Acaena exigua NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S.<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-surface-slicks-create-superhighway-for-fish/"> Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Acaena exigua is an extinct species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common name liliwai. It was endemic to Hawaii, where it was known from Kauaʻi and west Maui. It had not been seen or collected since 1957 and was feared extinct until 1997, when one plant was discovered in a remote montane bog on <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=maui&amp;cvid=11f593b142284a109c4b71b63cd85874&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Maui</a>. The plant died in 2000, and the species is now considered extinct.Acaena exigua A. Gray var. subtusstrigulosa Bitter: Classification. Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report. Rank Scientific Name and Common Name; Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Acaena exigua

Acaena exigua NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation...

Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-natural-history-museum-introduced-more-than-500-new-species-in-2020/">Natural</a> Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=8a2f1576ab074624862faaf58d14d8c3&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia is only known in the wild from one population near the Mill Creek Summit divide within the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Angeles+National+Forest&amp;filters=sid%3ab9589a3f-6cd4-82b0-5a5a-7a2a5b4ec1b7&amp;form=ENTLNK">Angeles National Forest</a> in the San Gabriel Mountains, and is on the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=California+Native+Plant+Society&amp;filters=sid%3aa60a5753-4f19-df1d-bd84-327e1d460a26&amp;form=ENTLNK">California Native Plant Society</a> Rare and Endangered Plant Inventory.Subspecies include:
• Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. adamsii — Adams' manzanita: endemic to the Transverse Ranges in San Diego County and Baja California.
• Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia — Costa Baja manzanita, Del Mar manzanita: native to the San Diego and Baja coastlines. is native to California and Baja California. California Rare Plant Rank: 1B.1 (rare, threatened, or endangered in CA and elsewhere).

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Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia

Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=animals&amp;cvid=26f70df5dde340b2ad5fb2b0b4e5ef4c&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">animals</a> too.

NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network. and branch dieback due to fungal pathogen. USFWS uses the name A. pungens var. ravenii. See Madroño 19(6):200 (1968) for original description. To submit rare plant observation data, use the CNDDB field ...

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/perennial-vegetables-to-grow-in-north-america/">North America</a> and the world.Arctostaphylos hookeri is a species of manzanita known by the common name Hooker's manzanita.Arctostaphylos hookeri G. Don ssp. ravenii P.V. Wells – Presidio manzanita Subordinate Taxa. This plant has no children Legal Status. Threatened and Endangered Information: …

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.About Presidio Manzanita (Arctostaphylos montana ssp. ravenii) 2 Nurseries Carry This Plant Add to My Plant List; Presidio Manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. ravenii) is a rare native shrub whose only documented location in the wild is in Presidio Park, San Francisco.It is listed by State and federal agencies as an Endangered Species.

Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii

Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Arctostaphylos morroensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/fungi-characteristics-and-function/">fungi</a>, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

There are 18 occurrences of the Arctostaphylos morroensis plant, and it is abundant in some local areas. It is limited to a specific type of substrate known as "Baywood fine sands", a type of sandy soil which originated in the <a title="Pleistocene" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> as windblown <a title="Dune" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune">sand dunes</a>. The plant is found on less than 900 acres of <a title="Coastal sage scrub" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_sage_scrub">coastal sage scrub</a> and <a title="Chaparral" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral">chaparral</a> habitat, sometimes forming monotypic stands on hillsides.

Two thirds of its habitat is privately owned, some of it is slated for development, and its habitat requirements are narrow; these and other problems led to the plant's being listed as a <a title="Endangered species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species">threatened species</a> in 1994. Some of the plants are protected within <a title="Montaña de Oro State Park" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1a_de_Oro_State_Park">Montaña de Oro State Park</a>

Arctostaphylos morroensis

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Arctostaphylos myrtifolia NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Arctostaphylos myrtifolia is a rare species of <a title="Arctostaphylos" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos">manzanita</a> known by the common name Ione manzanita. It is <a title="Endemism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism">endemic</a> to the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)">Sierra Nevada foothills</a> of <a title="California" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a>. It grows in the <a title="Chaparral" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral">chaparral</a> and woodland <a title="Plant community" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_community">plant community</a> on a distinctive acidic soil series in western <a title="Amador County, California" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amador_County,_California">Amador</a> and <a title="Calaveras County, California" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California">Calaveras Counties</a>. There are only about 17 occurrences, but the plant is abundant in some areas of its limited range.  This is a federally listed <a title="Endangered species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species">threatened species</a>.Arctostaphylos myrtifolia is a red-barked, bristly <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Shrub%20wikipedia&amp;form=WIKIRE">shrub</a> reaching just over a meter in maximum height. The small bright green leaves are coated in tiny glandular hairs and are shiny but rough in texture. They are less than 2 centimeters long. The <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Inflorescence%20wikipedia&amp;form=WIKIRE">inflorescence</a> is a <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Raceme%20wikipedia&amp;form=WIKIRE">raceme</a> of urn-shaped manzanita flowers on bright red branches. The fruit is a cylindrical <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Drupe%20wikipedia&amp;form=WIKIRE">drupe</a> only a few millimeters long.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Arctostaphylos myrtifolia

Arctostaphylos myrtifolia NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Arctostaphylos pallida NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Arctostaphylos pallida ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=8a2f1576ab074624862faaf58d14d8c3&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.Arctostaphylos pallida, commonly known as Pallid Manzanita, Oakland Hills Manzanita, and Alameda Manzanita, is an upright Manzanita shrub from the Ericaceae, or heath family. It is endemic to the eastern San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Pallid manzanita (Arctostaphylos pallida) is a California endangered plant species, which means that killing or possessing this plant is prohibited by the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). This species is also listed as threatened under the federal Endangered Species Act. Therefore still endangered and on the list as it is threatened

Arctostaphylos pallida

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Arenaria cumberlandensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Arenaria cumberlandensis Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Cumberland sandwort, Arenaria cumberlandensis, is a clump-forming herbaceous perennial member of the Pink family that reaches a height of about 6 in (15 cm). Long, narrow leaves form a rosette at the base. Tiny inconspicuous, white flowers appear in late June and early July.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Minuartia cumberlandensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names Cumberland stitchwort and Cumberland sandwort. It is endemic to the Cumberland Plateau near the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River in Tennessee and Kentucky. This rare plant is found only in cool sandstone rock shelters, on the moist sandy cave floors behind the drip line. There are 27 occurrences in Tennessee and one in Kentucky. The plant is a federally listed endangered species.

Arenaria cumberlandensis

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Arenaria paludicola NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Arenaria paludicola ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/fungi-characteristics-and-function/">fungi,</a> and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=a20c3191584d4672b0a45e23da38ef9f&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. Also is still endangered

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Arenaria paludicolais a coastal species that was historically known to occur in wetlands and in freshwater marshes. Plants have been documented in areas with or without standing water and in acidic, organic bog soils and sandy substrates with high organic content also coastal species that was historically known to occur in wetlands and in freshwater marshes. Plants have been documented in areas with or without standing water and in acidic, organic bog soils and sandy substrates with high organic content.

Arenaria paludicola

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Arenaria ursina NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.It is <a title="Endemism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism">endemic</a> to <a title="San Bernardino County, California" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California">San Bernardino County, California</a>, where it is known from a few occurrences in the vicinity of <a title="Big Bear Lake" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bear_Lake">Big Bear</a>. It grows on <a title="Quartzite" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartzite">quartzite</a> <a class="new" title="Pebble plain (page does not exist)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pebble_plain&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">pebble plain</a> habitat in forest openings in the <a title="San Bernardino Mountains" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains">San Bernardino Mountains</a> near the communities of <a title="Fawnskin, California" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawnskin,_California">Fawnskin</a>, <a title="Sugarloaf, California" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf,_California">Sugarloaf</a>, and <a title="Baldwin Lake (San Bernardino County, California)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Lake_(San_Bernardino_County,_California)">Baldwin Lake</a>. It is an indicator species for the rare pebble plain habitat, which is unique to the area. It is a federally listed <a title="Threatened species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species">threatened species</a>.Arenaria ursina, Bear Valley sandwort ESA Status. Visit the U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service Species Profile link below for links to listing and other USFWS documents. Listed Threatened 1998 (PDF, 142 KB) Threats

Arenaria ursina

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Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-butterflies-are-set-to-become-widespread-across-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=a89f77701d234b96b3eaee1307656b94&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j0l4j69i60l3.1415j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta

Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Argyroxiphium kauense NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Argyroxiphium kauense, the Mauna Loa silversword or Kaʻū silversword, is a rare species of <a title="Flowering plant" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant">flowering plant</a> in the aster family. It is endemic to the eastern and southern slopes of Mauna Loa on the island of <a title="Hawaii (island)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)">Hawaiʻi</a>. A. kauense occurs in a much broader range of habitats than the closely related and better-known <a class="mw-redirect" title="Haleakala silversword" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haleakala_silversword">Haleakalā silversword</a> (A. sandwicense macrocephalum), and is found in <a title="Hawaiian tropical high shrublands" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_tropical_high_shrublands">montane shrubland</a>, <a title="Hawaiian tropical rainforests" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_tropical_rainforests#Bogs">bogs</a>, and open mesic forest.

