<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tibetan Plateau</a>. The image was captured on January 25, 2024 by a crew member aboard the International Space Station.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."</p>



<p>"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”</p>



<p>“Several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.</p>



<p>“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.</p>



<p>Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the Himalayas, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters. </p>



<p>One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.</p>



<p>This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point, despite its considerable size, it's relatively shallow.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films, most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China. Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



<p>High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.</p>



<p>The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.</p>



<p>Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.</p>



<p>Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.</p>



<p>High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Pangong Lake in the Himalayas

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a vibrant and detailed depiction of the Gulf of Oman. The image was captured on March 17, 2024 by the primary sensor on the PACE satellite. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-satellite-nbsp">PACE satellite&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA launched the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 8, 2024. The mission marks a significant advancement in our ability to study Earth’s oceanic and atmospheric systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The PACE satellite is equipped with a state-of-the-art Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), designed to capture intricate details of ocean phenomena that are often invisible to the naked eye. This technology aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> and the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-visual-data-nbsp">Compelling visual data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Less than two months after its launch, the PACE satellite has already begun delivering compelling visual data, thanks to the efforts of NASA engineer Joseph Knuble and his team. Knuble, who serves as the lead instrument systems engineer for OCI, compiled a remarkable gallery of 36 images.</p>



<p>This standout image of the Gulf of Oman has been crafted using a combination of red, green, and blue wavelengths of light, specifically at 630, 532, and 465 nanometers, respectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-image-of-the-gulf-of-oman">Enhanced image of the Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The image Knuble selected is not a natural-color representation but an enhanced one designed to highlight specific details within the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allows for a more vivid portrayal of oceanic features, such as the swirling bands of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phytoplankton-remain-surprisingly-active-underneath-arctic-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> bloom. Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted: "The image highlights the beauty and complexity of that area."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-gulf-of-oman-nbsp">Phytoplankton bloom in the Gulf of Oman&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Phytoplankton blooms, like the one visible in the Gulf of Oman, occur when environmental conditions - such as light availability and nutrient levels - are favorable, leading to rapid growth. These blooms can have significant ecological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The swirls of green seen in the image likely include Noctiluca scintillans, a type of marine dinoflagellate known for its striking appearances. However, despite their beauty, Noctiluca blooms can deplete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen levels</a> in the water, resulting in hypoxia and creating dead zones that severely impact marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-dynamics-in-the-arabian-sea-nbsp">Changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The changing dynamics in the Arabian Sea are also noteworthy. Historically rich in diatoms, vital components of the marine food chain, the region now sees a dominance of Noctiluca. This shift could be attributed to changes in water stratification and nutrient availability, with Noctiluca thriving under conditions that are less favorable for diatoms.</p>



<p>One of the groundbreaking aspects of the OCI is its ability to detect hundreds of different wavelengths of light. This capability is not just about capturing beautiful images; it provides a critical tool for identifying and differentiating between various types of phytoplankton from space. Previously, such determinations could only be made through direct water samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-health-of-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Tracking the health of marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The PACE mission is poised to transform our understanding of oceanic and atmospheric interactions. By providing detailed, high-resolution images and data, the satellite will enable scientists to monitor environmental changes, track the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, and better understand the global climate system. </p>



<p>This mission highlights the importance of continued investment in space technology and research, offering a clearer view of our planet's intricate and changing natural systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-of-oman">Gulf of Oman</h2>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is a strategically significant body of water located in the Middle East, connecting the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then leads into the Persian Gulf. This gulf borders several countries including Iran, Oman, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates, making it a crucial geographic and economic zone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-nbsp">Transportation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Gulf of Oman is particularly important for its role in global oil transportation. A large percentage of the world's petroleum, as it is shipped from the oil-rich countries of the Persian Gulf, passes through the Strait of Hormuz into the Gulf of Oman and then to various destinations across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This makes the area not only economically significant but also a hot spot for geopolitical tensions and security concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-ecosystems-nbsp">Marine ecosystems&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Ecologically, the Gulf of Oman is diverse, hosting various species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-is-getting-louder-what-does-this-mean-for-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> which support local fishing communities. However, the area faces environmental challenges, including the risk of oil spills and the impacts of industrialization and maritime traffic which threaten its marine ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-history-nbsp">Cultural history&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Gulf of Oman has a rich cultural history, influenced by the various civilizations that have inhabited its shores and traded across its waters. This history is reflected in the diverse cultures of the region today, making it a place of significant cultural heritage.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Gulf of Oman in the Middle East

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Shasta Lake, which has reached near-full capacity for the second consecutive year in 2024. Following similarly high levels in spring 2023, this marks a significant recovery from the severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadrought-in-the-western-u-s-is-the-worst-in-at-least-1200-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and reduced water levels experienced from 2019 to 2022.</p>



<p>The Operational Land Imager (OLI) on the Landsat 8 satellite captured this image of Shasta Lake on May 7, 2024, showing the reservoir at 96 percent of its total capacity, which is 114 percent of the average for that date. By contrast, an image from Landsat 9 in April of 2022 showed the lake at only 39 percent capacity, with the year's maximum reaching just 40 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-shasta-lake-nbsp">Transformation of Shasta Lake&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The turnaround began in early 2023, driven by heavy rains and substantial runoff from an above-average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-record-snowpack-in-the-west-early-melting-could-lead-to-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> in the mountains. By May 29, 2023, the reservoir had filled to 98 percent of its capacity, erasing the visible "bathtub ring" that had marked its perimeter in previous years.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water levels</a> at Shasta Lake began to rise significantly again by mid-January 2024 due to persistent storms, leading to higher levels at the start of 2024 than in the previous year. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abundance-of-rainfall">Abundance of rainfall</h2>



<p>By mid-February 2024, the reservoir was considered excessively full for the season. In an effort to accommodate more inflow and reduce flood risks, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation increased water discharges to up to seven times the winter baseline rate.</p>



<p>The abundance of rainfall in early 2024 also benefited other state reservoirs like Lake Oroville, which reached full capacity for a second year. Despite ongoing water releases, it held 128 percent of its average capacity in early May 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-gains-nbsp">Groundwater gains&nbsp;</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-depletion-is-accelerating-but-it-is-not-inevitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groundwater</a>, which typically makes up 40 percent of California's water supply and up to 60 percent in dry years, also saw improvements. The California Department of Water Resources reported a net gain of 4.1 million acre-feet in managed groundwater recharge during the last water year (October 2022 through September 2023), marking the first annual increase since 2019.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the department estimates it would require five consecutive above-average water years to recover from the deficits of the past two decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-shasta-lake">More about Shasta Lake</h2>



