Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Ruang, a small volcanic island in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The tranquil environment of Ruang was shattered by a powerful volcanic eruption on the night of April 16, 2024.



This event has left the island's 800 residents grappling with its devastating aftermath, while scientists are assessing its potential global effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-violent-awakening-on-ruang">A violent awakening on Ruang</h2>



Ruang, located in the Sangihe Islands arc, is known for its long history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but the intensity of the latest eruption has been particularly alarming. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-volcanic-eruption-triggered-an-hours-long-thunderstorm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> produced explosive discharges, sending vast plumes of ash and gas soaring into the stratosphere. The force of nature transformed lush greenery into a gray wasteland.



“Late on April 16, 2024, the mountain roared to life, unleashing a series of explosive eruptions that, at times, sent plumes of ash and gas billowing high into the stratosphere. The eruption also bombarded the island with tephra, small pebbles of lapilli, and fine shards of pulverized rock called ash,” said NASA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-damage-and-humanitarian-efforts">Extensive damage and humanitarian efforts</h2>



The eruption's immediate impact was severe, with settlements on the north side of Ruang and Laingpatehi village experiencing extensive damage due to volcanic debris.&nbsp;



More than 500 houses were destroyed or severely damaged, according to Indonesia’s disaster management agency, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB). The heavy ashfall also impacted local agriculture, damaging crops and farms.&nbsp;



In response to the crisis, the Sam Ratulangi International Airport in nearby Manado was temporarily closed, disrupting travel and causing widespread flight cancellations. It was not until April 22 that the airport could reopen, following significant cleanup efforts and a decrease in the volcanic threat level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-analysis-and-global-concerns">Scientific analysis and global concerns</h2>



The eruption has attracted significant scientific interest due to the vast quantities of ash and sulfur dioxide it emitted. Atmospheric scientist Ghassan Taha from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center noted, "We expect to see aerosol particles circulating in the stratosphere for weeks, if not months." This observation is critical as particles reaching this altitude can have extensive, albeit temporary, effects on global climate patterns.



Volcanologist Simon Carn from Michigan Technological University reported that the eruption released between 0.3 to 0.5 teragrams of sulfur dioxide on April 17 and 18. These levels, while substantial, fall below the threshold generally required to affect global temperatures significantly.&nbsp;



For context, the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption, which had a pronounced cooling effect on the Earth's climate, released approximately 20 teragrams of sulfur dioxide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-future-risks">Preparedness and future risks</h2>



In light of Ruang's active volcanic history and the potential for further eruptions, local authorities remain vigilant. The risk of lahars and tsunamis prompted immediate evacuations and multiple tsunami warnings, though, fortunately, no substantial tsunamis have occurred thus far. Over 16,000 residents have been evacuated from the most vulnerable areas, a move that has likely prevented any fatalities or serious injuries.



The 2024 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> of Ruang is a stark reminder of the powerful and often unpredictable nature of volcanic islands. While the local and immediate impacts are devastating, the eruption also offers valuable data for scientists studying the broader implications of such natural events on atmospheric conditions and climate. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ruang">More about Ruang</h2>



The population on Ruang is small, with residents primarily engaged in subsistence fishing and agriculture, which is typical of remote Indonesian islands. The island's terrain and soil fertility, influenced by volcanic ash, may support the cultivation of certain crops that are adapted to such conditions.



The Ruang volcano rises to about 725 meters above sea level, making it a prominent feature in the region. This area is part of the volcanic arc that includes numerous volcanoes produced by the subduction of the oceanic plate under the continental margin.



The active stratovolcano has had several recorded eruptions in history, with significant activity occurring in 1871, 1873, and 2002.&nbsp;



The image was captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on April 20, 2024.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ruang volcano eruption has devastated the tranquil island

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.



“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”



“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.



Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.



The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.



The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.



Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.



The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.



“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. 



It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. 



“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.



“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;



“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;



At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;



“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;



Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.



Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.



The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.



Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.



Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.



“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;



HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.



HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.



This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.



According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.



“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.



The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.



Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.



Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.



"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.



"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."



According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;



"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.



Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.



The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;



The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.



Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.



The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.



The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

Today’s Image of the Day comes thanks to the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> and features a look at the Songhua River in northern China. 

The Songhua River spans 890 miles, beginning in the Changbai Mountains near the North Korean border, and emptying into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/fires-north-of-amur-river-russia/">Amur River</a>.

This image was captured by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA’s Terra satellite.

The Songhua River (also Haixi or Xingal, formerly Sunggari) is one of the primary rivers of China, and the largest tributary of the Amur River. It flows about 1,434 kilometres (891 mi) from the Changbai Mountains on the China–North Korea border through China's northeastern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces.
The river drains 557,180 square kilometres (215,130 sq mi) of land, and has an annual discharge of 2,463 cubic metres per second (87,000 cu ft/s).
The extreme flatness of the Northeast China Plain has caused the river to meander over time, filling the wide plain with oxbow lakes, as remnants of the previous paths of the river.