Although threatened by damage from <a class="mw-redirect" title="Feral pigs" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_pigs">feral pigs</a>, <a title="Goat" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat">goats</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" title="Mouflon sheep" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouflon_sheep">mouflon sheep</a>, most of the areas where it currently exists are now protected, and the species is actively managed by the <a title="National Park Service" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service">National Park Service</a> and Hawaiʻi State Department of Forestry and Wildlife.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyroxiphium_kauense#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It is a federally listed <a title="Endangered species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species">endangered species</a> of the United States. There are three known occurrences remaining, for a total of fewer than 1000 individuals

Argyroxiphium kauense

Argyroxiphium kauense NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/">animals</a> and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=canada&amp;cvid=4ce31c7c25ca49f2a5a40d7956a26580&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum, the east Maui silversword or Haleakala silversword, is a rare plant, part of the daisy family Asteraceae. The silversword in general is referred to as ʻāhinahina in Hawaiian. (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum) is a single-stemmed shrub of the aster family. Its rosette of narrow, sword-shaped leaves has a dense mat of silky, silvery hairs. The narrow, branched, flowering stalk is elliptic to lanceolate in outline, 9-31 in (22.9-78.7 cm) wide and 2.3-4.9 ft (0.7-1.5 m) long. Argyroxiphium sandwicense, the Hawaiʻi silversword, or hinahina is a species of silversword. It is endemic to Hawaii. The two subspecies are separated by geography. Both subspecies are rare, threatened and federally protected.
• Haleakala silversword (A. sandwicense subsp. macrocephalum) is found on the mountain Haleakalā on the island of Maui at elevations above 2,100 m (6,900 ft). It is a federally listed threatened specie

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=canada&amp;cvid=4ce31c7c25ca49f2a5a40d7956a26580&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world. Also is on the endangered list still and reports that it may never be off of it.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Argyroxiphium sandwicense subsp. sandwicense, the Mauna Kea silversword, is a highly endangered flowering plant endemic to the island of Hawaiʻi of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/snow-on-hawaiis-tallest-peaks/">Hawaii.</a> It is the "crown jewel" of the volcanic mountain Mauna Kea, from which it derives its English name. The Hawaiian name is ʻahinahina; it applies to silverswords more broadly. The Mauna Kea silversword was once common on the volcano, and extraordinary conservation efforts are being made to preserve the species.

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense

Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Argythamnia blodgettii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/plants-cannot-keep-up-with-rising-co2-levels/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports --Argythamnia blodgettii  ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants,<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=animals&amp;cvid=26b67657ae9c48c2b2dd1d5b66edce65&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> animals</a>, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Argythamnia is a genus of plants of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1756. They are known commonly as silverbushes. As with many other genera, there have been many changes in classification the past several years. The following list includes species accepted as members of Argythamnia as of September 2014. The species are native to Central America, Mexico, the West Indies, Colombia, and Texas. Therefore this plant will most likely still stay on the endangered list even though it can be seen in a lot of different states.

Argythamnia blodgettii

Argythamnia blodgettii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Aristida chaseae NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Aristida chaseae ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=a20c3191584d4672b0a45e23da38ef9f&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.ncate var proctorii, and Vernonia proctorii. 5 Year Review: Summary and Evaluation Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Atlanta, Georgia. 22 pp. USFWS. 2019. Aristida chaseae, Aristida portoricensis, Lyonia truncata var proctorii, and Vernonia. Therefore this plant will still remain endangered and on the list.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Aristida chaseae is a rare species of grass known by the common name Chase's threeawn. It is endemic to Puerto Rico, where it is known from two locations in the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge and the Sierra Bermeja. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. It cannot compete with introduced species of grasses, such as Brachiaria subquadripara, which are invading its habitat.

Aristida chaseae

Aristida chaseae NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Aristida portoricensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=animals&amp;cvid=d1d462d83b22458ebaa253ad7fe79918&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network. Therefore this plant will be on the endangered list and therefore found only in certain areas.

ITIS Reports -- Aristida portoricensis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/perennial-vegetables-to-grow-in-north-america/">North America</a> and the world.Source: Poaceae update, database (version Sept. 2010) Acquired: 2010 : Notes: Poaceae update for ITIS, in cooperation with NatureServe, and based on the Catalogue of New World Grasses database and other sources : Reference Aristida portoricensis Pilg. Common names pelos del diablo in Spanish pelos del diablo in Spanish Bibliographic References. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status n endemic perennial grass, may reach 11.8-19.7 in (30-50 cm) in height. These culms occur in large bunches and are slender, erect, or spreading at the base. The blades are involute, somewhat curved, 2-3.9 in (5-10 cm) long, and scarcely

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Aristida portoricensis

Aristida portoricensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Asclepias meadii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=animals&amp;cvid=26b67657ae9c48c2b2dd1d5b66edce65&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Asclepias meadii is a rare species of milkweed known by the common name Mead's milkweed. It is native to the American Midwest, where it was probably once quite widespread in the tallgrass prairie. Today much of the Midwest has been fragmented and claimed for agriculture, and the remaining prairie habitat is degraded.Mead’s milkweed is a long-lived, tallgrass prairie herb belonging to the milkweed family (Asclepiadaceae). Mead’s milkweed is a federally threatened species. Threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future. Endangered species are animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct.

Asclepias meadii

Asclepias meadii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Asclepias welshii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Asclepias welshii ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=a20c3191584d4672b0a45e23da38ef9f&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.Asclepias welshii is a rare species of milkweed known by the common name Welsh's milkweed. It is native to southern <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/great-salt-lake-in-northern-utah/">Utah</a> and northern Arizona, where there are four known occurrences remaining. Most of the plants occur in Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, where the habitat has been degraded in many areas by off-road vehicle use. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States.Therefore this plant will most likely stay on the endangered list. And remain a very rare plant.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.non-GMO varieties in home gardening for over 140 years.. Shop the brand new 2021 seeds and plants as well as the tried and true favorites.

Asclepias welshii

Asclepias welshii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Asimina tetramera NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=canada&amp;cvid=782e634f4b81467e829a67081c6760f5&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Asimina tetramera ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Asimina tetramera, commonly known as the four-petal pawpaw, is a species of flowering plant endemic to the state of Florida. It is a small tree or large perennial shrub with one or more main stems. There is a total population count of about 950 plants, all of which are limited to areas in Martin and Palm Beach Counties in Florida. This is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-surface-slicks-create-superhighway-for-fish/">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Asimina tetramerais an understory plant of sand pine and scrub habitats that is easily outcompeted by species, primarily evergreen oaks and pines, that overgrow and shade it. It relies on infrequent fires approximately every 20 to 80 years to periodically.

Asimina tetramera

Asimina tetramera NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Eating more fruit, vegetables, and other complex carbohydrates during the day appears to deliver measurable improvements in sleep that very same night. 



A new study tracking healthy adults shows that a produce-rich menu reduces the overnight tossing and turning that fragments restful sleep.



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago Medicine</a> and <a href="https://www.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a> designed the experiment to move beyond earlier surveys and link specific daytime meals to the quality of that evening’s rest.



“Dietary modifications could be a new, natural, and cost-effective approach to achieve better sleep,” said co-senior author Dr. Esra Tasali, director of the UChicago Sleep Center.



“The temporal associations and objectively measured outcomes in this study represent crucial steps toward filling a gap in important public health knowledge.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-what-you-eat">Tracking what you eat</h2>



Most previous work looked at how poor sleep drives people toward sugary, high-fat foods. The new project flipped the question: could consciously better eating shape sleep for the better?



Volunteers logged everything they consumed on a smartphone app and wore wrist monitors that recorded every micro-awakening, using a measure called “sleep fragmentation” to gauge quality.



Those fragmentation readings, calculated in minute-by-minute detail, allowed the team to compare how each individual slept after a produce-rich versus a produce-poor day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-bowls-pay-off-for-sleep">Fruit bowls pay off for sleep</h2>



The analysis revealed a clear pattern. When participants approached or met the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> guideline of five cups of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruits-and-plants-are-powerful-allies-for-disease-prevention/">fruits</a> and vegetables, they spent more time in uninterrupted, restorative phases of sleep.



Whole-grain intake had a similar, albeit smaller, association. For someone eating no produce, making the leap to five cups predicted a 16 percent reduction in sleep fragmentation.



“Sixteen percent is a highly significant difference,” said Dr. Tasali. “It’s remarkable that such a meaningful change could be observed within less than 24 hours.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-fruits-and-veggies-help-sleep">Why fruits and veggies help sleep</h2>



Scientists are still untangling the biology behind these rapid gains. Fiber-rich foods slow digestion and stabilize blood sugar, which can limit the nocturnal spikes that jolt the brain into lighter sleep.