<p>Shasta Lake, located in Northern California, is the largest reservoir in the state. It was created by the damming of the Sacramento River with the construction of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-strategy-fish-species-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shasta Dam</a> in the 1940s. This massive lake is a popular destination for a variety of recreational activities including fishing, boating, and water skiing.</p>



<p>The lake's surroundings are characterized by scenic landscapes, including the Shasta-Trinity National Forest which is a popular destination for hiking, camping, and exploring diverse wildlife and natural beauty. The area is also known for its geological significance, featuring a variety of volcanic features and the nearby Mount Shasta, a prominent volcanic peak.</p>



<p>Additionally, Shasta Lake plays a crucial role in water supply, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control in California. Its capacity and strategic location make it integral to the Central Valley Project, which manages the water resources of the region for agricultural, urban, and environmental uses.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Shasta Lake is full for the second consecutive year

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features Messier 82, a starburst galaxy located in the constellation Ursa Major. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> is actively forming new stars at a rate ten times that of the Milky Way.</p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study using the <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST), an international team of astronomers has taken an unprecedented look at Messier 82 (M82), revealing intricate details about its frenzied star formation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-nircam-and-infrared-observations">The power of NIRCam and infrared observations</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alberto Bolatto, utilized Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to penetrate the thick dust and gas veiling the galaxy's core, a region critical to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a>. </p>



<p>"M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy," noted Bolatto. “With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful new detail.”</p>



<p>Webb's NIRCam has proven crucial for observing areas like M82’s center, where layers of dust typically obscure the view in other wavelengths. The camera's ability to capture infrared light allows it to reveal the galaxy's core and its dynamic processes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-messier-82-image-shows-the-power-of-webb-nbsp">Messier 82 image shows the power of Webb&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This image shows the power of Webb. Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy,” noted study second author Rebecca Levy from the University of Arizona.</p>



<p>One of the NIRCam's innovative features is its mode that prevents bright sources from overwhelming the detector, which was particularly useful in studying the intensely active center of Messier 82.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the image, the dark brown tendrils of dust weave through the galaxy's glowing white core, interspersed with small green specks that represent concentrated areas of iron from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a> remnants. Red patches highlight regions where molecular hydrogen is illuminated by the radiation from nearby young stars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-galactic-winds">Insights into galactic winds</h2>



<p>The study also focused on understanding how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactic wind</a>, driven by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, influences M82’s environment. The NIRCam images showed clumpy tendrils of gas, appearing in red, which extend above and below the galaxy's plane, marking the path of this wind rushing out from the starburst's core.</p>



<p>A key revelation came from the NIRCam’s tracing of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sooty chemical molecules that map out the structure of the galactic wind. To the surprise of researchers, the PAH emissions closely resembled the patterns of the hot, ionized gas, suggesting a more complex interaction within the wind than previously understood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionised gas," said Bolatto. "PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-observations-of-messier-82">Future observations of Messier 82</h3>



<p>The findings from Webb are just the beginning. The team plans to further analyze Messier 82 with additional data, including spectroscopic observations, to determine the ages of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star clusters</a> and the duration of each star formation phase within the starburst environment. </p>



<p>These observations will also assist in a broader understanding of similar processes in early galaxies, which were common in the young universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Study co-author Torsten Böker of the European Space Agency (ESA) emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“With these amazing Webb images, and our upcoming spectra, we can study how exactly the strong winds and shock fronts from young stars and supernovae can remove the very gas and dust from which new stars are forming,” explained Böker.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of this ‘feedback’ cycle is important for theories of how the early universe evolved, because compact starbursts such as the one in M82 were very common at high redshift.”</p>



<p>The study not only illuminates the specific mechanics of star formation in M82 but also enhances our general understanding of galactic evolution and the lifecycle of galaxies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA &amp; CSA</p>



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Messier 82: Unlocking the mysteries of star formation

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features smoke from fires around the Canadian community of Fort Nelson and streaming east into Alberta on May 11, 2024.</p>



<p>Canada is currently facing an intense start to its wildland fire season, following a severe season last year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By mid-May, parts of British Columbia were already shrouded in smoke from early and aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-environmental-gains-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, a phenomenon typically seen much later in the summer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellite-observations-of-canada-fires">Satellite observations of Canada fires</h2>



<p>The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA's Aqua satellite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additional observations by NASA's Terra satellite and others showed the smoke plume rising several kilometers into the air and spreading into the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions of the United States, where it raised air quality concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-fueled-by-dry-conditions-and-high-winds">Fires fueled by dry conditions and high winds</h2>



<p>One particularly dangerous fire, which ignited on May 10, rapidly expanded southeast of Fort Nelson and a nearby First Nation community, threatening around 3,400 residents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dry conditions and high winds from a passing cold front fueled the blaze, prompting immediate evacuation orders for the area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cliff Chapman, British Columbia’s Wildfire Service Director of Provincial Operations, advised against travel near Fort Nelson due to the fire's severe intensity and rapid spread.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holdover-fires-in-canada">Holdover fires in Canada</h2>



<p>To the north, several other fires consumed tens of thousands of hectares. Some of these were "holdover" fires, which persisted under the snow throughout the winter and rekindled in the spring, fed by vegetation dried from ongoing severe drought conditions as per the North American Drought Monitor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-emissions">Carbon emissions</h2>



<p>This year's fire intensity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> in British Columbia are notably high, with Mark Parrington, an atmospheric scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, reporting over 5 megatons of carbon emissions from the province's wildfires by mid-May - marking the highest May emissions in 22 years. </p>



<p>Parrington's assessments, part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service, utilize data from the Global Fire Assimilation System, which incorporates MODIS fire observations from NASA's satellites.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-fires-in-2023">Canada fires in 2023</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 wildfire season</a> in Canada was particularly intense and significant due to a combination of factors including climate conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts</a>. </p>



<p>Throughout the season, Canada experienced an unusually high number of wildfires, which affected vast areas across the country, particularly in regions like British Columbia and Alberta.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-conditions-nbsp">Challenging conditions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These fires were fueled by a combination of dry weather, higher than average temperatures, and strong winds, creating challenging conditions for firefighting efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



