreats and vegetation expands, the island's landscape undergoes profound changes, signaling broader environmental shifts that affect not only local ecosystems and indigenous communities but also contribute significantly to rising global sea levels. 



The results of the University of Leeds' study presented above vividly illustrates the cascading effects of warmer temperatures, offering an urgent call to action to address the root causes of climate change. 



By understanding these changes and their impacts, we can work towards mitigating future risks and preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52124-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Greenland is becoming a 'green' land as melting ice is replaced with vegetation

Over the past 30 years, Greenland has witnessed a significant...

Deforestation.,Smoke,And,Fire,As,Rainforest,Cut,And,Burned,For

A recent study has unveiled a startling connection between deforestation and mercury emissions, shedding light on a largely overlooked environmental challenge.



The research from MIT reveals that global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-brands-fail-to-fight-against-deforestation-and-human-rights-violations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> is responsible for approximately 10 percent of human-made <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-mercury-emissions-have-skyrocketed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury emissions</a> annually, emphasizing the critical role of the world's forests, from the Amazon rainforest to the savannahs of sub-Saharan Africa, in purifying the air of this toxic pollutant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overlooked-link-between-deforestation-and-mercury-emissions">Overlooked link between deforestation and mercury emissions</h2>



Ari Feinberg, the study's lead author and a former postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society (<a href="https://idss.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IDSS</a>), highlighted the significance of this finding, particularly for tropical regions. 



“We’ve been overlooking a significant source of mercury, especially in tropical regions,” says Feinberg.



The study demonstrates that the Amazon rainforest alone contributes about 30 percent to the global land mercury sink. This underscores the importance of halting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-warming-amazon-deforestation-has-far-reaching-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon deforestation</a> as a means to significantly mitigate mercury pollution.



Moreover, the research team, which includes Noelle Selin, Martin Jiskra, Pasquale Borrelli, and Jagannath Biswakarma, found that global reforestation efforts could increase mercury uptake by an estimated 5 percent annually. 



While reforestation is crucial, the team stresses that it cannot replace the need for comprehensive pollution control efforts worldwide. 



Selin, a professor at IDSS and the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences at <a href="https://eaps.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, points out the urgency of integrating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>-related emissions into broader environmental policies. 



This is especially true given the substantial contribution of these emissions to the global mercury problem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-role-of-forests">The crucial role of forests</h2>



Historically, the focus on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brazilian-amazon-crisis-deforestation-is-escalating-in-indigenous-territories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> has predominantly been on its role in carbon dioxide emissions. However, this study brings to light the terrestrial biosphere's significant yet underappreciated role in the global mercury cycle. 



Mercury, unlike carbon dioxide, does not serve a biological function for plants but is instead absorbed by leaves and eventually transferred to the soil, where it is more securely contained. 



This process helps mitigate the risk of mercury entering water bodies and becoming methylmercury, a potent neurotoxin that poses significant risks to human health through the consumption of contaminated fish.



Feinberg further explains the vital ecosystem service provided by forests in sequestering mercury, thereby reducing the prevalence of toxic methylmercury in oceans. 



“In soils, mercury is much more tightly bound than it would be if it were deposited in the ocean. The forests are doing a sort of ecosystem service, in that they are sequestering mercury for longer timescales,” says Feinberg.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methodology-and-key-findings">Methodology and key findings</h2>



Despite the attention on industrial mercury sources, such as fossil fuel combustion and small-scale gold mining, the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-in-forest-restoration-and-the-battle-against-deforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> had not been adequately considered until this study.



The research utilized a sophisticated chemical transport model to examine mercury emissions resulting from deforestation across various global regions. 



Overcoming challenges in data collection, particularly in heavily deforested regions like tropical Africa and Southeast Asia, the team employed innovative modeling techniques to enhance their understanding of deforestation's impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury emissions</a>.



The findings are stark: about 200 tons of mercury are emitted annually due to deforestation, accounting for a significant portion of total human-made emissions. 



In countries like Brazil, deforestation emissions comprise an even larger share, highlighting the urgent need for targeted policy interventions.



Feinberg's comparison of deforestation to the world's second-highest mercury emitter, after China, underscores the gravity of the situation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lowering-mercury-emissions-by-reducing-deforestation">Lowering mercury emissions by reducing deforestation</h2>



As the <a href="https://minamataconvention.org/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Minamata Convention</a> seeks to address primary mercury emissions, the role of deforestation is poised to become increasingly significant.



Selin emphasizes the interconnectedness of environmental systems and the need for holistic understanding and solutions. 



“Policies to protect forests or cut them down have unintended effects beyond their target. It is important to consider the fact that these are systems, and they involve human activities, and we need to understand them better in order to actually solve the problems that we know are out there,” Selin says.



In summary, this eye-opening study illuminates the critical but often overlooked link between deforestation and mercury emissions, revealing that forests play a vital role in mitigating air pollution by absorbing a significant portion of human-made mercury. 



Highlighting the Amazon's pivotal contribution and calling for global reforestation efforts, this important research underscores the necessity of integrating deforestation-related emissions into comprehensive environmental policies. 



The work of Ari Feinberg and his team shifts the narrative on the environmental impact of deforestation and serves as a call to action for policymakers, researchers, and the global community to adopt a holistic approach to environmental stewardship, ensuring the preservation of our planet's forests and the health of its ecosystems for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c07851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a>.



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Global deforestation directly linked to atmospheric mercury emissions

A recent study has unveiled a startling connection between deforestation...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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