Produce also delivers micronutrients that feed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-affect-how-we-handle-everyday-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut bacteria</a>; those microbes generate neurotransmitters tied to the body’s circadian timing system.



Anti-inflammatory compounds may calm the cardiovascular system, nudging heart rate and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-less-than-seven-hours-high-blood-pressure-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood pressure</a> toward a sleep-friendly set point. 



Future trials will probe hormones, microbiome shifts, and brain-wave patterns to pin down the dominant pathway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-picture-sleep-lessons">Bigger picture sleep lessons</h2>



Compared with drug therapies, dietary tweaks carry almost no risk and cost little - a critical advantage at a time when chronic sleep loss undermines health, productivity, and mood for millions.



Participants in the experiment were young adults, but the design can be extended to older populations or people with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-extracts-may-help-treat-metabolic-syndrome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolic disease</a> to see whether benefits scale or shrink.



Because the monitoring was continuous, the authors could see changes night after night, opening the door to clinical trials in which the focus is on specific individuals who test how specific foods influence their own sleep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-as-a-first-line-sleep-aid"><a></a>Food as a first-line sleep aid</h2>



Study co-senior author Dr. Marie-Pierre St-Onge is the director of the Center of Excellence for Sleep &amp; Circadian Research at Columbia University.



“People are always asking me if there are things they can eat that will help them sleep better,” said Dr. St-Onge. "Small changes can impact sleep. That is empowering - better rest is within your control.”



Public health agencies already push Americans toward produce for heart and metabolic health. The new findings give those guidelines a night-time payoff as well.



A 16 percent improvement translates to fewer awakenings, more consolidated deep stages, and a smoother transition into morning alertness - effects as large as some prescription sleep aids but without their side effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-better-sleep">Tips for better sleep</h2>



The scientists plan randomized, controlled feeding studies in which subjects eat standardized meals under lab supervision, allowing causal conclusions. They also hope to enlist diverse age groups and cultural diets to confirm that the produce-sleep link holds across cuisines.



In the meantime, the message is straightforward: pack the day’s menu with colorful plants and unrefined grains.



If you normally skip <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-fruits-and-vegetables-improve-heart-health/">vegetables</a> at lunch, add a salad. Replace an evening snack of chips with berries. Substituting even one refined-carb serving with fruit nudged sleep metrics in the right direction during the trial.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-simple-habit-immediate-gains"><a></a>A simple habit, immediate gains</h2>



Modern life often pits sleep against work, screens, and stress - factors that feel out of personal control. Food choices, however, remain largely in our hands.



By aligning dinner plates with daytime energy needs and nighttime recovery, people can harness a basic element of lifestyle to reinforce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-color-of-light-impacts-our-internal-clocks-and-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">circadian rhythms</a>.



The experts emphasize that produce will not cure severe insomnia on its own, but it offers an accessible lever that begins to move the needle within a single sunrise-to-sunset cycle.



For anyone struggling to stay asleep, the produce aisle may be as valuable as the pharmacy shelf. A serving of spinach at lunch or a banana before bed could help stitch the night together, turning fragmented dozing into a more continuous, restorative sleep - one colorful cup at a time.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218(25)00089-0/abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sleep Health</a>.



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Eating more fruits and vegetables will help you get better sleep

Eating more fruit, vegetables, and other complex carbohydrates during the...

Fungi,Aspergillus,,Black,Mold,,Which,Produce,Aflatoxins,And,Cause,Pulmonary

Imagine inhaling hundreds of invisible spores every day. Most float in and out without leaving a trace. Yet some belong molds that don't respect boundaries.



Some fungus species will infect lungs, spoil crops, and disrupt ecosystems all at the same time. In short, they can wreak massive havoc and leave death in their wake.



Most molds and fungi are helpful, but some fungus and mold will jump from hospital wards to honeybee hives, and the line between helpful recycler and harmful invader grows blurrier each year.



Most of the time, healthy immune systems swat away dangerous spores and fight off infection. Trouble arises when weakened defenses, rising temperatures, and heavy fungicide use tip the scales. 



Suddenly, the same fungus that quietly decomposes the fallen leaves in your yard can trigger relentless coughs, damage corn silos, and shrug off medicines that once kept it in check.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aspergillus-fungus-easily-adapts">Aspergillus fungus easily adapts</h2>



After studying fungal threats for years, Dr. Norman van Rhijn and colleagues at <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Manchester</a> mapped how three notorious Aspergillus species - A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. niger - might spread through the end of the century. 



They fed climate change scenarios into global models and watched the virtual spores drift. One scenario (SSP585), which assumes a fossil-fuel-dependent future, paints an unsettling picture: habitats across Europe become markedly friendlier to these pathogens.



Aspergillus fungus thrives because its genome bends easily to new pressures. It lives on soil, grains, animal feathers, even coral skeletons. Out in the wild, it recycles nutrients, but on farms and in clinics, the story shifts. 



Farmers spray <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-fungus-is-among-us-drug-resistant-fungi-is-thriving-in-every-corner-of-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">azole fungicides</a> to protect wheat and peanuts; doctors use nearly identical azole drugs to save patients with lung infections. That overlap nudges Aspergillus toward drug resistance - similar to bacteria evolving against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-rivers-are-highly-saturated-with-human-antibiotics-helping-bacteria-develop-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotics</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-reshapes-global-mold-map">Climate reshapes global mold map</h2>



Temperature, humidity, and extreme weather events dictate where spores settle. 



“Changes in environmental factors, such as humidity and extreme weather events, will change habitats and drive fungal adaptation and spread,” said Dr. van Rhijn. 



“We’ve already seen the emergence of the fungus <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-microbes-aerosols-can-travel-thousands-of-miles-through-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Candida auris</a> due to rising temperatures, but, until now, we had little information on how other fungi might respond to this change in the environment.” 



He added that fungi remain “relatively under-researched compared to viruses and parasites,” yet the new maps show they will likely reach “most areas of the world in the future.”



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Aspergillus_global-distributions_map_credit-MaxENT_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Aspergillus_global-distributions_map_credit-MaxENT_1s.webp" alt="MaxENT model accurate described Aspergillus global distributions. Credit: University of Manchester" class="wp-image-1973600"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">MaxENT model accurate described Aspergillus global distributions. Click image to enlarge. Credit: University of Manchester</figcaption></figure>



Those maps point to striking numbers. Under the high-emissions pathway, the range of A. flavus in Europe could jump about 16 percent, potentially putting another one million people at risk of infection. 



A. fumigatus - the chief culprit behind invasive aspergillosis - could expand its European footprint by 77.5 percent, threatening up to nine million more residents. 



In Africa, paradoxically, parts of the continent may become too hot for some fungi to survive, hinting at complex regional trade-offs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecasting-aspergillus-fungus-spread">Forecasting Aspergillus fungus spread</h2>



Forecasting pathogens decades ahead may sound speculative, but it builds on earlier warnings. Hospitals already grapple with Aspergillus fungus outbreaks after building renovations or severe dust storms. 



Meanwhile, intensive-care units report stubborn cases in patients recovering from influenza or COVID-19. 



Rising outdoor spore loads could translate to more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-deadly-molds-attack-the-immune-system-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hospital admissions</a> and costlier treatments, especially because diagnostics for fungal infections lag far behind those for bacteria or viruses.



Mycotoxin contamination adds another layer. A single year of heavy Aspergillus growth can saddle the U.S. corn industry with losses topping $1 billion. 



Increased heat and humidity extend the window for mold growth in silos and fields, forcing farmers to discard grain or blend batches to dilute toxins - strategies that still carry economic and health risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-drugs-don-t-work">Current drugs don't work</h2>



Azole resistance has climbed steadily in Europe and Asia. Patients with resistant Aspergillus fungus infections face mortality rates exceeding 50 percent, partly because alternative drugs can damage the kidneys or liver. 



Each hectare treated with agricultural azoles raises the odds that environmental spores will carry resistance genes into hospitals. 



Public-health agencies now track these genes in soil and compost piles, hoping to spot trouble before it reaches intensive care.



Fungicide demand is also changing. As some African regions exceed the thermal limits for certain molds, farmers elsewhere may spray more to protect lengthening growing seasons.



That feedback loop - more fungicide, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-plays-an-overlooked-role-in-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stronger resistance</a> - complicates food security and patient care alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farms-food-and-rising-bills">Farms, food, and rising bills</h2>



Aspergillus isn’t the lone shapeshifter. Fusarium, which devastates wheat and oat fields, and Cryptococcus, an opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients, also respond to warming climates. 



“Fungal pathogens pose a serious threat to human health by causing infections and disrupting food systems. Climate change will make these risks worse," explains Viv Goosens of <a href="https://wellcome.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wellcome</a>.



"To address these challenges, we must fill important research gaps. By using models and maps to track the spread of fungi, we can better direct resources and prepare for the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aspergillus-fungus-and-human-health">Aspergillus fungus and human health</h2>



Fungi account for an estimated 1.5 to 3.8 million species, yet fewer than 10 percent carry official descriptions, and only a sliver have sequenced genomes. 



