Acipenser transmontanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=d55013d210f7439f8ca981b3b73576f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j69i59.492j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is a species of sturgeon in the family Acipenseridae of the order Acipenseriformes. They are an anadromous fish species ranging in the Eastern Pacific; from the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey, California. However, some are landlocked in the Columbia River Drainage, Montana, and Lake Shasta in California, with reported sightings in northern Baja California, Mexico.Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) &gt; Acipenseriformes (Sturgeons and paddlefishes) &gt; Acipenseridae (Sturgeons) &gt; Acipenserinae Etymology: : Latin, = sturgeon, 1853 (Ref. 45335); transmontanus: The specific name is derived from the Latin acipenser (sturgeon), trans (beyond), and montanus (mountain) (Ref. 27436).More on author: Richardson.

Acipenser transmontanus

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Acrocephalus luscinia NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=cd15138958b44bb2b853b45f848f47f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.896j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The nightingale reed warbler, or Guam reed warbler, was a songbird endemic to Guam. It has not been seen since the 1960.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Geographic Information Geographic Division: Oceania : Jurisdiction/Origin: Central Pacific Territories, Native : Comments Comment: US ESA: Listed Endangered, included in the U.S. List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife, as published in Federal Register Volume 39, Number 3, Pages 1158 - 1185, January 04, 1974. The Nightingale Reed-warbler ( Acrocephalus luscinia) is a critically endangered songbird of the Mariana Islands. The Chamorro name for the bird is ga`ga` karisu (bird of the reeds). The species is approximately 17 cm (7 inches) long, and is greyish olive-brown above with a pale-yellow underside. It inhabits wetlands, thickets and the margins of forests. the female is slightly smaller than the male

Acrocephalus luscinia

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NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Acrocephalus percernis aquilonis

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Acropora cervicornis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/faking-death-is-a-good-way-for-animals-to-stay-alive/">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Acropora cervicornis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=ac3a31fd59c1443a823a552b0b8ce0fc&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.736j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. The staghorn coral is a branching, stony coral with cylindrical branches ranging from a few centimetres to over two metres in length and height. It occurs in back reef and fore reef environments from 0 to 30 m depth. The upper limit is defined by wave forces, and the lower limit is controlled by suspended sediments and light availability. Fore reef zones at intermediate depths 5–25 m were formerly dominated by extensive single-species stands of staghorn coral until the mid-1980s. This coral exhibits the fastest growth of all known western Atlantic fringe corals, with branches increasing in length by 10–20 cm per year. This has been one of the three most important Caribbean corals in terms of its contribution to reef growth and fishery habitat.

Acropora cervicornis

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Acropora globiceps NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=fish&amp;cvid=28c5caf155a040a0b5ba0d7f18616e39&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j0l6.615j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acropora globiceps is a species of acroporid coral found in the oceanic central and western Pacific Ocean and central Indo-Pacific. It can also be found in the Great Barrier Reef, the Philippines, the Andaman Islands, Polynesia, Micronesia and the Pitcairn Islands. It occurs on the slopes of reefs, the flats of reefs, in tropical shallow reefs, and at depths of around 8 metres. It was described by Dana in 1846.Acropora globiceps is a species of acroporid coral found in the oceanic central and western Pacific Ocean and central Indo-Pacific. It can also be found in the Great Barrier Reef, the Philippines, the Andaman Islands, Polynesia, Micronesia and the Pitcairn Islands. It occurs on the slopes of reefs, the flats of reefs, in tropical shallow reefs, and at depths of around 8 metres (26 ft). It was described by Dana in 1846.

Acropora globiceps

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Acropora jacquelinae NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=345cd6ae545046caa56c2600f83bb918&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.756j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. 1994 Plating Acropora. Likely Reef Tank Suitable. Likely Fish-Only Tank Suitable. Range: Indo-West Pacific Ocean: Bali, Indonesia, and Philippines where it is (Uncommon). Natural Environment: Inhabits protected reef slopes and lagoons and usually seen at depths between 50 to 100 feet (15 - 30 m).

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acropora jacquelineae is a species of acroporid coral found in the eastern Indian Ocean and the central and western Pacific Ocean. It can be found offshore of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Samoan Islands, and the Solomon Islands. It occurs in tropical shallow reefs on reef slopes and flats in subtidal areas, at depths of around between 15 and 35 metres. It was described by Carden Wallace in 1994.

Acropora jacquelinae

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Acropora lokani NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Acropora lokani is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by C. C. Wallace in 1994. Found in marine, shallow reefs and sheltered lagoons, it occurs at depths between 8 and 25 m. It is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, and is believed to have a decreasing population. It is not common but found over a large area, including in three regions of Indonedia, and is listed under CITES Appendix II.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acropora lokani is a very common deeper water Acropora that is common in Indonesia and widespread through the Indo-Pacific. The lokani Acro has been farmed by the thousands for many years, decades even, so in that time we thought we’d seen it all. It usually grows from 15 m (45ft) deep all the way down to over 50 m (150 ft).

Acropora lokani

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Acropora palmata NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=8503ba2cbf444d8f94147e57b381cb51&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.850j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Elkhorn coral (Acropora palmata) is an important reef-building coral in the Caribbean. The species has a complex structure with many branches which resemble that of elk antlers; hence, the common name. The branching structure creates habitat and shelter for many other reef species. Elkhorn coral is known to grow quickly with an average growth rate of 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) per year. They can reproduce both sexually and asexually, though asexual reproduction is much more common and occurs through a process called fragmentation. Although Elkhorn coral dominated the Caribbean in the early 1980s, the species has since dramatically declined in numbers. Scientists have estimated that between 1980 and 2006, when it was listed in the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the population declined by around 97%. This decline was due to a variety of factors, including disease, algae growth, climate change, ocean acidification, and human activity. In May 2006, Elkhorn coral was officially listed as threatened in the ESA along with another species in the Acropora genus, Staghorn coral. Some conservation efforts are now in place to protect the species and promote increased genetic variability among the species.

Acropora palmata

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Acropora pharaonis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=d07acee5239d479da9f7b1835bcd4633&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.785j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acropora pharaonis is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by Milne-Edwards and Haime in 1860. Found in marine, tropical, reefs on slopes sheltered from wave action, it occurs at depths of between 5 and 25 m. It is classed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, and it has a decreasing population. It is common and found over a large area and is classified under CITES Appendix II. Acropora is a genus of small polyp stony coral in the phylum Cnidaria. Some of its species are known as table coral, elkhorn coral, and staghorn coral. Over 149 species are described. Acropora species are some of the major reef corals responsible for building the immense calcium carbonate substructure that supports the thin living skin of a reef.

Acropora pharaonis

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Acropora retusa NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/faking-death-is-a-good-way-for-animals-to-stay-alive/">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acropora retusa is a species of coral found in U.S. waters in Guam, American Samoa, and the Pacific Remote Island Areas. Colonies of Acropora retusa are made up of flat plates with short, thick finger-like branches. Branches look rough and spiky because radial corallites are variable in length. Colonies are typically brown or green in color.

Colonies are flat plates with short thick digitate branchlets. Corallites have thick rounded walls and wide openings. Axial corallites are indistinct. Radial corallites are appressed, becoming nariform near branch ends.Acropora retusa Dana, 1846 Infos from AIMS: Characters: Colonies are flat plates with short thick digitate branchlets. Corallites have thick rounded walls and wide openings. Axial corallites are indistinct. Radial corallites are appressed, becoming nariform near branch ends.

Acropora retusa

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Acropora rudis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mistastin-lake-in-labrador-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Acropora rudis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=84f1e8e9658b4caea7e69e7c7dff2555&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j69i59j0j69i60l3.1774j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Acropora rudis

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Acropora speciosa NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S.<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=fish&amp;cvid=28c5caf155a040a0b5ba0d7f18616e39&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j0l6.615j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acropora speciosa is a species of acroporid coral found in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, the southwest and northern Indian Ocean, the central Indo-Pacific, Southeast Asia, Japan, the East China Sea, eastern Australia and the oceanic west and central Pacific Ocean. It occurs in shallow reefs at depths of 2 to 25 metres.Acropora speciosa is hands-down one of the most exquisite species of all Acropora. This deepwater style stony coral comes to us mostly as farmed specimens from Bali Aquarium and its potential as an aquarium coral has not yet been well established.Genus: Acropora. Color: Pink, Yellow. Feeding: Photosynthetic. Flow: High. Lighting: High. Photo Courtesy of: N/A. A very finicky coral, experts only.