The Songhua rises south of Heaven Lake, near the China-North Korea border.
From there it flows north, to be interrupted by the Baishan, Hongshi and Fengman hydroelectric dams. The Fengman Dam forms a lake that stretches for 62 kilometres (39 mi). Below the dam, the Second Songhua flows north through Jilin, then northwest until it is joined by its largest tributary, the Nen River, near Da'an, to create the Songhua proper.
The Songhua turns east through Harbin, and after the city, it is joined from the south by the Ashi River, and then by the Hulan River from the north.

--

By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a>

The Songhua River in northern China

Are you a parent who sometimes feels lonely, isolated, and burned out? You're not the only one. A new survey from the Ohio State University <a href="https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wexner Medical Center</a> reveals an epidemic of parental loneliness. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-spend-the-most-time-on-devices-but-nature-offers-a-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parents</a> might miss the "small talk" and casual conversations that validate their parenting experiences. Fortunately, there are ways to combat the loneliness and connect with similar people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lonely-parents-epidemic">Lonely parents epidemic</h2>



According to the research, 66% of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-top-concerns-of-parents-as-kids-return-to-school/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a> feel that parenthood can be isolating and lonely. This means that more than half of all parents experience times when they feel cut off from others and lacking in social connection. This feeling can be incredibly difficult, especially while navigating the demands of raising children.



Moreover, 62% of parents experience burnout. Over half of parents experience extreme exhaustion – physically, mentally, and emotionally – stemming from their parenting responsibilities. It's a sign that parents are being stretched too thin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-both-physical-and-mental-health-is-impacted">Both physical and mental health is impacted</h2>



38% of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-debt-new-parents-lose-two-months-of-sleep-in-a-babys-first-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parents</a> feel unsupported in their parenting role. More than a third of parents feel they don't have a strong network of people to turn to for help, advice, or simply a listening ear. That lack of support adds another layer of stress to parenthood.



79% of parents want to connect with others outside of work and home. The overwhelming majority of parents are actively seeking ways to build bonds with other adults – to find community, share experiences, and feel less alone in their parenting journey.



"Loneliness has been shown to affect both your physical and mental health. So anything from cardiovascular disease to depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, even your immune system can be affected when you’re lonely, said Kate Gawlik, a researcher on parental burnout and mother of four. 



"In fact, one study showed if you are in social isolation for a prolonged amount of time, it’s equivalent to smoking about 15 cigarettes a day," she continued.



Clearly, prioritizing connection in parenthood has a huge payoff for our well-being!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-for-lonely-parents">Community for lonely parents</h2>



One of the most effective ways to combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-play-a-crucial-role-in-the-evolution-of-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parental</a> loneliness is by finding community – a place where parents can connect with others who truly understand their experiences.



Kate Gawlik's six-week parenting program is a great example of this type of community. Within these groups, parents are encouraged to open up about their challenges, their frustrations, and even their failures. This shared vulnerability creates a safe space where parents can feel seen, heard, and supported.



“I think the biggest thing is she validated that if you’re working and you have children and you’re a conscientious parent, it would be wild if you weren’t burned out. So I felt very validated when she said, “It’s okay that you’re here,” expressed Anne Helms, a mother of two young children in Columbus, Ohio.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-community-building-help-lonely-parents">How does community building help lonely parents?</h2>



The research highlights a crucial aspect of fighting loneliness: finding people who understand what you're going through. Here's why it's so important:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relatability-helps">Relatability helps</h3>



Loneliness often comes with a deep sense of being misunderstood – the feeling that your struggles are unique and invisible to others. It's like you're shouting into the void, and no one hears you.



But when you connect with someone facing similar challenges, a remarkable shift occurs. Suddenly, your experiences are reflected back at you. Your worries, frustrations, and even your moments of doubt are echoed in another person's words. 



This creates a profound feeling of recognition. You're no longer alone in your struggles; there's someone else standing right beside you on the same difficult path.



This mirroring of experiences chips away at that invisible wall of isolation. It replaces the feeling of being profoundly different with the comforting knowledge that even in our unique circumstances, the core of human experience is shared.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lonely-parents-need-validation">Lonely parents need validation</h3>



Loneliness often makes us question our own emotions. We might feel ashamed of our struggles, worry they're a sign of weakness, or believe that we're the only ones experiencing such difficulties.



When someone says, "I get it, I've felt that too," it's incredibly powerful. It's as if an invisible weight is lifted. Suddenly, those emotions you've been carrying alone don't seem as strange or overwhelming. They shift from a sign of being "abnormal" to a normal and shared part of the human experience.



This validation is essential because it fights the core of loneliness – the sense of being disconnected and different. When someone accepts your experiences without judgment, they create a space where you can feel seen and understood. This acceptance helps alleviate the isolating belief that no one else could possibly understand what you're going through.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helping-lonely-parents-feel-empowered">Helping lonely parents feel empowered</h3>



One of the most empowering aspects of overcoming parental loneliness is the realization that you're not alone. Sharing experiences with others facing similar struggles creates a sense of collective strength, where parents can draw on each other's resilience and find support. 



This sharing of experiences also leads to practical solutions. Parents can learn new coping mechanisms, discover helpful resources, and gain fresh perspectives on common challenges. 



Ultimately, it breaks the cycle of doubt that loneliness often fuels. By hearing others overcome similar difficulties, parents see firsthand that challenges are a normal part of the journey. This fosters a sense of "we can do this" – a belief in their ability to face obstacles and emerge stronger. 