<p>The smoke from the wildfires had a profound impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a>, not only in Canada but also in parts of the United States, leading to health advisories and concerns over air pollution. The fires prompted widespread evacuations and significant damage to properties and ecosystems. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The season highlighted the growing concerns over climate change as a driving force behind the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfire events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Canadian government and local authorities were actively engaged in firefighting and mitigation efforts, but the scale of the fires called for an increased focus on long-term strategies for fire prevention and forest management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-wildfires-on-human-health">Impact of wildfires on human health</h2>



<p>Wildfires have a significant impact on human health, affecting both physical and mental well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p>The most immediate health issue is the inhalation of smoke, which contains a mix of harmful gases and fine particles that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can lead to respiratory problems, such as asthma exacerbations, bronchitis, and other chronic lung conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, exposure to wildfire smoke has been linked to cardiovascular issues, including heart attacks and strokes, particularly in older adults and those with pre-existing health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>Beyond physical health, wildfires can also have a profound effect on mental health. The stress and trauma of experiencing a wildfire, losing property, or being displaced can lead to mental health challenges like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, the recovery and rebuilding process can be lengthy and stressful, further impacting mental health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-challenges-nbsp">Additional challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>People in affected areas often face challenges with water and food safety due to contamination from fire-related chemicals and debris. The destruction of infrastructure can also limit access to medical care and health services, exacerbating all these health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Overall, the impact of wildfires on human health is complex and can be long-lasting, necessitating both immediate and long-term public health interventions to support affected communities.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Canada's fire season is off to an intense start

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

<p>These three impressively costumed figures are Yebichai dancers of the Navajo people. The Yebichai were mythical figures who, as legend has it, created the Navajo and instructed them on how to live harmoniously with their world. As for the Navajo ceremonies themselves? They typically involved prolonged rounds of singing as well as the occasional large-scale circle dance. Photo Credit: Edward S. Curtis</p>

Navajo dancers

<p>Bees and other pollinators, such as butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds, are increasingly under threat due to human activities. Pollination is vital for the survival of ecosystems, with nearly 90% of wild flowering plant species and over 75% of food crops relying on animal pollination.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, pollinators are also crucial for food security and biodiversity conservation. To highlight their importance, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-highlights-urgent-need-to-protect-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN designated</a> May 20 as World Bee Day. The aim is to enhance measures to protect pollinators, thereby addressing global food supply issues and reducing hunger, especially in developing countries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-young-people-involved">Getting young people involved</h2>



<p>World Bee Day 2024 focuses on the theme “Bee engaged with Youth,” emphasizing the involvement of young people in beekeeping and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-pollinators-wild-bees-boosts-food-supply-income/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator conservation</a>. This year's campaign seeks to raise awareness among youth and other stakeholders about the critical role of pollinators in agriculture, ecological balance, and biodiversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Engaging young people in beekeeping activities, educational initiatives, and advocacy can inspire future environmental leaders and empower them to make a positive impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-severe-threats-to-bees-worldwide-nbsp">Severe threats to bees worldwide&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Immediate action is necessary as bees face severe threats, with species extinction rates 100 to 1,000 times higher than normal due to human impacts. Nearly 35% of invertebrate pollinators, like bees and butterflies, and 17% of vertebrate pollinators, such as bats, are at risk of extinction globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The continuation of this trend could lead to the replacement of nutritious crops with staple crops like rice, corn, and potatoes, resulting in an imbalanced diet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Intensive farming practices, land-use changes, monocropping, pesticides, and climate change-related higher temperatures all pose significant threats to bee populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-conservation-nbsp-on-world-bee-day-nbsp">Prioritizing conservation&nbsp;on World Bee Day&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Recognizing the pollination crisis, the <a href="https://www.cbd.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convention on Biological Diversity</a> has prioritized the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators. The <a href="https://www.pollinator.org/international" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Pollinator Initiative</a> (IPI), established in 2000, aims to monitor pollinator decline, address the lack of taxonomic information, assess the economic value of pollination, and protect pollinator diversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) coordinates the IPI and provides technical assistance on issues such as queen breeding, artificial insemination, and sustainable honey production and export marketing.</p>



<p>The decline of pollinators affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-production-is-one-of-the-biggest-drivers-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food production</a>, as their role in pollinating food crops is indispensable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By fostering diverse agricultural systems and reducing reliance on toxic chemicals, we can facilitate increased pollination, improving food quality and quantity. This benefits human populations and the ecosystem as a whole. Moreover, pollinators also play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and ensuring the resilience of ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-our-pollinators">Protecting our pollinators </h2>



<p>There are numerous national and international initiatives dedicated to the protection of pollinators. These efforts are essential for safeguarding our food supply and maintaining healthy ecosystems. </p>



<p>By promoting sustainable agricultural practices and protecting pollinator habitats, we can help reverse the decline of these vital species and ensure their survival for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-can-we-help-improve-bee-conservation">How can we help improve bee conservation?</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individually">Individually:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Plant diverse native plants that flower throughout the year.</li>



<li>Purchase raw honey from local farmers.</li>



<li>Support sustainable agricultural products.</li>



<li>Avoid using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-have-become-increasingly-toxic-to-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>, fungicides, or herbicides in gardens.</li>



<li>Protect wild bee colonies when possible.</li>



<li>Sponsor a beehive.</li>



<li>Create a bee water fountain by placing a water bowl outside.</li>



<li>Help sustain forest ecosystems.</li>



<li>Raise awareness by sharing information within communities and networks.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-as-beekeepers-or-farmers">As beekeepers or farmers:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Reduce or modify pesticide use.</li>



<li>Diversify crops and plant attractive crops around fields.</li>



<li>Create hedgerows.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-as-governments-and-decision-makers">As governments and decision-makers:</h3>



<ul>
<li>Enhance local community participation in decision-making, especially indigenous peoples.</li>



<li>Implement strategic measures and provide financial incentives.</li>



<li>Foster collaboration among national and international organizations, and academic networks to monitor and evaluate pollination services.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-bees">Fascinating facts about bees</h2>



<p>Beyond the critical ecological roles they play in our world, bees are truly fascinating creatures. There are over 20,000 known species of bees, and they come in diverse sizes, colors, and behaviors. Not all bees live in hives; many are solitary and make their nests in the ground or in hollow stems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigation-nbsp">Navigation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Bees have an exceptional sense of direction which allows them to navigate and find their way back to their hive, even over long distances. They use landmarks, the position of the sun, and even magnetic fields to orient themselves.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermoregulation-nbsp">Thermoregulation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Honeybees can regulate the temperature of their hive. During the winter, they generate heat by shivering, and to cool the hive during hot conditions, they collect water and distribute it throughout the hive, fanning their wings to evaporate it and cool the air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-queen-bee">The Queen bee</h3>



<p>In many bee species, the queen can live for several years, whereas worker bees may only live for a few weeks. Queens are the only females in the hive to reproduce, spending their lives laying eggs, sometimes up to 2,000 a day in peak season.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



<p>Bees <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-communication-is-hindered-by-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> with each other using a "waggle dance" to convey information about the direction and distance to sources of food. This dance includes various movements that can inform other bees precisely where to find nectar and pollen.</p>



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World Bee Day 2024: Bee engaged with youth

Bees and other pollinators, such as butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds,...