Acropora speciosa

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Acropora tenella NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=b465a6a06aa04b25a2b750c94d1fc9be&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.591j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Acropora tenella is a species of acroporid coral found in the central Indo-Pacific, southeast Asia, Japan, the East China Sea and the oceanic western Pacific Ocean. It occurs on lower slopes of reefs at depths of 25 to 70 metres.Acropora tenella is a species of coral likely found in in the Coral Triangle area (the Philippines to Timor Leste and east to the Solomon Islands). There are also confirmed records of this species in southern Japan, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands.is one of the lesser known ‘deep water’ or ‘naked’ style Acros, and it can be quite beautiful and colorful too. However a recent observation of this species in the coral obliterates the maximum known depth for this genus in the Coral Sea. A lush colony of Acropora tenella growing at 30 meters or around 100 feet deep.

Acropora tenella

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Addax nasomaculatus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Addax nasomaculatus ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=530cb60b34904394a0364cf9e97deb56&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.660j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The addax (Addax nasomaculatus), also known as the white antelope and the screwhorn antelope, is an antelope native to the Sahara Desert. The only member of the genus Addax, it was first described scientifically by Henri de Blainville in 1816. As suggested by its alternative name, this pale antelope has long, twisted horns - typically 55 to 80 cm (22 to 31 in) in females and 70 to 85 cm (28 to 33 in) in males. Males stand from 105 to 115 cm (41 to 45 in) at the shoulder, with females at 95 to 110 cm (37 to 43 in). They are sexually dimorphic, as the females are smaller than the males. The colour of the coat depends on the season - in the winter, it is greyish-brown with white hindquarters and legs, and long,

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Addax nasomaculatus

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Adelocosa anops NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The Kauaʻi cave wolf spider (Adelocosa anops, the only species in the genus Adelocosa), also known to local residents as the "blind spider", is only known to occur in a few caves in a lava flow with an area of 10.5 km (4.1 sq mi) in the Kōloa–Poʻipū region of Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands, and only six populations are known to exist. While their nearest surface-dwelling relatives have large eyes, this species has completely lost its eyes. They reach a body length around 20 mm (0.8 in), and are reddish brown and completely harmless

Adelocosa anops

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Aepyceros melampus petersi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Aepyceros melampus petersi ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=ac3a31fd59c1443a823a552b0b8ce0fc&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.736j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The impala is a medium-sized antelope found in eastern and southern Africa. The sole member of the genus Aepyceros, it was first described to European audiences by German zoologist Hinrich Lichtenstein in 1812. Two subspecies are recognised—the common impala, and the larger and darker black-faced impala. The impala reaches 70–92 centimetres (28–36 inches) at the shoulder and weighs 40–76 kg (88–168 lb).

It features a glossy, reddish brown coat. The male's slender, lyre-shaped horns are 45–92 centimetres (18–36 inches) long. Active mainly during the day, the impala may be gregarious or territorial depending upon the climate and geography. Three distinct social groups can be observed: the territorial males, bachelor herds and female herds. The impala is known for two characteristic leaps that constitute an anti-predator strategy. Browsers as well as grazers, impala feed on monocots, dicots, forbs, fruits and acacia pods (whenever available).

Aepyceros melampus petersi

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Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=016b386b05cb474f8eb67197eafef84b&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.640j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi (Mariana gray swiftlet) has a long, narrow body with sooty black upper parts and a slightly paler rump. The underparts are dark gray but with a brownish tinge. Some white is present at the base of the feathers in the loreal region. The tarsi are naked and the irises are dark hazel. This species does not display sexual dimorphism in coloration. The taxonomy of this group of swiftlets is in much debate. Virtually all current authorities recognize bartschi as either a subspecie

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi

Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer...

Agelaius xanthomus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=ac3a31fd59c1443a823a552b0b8ce0fc&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i57j69i60l3j0.736j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. The Yellow-shouldered Blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus), also known as La Mariquita de Puerto Rico or Capitán, is a diurnal blackbird endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico and one of the species belonging to the Agelaius genus of the Icteridae family.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The yellow-shouldered blackbird, also known as la Mariquita de Puerto Rico or capitán, is a diurnal blackbird endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico and belongs to the genus Agelaius of the family Icteridae. It has black plumage with a prominent yellow shoulder on its wing. Adult males and females are of similar appearance. The species is predominantly insectivorous.

Agelaius xanthomus

Agelaius xanthomus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Agelastes meleagrides NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.The white-breasted guineafowl is a medium-sized, up to 45 cm long, terrestrial bird of the guineafowl family.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The white-breasted guineafowl (Agelastes meleagrides) is a medium-sized, up to 45 cm long, terrestrial bird of the guineafowl family. It has a black plumage with a small, bare, red head, white breast, long, black tail, greenish-brown bill, and greyish feet. The sexes are similar, although the female is slightly smaller than the male.White-breasted Guineafowl [English] Geographic Information Geographic Division: Africa : Jurisdiction/Origin: Comments Comment: Listed as Threatened under U.S. Endangered Species Act, and as Vulnerable on IUCN Red List …

Agelastes meleagrides

Agelastes meleagrides NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered species Mycena crocata, they often imagine tropical rainforests where such exotic wonders may be more commonly found. 



However, bioluminescent fungi are not limited to tropical regions - they also live in unexpected places.



In Zurich, artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf have dedicated more than ten years to studying and showcasing these glowing organisms. 



Their work highlights the beauty and presence of bioluminescent fungi close to home, and proves that extraordinary natural phenomena can be found even in familiar surroundings.



"We want to show that these bioluminescent mushrooms are present in Swiss forests and that we do not have to travel far to find them," said Baggenstos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-glowing-mushrooms">Mycena crocata - glowing mushrooms</h2>



One evening, while exploring a forest in Zurich’s Albisrieden neighborhood, the duo spotted green light through their camera. 



"Nowadays we always have our mobile phones or a flashlight, but to see bioluminescence in the forest, it has to be pitch black," Rudolf explained.



Initially, they believed the glowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-can-think-and-make-smart-decisions-without-a-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> to be Mycena haematopus. Upon closer investigation in their studio, however, they identified it as Mycena crocata, the saffron drop bonnet mushroom. 



This species, known for its saffron-colored milk, had never been described as bioluminescent before.



The artists documented their findings with photographs and light measurements, uncovering this hidden brilliance. 



In darkness, the mycelium - the underground network of the mushroom - emits a green glow that even causes decaying wood to light up.



Under ideal conditions, their cultivated mycelia glowed for 164 days.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crossing-art-and-science">Crossing art and science</h2>



Collaborating with mycologist Renate Heinzelmann from the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (<a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WSL</a>), the artists published their discovery in&nbsp;Mycoscience. 



"Most of the experiments were conducted by the artists. They collected the samples, took the photographs, and made the light measurements," Heinzelmann said, praising their dedication.



Through their research, the artists discovered that the fruiting body (the mushroom itself) of Mycena crocata emits little to no light. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/glowing-mushroom-species_Mycena-crocata_bioluminescence_credit-Baggenstos-Rudolf_1s.webp" alt="Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf" class="wp-image-1956533"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Mycena crocata in the light (left) and in darkness (right). The bioluminescence from the mycelium makes the wood glow. Credit: Baggenstos/Rudolf</figcaption></figure>



Instead, the underground mycelium - the root-like network of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-all-fungi-matter-not-just-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus</a> - is the primary source of its bioluminescence.



This glowing mycelium is capable of lighting up the decaying wood it grows on. When the wood is split open in the dark, it emits a green glow, which can last for up to four hours before gradually fading as the wood dries. 



This fascinating discovery highlights how the less-visible parts of fungi can hold some of their most extraordinary features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-glowing-fungi">Mystery of glowing fungi</h2>



Bioluminescence in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-and-fungi-communicate-using-a-silent-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> happens because of a chemical reaction. A substance called&nbsp;luciferin&nbsp;reacts with an enzyme called&nbsp;luciferase. 



This reaction creates an unstable product that gives off energy as light, allowing the fungi to glow. Unlike other glowing effects like fluorescence, this process doesn’t need light or energy from outside sources; it happens naturally within the fungi.