In essence, overcoming parental loneliness isn't just about feeling better; it's about feeling empowered. It's about building a supportive network that acknowledges the challenges of parenthood and equips parents with the tools and confidence to thrive.



“I think it equips us to create better futures for our children; I think it makes us healthier. I think that the ripple effect from connecting with other parents and getting support when you need it is immeasurable. It makes you a better employee. It makes you a better spouse, parent, friend. I think that it just enriches our lives … just like parenting does, but it just makes you level up.” said Anne Helms. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-action-steps-for-parents-how-to-break-the-loneliness-cycle">Action steps for parents: How to break the loneliness cycle</h2>



If you're feeling the weight of parental isolation, taking action can make a huge difference. Here's how to break the cycle and start connecting:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-think-outside-the-box">Think outside the box </h3>



"Parenting groups" might be the first thing that comes to mind, but don't limit yourself! 



Consider your interests and look for communities around those. Do you enjoy reading? Join a book club. Interested in fitness? Check out parent-and-child exercise classes. Love a particular sport? 



Seek out recreational leagues where parents can connect on the sidelines. The key is finding places with built-in opportunities for interaction.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-be-brave-take-the-initiative">Be brave, take the initiative</h3>



It might feel intimidating to reach out to new people, but remember that other parents might be feeling just as lonely. Schedule a playdate with that mom from daycare you haven't gotten to know yet. 



Strike up a conversation with another parent at the park. These small steps matter and your vulnerability can encourage others to connect as well.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-don-t-forget-about-yourself">Don't forget about yourself</h3>



Self-care isn't just a buzzword; it's a necessity. Even 10 minutes of quiet time, a relaxing bath, or a walk in nature can make a huge difference in how you cope with stress. When you feel less overwhelmed, you have more energy to invest in building connections with others.



“Parenting can feel very lonely at times, but it will be easier if you have people around who can support you. It can be hard to start seeking out connections because, to some degree, you will have to be vulnerable and, sometimes, it will take time and effort. But just take the first step,” explained Gawlik.



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Parents often feel lonely and burnt out from parenting demands

Are you a parent who sometimes feels lonely, isolated, and...

Have you ever scrolled through your old contacts or social media and thought, "Should I reach out?" Maybe you shared hilarious inside jokes, supported each other through tough times, or simply had a blast hanging out. Many assume that reconnecting with old <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reaching-out-to-your-friends-means-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friends</a> is less daunting than meeting new people. 



However, recent research by Simon Fraser University (<a href="https://www.sfu.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SFU</a>) and the <a href="https://www.sussex.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sussex</a> challenges this belief. Psychologists found that many hesitate to reconnect with an old friend just as much as they would avoid a conversation with a stranger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-old-friendships-fade">Why old friendships fade</h2>



The demands of our daily lives can be overwhelming. Work deadlines loom, families need our attention, and personal goals often require focus and dedication. Sometimes, amidst the whirlwind, even important relationships like friendships can unintentionally take a backseat. 



This gradual drifting apart is a natural part of life as priorities shift and circumstances change. While the busyness of life is inevitable, science has repeatedly shown that our social connections are not merely a luxury. They are a vital pillar of our overall happiness and well-being.



While life's responsibilities are important, it's essential to remember that the happiness and support we derive from strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-friends-smarter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friendships</a> are not just "nice to have" – they are deeply intertwined with our overall health and quality of life.



The friends who make us laugh until our sides hurt don't just provide fleeting amusement. They create positive memories that boost our mood and reduce stress, even long after the shared giggle is over.



Moreover, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friendship-jealousy-can-actually-create-a-happy-ending/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friends</a> who listen without judgment, offer a shoulder to cry on, and genuinely celebrate our successes form an invaluable support system that helps us navigate both challenges and victories.



Having a circle of friends we can be our true selves around fosters a sense of community and acceptance, crucial components of mental and emotional well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconnecting-with-old-friends">Reconnecting with old friends</h2>



Psychologists at Simon Fraser University and the University of Sussex shared our curiosity about the "lost <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-friends-key-happiness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friend</a>" phenomenon. Why do we often let those once-cherished connections fade away without even trying to rekindle them? To answer this, they embarked on a series of experiments, peeling back the layers of our reluctance. 



“We found that the majority of participants (90 per cent) in our first study had lost touch with a someone they still care about. Yet, a significant number (70 per cent) were neutral, or even negative, about the idea of getting back in touch in that moment, even when they felt warmly about the friendship,” said Lara Aknin, director of the Helping and Happiness Lab at SFU and co-author of the paper.



People are as hesitant to reach out to an old friend as they are to strike up a conversation with a stranger, even when they had the capacity and desire to do so. This surprising finding reveals a deep-seated fear of rejection or indifference, making that old friend suddenly feel as unknown as someone we pass on the street.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-factors">Additional factors</h2>



We are our own worst critics, replaying old conversations and cringing at long-ago memories. These mental gymnastics convince us that bridging the gap of time will inevitably be awkward or unwelcome. Our minds paint a picture of the other person having moved on, leaving us a relic of the past.