The scarcity of basic data hinders vaccine development and slows the hunt for safer drug targets. 



Recognizing this blind spot, the <a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> added Aspergillus fungus and Candida species to its priority list for emerging threats in 2022.



Researchers now call for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-of-food-safety-ai-can-detect-contamination-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coordinated monitoring</a> - combining air quality sensors, agricultural sampling, and hospital surveillance - to trace spore movement in near-real time. 



Such efforts could flag hotspots, guide fungicide regulations, and spark investment in rapid diagnostics. Without them, today’s manageable mold may evolve into tomorrow’s silent pandemic.



No single fix will erase the risk. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions limits the environmental changes that favor Aspergillus fungus. 



Smarter fungicide policies slow resistance on farms. Better ventilation in buildings reduces indoor spore counts, while new antifungal classes extend doctors’ toolkits. 



Piece by piece, these steps can keep an ancient decomposer from becoming an outsized menace in a warming world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-6545782/v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research Square</a>.



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Deadly fungus that can 'eat you from the inside out' is now in the U.S. and quickly spreading around the world

Imagine inhaling hundreds of invisible spores every day. Most float...

That sea of manicured green grass stretching across parks, backyards, golf courses, and cemeteries may be doing more than just pleasing the eye.



A new study led by scientists at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a> shows that turfgrass - typically overlooked in urban greenhouse gas models - plays a small but crucial role in shaping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-carbon-dioxide-travels-in-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> levels. And in winter, when most vegetation is thought to go dormant, these lawns are still quietly at work.



The findings stem from research conducted as part of the <a href="https://sites.psu.edu/influx/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indianapolis Flux Experiment</a> (INFLUX). By adding turfgrass-specific data to carbon models, the team has improved how scientists account for the biological activity of vegetation, leading to more accurate estimates of human-caused emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lawns-role-in-carbon-emissions">Lawns' role in carbon emissions</h2>



The study could help reduce uncertainty in estimating human-caused emissions and guide more effective greenhouse gas policies.



Jason Horne is the lead author and a doctoral candidate in meteorology and atmospheric science at Penn State. “There has been a push to better understand the processes that are going on in these areas, because it’s really complex,” he said.



Urban greenhouse gas emissions mainly come from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-warnings-fossil-fuels-are-causing-climate-health-and-biodiversity-crises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel</a> combustion - cars, heating systems, industrial activity - but vegetation complicates the picture. 



Plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and release it through respiration and decay. 



Accurately separating these processes is essential when trying to isolate the human fingerprint on emissions. "And for that, we need to have a good idea of what the biology is doing,” Horne added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grass-is-active-in-winter">Grass is active in winter</h2>



To get that biological snapshot, the team placed eddy covariance flux towers - sensors that track gas exchanges between the land and air - above two distinct turfgrass sites in Indianapolis: a golf course and a cemetery.



These measurements ran for a full year before and after grass was added to the simulation models.



The difference was clear. Existing vegetation types in the models couldn’t match the real seasonal behavior observed at these sites. One key moment stood out: winter.



“Our models were not able to capture the carbon dioxide being removed from the atmosphere by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-foundation-of-life-is-at-risk-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> in the middle of winter,” Horne said. “The model showed vegetation was a net source of carbon dioxide during the middle of the day.”



But field data showed that even during freezing temperatures, turfgrass was still performing photosynthesis, albeit at lower levels. That quiet activity matters more than it seems, especially in cities where lawn coverage is extensive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grass-improves-city-models">Grass improves city models</h2>



Armed with these observations, the researchers created a new turfgrass vegetation type within their simulation. This tweak allowed the model to better reflect actual winter photosynthesis rates and adjust for the role lawns in removing carbon dioxide from the air.



“Turfgrass photosynthesis is not highly active during the winter, but it’s active enough to make a difference in the models - and that could make a difference in how we understand every emission source,” Horne said.



Misrepresenting vegetation as emitting carbon can lead to inaccurate estimates of total human-caused emissions. For cities like Indianapolis, where 20% to 30% of the land area is covered in turfgrass, even subtle changes add up.



“Even if we see a small drawdown of carbon dioxide in the middle of winter, it’s not insignificant,” Horne emphasized. “If you are not considering that, you may be underestimating anthropogenic emissions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lawn-care-affects-emissions">Lawn care affects emissions</h2>



The two study sites revealed additional insights. The golf course’s grass was irrigated, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fertilized-soil-pollution-california/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilized</a>, and mowed regularly, while the cemetery’s lawn was less intensely managed.



This difference likely affects both carbon uptake and release. It highlights the need for future research on maintenance practices and environmental factors.



“But it’s clear from our work that turfgrass lawns are worthy of dedicated study,” Horne said. “This could help reduce the amount of uncertainty when we're trying to estimate anthropogenic emissions to guide policy decisions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-urban-green-spaces"><a></a>Rethinking urban green spaces</h2>



The work highlights the subtle but real influence of managed lawn grass on carbon dynamics. It also strengthens the case for refining urban emission models to include a broader, more accurate picture of vegetation activity.



By incorporating turfgrass into simulations, scientists are improving their grasp on how cities breathe - and how human behavior, through lawn care and landscaping, may shape that process.



As urban areas expand and climate policy sharpens, even the quietest blades of grass could help write the next chapter of emissions accounting.



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JG008477">Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences</a>.



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Your lawn plays a key role in absorbing urban carbon emissions

That sea of manicured green grass stretching across parks, backyards,...

Each year, the summer solstice marks the longest day in the Northern Hemisphere. For most people, it brings warmth, festivals, and late sunsets. But for plants, it may mean something far more important. 



New research led by scientists at the University of British Columbia (UBC) suggests that this annual milestone could be a vital signal for growth and reproduction.



Yet, as the planet warms, this natural cue may be losing its reliability. The research, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, explores how plants use the solstice as a possible trigger. 



However, with rising temperatures and increasing climate unpredictability, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-finally-learn-what-makes-plants-roots-grow-faster-and-stronger-autophagy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> may now need to look elsewhere for guidance.



“Plants are known to use temperature to time things like leaf growth and flowering,” said Dr. Victor Van der Meersch, postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UBC</a>’s faculty of forestry. “This study shows that the solstice is an optimal growth period and could also be an important trigger for reproduction.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solstice-helps-plants-time-their-growth">Solstice helps plants time their growth</h2>



Historically, researchers believed daylength in general helped plants schedule <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-future-climate-conditions-will-transform-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth</a>. This study goes further. It suggests the summer solstice - around June 21 in the Northern Hemisphere - marks a key thermal optimum. 



Across both Europe and North America, it offers a balance of accumulated warmth and enough time left in the season to finish development.



According to the authors, this timing represents a trade-off. Plants need to accumulate enough warmth to anticipate future climate conditions, but they also need time to grow organs, set flowers, and prepare for reproduction. The solstice may offer the best bet to strike that balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solstice-aligns-with-optimal-plant-growth">Solstice aligns with optimal plant growth </h2>



Using historical and projected climate data, the researchers studied temperature patterns over many years. They measured this through “growing degree days” (GDD) - a way to track heat accumulation important for plant metabolism. 



The goal was to find the day when plants could most confidently predict how warm the rest of the season would be and still have time to grow. 



This trade-off, visible in the models and graphs of the paper, shows the solstice often sits near the point of best combined predictability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth</a> potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-climates-tell-a-different-story">Local climates tell a different story</h2>



Despite this average, local conditions tell a more complex story. In warmer parts of southern Europe, plants peak earlier. In cooler northern regions, the best time for growth arrives well after the solstice. 



The paper’s map on page 2 highlights this clearly. Sites in red, purple, and green mark where optimal growth timing occurs before, near, or after the solstice.



That means the solstice is not a reliable cue everywhere. “Daylength doesn’t change from year to year. But with temperatures fluctuating more, plants may be having trouble adjusting to both signals,” said Dr. Elizabeth Wolkovich, co-author and plant ecologist at UBC.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fixed-signals-limit-how-plants-respond">Fixed signals limit how plants respond</h2>



The study notes that relying on a fixed signal like the solstice could limit how plants adapt to changing environments. Instead, the authors argue that temperature - because it reflects real-time conditions - may now be more useful than photoperiod cues.



Given the variation across climates, it may be better for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-skies-alter-plant-growth-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> to track temperature directly. “That’s because it’s directly tied to the actual climate conditions plants are experiencing,” said Van der Meersch.



Tracking solstice involves not just sensing light but calculating how fast the light is changing - a process that may be more complex and costly for plants than sensing heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mistiming-growth-harms-plants">Mistiming growth harms plants</h2>



Mistimed growth carries big risks. Crops might flower too early, risking frost. Pollinators may miss blooms. Forests may grow less, weakening carbon capture. 



"These timing problems can affect food security and biodiversity,” said Dr. Wolkovich. “We need to understand the signals plants use for key events like flowering and fruit ripening.”



The authors acknowledge another possibility: maybe the solstice isn’t a true biological signal for plant growth. It may just coincide with a thermal peak due to climate patterns. 