Although scientists know how this reaction works, they are still unsure why fungi glow. One idea is that the light attracts insects, which might help spread the fungal spores.



However, this doesn’t fully explain the glow of the mycelium, which is hidden underground and doesn’t interact with insects. This mystery suggests there might be another, as yet unknown reason for fungal bioluminescence.



"It seems that bioluminescence has been maintained for a long time, so we assume it has some function," Heinzelmann says. "But it's still a mystery."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycena-crocata-and-swiss-forests">Mycena crocata and Swiss forests</h2>



The discovery of&nbsp;Mycena crocata&nbsp;as a glowing, bioluminescent fungus highlights how much we still don’t know about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural world</a> around us. Local ecosystems hold countless secrets waiting to be explored. 



Bioluminescent fungi, for instance, have fascinated humans for thousands of years. Aristotle described their glow as a “cold fire” over 2,000 years ago, and even now, their mysteries continue to intrigue scientists.



According to mycologist <a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/staff/heinzelm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Renate Heinzelmann</a>, the field of bioluminescence is still in its early stages. She believes that as more people study fungi, more glowing species will be uncovered. "Bioluminescence is under-researched, and the more people look, the more they will find," she states.



The collaborative work of artists Heidy Baggenstos and Andreas Rudolf with scientists demonstrates how blending art and science can reveal nature’s hidden marvels. 



Their discovery serves as a powerful reminder that extraordinary phenomena aren’t always far away - they might be right in our local forests, waiting for someone curious enough to notice them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/mycosci/65/4/65_MYC633/_article" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycoscience</a>.



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New species of glowing mushrooms discovered

When people think about glowing mushrooms, like the newly discovered...

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adding-coffee-grounds-during-the-construction-process-could-reinforce-buildings/">coffee</a>, and other plant-based foods. They have gained increased recognition in the recent past for their potential health benefits.&nbsp;



These vibrant plant chemicals are thought to support heart health, enhance metabolism, and sharpen cognitive function, making them an intriguing area of research for those seeking ways to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-coffee-drinkers-have-a-lower-risk-of-heart-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maintain overall wellness</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broad-range-of-benefits-from-polyphenols">Broad range of benefits from polyphenols</h2>



Polyphenols have been explored for their potential to enhance health in numerous ways, yet much about them remains to be discovered. “Green tea and its bioactive components, especially polyphenols, possess many health-promoting and disease-preventing benefits … [but] have not been well studied,” as one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8234133/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> noted. 



Despite these gaps in understanding, researchers are increasingly intrigued by their possibilities. Studies suggest that polyphenols could play a role in supporting healthy blood pressure, improving skin health, and even aiding in waist size management.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/f.amati" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Federica Amati</a> from the School of Public Health at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/school-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>, these compounds go beyond traditional nutrients like fiber and vitamins, and offer a fascinating glimpse into the complex chemistry of the plants we eat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-and-tastes">Colors and tastes</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/">Plant foods</a> vary in appearance. Some have bright or deep pigments, while others boast a bitter flavor or a peppery kick. That color or pungent quality sometimes indicates a higher presence of polyphenols.&nbsp;



Black olives, deep purple eggplants, and richly colored spinach are believed to contain helpful substances. Tea, coffee, and dark chocolate are also recognized for contributing certain polyphenols, though they shouldn’t be seen as cure-alls.



Polyphenols are a subset of <a href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/human-nutrition-and-food-safety/food-composition/phytonutrients#:~:text=What%20are%20Phytonutrients%3F,other%20types%20of%20phytonutrients%20below." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytonutrients</a>. This wide-ranging family of molecules includes flavonoids, flavanones, lignans, and more. 



Some research highlights the potential of specific varieties, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-every-day-proven-to-delay-biological-aging-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green tea</a> polyphenols, resveratrol in red wine, catechins in tea, and ellagic acid in walnuts. Scientists are still mapping how each type interacts with the body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-and-heart-support">Metabolic and heart support</h2>



Several studies have examined whether consuming more polyphenols aligns with measurements tied to heart wellness, weight control, and broader metabolic function.&nbsp;



One <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401650/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review</a> found that foods containing green tea polyphenols might help sustain immune function and manage inflammatory activity. Such findings have led many people to embrace green tea in their daily routine.



Although caution is wise, especially when interpreting any single study, experts agree on the value of a balanced approach. 



The array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant chemicals</a> in items like blackberries, apples, walnuts, and spinach appears to do more than deliver vitamins or fiber. 



There’s an ongoing conversation about how these interactions may help with general health maintenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-skin-and-healthy-aging">Polyphenols, skin and healthy aging</h2>



The possibility of smooth, glowing skin catches everyone’s attention. Polyphenols have drawn the attention of the anti-aging research community over the past decade. 



The science behind this is still emerging, but one <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3583891/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> suggested that these compounds may support the body’s natural defense processes in response to everyday stressors that contribute to aging.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthier-chocolate-created-by-using-the-entire-cocoa-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dark chocolate</a>, green tea, and certain berries might be especially appealing in this regard. Each offers unique polyphenols that researchers are eager to examine further. 



Daily habits matter, of course, so variety in your diet helps spread out the range of phytonutrients you take in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-gut-connection">The gut connection</h2>



<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8747136/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> often connect polyphenols with gut microbes. Plant molecules can get modified in the intestines, which may amplify or change their effects. 



Some speculate that the interplay between these molecules and our gut environment could be a big factor in everything from mental clarity to how we break down food.



Experts stress that we’re just beginning to understand how these compounds work once they’re exposed to digestive juices and gut bacteria. 



The best advice? Enjoy a diverse menu full of colorful produce, herbs, spices, nuts, and seeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensible-approaches-to-daily-life">Sensible approaches to daily life</h2>



Again, many professionals suggest that variety is key. People who regularly reach for a mix of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes stand to reap wider benefits from the synergy of different nutrients. Relying on any one food is not recommended.



Lifestyle factors like moderate exercise, stress management, and avoiding excessive processed fare remain fundamental. It’s no secret that good health often hinges on consistent, balanced efforts rather than any one miracle source.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foods-that-contain-polyphenols">Foods that contain polyphenols</h2>



Deeply hued fruits like blackberries, blueberries, and plums are believed to hold an array of plant compounds. 



Dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/keeping-leafy-green-vegetables-safe-until-ready-to-eat/">green vegetables</a> and legumes bring color and variety to the plate. Spices such as cloves, cinnamon, and oregano are often praised for their robust polyphenol content. Dark chocolate and coffee remain popular picks, but they should be enjoyed in moderation.



Anyone concerned about medical conditions should consult a qualified practitioner before adjusting their diet. If you get the green light, sprinkling extra herbs on your soup or adding a handful of bright vegetables to your lunch bowl may be a simple start.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyphenols-and-human-health">Polyphenols and human health</h2>



Polyphenols offer a fresh perspective on why color, aroma, and taste in nature’s foods might matter more than we ever realized. 



From green tea to bright spices, there is a growing curiosity about how these substances could contribute to long-term well-being. 



A plate that’s bursting with color might not just be pleasing to the eye - it might be quietly working to support overall health, one forkful at a time.



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How polyphenols promote heart health, youthful skin and a healthy waistline

Polyphenols are natural compounds found abundantly in fruits, vegetables, tea,...

Scientists have unearthed a remarkable ancient forest preserved under ice on the Beartooth Plateau, providing a rare look into how warming climates could reshape alpine ecosystems. 



The study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (<a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412162121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS</a>), analyzes the remnants of a mature whitebark pine forest that once thrived at an elevation of 10,000 feet during a period of warmer temperatures roughly 6,000 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-exposed-by-melting-ice">Ancient forest exposed by melting ice</h2>



The forest, which endured for centuries before cooling temperatures forced it to retreat downslope, was sealed under ice approximately 5,500 years ago due to a shift in summer solar radiation and subsequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-cooling-not-warming-caused-a-major-mass-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic cooling</a>.&nbsp;



“This is pretty dramatic evidence of ecosystem change due to temperature warming. It's an amazing story of how dynamic these systems are,” said David McWethy, one of the study’s authors and an associate professor in Michigan State University (<a href="https://www.montana.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>’s) Department of Earth Sciences.