Moreover, we often assume that our old friend is just as swamped and overwhelmed as we are, making a reconnection seem impractical. However, the study surprisingly revealed that lack of time was one of the least cited reasons for not reaching out. 



This exposes a different truth: it's not about time, but rather about the perceived awkwardness and a fear of our efforts being unreciprocated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-we-overthinking-this">Are we overthinking this?</h2>



Our minds build up narratives that our old friend has probably forgotten about us, has a whole new circle, or simply won't be as excited to hear from us as we would be to hear from them. 



In reality, the researchers found that those fears are often wildly inaccurate. There's a good chance our old friend is also thinking about us, remembering good times, and wishing life hadn't gotten in the way.



The problem is, we've created this imaginary standoff. We're stuck in our own heads, desperately waiting for the other person to break the ice. It becomes a classic "after you" situation, where both people want to connect but neither wants to take the risk of being the first to reach out. 



It's a testament to how easily our anxieties can overshadow the potential joy of reconnecting with an old <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friends-think-alike/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">friend</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practice-reconnecting-with-friends">Practice reconnecting with friends</h2>



“We live in a time when people are more and more disconnected, and have fewer close friends than they used to in years past. And this is despite the multitude of modern-day communication channels available to us,” said Sandstrom, senior lecturer in the psychology of kindness and director of the Sussex Centre for Research on Kindness.



While it might seem counterintuitive, one of the most effective ways to overcome our hesitation about reconnecting to an old friend is to start by connecting with people we're currently close to. 



It sounds simple, but the researchers found that taking the time to send a quick text, message, or even make a phone call to someone in our existing social circle helps to break the ice. 



This practice serves as a warm-up for our social skills, making the idea of reaching back into the past feel less intimidating and more natural.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44271-024-00075-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Psychology</a>.



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Reconnecting with old friends is as scary as making new ones

Have you ever scrolled through your old contacts or social...

Did you know that the gender of your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-stressed-at-work-and-at-home-during-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a> could influence your health outcomes? That's right, a new study has uncovered some fascinating – and potentially life-altering – differences between how male and female physicians practice medicine.



This intriguing finding opens up a conversation about the subtle differences in how male and female doctors practice medicine and their impact on patient care



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-female-doctors-and-patient-health">Female doctors and patient health</h2>



Researchers at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a> meticulously analyzed a massive collection of medical records – over 770,000 in total. This extensive dataset allowed them to spot trends and patterns that might not be visible in a smaller study. They honed in specifically on patients who had been hospitalized, as that's a critical point in the healthcare journey.



The study revealed that patients of both genders had slightly better survival chances within the 30-day period following their hospital stay if their attending physician was a woman. Importantly, this positive effect was even stronger when the patient was female.



Another key finding was that patients, regardless of gender, were less likely to need readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge when treated by a female physician.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-this-mean-female-doctors-are-better">Does this mean female doctors are better?</h2>



The situation isn't as straightforward as simply saying one gender makes a better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-are-using-emoji-to-diagnose-patients-in-clinics-and-hospitals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>. It's tempting to jump to conclusions, but this research doesn't support the idea that male doctors are inherently less skilled. 



The research underscores a key insight: male and female physicians often differ subtly in their patient care approaches. These nuanced, perhaps subconscious, differences in doctor-patient interactions and decision-making can significantly affect a patient's health and recovery.



Studies suggest that biases might sometimes creep in. Male doctors, though well-intentioned, might underestimate the severity of symptoms reported by female patients. This misjudgment could lead to less aggressive or delayed treatment, impacting the patient's outcome.



Some experts observe that female physicians might have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-lying-doctor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> styles better suited to building trust and rapport with female patients. 



Stronger doctor-patient communication could lead to more complete information sharing, better diagnoses, and more effective treatment plans.



Female patients may feel more at ease discussing sensitive or potentially embarrassing health issues with a female doctor. This increased comfort level could make them more likely to share vital details, allowing for better-informed medical decisions and positively influencing their health journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-female-physicians">Critical role of female physicians</h2>



This study opens a fascinating door, but it doesn't give us all the answers. We need to dig deeper to pinpoint the exact reasons why patients, particularly female patients, seem to have slightly better outcomes when treated by female physicians. 



Is it communication style? Implicit bias? A mix of factors? More research is crucial to answer these questions fully.



Sadly, even with their proven skills and contributions, female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-doctors-and-nurses-need-more-training-in-disaster-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctors</a> often earn less than their male counterparts for the same work. This study is yet another reminder of the incredible value they bring to the healthcare system. 



Closing the pay gap isn't just about fairness; it's about recognizing the critical role female physicians play in improving health outcomes for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The deeper we understand the factors behind these findings, the better we can design training and systems to improve patient care across the board. This benefits everyone, regardless of the gender of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doctors-work-cut-fake-news-online-misinformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">doctor</a>.



When everyone is compensated fairly, it attracts the best and brightest to the medical field. Ensuring pay equity could mean an even stronger healthcare system for everyone.



“What our findings indicate is that female and male physicians practice medicine differently, and these differences have a meaningful impact on patients' health outcomes,” said Dr. Yusuke Tsugawa. He is the associate professor-in-residence of medicine in the division of general internal medicine and health services research at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and the study’s senior author. 