Happy,Young,Woman,Choosing,Meat,From,Glass,Cabinet,In,Grocery

<p>In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors that influence our purchasing decisions are as diverse as they are complex. </p>



<p>Recent research dives into the intricate web of considerations that shape our selections when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">meat and d</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">iry products</a>, revealing a thought-provoking hierarchy of priorities.</p>



<p>The study was conducted across five countries -- Czechia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. It was led by Dr Andy Jin from the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a>. Jin, along with his colleagues, sought to identify the attributes that hold the most sway over consumers as they navigate the grocery aisles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hierarchy-of-importance">Hierarchy of importance</h2>



<p>In an online survey, 3,192 participants were asked to rate the importance of 18 different factors on a scale from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). </p>



<p>These factors encompassed a wide range of attributes, including freshness, quality/taste, healthy eating, nutrition, price, processing, special offers, convenience of use/preparation, and familiarity of brand.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study found that across all surveyed countries, consumers consistently prioritized freshness, quality/taste, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-concerns-more-people-than-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal welfare</a> as the most important attributes. </p>



<p>"Our study highlights the complex interplay of factors that influence consumer behavior when buying meat and dairy products," Dr. Jin explained. </p>



<p>"Consumers indicated that information related to animal welfare, food safety, and health and nutrition was considered more important than environmental sustainability when making food choices," he continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-choices-and-the-sustainability-conundrum">Food choices and the sustainability conundrum</h2>



<p>While environmental factors such as food miles, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-diets-offer-health-benefits-and-lower-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprint</a>, and organic production were deemed less important in influencing purchasing decisions, sustainability labels were still perceived as helpful among consumers. </p>



<p>This finding suggests that while consumers may not prioritize sustainability as highly as other factors, they still value the information provided by these labels.</p>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond the realm of consumer behavior. Policymakers, producers, and retailers in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food industry</a>, who are striving to meet evolving consumer demands for more sustainable products, can glean valuable insights from these findings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-environmental-sustainability">Importance of environmental sustainability</h2>



<p>When it comes to food, consumers play a crucial role in promoting sustainability through their purchasing decisions and eating habits. By making informed choices, individuals can support environmentally friendly practices, reduce waste, and contribute to a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-is-unsustainable-and-must-be-transformed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable food system</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Making eco-friendly food choices</h3>



<p>Consumers can opt for products that have a lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-meat-and-dairy-alternatives-will-dramatically-transform-the-global-food-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a>, such as:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Organic produce</strong>: Organic farming methods avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-pollution-from-food-production-could-be-halved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilizers</a>, promoting healthier soil and ecosystems.</li>



<li><strong>Sustainably sourced seafood</strong>: Choosing seafood from well-managed fisheries or responsible aquaculture farms helps prevent overfishing and protect marine habitats.</li>



<li><strong>Products with minimal packaging</strong>: Selecting items with reduced or eco-friendly packaging minimizes waste and reduces the demand for single-use plastics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Local and seasonal food choices</h3>



<p>Buying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/home-food-production-helped-combat-hunger-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local and seasonal</a> produce offers several sustainability benefits:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Reduced transportation emissions</strong>: Local food travels shorter distances, cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.</li>



<li><strong>Supporting local economies</strong>: Purchasing from local farmers and producers helps maintain a thriving local economy and preserves agricultural land.</li>



<li><strong>Minimizing food waste</strong>: Seasonal produce is more likely to be consumed before spoiling, reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-food-waste-greater-food-security-less-environmental-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food waste</a>.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adopting plant-based diets</h3>



<p>Shifting towards a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> can significantly reduce an individual's environmental footprint:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Lower greenhouse gas emissions</strong>: Plant-based foods generally require less land, water, and energy to produce compared to animal-based products.</li>



<li><strong>Reduced deforestation</strong>: Animal agriculture is a major driver of deforestation, habitat destruction, and biodiversity loss.</li>



<li><strong>Improved resource efficiency</strong>: Plant-based diets use resources more efficiently, as crops are directly consumed rather than being used as animal feed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Minimizing waste through food choices</h3>



<p>Consumers can adopt practices that minimize food waste, such as:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Proper meal planning</strong>: Planning meals in advance and buying only what is needed helps reduce food waste at home.</li>



<li><strong>Storing food correctly</strong>: Proper storage techniques extend the shelf life of food, reducing the likelihood of spoilage.</li>



<li><strong>Composting</strong>: Composting food scraps and other organic waste diverts waste from landfills and creates nutrient-rich soil for gardening.</li>
</ul>



<p>By making sustainable food choices, consumers send a powerful message to producers, retailers, and policymakers. As more people prioritize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> in their purchasing decisions, it creates a demand for more environmentally friendly products and practices, ultimately driving positive change throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-systems-will-play-a-key-role-in-future-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food system</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-gap-from-attitudes-to-behavior">Bridging the gap: From attitudes to behavior</h2>



<p>Dr Jin emphasizes that labels alone are not sufficient to change behavior, particularly for consumers who have low or no behavioral intention to buy sustainable meat or dairy products. </p>



<p>He suggests, "These results should be translated into additional policy measures, such as nudges or behavioral interventions, helping individuals translate their attitudes into behavior and facilitating the choice of sustainably produced products."</p>



<p>The study underscores the need for a multi-faceted approach to promoting sustainable food choices. </p>



<p>While labels play a crucial role in providing information, they must be accompanied by targeted marketing strategies and policy initiatives that address the complex interplay of factors influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumer decisions</a>.</p>



<p>As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of food choices, it is clear that the path to sustainability is not a straightforward one. </p>



<p>By understanding the hierarchy of priorities that guide consumer behavior, we can work towards developing more effective strategies to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices in the meat and dairy industry.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329324000818?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Quality and Preference</a></em>.</p>



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Animal welfare is the biggest concern for people when making food choices

In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors...