Unlike glaciers, ice patches do not flow and instead preserve deposited materials such as pollen, charcoal, and macrofossils in their frozen layers. 



These conditions allowed the forest to remain intact until recent warming caused the ice to melt, exposing the ancient remnants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-climate-history">Decoding climate history</h2>



The idea to explore the Beartooth Plateau for ancient climate clues stemmed from earlier discoveries by Craig Lee, now an assistant professor at MSU. 



In 2007, Lee uncovered a 10,300-year-old atlatl fragment in the region, suggesting that layers of ice held vast records of cultural and environmental history.



“Most of our best long-term climate records come from Greenland and Antarctica. It's not a small thing to find ice patches that persisted for that long a time period at lower latitudes in the interior continent,” McWethy noted.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossilized-frozen-forest_whitebark-pine_yellowstone_alpine_credit-Daniel-Stahle_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossilized-frozen-forest_whitebark-pine_yellowstone_alpine_credit-Daniel-Stahle_1s.webp" alt="A whitebark pine subfossil revealed beneath a melting ice patch in the Yellowstone region indicates that a mature forest grew above current tree line about 6,000 years ago, when the temperatures were similar to 20th century conditions and cooler than present. Credit: Daniel Stahle" class="wp-image-1956500"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A whitebark pine subfossil revealed beneath a melting ice patch in the Yellowstone region indicates that a mature forest grew above current tree line about 6,000 years ago, when the temperatures were similar to 20th century conditions and cooler than present. Credit: Daniel Stahle</figcaption></figure>



Building on this discovery, McWethy, Lee, and Greg Pederson, a paleoclimatologist with the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, began investigating the ice patches in 2016. By 2018, their team expanded the project to study additional alpine ice patches in the region.&nbsp;



This collaborative effort involved tribes, federal agencies, and multiple universities and focused on reconstructing the area’s long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-temperature-has-changed-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate history</a> and its influence on Indigenous peoples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-the-ancient-alpine-ecosystem">Reconstructing the ancient alpine ecosystem</h2>



To piece together the story of the forest, the team examined multiple elements of this alpine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-ecosystems-are-thrown-off-balance-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. Using ice cores, they analyzed water isotopes and organic material, while Pederson harvested cross-sections of ancient wood for radiocarbon dating.&nbsp;



The findings confirmed that during a period of moderate and moist climate, tree lines shifted upward, allowing whitebark pine forests to thrive for 500 years.



“The plateau seems to have been the perfect place to allow for ice patches to establish and persist for thousands of years, recording important information on past climate, human activity and environmental change,” Pederson said.



The study suggests that as today’s climate warms, tree lines could rise again, transforming areas of alpine tundra into forest. 



However, Pederson cautioned that factors such as precipitation, wind, and snowpack would influence the density, distribution, and composition of these potential new forests. 



“Growing season temperatures are the primary control on tree line elevation and latitude, but other factors such as moisture, wind, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> and human disturbance may play an important role in dictating forest structure and elevational limits,” he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-alpine-ecosystems">Implications for alpine ecosystems</h2>



The researchers warn that these changes could have profound impacts on the region’s ecosystem and resources. 



Rising tree lines might alter high-altitude snowpack, which serves as a critical water source for irrigation and hydroelectric power. 



Additionally, if forests encroach on tundra areas, they could increase the risk of wildfires due to changing fuel conditions.



Cathy Whitlock, a climate expert and MSU Regents Professor Emerita, emphasized the broader implications. 



She noted that reduced snowpack could strain water supplies, while McWethy added that the establishment of forests in tundra areas might fundamentally alter the region’s fire dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-the-past-to-predict-the-future">Learning from the past to predict the future</h2>



The study emphasizes the importance of understanding past ecological changes to prepare for future challenges.&nbsp;



“That’s the reason why studies of past ecological change are more than interesting pieces of science. They have much larger implications for the resources we all depend on,” Pederson said.



As climate change accelerates, the Beartooth Plateau’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient forest</a> serves as both a stark reminder of the Earth’s dynamic ecosystems and a window into the potential future of high-altitude environments.



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Fossilized frozen forest discovery in the US reveals ancient alpine ecosystem

Scientists have unearthed a remarkable ancient forest preserved under ice...

It is now common knowledge that drinking tea offers many health benefits. Now, research has shown that the daily habit of drinking tea could also be delaying your biological aging.



Scientists embarked on an in-depth exploration of how our beloved brew might contribute to a longer, healthier life. 



The concept that tea, something as familiar and everyday, could hold such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-plenty-of-tea-reduces-the-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">profound health benefits</a> is truly fascinating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-drinking-tea-on-human-aging">Impact of drinking tea on human aging</h2>



The research team behind this study is based at <a href="https://en.scu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sichuan University</a> in Chengdu, China. They mined data from a sizable sample of 5,998 British participants aged between 37 to 73, and 7,931 Chinese individuals aged 30 to 79. 



Participants opened up about their tea-drinking habits, shedding light on the type of tea they savored -- whether green, black, yellow, or oolong, and their daily consumption levels.



Published in The Lancet Regional Health journal, the study’s findings are eye-opening. Regular tea drinkers appear to flaunt signs of slower biological aging. 



The magic number seems to be around three cups or six to eight grams of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-microbes-in-tea-roots-grow-tastier-healthier-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tea leaves</a> each day, offering the most clear cut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-essential-8-may-slow-biological-aging-by-six-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging benefits</a>.



However, there’s a catch. If you have stopped drinking tea, your biological aging might be accelerating faster. It seems that keeping up with your tea drinking habit regularly is the key to harness its benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-behind-the-brew">Secret behind the brew</h2>



So, what makes tea such a secret weapon against aging? The scientists believe it's the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-buckthorn-berries-have-untapped-potential-as-a-superfood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyphenols</a> -- the primary bioactive substances in tea. 



These play a crucial role in influencing the gut microbiota, affecting age-related changes related to immunity, metabolism, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matcha-tea-relieves-symptoms-of-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive function</a>.



Regardless of whether it was a cup of UK black tea or Chinese green tea, the study didn’t find any significant differences in the anti-aging effects. 



The temperature at which the tea was consumed also didn’t impact the outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-polyphenols-the-basics">Understanding polyphenols - the basics</h2>



Beyond making your meals tastier, polyphenols are packed with antioxidants, which help protect your cells from damage caused by free radicals. Think of free radicals as tiny troublemakers that can contribute to aging and various diseases. 



By neutralizing these bad actors, polyphenols play a key role in keeping your body healthy and functioning smoothly. Incorporating polyphenol-rich foods into your diet is a simple way to boost your overall health. 



Studies suggest that these compounds can reduce inflammation, improve heart health, and even lower the risk of certain cancers. Plus, there is evidence that they enhance brain function and help keep your memory sharp as you age. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-world-of-tea-and-aging">The world of tea and aging</h2>



Tea isn't a one-size-fits-all beverage. There are different types, each offering unique health benefits through their individual processing methods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-tea-the-antioxidant-powerhouse">Green tea: The antioxidant powerhouse</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-tea-and-coffee-lower-the-risk-of-fatal-cardiovascular-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green tea</a> is known for its high antioxidant content and polyphenols. Regular consumption has been linked to improved heart health, weight loss assistance, and reduced risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-tea-the-robust-heart-health-enhancer">Black tea: The robust heart-health enhancer</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-black-tea-lowers-mortality-risk-from-all-causes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Black tea</a> is not only flavorful but also packed with flavonoids that enhance heart health. It’s linked to lowering stroke risk, decreasing blood pressure, and reducing LDL cholesterol levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-tea-the-gentle-guardian">White tea: The gentle guardian</h3>



White tea, derived from the young leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis plant, is praised for its antioxidant properties. It's known for enhancing skin health, supporting weight loss efforts, and containing less caffeine.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oolong-tea-the-metabolism-booster">Oolong tea: The metabolism booster</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oolong-tea-burns-fat-while-you-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oolong tea</a> sits in between green and black tea in terms of oxidation. Celebrated for its diverse flavors, it’s also recognized for boosting metabolism and weight management.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-tea-slows-aging">How tea slows aging</h2>



Further to the potential slowing of aging, tea is also linked with enhanced mental alertness, thanks to its caffeine content. 