“Further research on the underlying mechanisms linking physician gender with patient outcomes, and why the benefit of receiving the treatment from female physicians is larger for female patients, has the potential to improve patient outcomes across the board," Tsugawa concluded.



While your doctor's gender shouldn't be the only factor in your decision-making, this study reminds us that it might carry more weight than we previously thought. If you're searching for a doctor, it's definitely worth considering whether a female physician might be a better fit based on your personal needs.



The study is published in the peer-reviewed journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3163" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annals of Internal Medicine</a>.



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Female doctors show significantly better patient health outcomes

Did you know that the gender of your doctor could...

Serious wine aficionados often rave about the distinctive flavors in their favorite beverages, attributing the unique tastes to the soil in which the grapes are grown. This concept, known as terroir, refers to how a region's natural environment - including its soil, climate, and topography - influence the flavor of wine. 



But what about other crops? Can the microscopic organisms in the soil also play a role in determining the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-trained-an-ai-algorithm-to-taste-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavors</a> of the foods we eat?



In a pioneering study, former PhD student Corrine Walsh and CIRES fellow Noah Fierer led researchers in exploring this intriguing question. The analysis was focused on one particular aspect of plant flavor: the spiciness of mustard seeds. 



"I thought that was an interesting question," said Walsh. "We know <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-microbes-in-tea-roots-grow-tastier-healthier-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> and plants communicate via chemicals - could those chemicals impact plant flavor?"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digging-deeper-soil-microbes-and-food-flavor">Digging deeper: Soil microbes and food flavor</h2>



Previous studies have shown that soil characteristics significantly affect plant growth, disease resistance, and nutrient uptake. However, due to the complexities involved in isolating these effects, researchers have largely left the potential influence of soil microbes on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/old-trick-turns-plant-based-cheese-into-something-that-actually-tastes-good/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant flavor</a> unexplored.



"It is often claimed that the types of microbes found in soil should influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyber-agriculture-tastier-crops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop flavor</a>," Fierer noted, highlighting the difficulties in studying soil microbes.



To address this, Walsh and Fierer employed a unique method. They conducted a greenhouse experiment, growing mustard plants with a liquid inoculum of microbes sourced from various Colorado environments, including aspen groves, sagebrush fields, ponderosa pine forests, and agricultural pastures.



To ensure that only the microbial variables were altered, the researchers maintained consistent conditions such as potting soil, temperature, watering, and nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spice-of-life-why-mustard">The spice of life: Why mustard?</h2>



The researchers chose mustard for its simplicity to grow and its relevance in the Brassica family, known for producing vegetables with distinct spicy and bitter flavors like broccoli, cabbage, and horseradish.



These flavors primarily stem from glucosinolates, chemicals that defend the plants against pests and diseases. 



"When you cook them they have that kind of sulfury smell. The glucosinolates have a sulfur compound in them, and that's what you're smelling when you cook," noted Walsh.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-quest-for-spicy-seeds">The quest for spicy seeds</h2>



After harvesting, the researchers analyzed the mustard seeds for glucosinolate concentrations to measure their spiciness, instead of subjecting them to taste tests.



Although the experiment faced challenges due to the changing nature of the microbiomes, it revealed a connection between the microbiome and seed chemistry. However, the specifics of this relationship, including the direction and mechanisms, remain unclear.



Walsh reflected on the complexity of controlling biological variables. "The way the microbiomes diverged over time throughout the experiment made it hard to test some of our hypotheses of microbes affecting flavor," she said. "We found a relationship, but the direction and mechanism of that relationship remain unknown."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-flavors-the-potential-of-microbial-probiotics">Future flavors: The potential of microbial probiotics</h2>



Despite these challenges, the study provided preliminary evidence that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-microbes-disease-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil microbes</a> might influence the spiciness of mustard seeds. 



This discovery opens up exciting possibilities for using microbial "probiotics" to enhance other crop properties, such as drought resistance and productivity, potentially impacting flavor as well.



The research marks an important step in understanding the complex interactions between soil microbes and plant flavors.



"We do now know that microbes are worth considering in this venue. There is excitement about using microbial inoculants to do other things for crops," said Walsh. 



This ongoing exploration of microbial influence not only broadens our understanding of agriculture but also hints at future innovations in enhancing the flavors of our favorite foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Soil and food flavor</h2>



The soil in which food crops are grown can significantly influence their flavor. This effect is due to various factors, including the soil's mineral composition, pH level, organic matter content, and moisture levels.&nbsp;



These elements affect how the plants absorb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-proteins-that-control-nutrient-uptake-in-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a> and develop their compounds, which in turn can influence their taste, aroma, and nutritional value.



Certain minerals like selenium, zinc, and magnesium can enhance specific flavors in crops. In addition, the acidity or alkalinity of soil can affect how well plants take up nutrients, altering flavor profiles.



Furthermore, rich organic soil often leads to stronger, more robust flavors in vegetables and fruits.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.19708" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>.



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Soil microbes may shape the flavor of food

Serious wine aficionados often rave about the distinctive flavors in...