To answer this, future research must test whether plants actively respond to solstice or if the alignment is a coincidence. The experts suggest decoupling temperature and light in experiments to test how plants really make decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-matters-for-the-future">Why this matters for the future</h2>



As drought and warming reshape global climates, understanding when and how plants grow becomes critical. This affects everything from crop planning to forest management. 



Models that ignore the complexity of climate cues could lead to poor predictions and missed interventions.



The study, published in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2506796122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, argues that the solstice may no longer serve as the dependable signal it once was. 



The work opens a new window into how plants might adapt - or fail to - in a world where stability is fading.



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Summer solstice guides plant growth - but climate change is interfering

Each year, the summer solstice marks the longest day in...

Tucked into the humid wetlands of the American Southeast, the bald cypress rises with quiet determination. These towering trees, known for their knobby knees and flared bases, don’t just dominate the swamps - they define them. 



Many bald cypress trees have been standing for thousands of years, enduring floods, poor soil, and relentless humidity. But their survival story is not without challenges, as bald cypress trees are now facing a barrage of threats. 



While animals age and die, trees tend to live until their environment wears them down. The story of the bald cypress is one of endurance - but also one of vulnerability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buried-cypress-trees-tell-an-old-story">Buried cypress trees tell an old story</h2>



Scientists from <a href="https://www.fau.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Atlantic University</a>, in collaboration with Lynn University, the University of Georgia, the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and the Georgia Museum of Natural History, recently uncovered an ancient timeline buried at the mouth of Georgia’s Altamaha River. 



There, the team found subfossil bald cypress trees - remnants of a once-thriving forest that time had preserved in mud and sediment.



To understand how these trees responded to past climate changes, researchers used <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radiocarbon-could-be-key-in-predicting-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiocarbon dating</a> and analyzed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-reveal-the-carbon-storage-capacity-of-a-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree rings</a> - measuring their size and number. 



Each ring captured a snapshot of that tree’s life in a given year, offering a long, unbroken record of environmental conditions. What the trees revealed was startling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sudden-shift-around-500-a-d">Sudden shift around 500 A.D.</h2>



Before 500 A.D., bald cypress trees at this site routinely lived over 470 years. But after that time, their lifespans fell dramatically - to just 186 years on average. 



At the same time, the trees started growing faster. That may sound like a good thing, but quick growth often means less structural strength and increased stress.



This timing aligns with a dramatic climate event known as the Vandal Minimum - a global cooling period caused by volcanic eruptions and possibly a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-comet-impact-triggered-the-invention-of-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet impact</a>. 



These upheavals altered the atmosphere and, in turn, the ecosystems below. As the planet cooled, the once-resilient bald cypress began living shorter, more fragile lives.



“The last of the long-lived trees found in the deposit died during another major climatic event, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-cooling-event-caused-extinction-of-first-early-humans-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Little Ice Age</a>,” said Katharine G. Napora, Ph.D., the study’s senior author. 



“Our findings underscore how long-lasting the localized effects of major climate shifts can be, especially for coastal forests that are already vulnerable to wind damage, saltwater intrusion and rising seas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impacts-on-cypress-trees">Climate impacts on cypress trees</h2>



Despite the abrupt change in tree lifespans, researchers found no signs of fire, human activity, or logging at the site. There’s no clear smoking gun - no single event or threat that explains the decline. 



What’s clear, however, is that the cypress trees never bounced back. Even centuries later, they failed to reach their former lifespans.



“This shift wasn’t a brief disruption. Even centuries later, the trees never regained their former longevity. In fact, their lifespans continued to decline over time,” Napora explained.



Scientists believe several factors could be responsible. Coastal conditions may have become more unstable - with more frequent storms, salinity spikes, and inconsistent flooding patterns. 



During dry periods, pests like mites likely thrived and added more stress. Together, these shifts may have created an environment where longevity was no longer possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cypress-trees-as-climate-timekeepers">Cypress trees as climate timekeepers</h2>



The researchers studied 95 subfossil bald cypress trees from the Altamaha Wildlife Management Area. These trees had been buried for centuries and were unearthed during regular land maintenance work. 



The well-preserved condition of the trees gave scientists an ideal record for examining past growth without interference from modern preservation differences.



“These ancient giants not only inspire awe but also serve as natural archives, helping scientists understand how trees have weathered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-needed-millions-of-years-to-recover-from-past-climate-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past climate events</a> - and how they might fare in the face of modern climate change,” Napora said.



And these are not the only cypress trees with climate stories to tell. In parts of the Southeast, living bald cypress trees between 800 and 2,600 years old still stand today. They’ve survived massive environmental shifts and now live as rare survivors in old-growth swamp forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-story-of-the-earth-written-in-wood">The story of the Earth, written in wood</h2>



While the Vandal Minimum was not a global freeze in the way we often imagine, it was felt in many corners of the world. The bald cypress offers a unique look into how such broad changes ripple through ecosystems - and linger for centuries.



“The rings of the bald cypress are like nature’s journal entries, written year by year and season by season, showing how even slow changes can shape the course of life," said Napora.



"In their quiet persistence, these trees offer both a warning and a lesson: that the world is more interconnected than we often realize, and that the story of the Earth isn’t only told through written history - it’s etched into wood, embedded in landscapes and carried forward by living organisms."



"The past lives on in the trunks of these ancient trees, reminding us that environmental shifts - whether natural or human-caused - reverberate through time in ways we are only beginning to understand.”



In a time of rising uncertainty, these trees are more than survivors. They are storytellers, and we’re just learning how to listen.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2421181122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Bald cypress trees reveal long-term impact of climate change

Tucked into the humid wetlands of the American Southeast, the...

Beneath the forest floor lies a vast and vital network of life - underground fungi that help regulate Earth’s climate and sustain ecosystems by transporting nutrients to plants and locking carbon deep in the soil.



Among these are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a>, especially ectomycorrhizal species, which form intricate symbiotic relationships with trees and plants. But as scientists try to understand and protect these essential organisms, they’re running into a surprising obstacle: the majority of these fungi remain unknown.



A new study reveals that up to 83% of ectomycorrhizal fungi belong to “dark taxa” - species that have never been formally named or described. Scientists only know these organisms through fragments of their DNA, and their anonymity poses a significant challenge for conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-fungal-diversity">Invisible fungal diversity</h2>



Only about 155,000 fungal species have been officially documented, while scientists estimate that between two and three million exist. In recent years, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/airborne-dna-can-track-wildlife-diseases-and-even-drugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental DNA</a> (eDNA) sampling - extracting genetic material directly from soil and roots - has helped researchers detect many more species. 



However, for most of these mysterious fungi, there’s no existing match in the scientific record.



Laura van Galen is lead author of the study and a microbial ecologist working with the <a href="https://www.spun.earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society for the Protection of Underground Networks</a> (SPUN) and <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>.



“We are a long way out from getting all fungal DNA sequences linked to named species,” she said. "Environmental DNA has enormous potential as a research tool to detect fungal species, but we can’t include unnamed species in conservation initiatives. How can you protect something that hasn’t yet been named?”



Traditionally, scientists assign described species Latin binomials - names that help them track and study these organisms. Without these identifiers, dark taxa remain excluded from conservation frameworks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-drive-forest-health">Fungi drive forest health</h2>



Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more than obscure soil residents - they’re powerhouses of planetary health. 



These fungi partner with roughly a quarter of all plant life and play an outsized role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-plankton-play-a-big-role-in-the-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s carbon cycle</a>, drawing down over nine billion tons of carbon dioxide each year.



That’s more than 25% of the CO2 released annually by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-warnings-fossil-fuels-are-causing-climate-health-and-biodiversity-crises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>. They also help regulate nutrient flows in forests, support plant resilience, and even break down pollutants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropics-hold-untapped-fungi">Tropics hold untapped fungi</h2>



Despite their importance, most ectomycorrhizal research focuses on the Global North, leaving tropical fungal communities overlooked.



According to the study, hotspots for dark taxa are especially concentrated in tropical forests and shrublands in Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and parts of Africa. They also occur in montane forests above Mongolia.



“Mid-latitude and southern-hemisphere regions show signs of being home to many unknown species," said van Galen. 



“This means there is a mismatch in resources and funding. We need to facilitate more tropical researchers and those from southern-hemisphere regions to focus on identifying these super-important fungi.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-the-nameless"><a></a>Naming the nameless</h2>



To bring these fungi into the scientific spotlight, the researchers suggest two main strategies: fieldwork and museum science. Collecting and sequencing new fungal samples is vital, but revisiting existing collections is equally important.



 Camille Truong is co-author of the study and a mycorrhizal ecologist at SPUN and the <a href="https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria in Australia</a>.



“One way to reduce the dark taxa problem is to collect, study and sequence mushrooms and other fungi,” said Truong. 



“Conversely, there are mushrooms that have been sitting for decades in collections of botanical gardens. These should be urgently sequenced so that we can, hopefully, start matching them up with some of these dark taxa.”