Tea's unique blend of caffeine and the amino acid L-theanine prompts enhanced attention, better memory, and faster reaction times, leading to improved mental performance.



Notably, tea, particularly green tea, also supports dental health. Filled with fluoride, it strengthens tooth enamel and reduces the risk of tooth decay. 



The polyphenols and catechins found in tea also combat bacteria responsible for cavities and gum disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proceed-with-a-pinch-of-caution">Proceed with a pinch of caution</h2>



While the study provides promising insights, its limitations can’t be ignored. 



The size of the tea cups was not accounted for, and the findings, being observational, can't definitively conclude that tea drinking directly slows biological aging.



The UK, known for its firm tea-drinking tradition, has witnessed a decline in its younger population's demand for tea. 



But perhaps, understanding these potential health benefits may reignite the interest in the humble cup.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-should-you-join-the-tea-club">Should you join the tea club?</h2>



If you’re a tea lover, this research validates your indulgence. If you’re not, it might be time to consider embracing this simple pleasure for the potential significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/true-biological-age-hidden-blood-markers-newly-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefits to your health</a>. 



The key appears to be moderation, with around three cups of tea a day offering the most evident anti-aging benefits.



Whether green, black, white, or oolong is your cup of tea, each brew offers an enjoyable way to potentially support your well-being. 



So, as you settle down with your next cup of tea, take a moment to savor not only the taste but also the potential health benefits that might be steeping within.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanwpc/article/PIIS2666-6065(23)00273-0/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Regional Health</a>.



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Drinking tea every day is proven to delay biological aging in humans

It is now common knowledge that drinking tea offers many...

In a significant breakthrough, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have discovered where an essential photoreceptor, cryptochrome-1 (CRY1), operates within plant seedling stems.



This finding could have profound implications for improving crop resilience and yield, especially for vital crops like soybeans.



The discovery sheds new light on how plant seedlings interact with their environment, detect sunlight, and decide their growth strategies. 



For farmers and researchers alike, understanding these processes during the vulnerable early stages of a plant's life could be key to promoting stronger, healthier crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-photoreceptors-influence-plant-seedlings">How photoreceptors influence plant seedlings</h2>



Photoreceptors are proteins that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> use to sense light and make growth-related decisions. They play a pivotal role in determining when a seedling should stop elongating, begin photosynthesis, and channel energy into survival and development. 



Until now, scientists understood these broad functions but lacked clarity about where in the seedling the photoreceptors acted.



“For the first time, we realized that the effect of these photoreceptors is not everywhere along the stem and that different photoreceptors control different regions of the stem,” explained Edgar Spalding, professor emeritus of botany at <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UW–Madison</a>.



To unravel this mystery, Spalding, doctoral student Julian Bustamante, and data scientist Nathan Miller used a combination of techniques including genetic manipulation, high-resolution imaging, and machine learning.



The team photographed the growth of tiny seedlings with highly sensitive cameras and analyzed the data using UW–Madison’s advanced computing resources. This approach allowed them to pinpoint how specific photoreceptors influence distinct parts of the plant stem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-detection-and-plant-survival">Light detection and plant survival</h2>



One of the most fascinating discoveries from this research is the critical role of the photoreceptor CRY1 in helping seedlings survive environmental challenges.



When a seedling first emerges from the soil, it uses stored energy to elongate its stem and reach sunlight, where it can begin photosynthesis. 



However, sometimes seedlings are covered again by soil due to wind, animals, or other environmental factors. Without sunlight, they can no longer produce energy through photosynthesis.



CRY1 acts as a kind of survival mechanism. Initially, it prevents the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/booster-plant-gene-discovery-amplifies-plant-growth-up-to-200-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> from overextending its stem, conserving energy and leaving some growth potential in reserve. If the seedling gets buried again, CRY1 signals the plant to elongate further until it breaks through the soil and reaches sunlight once more.



This discovery is particularly significant for "stand establishment" - the phase when seedlings take root and begin to grow. Stand establishment is a critical determinant of crop success, and understanding how CRY1 functions during this period could help farmers enhance the resilience of their plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crops-of-the-future">Crops of the future</h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond academic curiosity. By genetically enhancing the role of CRY1 in seeds, researchers could develop crops better equipped to handle environmental setbacks.



This innovation could prove invaluable for farmers, particularly in regions where soil conditions or weather events make early seedling survival more challenging.



“By isolating the effects of specific photoreceptors like CRY1, we’re able to focus on ways to create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> that are more adaptable to their environment,” noted Spalding.



“This research not only improves our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electric-soil-esoil-boosts-crop-production-by-50-in-just-15-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> biology but also opens the door to practical applications that could benefit agriculture worldwide.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficient-and-resilient-farming-methods">Efficient and resilient farming methods</h2>



As the world’s population grows, the need for more efficient and resilient farming methods becomes critical. This study on plants photoreceptors and their influence on seedling growth offers insights that could transform agriculture by enabling the creation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-sophisticated-strategies-to-balance-defense-and-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a> better suited to handle environmental challenges.



By enhancing photoreceptor functions, particularly CRY1, scientists could engineer seeds that help plants recover from obstacles like being buried under soil. This innovation has the potential to increase yields, reduce crop losses, and provide a stable food supply, benefiting both farmers and consumers.



The research demonstrates the power of combining advanced genetic editing, machine learning, and traditional plant biology. It showcases how understanding plant-environment interactions can help develop crops that not only survive but thrive under adverse conditions.



The findings could pave the way for a future where agriculture is more sustainable, adaptable, and capable of meeting global food demands.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)01562-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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New understanding of light detection in plants may revolutionize farming

In a significant breakthrough, researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison...

NASA is examining ways to ensure explorers have nourishing produce, including fresh plants, on future space missions to the Moon and Mars. While sealed food packets get the job done, they can lose flavor and vitamins over time.



Cultivating leafy greens and vegetables on the space station could address this problem and give crews a happier mental state. 



Efforts to grow plants such as lettuce, peppers, radishes, and tomatoes in microgravity have been underway, revealing new insights into how spaceflight influences plant genetics, water use, and flavor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-are-key-to-space-exploration">Plants are key to space exploration</h2>



This work is being guided by <a href="https://npp.orau.org/experiences/gioia-massa.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gioia Massa</a> from NASA. Her background involves studying plant behavior in space to help boost the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-astronauts-meals-lose-flavor-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">variety and taste</a> of fresh crops.&nbsp;



As NASA paves the path toward deeper space travel, her team has focused on how <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/what-is-microgravity-grades-5-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microgravity</a> and factors like humidity and light control affect plant shape, nutrient quality, and yield. 



By examining bacteria that live alongside the plants, they also track whether these microorganisms remain safe and beneficial for human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-crops-in-microgravity">Growing crops in microgravity</h2>



One key study, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=9195" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Habitat-07</a>, looks at how lettuce tolerates different moisture conditions in microgravity. 



Although water is crucial for plant cells, too much can restrict oxygen at the roots, and too little can cause wilting.&nbsp;



This investigation uses four moisture scenarios in a specialized growth chamber to see how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-tomatoes-are-ready-for-an-unprecedented-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> adjust nutrient production. 



Researchers check yield, overall plant health, and whether bacterial populations on the leaves pose any risk. Early data point to the importance of balancing water to maintain robust leaves that still taste good.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-space-grown-veggies-tastier">Making space-grown veggies tastier</h2>



NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=7896" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veg-04A</a> and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=7895" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veg-04B</a> explorations spotlighted how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electro-agriculture-grows-food-in-the-dark-with-94-less-land-required/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light quality</a> and fertilizer affect lettuce and leafy greens on station. 



Studies found that switching red and blue LEDs, or adjusting nutrient formulas, changes how the leaves look, taste, and grow.&nbsp;



These investigations guided more recent plantings of other crops, such as tomatoes. Crew members gave feedback on freshness and flavor, which could inform future seed selection for diverse salads during long-duration spaceflights.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/space-garden_plants_Mizuna-mustard-greens_ISS_Nick-Hague_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/space-garden_plants_Mizuna-mustard-greens_ISS_Nick-Hague_NASA_1s.webp" alt="NASA astronaut Nick Hague harvests Mizuna mustard greens for VEG-04 onboard the International Space Station. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1956364"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NASA astronaut Nick Hague harvests Mizuna mustard greens for VEG-04 onboard the International Space Station. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



A <a href="https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13062-024-00476-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> on Arabidopsis thaliana (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=DetailsSearch&amp;term=AT1G19968" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thale cress</a>) showed that low gravity changes gene expression and how plants regulate key chemical markers. Researchers tracked DNA methylation—a process that can switch genes on or off. 