A new kind of global competition is unfolding, with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-china-us-economy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China</a> and the United States vying for dominance in the realm of emerging technologies. This fierce battle over artificial intelligence (AI), 5G networks, quantum computing, and more, will likely reshape the international balance of global tech power for decades to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battlegrounds-for-global-tech-power">Battlegrounds for global tech power</h2>



Emerging technologies are at the forefront of this geopolitical contest. These technologies are not just tools of economic growth but also instruments of national power and security. They include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-intelligence-ai">Artificial Intelligence (AI)</h3>



Imagine software that goes far beyond just following instructions. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lawless-superintelligence-zero-evidence-ai-control-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI systems</a> are designed to process vast amounts of information, identify patterns, and make predictions based on that data. 



They can learn from experience, improving their decision-making over time. This translates to everything from better medical diagnoses to more efficient manufacturing processes, and even the potential for machines to become creative.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-5g-wireless-networks">5G wireless networks</h3>



Think of 5G as the backbone for an ultra-connected world. This next-generation wireless technology isn't just about faster phone downloads. Its real power lies in incredibly low latency (meaning minimal delays) and significantly higher capacity. 



This could enable seamless communication between massive numbers of devices, powering things like self-driving car networks, remote surgery, and truly 'smart' cities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-computing">Quantum computing</h3>



Traditional computers work with bits – the familiar ones and zeros. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum computers</a> operate on a mind-bending level, using quantum bits (or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-outperformed-new-type-traditional-computing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qubits</a>) that take advantage of the strange behavior of particles at the atomic level. 



This could open the door to solving incredibly complex problems that traditional computers simply can't handle. This includes revolutionizing drug development, financial modeling, and materials science.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iot-internet-of-things">IoT (Internet of things)</h3>



Imagine your everyday world infused with connectivity. Not just phones and laptops, but appliances, vehicles, even your clothing becoming smart – gathering data and communicating with each other. This is the internet of things (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greener-energy-is-needed-for-the-internet-of-things/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IoT</a>).



It creates a web of intelligence with the potential to make our lives safer, more efficient, and more convenient, but also raises concerns about privacy and security.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-data">Big data</h3>



Our digital footprints are massive. Every website visited, online purchase, even just moving around with a smartphone generates information. Big data is the science of analyzing this massive information trove. 



It helps companies understand consumer behavior, researchers discover hidden patterns, and can potentially drive innovations in various fields. But it also raises ethical concerns about how this data is collected and used.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-china-s-power-ascends-as-global-tech-giant">China's power ascends as global tech giant</h2>



China has demonstrated significant progress in these emerging technological fields. Their investments in research and development, coupled with a strategic focus on these areas, have yielded impressive results.



"China's growing power and expansion in emerging tech are key to driving massive shifts in technology and the geopolitical landscape," says Dr. Maria Papageorgiou from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>. 



This rapid development has prompted a response from the United States, which is working to maintain its technological standing. The USA is actively involved in research and development efforts, while also seeking to bolster alliances with other countries to counter China's growing influence. 



This intense competition is likely to have significant ramifications for the future trajectory of technological innovation and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global</a> balance of power.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-weapons-vs-future-convenience">Future weapons vs. future convenience</h2>



The significant concern surrounding this technological competition centers on the potential military applications of these advancements. 



Some experts worry that these powerful technologies, like artificial intelligence and advanced computing, could be weaponized, creating significant advantages for the nation that controls them. 



For instance, China's development of sophisticated systems raises questions about their ability to potentially bypass or outmaneuver existing US defense mechanisms.



However, it's crucial to recognize the vast potential for civilian applications within these same emerging technologies. These advancements hold the promise of significant improvements in our daily lives. 



From revolutionizing healthcare with AI-powered diagnostics to fostering a more interconnected world through 5G networks, the potential benefits are undeniable. 



The key question remains: will the focus be on weaponization or harnessing these technologies for positive civilian applications? The outcome of this competition will determine which path we take and the impact it has on the global landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-allies-for-global-tech-power">The power of allies for global tech power</h2>



The United States recognizes the limitations of a solo approach in this technological race. To maintain its competitive edge, the USA has actively pursued the development of strategic alliances with other countries. 



Key partners include nations like Japan and South Korea, both of which boast significant technological capabilities. This collaborative effort allows them to pool resources for research and development, accelerating innovation across various emerging technology fields.



However, the competition extends beyond software and algorithms. A crucial element lies in the physical infrastructure that underpins these technologies – microchips. These tiny electronic components are the brains behind modern devices, and their production capabilities are a vital battleground. 



The USA and its allies are working together to establish a secure and reliable supply chain for microchip production, aiming to lessen dependence on other nations and maintain control over this critical resource. 



This collaborative approach highlights the multifaceted nature of the competition, encompassing not just software and theoretical advancements, but also the physical infrastructure that makes it all possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-semiconductors-in-global-tech-landscape">Semiconductors in global tech landscape</h2>



Microchips, often referred to as semiconductors, are the unsung heroes of this technological rivalry. These tiny, intricate circuits are the fundamental building blocks of modern electronics. 



They act as the brains behind everything from smartphones and computers to advanced weaponry and medical equipment. Essentially, whoever controls the production and supply of these microchips holds significant influence in the global tech landscape.