The stakes are high. Many of these unknown fungi are linked to plant species that are themselves endangered. If those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-and-fungi-communicate-using-a-silent-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> disappear, their fungal partners - possibly with vital ecological functions - could vanish without ever being documented.



“We're at risk here,” van Galen warned. “If we lose these host plants, we might also be losing really important fungal communities that we don’t know anything about yet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-underground-fungal-species">Prioritizing underground fungal species</h2>



The tools to explore fungal diversity already exist. What’s missing is widespread recognition of the fungi’s role in climate and biodiversity, and a coordinated push to study and protect them.



“We really need to pay so much more attention to fungi in the soil so that we can understand the species and protect them and conserve them before we lose them,” van Galen said.



The authors hope their research will help steer conservation organizations toward prioritizing regions rich in underground fungal diversity - even if the species found there are still nameless.



After all, in the quiet depths of the soil, scientists may discover the foundations of forests, climate stability, and even our future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)00426-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



Image Credit: Adriana Corrales/SPUN



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Why millions of fungal species still remain unknown

Beneath the forest floor lies a vast and vital network...

When people think of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, farming likely isn’t the first image that comes to mind. Known for its cold winters, brief growing seasons, and thick forests, the region seems too harsh for traditional agriculture. 



But a newly published study tells a very different story - one that stretches back over a thousand years and challenges what we thought we knew about the history of Indigenous farming in the northern U.S.



Scientists at <a href="https://home.dartmouth.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dartmouth College</a> have confirmed that a site along the Menominee River, known as Sixty Islands, was once home to intensive agriculture practiced by the ancestors of the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin.



The research sheds light on a large and remarkably preserved raised-field system that dates back to between the 10th century and 1600, making it one of the most complete ancient agricultural sites east of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-mississippi-river-in-the-united-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mississippi River</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sophisticated-farming-history">Sophisticated farming history</h2>



At the heart of the discovery are the ridge fields - clusters of garden beds raised between 4 and 12 inches (10 and 30 centimeters) high. These were used to cultivate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-sweet-corn-at-high-densities-improves-yield/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corn</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beans-a-simple-food-with-serious-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beans</a>, squash, and other crops. 



The ridge fields still stretch across the land in visible patterns, many of them intact despite centuries of weather and change.



"The scale of this agricultural system by ancestral Menominee communities is 10 times larger than what was previously estimated," said lead author Madeleine McLeester, an assistant professor of anthropology. 



"That forces us to reconsider a number of preconceived ideas we have about agriculture, not only in the region, but globally."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-farming-society">Complex farming society</h2>



The research team surveyed around 330 acres of the site, although they believe that represents only 40% of the total area. The findings hint at a much larger and more complex farming society than previously recognized.



"When you look at the scale of farming, this would require the kind of labor organization that is typically associated with a much larger, state-level hierarchical society," noted McLeester.



"Yet, everything we know about this area suggests smaller, egalitarian societies lived in this region but, in fact, this may have been a rather large settlement."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farming-history-of-a-sacred-landscape">Farming history of a sacred landscape</h2>



The Sixty Islands site is part of Anaem Omot, meaning “Dog’s Belly” in the Menominee language. It’s not just farmland - it’s a sacred and historical landscape.



The area includes burial mounds, dance rings, and village remnants. Some of these were originally excavated between the 1950s and 1970s. A corn cupule found and dated during those early digs helped confirm the agricultural roots of the site.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/agriculture_native-american-farm_Sixty-Islands_map_credit-Carolin-Ferwerda_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/agriculture_native-american-farm_Sixty-Islands_map_credit-Carolin-Ferwerda_1s.webp" alt="Map shows Sixty Islands and other archaeological sites along the Menominee River, and the lidar survey area. Credit: Carolin Ferwerda" class="wp-image-1973247"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Map shows Sixty Islands and other archaeological sites along the Menominee River, and the lidar survey area. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Carolin Ferwerda</figcaption></figure>



Recognizing the deep cultural value of Anaem Omot, it is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. 



At the request of Menominee tribal authorities, the Dartmouth archaeologists returned to the site equipped with modern technology to study and document it further. 



They worked closely with tribal preservation officer David Grignon and the late David Overstreet, a consulting archaeologist for the College of the Menominee Nation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drones-uncovered-ancient-patterns">Drones uncovered ancient patterns</h2>



In May 2023, the team launched a drone-based lidar survey of the area. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/5000-year-old-fort-hidden-in-the-jungle-confirms-ancient-society-sophistication-lidar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lidar</a>, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, uses laser pulses to scan and map surfaces - even beneath forest canopies. It revealed a network of parallel ridges forming quilt-like patterns across the landscape.



"Lidar is a really powerful tool in any kind of forested or heavily vegetated region where the archaeology is hidden below trees - where no kind of optical imagery can see what's underneath the tree canopy," explained senior author Jesse Casana, a professor of anthropology.



"Forests are really confounding to archaeology in a lot of ways, so a lot of archaeologists rely on publicly available lidar that has often been obtained from a plane that flies really high," said Casana. 



"But the resolution of the data is usually too low to see many archaeological features. Drone lidar enables us to collect the same kind of data but at a much higher resolution," added Casana.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digging-deeper-into-farming-history">Digging deeper into farming history</h2>



In August 2023, the team excavated three of the agricultural ridges to learn more about their age and construction. 



Charcoal samples from the dig were radiocarbon dated, showing that the ridges were actively rebuilt and maintained over a span of 600 years, starting around the year 1000.



"All three ridges showed a similar picture in terms of their construction, history and reconstruction," said Casana. "Most field systems have been either lost or destroyed due to intensive land use across most of North America, through farming, including pastures, and the cutting down of trees for urban development."



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/agriculture_native-american-farm_Sixty-Islands_credit-Madeleine-McLeester_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/agriculture_native-american-farm_Sixty-Islands_credit-Madeleine-McLeester_1s.webp" alt="Raised agricultural beds cover an estimated 70% of the lidar survey area at Sixty Islands archaeological site along the Menominee River. Credit: Madeleine McLeester" class="wp-image-1973245"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Raised agricultural beds cover an estimated 70% of the lidar survey area at Sixty Islands archaeological site along the Menominee River. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Madeleine McLeester</figcaption></figure>



"Through this research, we get this little window of preservation into pre-Colonial farming in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan," Casana added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-agricultural-productivity">Maximizing agricultural productivity </h2>



The excavations turned up more than just soil. Charcoal, ceramic sherds, and other small artifacts were found, suggesting that household waste and ashes may have been used to fertilize the fields. The team also found signs that wetland soils were added to improve growing conditions.



"Our work shows that the ancestral Menominee communities were modifying the soil to completely rework the topography in order to plant and harvest corn at the near northern extent of where this crop can grow," said McLeester. 



"This farming system was a massive undertaking requiring a lot of organization, labor, and know-how to maximize agricultural productivity."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-geography-of-early-farming">The geography of early farming</h2>



The scope of what was found may only scratch the surface of early farming history. "We're seeing this kind of landscape alteration in a place where we wouldn't expect it," said McLeester.



"This may be just a little remnant of what must have been a much larger system," added Casana.



The research raises the possibility that many more raised-field systems once existed across the eastern U.S., and that forested regions like the Upper Peninsula might have been significantly more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-recovery-is-lacking-in-the-most-deforested-areas-of-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforested</a> in the past due to agricultural activity.



The work continues. Dartmouth archaeologists are partnering with the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin on further surveys at the Sixty Islands site. 



The goal is to locate ancestral villages and map more of the historic agricultural landscape - giving us a clearer picture of how Indigenous farmers shaped the land long before European settlers arrived.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1643" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



Image credit: Madeleine McLeester



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1,000-year-old Native American farm discovery upends what scientists previously believed was possible

When people think of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, farming likely isn’t...

Scientists at McMaster University have unlocked new possibilities in sustainable material design using fungi. Specifically, the common split gill mushroom (Schizophyllum commune) shows immense potential. It contains over 23,000 mating types, making it a genetic goldmine for innovation.



These mushrooms form mycelium, a dense network of fibers. This structure, once processed, can become biodegradable replacements for plastics, leather, and foams. But even when grown identically, the resulting materials vary. Strength, flexibility, and water resistance often differ.



To address this, researchers studied 16 strains - four monokaryons and 12 of their dikaryotic offspring. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-of-glowing-mushrooms-discovered-mycena-crocata/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strains</a> were carefully bred and tested for material yield and quality. They revealed that both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA influence the traits of resulting films.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mushrooms-biodegradable-leather-and-plastic-nbsp">Mushrooms, biodegradable leather, and plastic&nbsp;</h2>



The team used a liquid fermentation method to grow mats of mycelium over 12 days. They applied two chemical crosslinkers: polyethylene glycol (PEG) and glycerol. These helped turn the fluffy mats into solid films.



“It's possible to use natural genetic variation that already exists in nature and to make combinations that will potentially fit into all kinds of materials, not just one,” said Jianping Xu, a professor of biology at <a href="https://www.mcmaster.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McMaster University</a>.