Their discoveries open new avenues for customizing plant genes to handle the difficulties of space, like unusual water movement or limited floor space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hormones-and-movement">Hormones and movement</h2>



Scientists have <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=1730" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explored</a> how plant hormones guide growth in microgravity. One series of tests examined <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34396657/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auxins</a>, natural signals that steer root and shoot direction.&nbsp;



Some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> species had lower auxin levels when floating in microgravity, which curbed their normal pattern of upward stem development. 



Others had higher levels, suggesting that the exact outcome varies by species. This subtle shift in plant chemistry helps NASA design growth chambers that best support each crop’s needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engineering-plants-to-handle-space">Engineering plants to handle space</h2>



Roots and shoots in microgravity can develop weaker supportive tissues or, in some cases, produce thicker walls for unknown reasons. 



An <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-023-00312-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investigation</a> used a suite of lab tools to identify changes in molecules that build plant cell walls, especially those providing mechanical strength.&nbsp;



Although some species quickly adapt and form healthy walls, others remain frail. NASA’s next step is to refine which varieties flourish with minimal gravity or to tweak conditions so roots are less prone to bending or thinning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sterols-and-space-based-flowering">Sterols and space-based flowering</h2>



Researchers on the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/first-contracted-spacex-resupply-mission-launches-with-nasa-cargo-to-space-station/">Resist Tubule</a> mission <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bss/38/0/38_18/_article">uncovered</a> that arabidopsis plants grown in microgravity sometimes see reduced sterol levels.&nbsp;



Sterols help keep cell membranes stable and support a range of growth responses, including when and how a plant transitions to flowering. 



The drop in sterols in microgravity can slow certain steps in development. By noting which genes control those sterols, scientists may spot ways to keep plants on schedule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-space-missions-with-plants">Preparing for space missions with plants</h2>



Having tasty salad greens aboard the station is only the first step. NASA’s focus is on sustaining crews through missions lasting many months. 



The progress so far is encouraging: fresh produce is feasible in orbit, and each new finding helps refine the process.&nbsp;



As more crops are tested for flavor, nutrition, and shelf life, humans gain the ability to grow food far from our planet. 



With input from experts like Gioia Massa, the future of in-space agriculture looks promising for both nourishment and crew satisfaction.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17429145.2023.2292220#abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Plant Interactions</a>.



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Space lettuce: NASA's plans to grow nutritious plants on Mars

NASA is examining ways to ensure explorers have nourishing produce,...

Pawpaws, the largest native fruit in North America, have become a favorite among foragers and food enthusiasts. 



Found in their characteristic dense patches, they are known for their creamy, custard-like texture and sweet flavor - described as a mix of mango and banana - and offer a unique culinary experience.



However, the ecological impact of pawpaws extends far beyond their popularity as a delicious treat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaw-patches-take-over-the-forest">Pawpaw patches take over the forest</h2>



Pawpaws, the state fruit tree of Missouri, naturally grow in groups called patches. These patches form because pawpaw trees can reproduce clonally, meaning they spread through their roots.



New stems grow from these roots, close to the original tree, in a way similar to how aspen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-darkspots-need-urgent-attention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> create groves. This process allows a single pawpaw tree to establish a larger group of genetically identical trees, which is why these patches are often celebrated in American folk songs.



However, these patches don’t just grow - they take over. Pawpaw trees spread quickly, creating dense clusters that dominate the forest understory.



Their thick growth and clonal expansion leave little space or resources for other plants to thrive, effectively reducing plant diversity and altering the local ecosystem. While these patches are great for pawpaws, they can significantly limit the growth of other species around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaws-effect-on-plant-diversity">Pawpaws’ effect on plant diversity</h2>



New research from <a href="https://washu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University</a> in St. Louis highlights how pawpaw patches influence biodiversity.



“Pawpaws create a habitat where the rules of competition are more random than when they’re absent,” noted Anna Wassel, a graduate student and lead author of the study.



The researchers found that pawpaw patches have a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-diverse-crops-traps-carbon-and-boosts-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact on plant diversity</a> within their boundaries. Specifically, the variety of herbaceous plants, which include smaller, non-woody species like grasses and wildflowers, was 49% lower inside pawpaw patches compared to areas outside.



This indicates that nearly half of the usual types of these plants struggle to survive in the environment created by pawpaw trees. The dense shade and competitive conditions within the patches make it difficult for many plant species to thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaw-patches-decrease-plant-density">Pawpaw patches decrease plant density</h2>



In addition to reduced diversity, the total density of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-shaped-plant-biodiversity-for-thousands-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> - combining both woody species like shrubs and herbaceous species - was found to be 29% lower inside pawpaw patches.



This means not only are there fewer types of plants, but also fewer individual plants overall. The dominance of pawpaw trees and their resource consumption leave less room and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-plant-diversity-can-help-combat-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fewer resources for other plants to grow</a>.



The study also revealed that pawpaw patches increase the randomness of which plants survive, particularly at larger scales. 



In typical forest ecosystems, plants compete for sunlight, water, and nutrients in predictable ways, with certain species better adapted to the conditions prevailing. However, inside pawpaw patches, these usual rules of competition break down. 



The survival of plants becomes more random, disrupting the natural balance of the ecosystem. This unpredictability makes it harder for a stable and diverse plant community to form within pawpaw-dominated areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-pawpaw-patches-ruin-other-plants">Why pawpaw patches ruin other plants</h2>



Pawpaw trees have a strong ability to outcompete other plants, thanks to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-in-dry-landscapes-have-surprising-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several factors</a>. 



Their large, tropical-looking leaves create dense shade, blocking sunlight that many smaller plants need to grow. Without enough light, these plants struggle to survive and thrive under the pawpaw canopy.



Additionally, pawpaw trees spread through underground roots and produce multiple stems in one area. This high stem density increases competition for soil nutrients and water, leaving fewer resources for other plants in the vicinity.



Another factor is that deer tend to avoid eating pawpaw trees. Instead, they graze on other plants nearby, further reducing the variety of plant species in and around pawpaw patches. 



This combination of shading, resource competition, and selective deer browsing makes pawpaw patches a tough environment for other plants to grow - significantly lowering local biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-forest-management">Implications for forest management </h2>



The study’s findings offer important lessons for managing forest ecosystems. 



“If you are monitoring a plot of land with the aim to encourage the growth of understory species, unfortunately, pawpaws are not your friends,” Wassel noted. 



The dominance and unpredictability of pawpaw patches make them a challenge for land managers focused on promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/islands-are-home-to-one-third-of-all-known-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a>.



However, for those interested in harvesting pawpaw fruit, the approach is different. To ensure cross-pollination and healthy fruit production, managers should encourage as many genetically distinct patches as possible.



“The presence of pawpaws is never inherently good or bad, it’s just natural. Nature’s goals are never as linear as ours,” noted Wassel.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.70115" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecosphere</a>.



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Pawpaw trees form dense patches that outcompete other plants

Pawpaws, the largest native fruit in North America, have become...

A study from Chapman University provides the first comprehensive global estimates of water storage in Earth’s vegetation and the time it takes for that water to flow through plants. The research fills a critical gap in our understanding of the global water cycle and its sensitivity to climate and land-use changes.



Published in the journal Nature Water, the study reveals that Earth's vegetation holds about 786 km³ of water, a mere 0.002% of Earth’s total freshwater.



However, the significance lies in the rapid movement of water through plants. This transit time, from absorption to release into the atmosphere, is among the fastest in the water cycle - ranging from five days in croplands to 18 days in evergreen needleleaf forests.



For perspective, water in lakes takes around 17 years to cycle, and in glaciers, the process spans 1,600 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-loop-of-earth-s-water-cycle">Continuous loop of Earth's water cycle</h2>



Earth's water cycle, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrological cycle</a>, is the continuous movement of water through the environment. It begins with evaporation, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-are-wreaking-havoc-on-the-global-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun heats water</a> from oceans, lakes, and rivers, turning it into vapor.