<p>In an unprecedented feat of cosmic observation, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed the most distant black hole merger ever observed.</p>



<p>Astronomers utilized this advanced observatory to detect an ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-system-ZS7_black-hole-merger_closeup_JWST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">merger of two galaxies</a>, along with their central <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black holes</a>, dating back to when the universe was a mere 740 million years old.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectacular-black-hole-merger">Spectacular black hole merger</h2>



<p>Historically, supermassive black holes have been identified in the majority of the massive galaxies in the local universe, including our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.</p>



<p>These astronomical phenomena are believed to have significantly influenced the development of their host galaxies. Despite our extensive knowledge, the rapid and early growth of these black holes remains a mystery. </p>



<p>The new findings, published in the <em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</em>, suggest that these growth processes began much earlier and progressed much faster than previously believed.</p>



<p>The recent observations by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Webb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a> provide a glimpse into the early universe, showcasing the merger of two galaxies identified as <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-system-ZS7_black-hole-merger_JWST_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">system ZS7</a>. </p>



<p>This event is critical because it supports the theory that black holes experienced significant growth very early in the history of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-precise-measurement-of-our-expanding-universe-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-depths-of-space">Insights from the depths of space</h2>



<p>The distinctive spectrographic features of massive, matter-accreting black holes have allowed astronomers to pinpoint them even in the distant universe. </p>



<p>"We found evidence for very dense gas with fast motions in the vicinity of the black hole, as well as hot and highly ionized gas illuminated by the energetic radiation typically produced by black holes in their accretion episodes," said lead author Hannah Übler of the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> in the UK. </p>



<p>She highlighted the role of Webb's sharp imaging capabilities, which enabled the team to spatially separate the two black holes involved in the merger.</p>



<p>Roberto Maiolino, another team member, noted the challenges in measuring the masses of these distant objects. He explained that while one of the black holes has a confirmed mass of 50 million times that of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the sun</a>, estimating the mass of the second, which is shrouded in dense gas, is more complex.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-of-early-black-hole-mergers">Broader impact of early black hole mergers</h2>



<p>These findings also hint at the role of mergers in the rapid growth of black holes during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-what-powered-the-reionization-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dawn</a>. "Our findings suggest that merging is an important route through which black holes can rapidly grow, even at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dawn</a>," Übler explained. </p>



<p>This observation is supported by other discoveries of active, massive black holes in the distant universe, underscoring the significant impact these entities have had on galaxy evolution from the beginning.</p>



<p>Pablo G. Pérez-González, another key researcher on the team, compared the stellar mass of the studied system to that of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/starburst-spikes-seen-exploding-from-nebula-n79-are-1630-light-years-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Large Magellanic Cloud</a>, offering a perspective on the potential evolutionary paths of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-hubble-image-captures-two-merging-galaxies-in-arp-107/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">merging galaxies</a> hosting supermassive black holes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-black-holes-with-lasers">Hunting black holes with lasers</h2>



<p>The study also anticipates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-cosmic-object-detected-gravitational-wave-signal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational waves</a> that will be produced once the black holes complete their merger. </p>



<p>Such events will be observable by future gravitational wave observatories, including the upcoming space-based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (<a href="https://lisa.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LISA</a>). </p>



<p>"Webb's results are telling us that lighter systems detectable by LISA should be far more frequent than previously assumed," shared LISA Lead Project Scientist Nora Luetzgendorf of the European Space Agency. "It will most likely make us adjust our models for LISA rates in this mass range. This is just the tip of the iceberg."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-cycle-3-program">Webb's Cycle 3 program</h2>



<p>The team has recently been awarded a new Large Programme in Webb's Cycle 3 of observations, to study in detail the relationship between massive black holes and their host galaxies in the first billion years. </p>



<p>An important component of this program will be to systematically search for and characterize black hole mergers. This effort will determine the rate at which black hole merging occurs at early cosmic epochs. </p>



<p>In addition, it will assess the role of merging in the early growth of black holes and the rate at which gravitational waves are produced from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visible-matter-dark-matter-evolved-together-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">big bang</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuing-the-quest-to-understand-black-hole-mergers">Continuing the quest to understand black hole mergers</h2>



<p>In summary, the discovery of the earliest known black hole merger, made possible by the Webb Telescope, marks a significant milestone in our understanding of the early Universe and the growth of supermassive black holes. </p>



<p>This fascinating find highlights the rapid evolution of these cosmic giants while paving the way for future research into the relationship between black holes and their host galaxies. </p>



<p>As astronomers continue to explore the mysteries of the cosmos, this discovery serves as a reminder of the incredible potential for new knowledge and the importance of pushing the boundaries of scientific inquiry. </p>



<p>With the promise of future gravitational wave observations and ongoing studies using cutting-edge technology like the JWST, we stand on the brink of a new era in our understanding of the Universe and its most enigmatic inhabitants.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/531/1/355/7671512?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</em></a>.</p>



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Most distant black hole merger ever witnessed found by Webb

In an unprecedented feat of cosmic observation, the James Webb...

<p>The gut microbiota -- a diverse ecosystem of bacteria, viruses, and fungi within our digestive tract -- plays a crucial role in our health, influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-your-fingerprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more than just digestion</a>. Recent research has revealed our microbiome's significant impact on cognitive functions, emotions, sense of fairness, and even our social behaviors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-microbiota-and-social-behavior">Gut microbiota and social behavior</h2>



<p>Studies involving animals have provided compelling insights. For example, mice raised in sterile conditions, free of microbial life, exhibit difficulties in social interactions. This finding hints at a profound, essential link between our gut microbiota and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-dance-of-dopamine-and-serotonin-influences-social-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social behavior</a>.</p>



<p>However, applying these animal-based findings to human health is complex. Researchers are still exploring the specific neuronal, immune, and hormonal pathways that enable the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-discover-how-our-gut-instincts-reach-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> to communicate with the brain. </p>



<p>Although a correlation between the composition of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunger-hormones-in-the-gut-can-change-our-eating-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> and fairness has been noted, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, leaving scientists to continue unraveling this intricate relationship.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-gut-brain-connection">Understanding the gut-brain connection</h2>