This understanding has fueled intense competition between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-plans-to-inhabit-a-space-station-on-the-moon-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China</a> and the United States. Both nations are pouring significant resources into research and development to not only improve chip design and functionality but also to establish independent and robust domestic production capabilities. This drive for self-sufficiency has led to a series of strategic maneuvers. 



The USA, for instance, has implemented export controls to limit the flow of advanced chip technology to China. China, in response, has ramped up its own domestic production efforts and aggressively pursued acquisitions of foreign chip manufacturers. 



These actions have heightened diplomatic tensions, as each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-every-nations-contribution-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nation</a> seeks to gain an advantage in this critical sector. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-global-tech-power">Future global tech power</h2>



The struggle for dominance in the microchip industry is a complex one, with far-reaching consequences for the global balance of power and technological innovation.



That's the million-dollar question. Will this tech race usher in a better future for everyone? Or will it lead to more division and conflict? Like most things in world politics, there's no easy answer. 



However, one thing is certain: the technologies shaping our future are being developed right now in the heat of this competition. It's a fascinating, somewhat scary, but undeniably exciting time to be alive.



The study is published in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41111-024-00248-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Political Science Review</a>.



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Emerging technologies will control the global power balance

A new kind of global competition is unfolding, with China...

Did you know you can read a chicken's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-can-now-decipher-the-emotional-states-of-chickens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>? It turns out our feathered friends have a surprising way of showing their feelings - their faces blush a deeper red when they're distressed. 



A revolutionary study has confirmed this, opening up new ways to understand how chickens feel and build better relationships with them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-chickens-express-their-emotions">How do chickens express their emotions?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chicken-psychology-birds-smart-complex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chickens</a>, like many animals, experience a spectrum of emotions ranging from joy and excitement to frustration and fear. However, their ways of expressing these emotions differ from ours. They don't rely on facial expressions like smiling or frowning to communicate how they feel.



Instead, changes in chickens' facial coloration offer clues about their inner state. The skin around their faces, including the comb and wattle, is particularly sensitive. These areas maintain a lighter red hue when chickens are relaxed and content. 



When chickens experience negative emotions, the blood flow to these areas increases significantly. This causes a visible change as their faces become flushed with a much brighter scarlet shade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-chickens-blush">Why do chickens blush?</h2>



Researchers from <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INRAE</a> (France's National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment) embarked on a detailed investigation to decipher how a chicken's blush reveals its emotions. They focused on Sussex hens, a popular breed of laying chickens. 



To ensure accuracy, the research team employed advanced camera technology and specialized software. This allowed them to precisely measure and analyze subtle changes in facial redness.



The researchers exposed hens to various stimuli and carefully documented the changes in coloration. When presented with appetizing feed such as mealworms, the hens did get a bit red but their entire face became scarlet red during negative experiences such as capture. This demonstrated a clear connection between the hens' emotional state and the intensity of their flushing.



Intriguingly, the study also shed light on how chickens perceive humans. Hens who had been gradually accustomed to the presence of a friendly researcher over time showed a reduced stress response. 



This was evident in their calmer demeanor and the less intense flushing of their faces in the researcher's presence. In comparison, hens without this positive exposure exhibited a more pronounced stress response when near humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotions-in-chickens-and-humans">Emotions in chickens and humans</h2>



The ability to accurately interpret chicken emotions provides invaluable insights for farmers, animal scientists, and veterinarians. Using this knowledge, they can tailor environments and care practices to promote positive emotional states in chickens. 



This includes minimizing stressful situations, providing opportunities for enrichment, and fostering a sense of security. Such changes in animal management can lead to improvements in overall chicken well-being and health.



While chickens and humans may seem worlds apart, this study highlights a shared emotional language. By learning to recognize the subtle cues chickens use to express their feelings, we can develop greater empathy and understanding towards them. 



This awareness can promote more respectful and compassionate interactions, potentially transforming our relationship with these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zebra-finches-use-both-calls-and-vision-to-coordinate-flight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> even in backyard settings or small-scale farming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The study serves as a springboard for numerous exciting avenues of future research. Scientists are keen to delve deeper into the diverse ways chickens might communicate their emotions.



Beyond facial flushing, changes in the position or movement of head feathers could hold clues to a chicken's emotional state. For instance, during moments of excitement, a hen might rapidly raise and lower her head feathers. 



Conversely, fear or stress might be signaled by flattened or ruffled feathers. Careful observation and analysis are needed to decode this potential new emotional language.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tech-uses-chicken-feathers-to-generate-clean-electricity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chickens</a> live within complex social structures, often with clear dominance relationships. Researchers want to understand how emotional signals play a role in these interactions. 



For example, a dominant hen might display specific feather patterns or facial coloration changes to assert her position, while a subordinate hen might exhibit different signals to indicate submission. Understanding these nuances could unlock secrets about chicken communication and social dynamics.



The next time you see a chicken, take a good look at its face. Is it pale, relaxed, and content? Or is it flushed, indicating the chicken might be feeling stressed or worried?



Remember, our awareness and empathy can make all the difference in the lives of animals around us, even backyard chickens.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168159124001163?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</a>.