This vapor rises into the atmosphere and cools, leading to&nbsp;condensation, which forms clouds. When the clouds become heavy, water returns to Earth as&nbsp;precipitation&nbsp;in the form of rain, snow, or hail. 



Once on the ground, water either flows over the surface into rivers and lakes (runoff) or seeps into the soil (infiltration). 



Plants also play a role by releasing water vapor into the air through&nbsp;transpiration. Together, these processes recycle water, connecting oceans, land, and the atmosphere in a continuous loop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-forgotten-element-of-the-water-cycle">A forgotten element of the water cycle</h2>



“Plants are the forgotten part of the global water cycle,” noted Dr. Andrew Felton, lead author and professor at <a href="https://www.montana.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montana State University</a>. Despite their critical role in returning water from the ground to the atmosphere, plants are often excluded from water cycle diagrams.



“Our results show that the transit of water through plants occurs on the order of days, rather than months, years, or centuries, as it does in other parts of the water cycle,” said Dr. Felton.



By combining plant water transit estimates with those for the atmosphere (8–10 days) and soil (60–90 days), researchers can now approximate the total time a drop of water spends in the terrestrial cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensification-of-the-water-cycle">Intensification of the water cycle</h2>



One striking finding is the rapid transit of water through croplands. During peak growing seasons, water cycles through crops in less than a day. This speed, consistent across global croplands, hints at a broader environmental implication.



“Land use change may be homogenizing the global water cycle and contributing to its intensification by more rapidly recycling water back to the atmosphere where it can turn into heavy rain events,” explained <a href="https://www.chapman.edu/our-faculty/greg-goldsmith" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Gregory Goldsmith</a>, senior author and associate professor at Chapman University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-dynamics-in-earth-s-vegetation">Water dynamics in Earth's vegetation</h2>



The research team utilized data from NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission (<a href="https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMAP</a>), a satellite program designed to measure soil moisture across Earth’s surface.



SMAP data accounted for vegetation interference, which the satellite originally treated as noise to correct soil moisture readings. However, the researchers discovered that these corrections held important information about the amount of water stored in plants.



By analyzing this overlooked data and combining it with advanced measurements of how quickly water exits plants, the team developed detailed estimates. 



These included five years of monthly data on plant water storage and the time water takes to move through vegetation, calculated with a spatial resolution of&nbsp;9 square kilometers (approximately 3.5 square miles). 



This high-resolution analysis provided a remarkable understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water dynamics within Earth's vegetation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-a-changing-planet">Implications for a changing planet</h2>



The study highlights the sensitivity of plant water transit times to environmental events like deforestation, drought, and wildfires. 



“The results suggest that the transit time of water through plants is likely to be very sensitive to events such as deforestation, drought and wildfire, which will fundamentally change the time it takes for water to flow through the water cycle,” said Felton.



By shedding light on the dynamic role of vegetation, this research highlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the urgent need to understand how land-use changes influence the global water cycle.



As the planet faces intensifying climate challenges, studies like this pave the way for more informed strategies to manage water resources and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sci-fi-inspired-scenarios-illustrate-our-impact-on-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict environmental shifts</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-024-00365-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Water</a>.



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Water moves through plants and back into the atmosphere with unexpected speed

A study from Chapman University provides the first comprehensive global...

Every day, countless cups of coffee leave behind piles of waste and grounds that often end up in landfills. People around the globe are seeking ways to reduce this organic trash, and construction researchers have identified a method that may give old coffee grounds a second life.



By finding innovative solutions, they are turning waste into a tool for advancing sustainability across industries, addressing the issue of waste management, and offering benefits to industries beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-production-threatened-by-loss-of-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee sector</a>.



By reimagining a common byproduct, scientists are opening doors to more sustainable and practical applications for organic waste, thereby transforming a problem into a valuable resource, which could redefine how organic waste is utilized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-coffee-grounds-into-stronger-concrete">Turning coffee grounds into stronger concrete</h2>



RMIT University engineer <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/profiles/r/rajeev-roychand" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Rajeev Roychand</a> and his colleagues have demonstrated that processing leftover coffee grounds can make concrete significantly stronger.&nbsp;



To unlock these benefits, researchers placed coffee waste in a low-oxygen environment and heated it to over 350 °F (about 660 °F). This heating method, called pyrolysis, changes the grounds into a carbon-rich material.



The treatment alters the coffee grounds at a molecular level, transforming them into a material that integrates well with concrete. More importantly, it enables the production of stronger concrete with reduced environmental impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-pyrolysis-is-key">Why pyrolysis is key</h2>



Pyrolysis involves heating organic matter in the absence of oxygen. When coffee waste is treated with this process at 350 °C, it transforms into a substance known as biochar, which carries the advantage of being able to bond effectively with cement.



In general, the construction industry has long faced challenges with resource consumption, particularly related to sand extraction. 



Using biochar derived from coffee can replace a portion of the sand that goes into concrete, thus lowering demand for natural sand.



This process not only lessens dependency on finite resources but also aligns with the growing push for sustainable construction practices. 



The pyrolyzed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-flavor-can-be-improved-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> biochar creates a porous structure that improves the way concrete holds together under stress. 



This method provides a dual benefit: finding a productive use for waste while simultaneously addressing the ecological impacts of sand extraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-organic-waste-and-emissions">Reducing organic waste and emissions</h2>



Experts <a href="https://ico.org/resources/trade-statistics-tables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">estimate</a> that global coffee consumption generates around 10 billion kilograms (22 billion pounds) of spent grounds each year. Much of this waste takes up precious space in landfills, while also releasing methane and carbon dioxide.&nbsp;



Methane is considered to be a more harmful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. Hence, diverting this waste toward sustainable uses could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 



Ultimately, with coffee consumption so widespread, even small changes in recycling practices could have far-reaching effects on the environment.



“The disposal of organic waste poses an environmental challenge as it emits large amounts of greenhouse gases,” said <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623023636" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roychand</a>. By recycling coffee grounds, researchers hope to mitigate these environmental impacts while improving concrete’s quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indigenous-perspective-on-sustainability">Indigenous perspective on sustainability</h2>



“Inspiration for my research, from an Indigenous perspective, involves Caring for Country,” said RMIT engineer and co-researcher <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2022/august/indigenous-researcher-ppe-innovation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Shannon Kilmartin-Lynch</a>.



Sustainable practices that keep organic waste from landfills can protect ecosystems, minimize pollution, and preserve natural resources. 



This philosophy integrates cultural respect for the environment with cutting-edge engineering techniques. Using coffee biochar in construction aligns with this idea of managing resources more responsibly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-this-really-work">Will this really work?</h2>



The coffee-biochar blend requires further testing to confirm its performance over extended periods. Scientists want to know how it stands up to water exposure, freeze-and-thaw cycles, and constant use.



These durability tests will help determine whether biochar-infused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recycled-cement-is-an-absolute-miracle-to-lower-concrete-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concrete</a> can meet the rigorous demands of modern infrastructure projects.



They are also planning to work with different types of organic waste (like wood scraps, food leftovers, and agricultural byproducts) to see if these can also be converted into materials that improve concrete’s structural properties.



These assessments are critical for determining whether the material can be used in large-scale construction projects. 



The research team is committed to exploring the practicality of biochar-based concrete under real-world conditions to ensure its reliability and safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-coffee-grounds-and-concrete">Future of coffee grounds and concrete</h2>



As buildings rise and infrastructure expands, the search for more sustainable practices will become even more urgent. This approach of adding coffee biochar to concrete could contribute to the circular economy.



Transforming a problematic waste into a valuable input, is the first push of many required to reduce reliance on raw materials such as natural sand. 



The example of this approach sets the stage for industries to adopt similar methods, encouraging broader adoption of waste-to-resource strategies.



Such actions promise to lessen the environmental strain while boosting the long-term resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-romans-made-such-incredibly-durable-concrete-is-no-longer-a-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">construction methods</a>.



Through continued collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and businesses, innovations like this have the potential to reshape the way we think about resources. 



By connecting waste management to infrastructure, this research could redefine sustainability in the modern era.



The research findings were published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623023636" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a>.



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Adding coffee grounds during the construction process could reinforce buildings

Every day, countless cups of coffee leave behind piles of...