<p>Hilke Plassmann of <a href="https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sorbonne University</a> and <a href="https://www.insead.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insead</a>, leading the Control-Interoception-Attention Team at the Paris Brain Institute, sheds light on potential pathways for this interaction. </p>



<p>"The intestinal ecosystem communicates with the central nervous system via various pathways, including the vagus nerve," Plassmann notes. </p>



<p>This communication might also involve biochemical signals that prompt the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-meditation-transforms-gut-microbes-for-optimal-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial for brain health</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fairness-and-decision-making-from-the-gut">Fairness and decision-making from the gut</h2>



<p>To explore whether the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-gamers-help-advance-gut-microbiome-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> directly influences decision-making, Plassmann and her team turned to the "ultimatum game," a behavioral test that measures responses to fairness. </p>



<p>In this game, one player divides a sum of money between themselves and another player, who can reject the offer if it feels unfair, leaving both players with nothing. </p>



<p>This scenario tests "altruistic punishment," where rejecting an unfair offer serves to uphold equality over personal gain.</p>



<p>The study involved 101 participants, split into two groups over seven weeks. One group received dietary supplements containing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beer-may-be-better-for-your-gut-than-probiotics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">probiotics and prebiotics</a>, while the other received a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/placebos-work-even-when-people-know-what-they-are-taking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">placebo</a>. Both groups played the ultimatum game at the start and end of the study period.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-fairness-through-gut-health">Enhanced fairness through gut health</h2>



<p>The findings were compelling. By the study's conclusion, the supplemented group significantly rejected more unequal offers, demonstrating an enhanced sensitivity to fairness, compared to the placebo group, which showed no change in behavior. </p>



<p>Biological assessments provided further intrigue. Participants who initially had a greater bacterial imbalance showed the most pronounced changes in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-hardships-are-reflected-in-their-childs-gut-microbiome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> and the highest sensitivity to fairness after supplementation. </p>



<p>Notably, these participants also exhibited a decrease in tyrosine levels, a precursor to dopamine, suggesting a potential biological mechanism at play.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-and-challenges-of-microbiota">Potential and challenges of microbiota</h2>



<p>While it's premature to claim that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-of-infant-boys-can-enhance-cognitive-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut bacteria</a> can alter our rationality and openness to social considerations, Plassmann remains optimistic about the research directions. "These new results clarify which biological pathways we must look at," she remarks. </p>



<p>The idea that dietary modifications could influence our decision-making and fairness by altering our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-gut-microbiome-is-shaped-by-what-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> opens up exciting possibilities for future research, emphasizing the need for careful exploration in this field.</p>



<p>This burgeoning area of study not only highlights the complexity of human biology but also points to innovative ways we might someday enhance our social interactions and mental health through dietary choices, guided by an understanding of our microbiota. </p>



<p>The journey to fully understand the influence of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/appetite-control-intermittent-fasting-alters-gut-brain-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal ecosystems</a> on our behavior and decision-making continues, promising intriguing insights and potential interventions in the realms of psychology and neuroscience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-on-gut-microbiota">More on gut microbiota </h2>



<p>Beyond decision making and fairness, the gut microbiota has been linked to numerous health conditions and diseases. Studies show it influences obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular health. </p>



<p>An imbalance in gut bacteria, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/christensenella-minuta-gut-bacteria-linked-obesity-different-men-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dysbiosis</a>, is associated with autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Emerging evidence suggests a role in cancer development and response to therapies. </p>



<p>Additionally, gut microbiota impacts mental health, with links to anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Diet, antibiotics, and lifestyle significantly affect the gut microbiome. </p>



<p>Ongoing research aims to harness this knowledge for personalized medicine, probiotics, and dietary interventions to promote overall health and prevent disease.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/3/5/pgae166/7667795">PNAS Nexus</a></em>.</p>



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Gut bacteria influence our social behavior and sense of fairness

The gut microbiota -- a diverse ecosystem of bacteria, viruses,...

<p>Researchers have made significant strides in the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spatial-hearing-how-humans-know-where-sounds-come-from/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial</a> computing and holograms, developing cutting-edge augmented reality (AR) glasses -- a prototype headset that look and feel like a typical pair of glasses.</p>



<p>This device combines holographic imaging and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lawless-superintelligence-zero-evidence-ai-control-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence (AI)</a> to project full-color, 3D images directly onto the lenses, creating a vivid augmented experience that is both lightweight and stylish, suitable for continuous wear.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Big step for spatial computing</h2>



<p>The technology was detailed in a recent study published in the journal<em> Nature.</em> Gordon Wetzstein, an associate professor of electrical engineering and a pioneer in spatial computing, spearheaded the project at the <a href="https://www.computationalimaging.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford Computational Imaging lab</a>. </p>



<p>He described the AR glasses as a pair of everyday glasses that opens up a vibrant, enriched world for the wearer. </p>



<p>"Our headset appears to the outside world just like an everyday <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-wear-glasses-smarter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pair of glasses</a>, but what the wearer sees through the lenses is an enriched world overlaid with vibrant, full-color 3D computed imagery," Wetzstein noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ar-glasses-have-potential-in-many-industries">AR glasses have potential in many industries</h2>



<p>Although still in the prototype stage, this technology has the potential to revolutionize numerous fields, from entertainment and gaming to educational training. </p>



<p>Imagine playing video games where characters and environments <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-dead-people-have-the-right-to-forbid-their-digital-resurrection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">come to life</a> in your living room, creating an immersive experience like never before. </p>



<p>Students could benefit from interactive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/real-life-star-trek-holodeck-created-for-robots-using-chatgpt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">educational tools</a>, learning complex subjects with visual aids that make lessons more engaging and easier to understand.</p>



<p>In professional settings, the impact could be profound. Envision a surgeon planning intricate procedures with enhanced visual guidance, allowing for more precise and safer operations. </p>



<p>With AR glasses, they could see detailed, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-ten-scientific-breakthroughs-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">real-time 3D images</a> of the patient's anatomy overlaid on their view, aiding in navigation and decision-making during surgery.</p>



<p>Similarly, an airplane mechanic could train on the latest engines through immersive AR. Instead of relying solely on manuals or static images, mechanics could see step-by-step instructions and 3D models overlaid on the actual engine, improving training efficiency and accuracy. </p>



<p>This hands-on, visual approach could reduce errors and increase the speed of learning new procedures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-technical-challenges">Overcoming technical challenges</h2>