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Chickens' faces change color depending on their emotions

Did you know you can read a chicken's emotions? It...

In the East Asian skies, monsoon winds are not just reshaping weather but are also unexpectedly carrying large amounts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-hole-has-been-slowly-shrinking-over-two-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a>-depleating substances into the stratosphere. 



This discovery, as highlighted by the U.S. National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NFS</a>) and NASA, challenges previous assumptions about the rate of ozone recovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monsoons-and-ozone-recovery">Monsoons and ozone recovery</h2>



Monsoons were primarily associated with seasonal shifts in rainfall, influencing agriculture and impacting local communities.



However, recent research reveals a more complex role for monsoons. The intense winds associated with monsoons, especially in Asia, can act as conveyor belts for pollutants. These powerful upward air currents carry pollutants from the Earth's surface to much higher altitudes.



Climate change is intensifying the East Asian Monsoon system. This means an even greater potential for transporting large amounts of harmful chemicals into the upper atmosphere.



When carried high into the atmosphere, particularly the stratosphere, pollutants can interact with and deplete the ozone layer. Scientists are increasingly concerned about the transport of pollutants that were previously deemed less harmful due to their shorter lifespan. The monsoon now acts as a shortcut for these chemicals to reach the ozone layer



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-very-short-lived-pollutants">Very short-lived pollutants</h2>



For many years, scientists identified chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the major threat to the ozone layer. CFCs are incredibly long-lasting; they stay active in the atmosphere for decades or longer, causing continuous damage to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-ozone-holes-have-re-emerged-over-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a>.



The Montreal Protocol was an international agreement aimed at phasing out CFC production and consumption. The treaty has been remarkably successful and is a testament to how collective action can address environmental challenges.



Scientists are now worried about a new class of pollutants called "very short-lived" ozone-depleting substances (VSLS). These chemicals, used in various industries, were assumed to be less harmful because they degrade faster in the lower atmosphere.



Industrialization, particularly in South and East Asia, has led to a significant increase in VSLS emissions. This poses a new challenge for protecting the ozone layer.



Even though VSLS break down relatively quickly near the Earth's surface, the question is: What happens if these chemicals get transported higher into the atmosphere? If they manage to hitch a ride directly to the stratosphere, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-threatens-the-health-of-plants-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a> layer is, their shorter lifespan becomes irrelevant. The ozone-depleting potential of VSLS still poses a threat, even if for a briefer period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monsoons-hamper-ozone-recovery">Monsoons hamper ozone recovery</h2>



The NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (<a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCAR</a>) and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> study, part of the Asian Summer Monsoon Chemistry and Climate Impact Project (<a href="https://www-air.larc.nasa.gov/missions/acclip/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACCLIP</a>), paints a worrying picture. Scientists made airborne observations of the monsoon system finding:



<ul>
<li>Compared to the South Asian monsoon, the East Asian monsoon showed significantly higher levels of pollutants – a nasty cocktail including some surprisingly high concentrations of carbon monoxide.</li>



<li>Worryingly, the scientists found large quantities of VSLS, such as dichloromethane and chloroform. These chemicals are increasing due to industrial activities, mainly in East China.</li>
</ul>



"It was a real surprise to fly through a plume with all those very short-lived ozone-depleting substances,” says NSF NCAR scientist Laura Pan, the lead author of the study. “These chemicals may have a significant impact on what will happen with the ozone layer, and it’s critical to quantify them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalator-for-harmful-pollutants">Escalator for harmful pollutants</h2>



The Montreal Protocol aimed to limit long-lived ozone-depleting substances to give the ozone layer a chance to heal. Yet, this monsoon-driven boost of VSLS could complicate that recovery.



This is a grim reminder that climate change isn't just about rising temperatures. It also creates these unintended consequences, like strengthening the East Asian Monsoon, which acts as an escalator for harmful pollutants. Scientists will need to take these findings into account when modeling the ozone layer's future and the impacts on our climate.



This research raises important questions about the combined impact of pollution, monsoon patterns, and climate change on the ozone layer. To get a complete picture, scientists need to track these VSLS more closely and figure out how they interact with the ozone layer at those altitudes. 



"The potential impacts of the high levels of these chemicals will need to be taken into consideration for projections of both the recovery of stratospheric ozone as well as climate change,” explained Laura Pan.



The fight to protect our ozone layer continues. Just when we thought we were making progress, this study reminds us that in our interconnected world with changing climate patterns, new threats can always emerge.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2318716121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Monsoons launch ozone-depleting substances into the stratosphere

In the East Asian skies, monsoon winds are not just...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

This Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the city of Timbuktu in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/dust-storm-in-the-sahara-desert/">Sahara Desert</a>. Timbuktu in the Sahara Desert is so remote that two long roads are the only reliable ways to access the city. In medieval times, however, Timbuktu served as a major trading hub where people met to exchange salt, gold, and ivory.

Timbuktu in the Sahara Desert

Umnak Island is seen here in the Image of the Day taken by the <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory.</a> Umnak Island is the third largest in the Aleutian Island chain. The Island is covered in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanoes-erupt-next/">volcanoes</a>, including Mount Okmok on its northern end, which erupted in 2008.