Each film showed distinct features. Glycerol made soft, pliable sheets. PEG made films that were stiffer and stronger, but also more brittle. For instance, the αδ strain treated with PEG had a ductility over 41%, while others broke quickly.



Statistical analysis revealed something key: mitochondrial and nuclear genotypes interact with crosslinkers in complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mushroom-compound-linked-to-better-health-and-longer-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ways</a>. Some combinations absorbed water better, others yielded higher strength or elasticity. No single strain or treatment outperformed all others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-mushroom-films-were-stronger">Some mushroom films were stronger</h2>



The researchers used electron microscopes to study the films’ fiber structure. PEG-treated films preserved more aerial hyphae and had rougher surfaces. 



Glycerol-treated films were smooth and gelatinous. This roughness may influence where and how the film breaks.



When they tested tensile strength, PEG films often reached higher stresses but lacked flexibility. Glycerol films stretched more before breaking. Some films from the γ family had excellent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nuclear-fusion-milestone-brings-clean-energy-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy</a> absorption, especially βγ and βδ combinations.



Water behavior differed between treatments. PEG films became highly absorbent, rapidly soaking up water through superwicking properties. 



Glycerol films showed consistent water attraction with 77-degree contact angles, making them ideal for packaging applications and wearable material uses due to their predictable moisture interaction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eco-friendly-mushroom-materials">Eco-friendly mushroom materials</h2>



This study is not just a lab exercise. It presents a real strategy for producing environmentally friendly materials using biology. Rather than engineer every trait from scratch, scientists can mix and match natural genetics.



The work also emphasizes scalability. Liquid-state surface fermentation is easier to replicate and scale than older methods. The researchers propose using protoplast fusion or selective mating to further expand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-total-synthesis-of-mushroom-compound-could-transform-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">material options</a>.



Crosslinker selection adds another layer. PEG boosts stiffness but at the cost of flexibility. Glycerol preserves stretchiness but lowers strength. 



The future lies in customizing the process for different industrial needs - fabrics, construction, or biodegradable wraps.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-materials-from-mushrooms">Sustainable materials from mushrooms</h2>



The study does have limitations. The untreated control films disintegrated, making them impossible to test. Also, the team couldn’t explore every genetic combination possible, which opens the door for more research. 



Standardizing how strains are selected and linking genetic traits to material qualities still pose major hurdles. But despite these gaps, the work lays a strong foundation for future advances.



It proves that material properties can be shaped not only through processing or chemical treatments, but also by selecting specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mushroom-magic-new-species-discovered-in-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mushroom</a> genes. 



This approach could shift how we think about designing sustainable materials. Instead of forcing nature to adapt to our needs, we can now search within nature’s own library of genetic variation.



The split gill mushroom, with its wide diversity, gives scientists a rich resource to explore. The message is simple: nature already provides the recipes. 



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2369969825000374?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts</a>.



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How mushrooms could replace materials like plastic and leather

Scientists at McMaster University have unlocked new possibilities in sustainable...

The world of psychedelic science just gained a surprising new chapter, thanks to morning glory seeds and a student at West Virginia University (WVU). 



While much of modern pharmaceutical research depends on billion dollar labs and global corporations, sometimes the most powerful discoveries grow quietly in a greenhouse. 



Hidden in the seed coat of a common plant, an elusive fungus has finally been found. It may lead to better treatments for depression, PTSD, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-psychedelic-dose-may-improve-brain-flexibility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a>, and more.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inside-morning-glory-seed-coats">Inside morning glory seed coats</h2>



Corinne Hazel, an environmental microbiology major from Delaware, Ohio, had no idea she was on the brink of a major scientific moment. 



As a Goldwater Scholar and lab researcher at <a href="https://www.wvu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WVU</a>’s Davis College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Hazel was investigating how morning glory plants manage the movement of ergot alkaloids. These are natural compounds with known effects on both plants and people.



In collaboration with Professor Daniel Panaccione, she explored whether these alkaloids, long known to provide protective effects to plants, might be linked to fungal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelics-sexuality-and-self-discovery-what-a-new-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>. 



The team had collected many morning glory specimens in their lab, each holding potential secrets. Then, during one routine observation, Hazel noticed something small but strange.



"We had a ton of plants lying around and they had these tiny little seed coats," she said. "We noticed a little bit of fuzz in the seed coat. That was our fungus."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-confirms-new-fungus-species">DNA confirms new fungus species</h2>



To determine exactly what they were looking at, the researchers extracted DNA from the seed coat and sent it out for genome sequencing. This process would determine the fungus’s genetic fingerprint and confirm whether it had ever been cataloged before. 



When the results came back, it was clear. They had discovered a new species. Hazel named it Periglandula clandestina. The name reflects the fungus’s stealthy nature. It had hidden in plain sight for decades. 



The DNA sequence has now been officially stored in a gene bank, permanently linking her name to this scientific achievement. "Sequencing a genome is a significant thing," Panaccione said. "It's amazing for a student." 



But the importance of the discovery did not stop at its novelty. This tiny fungus was not just rare. It filled in a crucial piece of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magic-mushrooms-are-the-most-popular-psychedelic-drug/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychedelic</a> puzzle that had lingered for nearly a hundred years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-morning-glory-fungus-and-lsd-effects">Morning glory fungus and LSD effects</h2>



In the late 1930s, Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann created LSD by modifying ergot alkaloids. He also noticed that morning glories seemed to contain similar psychedelic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-ibogaine-can-now-be-produced-without-rare-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compounds</a>. 



Hofmann theorized that a fungus living inside the plants could be responsible. However, scientists for decades could not find this mysterious organism.



"Morning glories contain high concentrations of similar lysergic acid derivatives that give them their psychedelic activities," Panaccione explained. 



"This inspired Hofmann and others to investigate morning glories for the presence of a hidden fungus related to the ergot fungus that might be the source of these chemicals. They found very similar chemicals, but they could never find the fungus itself."



Hazel and Panaccione’s work finally closed this chapter. Their findings, published in the journal Mycologia, confirm what Hofmann had only suspected. The fungal symbiont inside morning glories is not only real but also active in producing these mind-altering alkaloids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-dangerous-to-therapeutic">From dangerous to therapeutic</h2>



Ergot alkaloids have a complicated history. Produced only by fungi, they naturally occur in grains like rye and plants like morning glory. While some forms are dangerous and toxic to humans and livestock, others have long been used in medicine. 



Doctors have used them to manage migraines, stop uterine bleeding, and even treat Parkinson’s disease. However, these treatments come with risks. Side effects can be severe. 



With the discovery of Periglandula clandestina, researchers now have a new fungal model that produces ergot alkaloids efficiently and in high amounts. This could offer a new path to refining these compounds for medical use, with better control and fewer unwanted effects.



"Many things are toxic. But if you administer them in the right dosage or modify them, they can be useful pharmaceuticals. By studying them, we may be able to figure out ways to bypass the side effects. These are big issues for medicine and agriculture," noted Panaccione.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-the-morning-glory-fungus">Naming the morning glory fungus</h2>



The choice of name, Periglandula clandestina, was no accident. For decades, scientists looked for this very fungus. Its absence puzzled many. Its ability to hide, even while producing clearly detectable chemicals, added to the mystery.



"I think that's the perfect name," Panaccione said. "And I love that we did this project together. Corinne has a ton of talent. It's about students recognizing the opportunities, seizing them and having the skill and the brain power to bring this work to fruition."



For Hazel, this was not just a technical project or a lucky break. It became a moment that validated years of training, careful observation, and persistence. Her work gives other students a model to follow. Paying attention can lead to scientific impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-the-fungus">What’s next for the fungus</h2>



Hazel has not stopped with the discovery. She is now studying how best to grow the fungus in the lab. This is not easy. Periglandula clandestina grows slowly and under specific conditions. 



If she succeeds, it could allow scientists to produce ergot alkaloids in more controlled settings, advancing pharmaceutical research.



Hazel also plans to examine other morning glory species. It is possible that many more fungi, still unknown, may be working quietly inside these plants. They could be producing powerful compounds and waiting to be found.



"I'm lucky to have stumbled into this opportunity," she said. "People have been looking for this fungus for years, and one day, I look in the right place, and there it is. I'm very proud of the work that I've done at WVU."



Hazel’s discovery reminds us that scientific revolutions can begin in the most overlooked places. In this case, the revolution started with a bit of fuzz in a seed coat and the curiosity of one determined student.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00275514.2025.2483634" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycologia</a>.



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Fungus that lives in 'morning glory' flower seeds produces psychedelic effects similar to LSD

The world of psychedelic science just gained a surprising new...

Plants suffer greatly during summer droughts, which can lead to billions of dollars in lost crops, and a higher demand for irrigation. This can cause a decline in productivity, resulting in food shortages and rising prices. It’s a familiar story - but one that might soon change.



Researchers from <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a>, the University of Colorado, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have shown conclusively that plants can help themselves recover from severe drought, without outside intervention. 