<p>The development team overcame significant engineering challenges to create these AR glasses, achieving a balance of form and function. </p>



<p>Previous attempts at AR solutions often resulted in bulky headsets or poor 3D visuals that could cause eye strain or nausea. </p>



<p>Gun-Yeal Lee, a postdoctoral researcher in the project, emphasized the uniqueness of their design, saying, "There is no other augmented reality system out there now with comparable compact form factor or that matches our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3D image</a> quality."</p>



<p>Traditional AR systems generally do not allow for direct viewing of the real world. Instead, they rely on external cameras to capture real-time images, which are then merged with digital content. </p>



<p>"The user sees a digitized approximation of the real world with computed imagery overlaid. It’s sort of augmented virtual reality, not true augmented reality," explained Lee.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-holography-and-ai">Role of holography and AI</h2>



<p>The breakthrough in developing these AR glasses came from utilizing holography, a technique known for its potential in creating 3D visuals since the 1940s but limited by its depth cues, often resulting in an underwhelming experience. </p>



<p>The team's integration of AI improved these cues significantly, which, along with advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-leap-making-light-waves-stand-still-photonic-crystals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanophotonics</a> and waveguide display technology, allowed them to project holograms directly onto the lenses of the AR glasses. </p>



<p>These holograms are generated by small displays mounted on the sides of the glasses and are then channeled through nanometer-scale etchings on the lenses to the wearer's eyes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-realism-and-comfort">Enhanced realism and comfort</h2>



<p>The dual approach of stereoscopic and holographic imaging not only enhances the 3D effect but also increases the overall life-like quality of the images. </p>



<p>"With holography, you also get the full 3D volume in front of each eye increasing the life-like 3D image quality," explained Brian Chao, another doctoral student involved in the project.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-ar-glasses">Future of AR glasses</h2>



<p>In summary, the improved realism and comfort of this AR technology mark a significant step forward in the development of AR glasses. </p>



<p>Holographic displays have been touted as the pinnacle of 3D techniques for decades, yet commercial success has been elusive. </p>



<p>Wetzstein remains optimistic about the future, suggesting that this innovation could be the breakthrough needed. </p>



<p>"Holographic displays have long been considered the ultimate 3D technique, but it’s never quite achieved that big commercial breakthrough. Maybe now they have the killer app they’ve been waiting for all these years," Wetzstein reflected.</p>



<p>This novel approach could pave the way for widespread adoption of augmented reality in everyday life, offering an immersive experience without the drawbacks of previous systems.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07386-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



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New AR glasses offer immersive 3D hologram experience

Researchers have made significant strides in the field of spatial...

Modern,And,Harmonious,Couple,Prepares,Their,Favorite,Recipe,And,Shares

<p>A recent study from the prestigious Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 reveals an encouraging trend: global life expectancy is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expected to rise</a> by nearly five years by 2050, despite various global challenges. </p>



<p>According to the findings published in <em>The Lancet</em>, life expectancy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-expectancy-drop-men-in-the-u-s-die-six-years-before-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">for males</a> is projected to increase by 4.9 years and for females by 4.2 years from 2022 to 2050.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-health-divide-global-progress-in-life-expectancy">Bridging the health divide: global progress in life expectancy</h2>



<p>This increase in global life expectancy is most significant in regions currently experiencing lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancies</a>, indicating a potential convergence in health outcomes worldwide. </p>



<p>The study attributes this positive shift to effective public health initiatives that have significantly curtailed the spread and impact of diseases such as cardiovascular conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-expectancy-continues-to-decline-due-to-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a>, along with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ncds-and-their-impact-on-global-health">NCDs and their impact on global health</h2>



<p>However, the study also highlights a concerning shift in the global disease burden from CMNNs to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. </p>



<p>This transition, influenced by factors like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-childhood-obesity-can-cut-life-expectancy-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>, high blood pressure, suboptimal diets, and smoking, poses significant challenges for future healthcare systems. </p>



<p>As people live longer, the years they spend in poor health are also expected to increase. Despite a projected rise in global life expectancy to 78.1 years by 2050, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-quality-sleep-increases-life-expectancy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy life expectancy</a> (HALE) is only expected to reach 67.4 years, reflecting an increase of 2.6 years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



<p>The study's comprehensive analysis covers global life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, cause-specific mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and more across 204 countries and territories from 2022 through 2050. </p>



<p>Dr. Chris Murray, Chair of <a href="https://depts.washington.edu/healthms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Health Metrics Sciences</a> at the University of Washington explained health inequalities between the rich and poor regions will persist, albeit to a lesser extent. </p>



<p>"In addition to an increase in life expectancy overall, we have found that the disparity in life expectancy across geographies will lessen," said Dr Murray. "This is an indicator that while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathing-less-oxygen-could-extend-your-lifespan-by-50-or-more/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health inequalities</a> between the highest- and lowest-income regions will remain, the gaps are shrinking, with the biggest increases anticipated in sub-Saharan Africa."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-opportunities-for-policy-interventions">Opportunities for policy interventions</h2>



<p>Dr. Murray also emphasizes the potential for policy interventions to expedite the reduction of global disease burdens by addressing behavioral and metabolic risk factors. Strategic actions targeting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/public-perception-of-old-age-has-shifted-to-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle choices</a> and health conditions can make a huge difference. </p>



<p>For example, policies that promote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-lower-the-risk-of-major-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthier diets</a>, increased physical activity, and smoking cessation can reduce the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and other chronic conditions.</p>



<p>Improving access to healthcare and preventive services, like regular screenings and vaccinations, can also help identify and manage risk factors early. </p>



<p>Governments can implement regulations to reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-air-pollution-makes-people-lazy-resulting-in-poor-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> and promote safer environments, further reducing health risks.</p>



<p>Such strategic actions could significantly influence the trajectory of global health, offering a brighter outlook for populations worldwide. </p>



<p>By prioritizing these interventions, we can lower the incidence of non-communicable diseases, improve quality of life, and increase global healthy life expectancy. This approach can lead to more equitable health outcomes and a stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global health system</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-alternative-scenarios">Exploring alternative scenarios</h2>



<p>The study further explores alternative scenarios that demonstrate the possible impacts of various public health interventions. </p>



<p>Dr. Stein Emil Vollset, who leads the GBD Collaborating Unit, notes that interventions aimed at improving behavioral and metabolic risks could lead to a 13.3% reduction in the global disease burden by 2050 compared to the reference scenario. </p>