We’ve all seen houseplants tucked in corners far from windows or lush greenery growing under dense tree canopies. Yet, these plants manage to grow and thrive in shade without direct sunlight. How do they do it?



New research reveals that shaded plants capture more light than previously believed. Scientists from Utrecht University and Wageningen University &amp; Research (WUR) found that these plants effectively use light beyond the visible spectrum. 



Published in the journal Plant Cell &amp; Environment, the findings could transform photosynthesis research and greenhouse horticulture practices.



“When you have a better understanding of how different colors of light affect photosynthesis and plant growth, you can help growers develop smart ways to supplement natural sunlight with colored light,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaded-plants-capture-far-red-light">Shaded plants capture far-red light </h2>



Shaded plants benefit from light that filters through the leaves of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-how-plants-grow-wider-not-just-taller/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> above them. When sunlight hits the upper plant leaves, they absorb most of the light for photosynthesis but allow some light to pass through. 



This unabsorbed light primarily consists of green and far-red wavelengths, which are less useful to the upper plants but become crucial for the plants below.



Far-red light, in particular, falls within the 700–750 nm range of the light spectrum. Unlike visible light, which plants predominantly use for photosynthesis, far-red light was previously thought to have little impact. 



However, the study reveals that shaded plants have adapted to use far-red light effectively for photosynthesis, allowing them to survive and grow even in low-light environments. This ability is vital for plants in dense forests or closely planted crops, where direct sunlight is scarce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photosynthesis-in-shaded-plants">Photosynthesis in shaded plants</h2>



“Until now, researchers have seldom considered the possibility that plants utilize far-red light for photosynthesis,” said WUR PhD candidate <a href="https://research.wur.nl/en/persons/tinko-jans" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tinko Jans</a>.



Conventional experiments suggested that photosynthesis relied mainly on visible wavelengths (400–700 nm). 



However, this study reveals that far-red light significantly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/booster-plant-gene-discovery-amplifies-plant-growth-up-to-200-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boosts photosynthesis</a> when combined with small amounts of visible light. The team developed a new method to measure and model this contribution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-grow-taller-using-far-red-light">Plants grow taller using far-red light</h2>



Far-red light also affects plant behavior, triggering a “shade avoidance response.” “Many plants react to a relative increase in far-red light by growing straight up, to win the competition for light,” Jans explained.



This response benefits horticulturists, allowing plants to grow closer together in limited spaces.



Recent advances in LED technology have enabled researchers to study far-red light more effectively. 



“In earlier experiments, we showed that shade <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-plants-grow-more-branches-and-become-bushy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants grow faster</a> when supplemented with far-red light from LEDs,” noted Utrecht University environmental scientist <a href="https://www.uu.nl/staff/HJdeBoer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hugo de Boer</a>, who initiated the study.



The findings highlight how controlled light environments can optimize plant growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-considering-the-full-light-spectrum">Considering the full light spectrum </h2>



The scientists faced challenges in studying the role of far-red light in photosynthesis because existing models only considered visible light (400–700 nm) as the primary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contributor to plant growth</a>.



Far-red light was largely overlooked in traditional research and calculations.



“It turned out to be much more difficult to quantify the color effect on photosynthesis,” explained Hugo de Boer, as earlier models and measurement methods were not designed to account for the influence of far-red light.



To overcome this, the researchers adapted widely used photosynthesis models to include far-red light. They combined measurements of photosynthesis with data from the full spectrum of light reaching plant leaves. 



This updated approach allowed them to accurately demonstrate how far-red light, when integrated with visible light, significantly enhances photosynthesis and supports plant growth. 



This breakthrough highlights the importance of considering the full light spectrum in both research and agricultural practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-crop-cultivation">Greenhouse crop cultivation</h2>



The research highlights a previously underestimated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">factor in plant growth</a>: the role of far-red light in photosynthesis.



Far-red light was once thought to contribute little to photosynthesis. However, the study demonstrates that plants can effectively use this light, especially when combined with visible light, to enhance their growth.



The findings hold significant potential for greenhouse horticulture. By integrating far-red light into lighting strategies, growers can optimize plant growth even in shaded or crowded environments where sunlight is limited.



This approach could improve crop yields while reducing the energy and space required for cultivation.



Leveraging far-red light offers a smarter, more sustainable method of farming, allowing plants to thrive in conditions that were previously considered suboptimal. This advancement could transform modern agriculture, making it more efficient and environmentally friendly.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.15340" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Cell &amp; Environment</a>.



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Plants living in the shade get much more light than previously believed

We’ve all seen houseplants tucked in corners far from windows...

The humble carrot may be more powerful than we realized. Beyond its culinary versatility, this nutrient-rich root vegetable is gaining attention for its potential health benefits. Recent research suggests that carrots could play a significant role in the fight against type 2 diabetes.



The study was conducted by a team of experts from the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a> (SDU), Odense University Hospital, and the University of Copenhagen. 



The researchers found that carrots boost the body's regulation of blood sugar levels and have a beneficial influence on gut bacteria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-type-2-diabetes">What is type 2 diabetes?</h2>



Type 2 diabetes is a widespread and growing public health concern, impacting millions of people worldwide. 



Characterized by the body’s inability to effectively use insulin, this chronic condition can lead to serious complications including heart disease, kidney damage, nerve issues, and vision loss.



The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been steadily rising, fueled by factors such as sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and increasing rates of obesity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-a-snack-food">More than just a snack food </h2>



According to the World Health Organization, the number of people living with diabetes has nearly quadrupled over the past few decades - highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention, management, and treatment strategies.



Current treatments for type 2 diabetes involve dietary changes and drugs, which can be quite irritating. 



The researchers propose that carrots, which are rich in bioactive compounds, may offer a natural way to complement existing treatments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioactive-compounds-in-carrots">Bioactive compounds in carrots </h2>



To test their theory, the scientists placed laboratory mice with type 2 diabetes in two groups for a period of 16 weeks.



One group was fed a high fat diet that was supplemented with 10% freeze-dried powder of carrots, while the other group did not receive carrots in their diets.



The team found that mice on the carrot-enriched diet developed better regulation of blood sugar and a healthier gut microbiome.



The experts concluded that it was the bioactive compounds in carrots, such as short-chain fatty acid-promoting agents, which led to these improvements.



"Carrots altered the composition of the gut microbiome - the billions of microorganisms living in the gut that play a crucial role in digestion and health. Mice consuming carrots exhibited a healthier balance of gut bacteria," noted Morten Kobæk Larsen, who coordinated the research project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carrots-and-gut-bacteria">Carrots and gut bacteria</h2>



The mice that were fed carrots had more bacteria that ferment short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are small molecules produced when bacterial populations ferment dietary fibers.



These molecules are crucial for regulating energy metabolism and blood sugar. They play a crucial role in helping maintain homeostasis of the gut microbiota and reducing inflammation.



"Everything we eat affects the composition of gut bacteria. Consuming carrots shifts the gut bacteria towards a healthier balance, benefiting mice with type 2 diabetes," explained Larsen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-strategies-for-type-2-diabetes">Dietary strategies for type 2 diabetes</h2>



Carrots contain bioactive substances derived from unsaturated fatty acids that enhance cells' ability to absorb sugar, aiding in blood sugar regulation and overall metabolic health. 



Other vegetables such as parsley, celery, and parsnips contain similar compounds.



"We see carrots as a potential component of future dietary strategies for type 2 diabetes. Other vegetables in the carrot family might have similar properties," said Lars Porskjær Christensen, a professor of analytical chemistry and natural product chemistry at SDU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



While the research is promising, it has not been directly applied to humans. The experts believe the next step is to conduct human clinical trials.



"Such studies are costly, and we are working to secure external funding to conduct a smaller clinical trial with carrots containing relatively high amounts of bioactive compounds," said Christensen.



The researchers hope that this could pave the way for larger clinical studies to help provide preventative measures against type 2 diabetes.



Of course, preparation does play a part in retaining the health-promoting substances found in carrots.



"Even with prolonged frying or boiling, some bioactive compounds remain. However, raw or lightly cooked carrots seem to be the best option to retain as many beneficial compounds as possible," concluded Christensen.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cts.70090" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clinical and Translational Science</a>.



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Carrots may help manage diabetes by improving gut health

The humble carrot may be more powerful than we realized....

Endangered animals