This process, called “refilling,” has been debated by plant scientists for years. But the new research demonstrates that it can happen naturally in plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-plant-recovery">The science behind plant recovery</h2>



When plants dry out, they suffer damage deep inside. Their water transport system, known as the xylem, becomes blocked by gas bubbles. These bubbles, called embolisms, prevent water from flowing. 



In many plants, recovery is difficult of even impossible once <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-trees-decide-between-growing-and-breathing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">embolisms</a> have formed. Scientists have long debated whether plants can clear these blockages on their own. Some experiments suggested they could, but the methods used raised doubts.



Traditional studies often involved cutting plants and forcing water back into the tissues under unnatural pressures. Critics pointed out that this could create “artifacts” - results that didn’t reflect what happens in nature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observing-plant-recovery-in-real-time">Observing plant recovery in real-time </h2>



To settle the debate, the CSU, CU, and USDA team took a different approach. They used a micro-CT scanner, an advanced type of X-ray machine, to watch the plants without harming them. This machine allowed the researchers to observe internal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sensors-that-detect-plant-stress-could-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant processes</a> as they unfolded in real time.



What they found was striking. Within 24 hours of watering, a type of wild grass that had become dehydrated showed a complete reversal of embolism. Its water transport system - initially almost entirely blocked - returned to full function.



“This is the first convincing evidence of the reversal, or refilling, of embolism in a vascular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-plant-species-remain-unphotographed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a>, with the plant regaining full functional recovery afterward,” said Sean Gleason, a researcher with the USDA Agricultural Research Service, and a CSU affiliate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-crops">What this means for crops</h2>



The implications are significant. If scientists can understand the genetic mechanisms behind refilling, they might be able to breed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-cover-crops-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a> that can survive droughts more effectively.



The team has already started looking for other plants with this trait. The hope is to identify the genetic triggers that make refilling possible. Once found, these traits could be introduced into agricultural crops.



"If a plant can recover from drought quickly by refilling, then you might be able to recoup some losses during a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exquisite-mechanism-will-help-plants-survive-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> year,” said Troy Ocheltree, a CSU associate professor in the Warner College of Natural Resources. 



“If plants can refill, this may allow flexibility in the amount and timing of irrigation, although additional work is required to identify how refilling would impact crop water use.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-resilient-plant-hiding-in-plain-sight">A resilient plant hiding in plain sight</h2>



The plant that proved the theory wasn’t found in a lush field or a greenhouse. It was discovered growing in a parking lot, thriving in the cracks of hot, dry asphalt.



The research team, including lead author Jared Stewart and graduate students Brendan Allen and Stephanie Polutchko, picked this grass because of its resilience. 



After a prolonged drought, the grass appeared dead and had up to 88% of its xylem blocked. But once watered, its vascular system bounced back overnight.



So far, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-grass-could-protect-crops-against-deadly-pathogens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild grass</a> is the only species known to refill naturally. However, the researchers believe others might exist.



“We don't know how common this is,” Ocheltree said. “But the fact that we found a plant in the parking lot that refills makes me think there's probably others out there that also refill. It shifts our mindset.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-equipment-behind-the-discovery">The equipment behind the discovery</h2>



A key part of the study’s success was access to a micro-CT scanner from CSU’s College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. 



This specialized machine, which is typically used for small animals, emits lower radiation levels than standard CT scanners. It allowed the researchers to scan the plants repeatedly without causing harm.



Support from the lab’s staff was essential. Professor Nicole Ehrhart, director of CSU’s Center for Healthy Aging, and lab technician Laura Chubb played critical roles. Chubb initially scanned the plants and later trained Gleason to operate the machine.



“The resilience of this humble grass - reviving its vascular system overnight - was both surprising and deeply compelling,” Ehrhart said.



“Collaborations like this remind us how powerful it can be when tools developed for biomedical research are applied in new ways to answer fundamental questions about life. We were thrilled to contribute to such impactful science.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-plants-to-resist-drought">Breeding plants to resist drought</h2>



The discovery opens the door to exciting possibilities. With further research, scientists might find more species capable of refilling. 



Experts can work toward breeding these drought-resistant traits into crops - a step that could improve food security and help farmers adapt to a changing climate.



For now, a scrappy little grass from a parking lot is showing the world that recovery from drought isn’t just possible - it’s real.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2420618122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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How a humble plant may help us save crops from drought

Plants suffer greatly during summer droughts, which can lead to...

The Bronze Age is no longer a mystery box of pottery and tools. Thanks to detailed isotope and botanical analysis, we now see how deeply life changed around 1500 BCE in Central Europe. At the heart of this story is the Tiszafüred-Majoroshalom cemetery in Eastern Hungary.



The research, led by Tamás Hajdu and Claudio Cavazzuti, uncovered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-technology-is-a-modern-solution-for-clean-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">people</a> moved, ate, and related to each other during a time of major cultural shift.



This change was not gradual. It was fast, sweeping, and surprisingly well-documented. Over 130 isotope samples and dental microremains from Tiszafüred tell us how this community responded to larger forces that were shaping Bronze Age Europe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-people-stopped-migrating-and-stayed-local">People stopped migrating and stayed local</h2>



Strontium isotope analysis shows a sharp drop in long-distance movement during the Late Bronze Age. Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-teeth-discovery-highlight-the-evolution-of-the-human-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">people</a> buried at Tiszafüred were local. About 75% came from within 20 kilometers. Just one person in the entire sample clearly came from far away.



Migration didn't stop, but it changed. Middle Bronze Age newcomers often arrived from nearby highlands like the Upper Tisza basin. Later migrants came from farther west, such as Transdanubia or the Southern Carpathians. These areas were linked to the growing influence of the Tumulus culture.



"Mobility is more intense among adult males," the researchers noted, but the gap narrows in the Late Bronze Age. Female exogamy - marrying outside one's community - was rare and likely local.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-became-simpler-and-evenly-shared">Food became simpler and evenly shared</h2>



Nitrogen and carbon isotope values show a major dietary shift. In the Middle Bronze Age, people ate a wider range of foods. Diets varied by social class, especially for protein. Males had more access to meat.



In contrast, Late Bronze Age diets became less diverse and more equal. The reduction in nitrogen variability suggests fewer inequalities in protein access. This matched the social restructuring seen in settlement <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-nebra-sky-disc-reveals-crafting-secrets-of-the-bronze-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patterns</a>. 



Tell-settlements were abandoned. Communities became less hierarchical and more dispersed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millet-farming-reshaped-bronze-age-diet">Millet farming reshaped Bronze Age diet</h2>



Carbon isotope data and dental calculus analysis both confirm it: broomcorn millet changed everything. Introduced around 1540–1480 BCE, this high-yield, fast-growing cereal became a key part of the diet.



Microscopic remains from dental plaque confirmed millet traces in 6 out of 11 Late Bronze Age individuals. By contrast, just 2 out of 14 Middle Bronze Age people had eaten millet. 



Millet consumption wasn't just a trend. It represented a shift in how people fed themselves and their communities.



“The strong investment in broomcorn millet as key-cereal is considered one of the earliest phases in Europe,” noted the researchers. This shift likely helped communities support population growth during unstable times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millet-replaced-barley-in-bronze-age">Millet replaced barley in Bronze Age</h2>



Macro-archaeobotany confirmed these findings. Among 22 soil samples, wheat appeared in 60%, barley in less than 10%, and broomcorn millet was absent from Middle Bronze Age layers.



By the Late Bronze Age, millet showed up regularly in dental calculus. Millet's short growing season and high energy content made it ideal for mobile or resource-stressed communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-inequality-more-uniformity">Less inequality, more uniformity</h2>



Social structure mirrored diet. The Middle Bronze Age featured elite males with high meat access and fortified tell-settlements. After 1500 BCE, these settlements disappeared. 



Community life shifted to scattered villages. Burial customs became less ornate, and hierarchies dissolved.



“The abandonment of the fortified MBA tell settlement is followed by a new phase with less structured centers, less stable social hierarchies and the reduced inequalities that we could clearly observe, at least at the level of food consumption,” the researchers wrote.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-just-herders-after-all">Not just herders after all</h2>



These results directly challenge long-held <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/5000-year-old-fort-hidden-in-the-jungle-confirms-ancient-society-sophistication-lidar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beliefs</a>. The Tumulus culture has often been called a herding society. But this study shows less meat and more millet. 



People ate local cereals, not just livestock. Protein intake fell even as communities adopted new crops and settlement styles.



"The old topos of the ‘pastoralist Tumulus Grave Culture’… is contradicted," the researchers concluded in their paper. The people of Tiszafüred lived complex lives that blended old ways and new demands.



This study of a Bronze Age site is one of the most detailed of its kind. It reveals the deep ties between food, identity, and community. 



Through teeth and soil, we see how people responded to change - not with chaos, but adaptation. And in doing so, they rewrote the human story in the Carpathian Basin.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-01113-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Millet farming marked a turning point in life during the Bronze Age

The Bronze Age is no longer a mystery box of...

Endangered plants

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