<p>Additional scenarios focusing on safer environments and enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-children-healthy-diets-can-be-very-challenging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood nutrition</a> and vaccination also show promising reductions in disease burdens.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-health-and-longer-life-expectancy">Global health and longer life expectancy</h2>



<p>Amanda E. Smith, Assistant Director of Forecasting at IHME, underscores the importance of continued progress and resource allocation in key areas such as environmental safety and childhood health. </p>



<p>This focus is crucial not only for improving overall health but also for extending life expectancy in vulnerable populations. </p>



<p>The study serves as a crucial reminder of the ongoing need to address and mitigate health risks that are increasingly prevalent due to behavioral and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eight-healthy-lifestyle-habits-could-extend-your-life-by-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a> factors.</p>



<p>The GBD 2021 study not only provides a comprehensive overview of future health trends but also offers a roadmap for potential interventions that could dramatically improve global health outcomes. </p>



<p>By understanding and acting on these insights, global health leaders can better prepare for a future where longevity is accompanied by improved quality of life.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)00685-8/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet</a></em>.</p>



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Global life expectancy is projected to increase by 5 years by 2050

A recent study from the prestigious Global Burden of Disease...

<p>The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she ventured across the Mediterranean Sea, serves as a poignant reminder of the multitude of threats marine creatures face today. </p>



<p>A recent study highlights the vast distances these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">majestic beings</a> cover and the myriad dangers they encounter along the way.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young whale's journey in Mediterranean</h2>



<p>Scientists tracked the movements of various marine species, including Cuvier’s beaked whales, bottlenose dolphins, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a>, off the coast of Israel. </p>



<p>Utilizing advanced tracking technology, they observed these species to understand their migration patterns and the challenges they face. </p>



<p>Among the animals they studied, a young adult male sperm whale stood out due to its remarkable journey. This particular whale, previously spotted off the coast of southern France, exhibited an extraordinary range of travel. </p>



<p>A dedicated team of researchers from Greenpeace, the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, and the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Haifa</a>, observed a unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-face-increasing-dangers-along-their-migration-routes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> pattern in this particular whale.</p>



<p>It covered the longest recorded distance for a sperm whale within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This unprecedented movement not only highlights the whale's incredible endurance but also underscores the interconnectedness of marine habitats across the region. </p>



<p>The whale’s journey serves as a crucial data point, illustrating the vast distances these creatures travel and the various threats they encounter, including heavy maritime traffic, pollution, and noise, which pose significant risks to their survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-whale-s-fight-for-survival">Young whale's fight for survival</h2>



<p>The young whale's journey, filled with obstacles, underscores the perilous conditions marine animals endure. </p>



<p>“Marine life in the Mediterranean faces numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-poses-unknown-threats-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a> -- from fishing and pollution to noise and boat strikes,” explained Dr. Kirsten Thompson, from the Greenpeace Research Laboratories at the University of Exeter. </p>



<p>She noted the whale likely navigated through either the Sicily Channel or the Strait of Messina -- both heavily trafficked and hazardous routes for deep-diving species like sperm whales.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unified-call-for-conservation">Unified call for conservation</h2>



<p>This research transcends being a mere account of migration; it serves as a powerful call to action for the protection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. </p>



<p>The study's findings revealed that the vocal patterns of whales off the Israeli coast matched those of whales across the Mediterranean. This match indicates a connected regional population, suggesting that these whales migrate and interact across vast distances. </p>



<p>Such interconnectedness underscores the necessity for comprehensive conservation efforts that span national borders. Marine habitats face numerous threats, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>, pollution, and maritime traffic, which endanger the lives of these majestic creatures. </p>



<p>By highlighting the shared vocal patterns, the study on young whale across the Mediterranean emphasizes that protecting one region is insufficient. </p>



<p>Effective conservation requires international collaboration and coordinated efforts to ensure the survival of these species. </p>



<p>The research underscores the urgent need for protective measures and policy changes to safeguard the rich biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea, ensuring a healthier environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-solutions-for-marine-safety">Innovative solutions for marine safety</h2>



<p>Dr. Thompson suggested that installing listening devices in narrow and shallow seas could pioneer an alert system to prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ship strikes</a> -- a significant threat to whales. This technological intervention could form a protective barrier around these vulnerable giants of the sea.</p>



<p>“The Mediterranean is the busiest sea in the world, with rich wildlife and a high human population. Unfortunately, some species like these threatened whales are facing further industrial development, with oil and gas exploration and the construction of a new gas pipeline between the eastern basin and Italy,” Dr. Thompson added. </p>



<p>She highlighted how such developments not only challenge EU environmental protection laws but also threaten the survival of marine wildlife.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-our-seas">Safeguarding our seas</h2>



<p>The conclusions of this study of the young whale venturing across the Mediterranean Sea are based on visual-acoustic surveys conducted over a two-month period.</p>



<p>During that time, scientists captured multiple interactions with these magnificent creatures. The findings highlight the urgent need for further research to protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dramatic-increase-in-shipping-traffic-threatens-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean effectively.</p>



<p>By chronicling the journey and challenges faced by a young whale, the researchers aim to illuminate the widespread issues impacting all marine inhabitants. </p>



<p>The adoption of advanced monitoring technologies coupled with stringent conservation measures is essential for creating a safer environment for the region’s marine species. </p>



<p>These efforts are vital not only for preserving biodiversity but also for upholding the ecological integrity of one of the world’s most historically important seas.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.4155" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems</a></em>.</p>



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Young whale's epic voyage exposes perils of the Mediterranean

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>In yet another Edward S. Curtis photo, distinguished Native American chiefs gather in around 1900. Starting from the left, we have Little Plume of the Piegan, Buckskin Charley from the Ute, the great Chiricahua Apache leader Geronimo, Comanche chief Quanah Parker, Hollow Horn Bear of the Brulé Sioux, and the Oglala Sioux American Horse. And even though this photograph is obviously posed, it’s still truly splendid. Photo Credit: Edward S. Curtis</p>


Chiefs

<p>This party is made up of crew and performers from Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show – including the chiefs Blue Horse, American Horse, and Red Shirt. And they’re standing on the deck of the SS <em>State of Nebraska</em>, which set sail for England in 1887. There, the Native Americans would entertain Queen Victoria and hordes of Britons during the monarch’s Golden Jubilee celebrations. Photo Credit: Merritt &amp;amp; Wagner</p>