In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do.



This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the most complex problems in science: how species evolve, and even how cancer works.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-with-chopped-up-chromosomes">Butterfly with chopped up chromosomes </h2>



Inside every living thing, from a mushroom to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-whale-species-is-already-threatened-with-extinction/">whale</a>, there’s DNA - the instruction manual of life. That DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs, and most butterflies have 23 or 24 pairs.



The Atlas blue butterfly carries 229 pairs of chromosomes - more than any other multicellular animal. Scientists had long suspected it held the record, and new genome sequencing has now confirmed it.



And here’s what’s even more surprising: the butterfly's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-analysis-can-predict-which-animals-are-at-risk-of-extinction/">DNA</a> hasn’t been duplicated. Instead, the chromosomes have been chopped up into smaller pieces - like taking 24 books and ripping them into 229 booklets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-peek-into-evolution-s-toolbox">A peek into evolution’s toolbox</h2>



The researchers behind the new study came from the <a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> in the UK and the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona. They produced the first-ever high-quality genome for the Atlas blue and discovered that its extra chromosomes were not caused by copying, but by splitting.



This process happened fast in evolutionary terms. In about three million years, the butterfly went from 24 to 229 chromosomes. That’s like a blink of an eye for species development.



The cuts happened in parts of the DNA that were loosely packed. That means the total genetic information didn’t really change, it was just reorganized. All of the chromosomes, except for sex chromosomes, were broken up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-evolving-butterfly">A rapidly evolving butterfly </h2>



Changes in chromosome number are one way that species evolve. They can affect how genes are turned on or off, how traits are passed down, and how well an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genomics-can-help-farm-animals-adapt-to-climate-change/">animal adapts</a> to its environment. The Atlas blue butterfly belongs to a group that evolved rapidly, creating lots of closely related species.



This new research helps explain how that might have happened. The split chromosomes may have allowed more mixing and matching of DNA, possibly helping the species survive in tough environments.



But that same complexity could also come with risks. Too many chromosomes might make a species more vulnerable over time. And unfortunately, the Atlas blue is already in trouble. Climate change, overgrazing, and destruction of cedar forests are putting pressure on its populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-chromosomes-and-cancer">Butterfly chromosomes and cancer</h2>



The implications go far beyond butterflies. Professor Mark Blaxter noted that genomes hold the key to how a creature came to be, but also, where it might go in the future.



“To be able to tell the story of our planet, we must have the story of each species and see where they overlap and interact with each other. It also allows us to apply learnings from one genome to another."



"For example, rearranging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-chromosomes-have-conserved-specific-elements-for-600-million-years/">chromosomes</a> is also seen in human cancer cells, and understanding this process in the Atlas blue butterfly could help find ways to limit or stop this in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-scientist-discovers-that-common-non-cancer-drugs-when-combined-can-kill-cancer-cells/">cancer cells</a> in the future.”



That might seem like a stretch - a tiny insect helping us battle a major disease - but it’s happened before. From bacteria to mice and worms, scientists have used all kinds of living things to understand human health. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-extreme-atlas-blue-butterfly">The extreme Atlas blue butterfly</h2>



There are still big questions to answer. What benefits, if any, come from having so many chromosomes? Are there specific genes that make this butterfly more adaptable? Could this give clues about how life responds to a changing planet?



“When we set out to start to understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/">evolution</a> in butterflies, we knew we had to sequence the most extreme, and somewhat mysterious, Atlas blue butterfly,” said Dr. Charlotte Wright, first author of the study. 



She noted that it was thanks to Dr. Roger Vila, who had previously worked with his colleague to find and identify this elusive butterfly, that the team was able to sequence this species.



"Being able to see, in detail, how the Atlas blue butterfly chromosomes have been split over time in specific places, we can start to investigate what benefits this might have, how it impacts their ability to adapt to their environment, and whether there are any lessons we can learn from their DNA that might aid conservation in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-species-evolution">Understanding species evolution</h2>



This kind of research is just the beginning. The team now has a “gold-standard” genome to compare with other butterflies and moths, opening the door to understanding more about how species split, adapt, or vanish.



“Breaking down chromosomes has been seen in other species of butterflies, but not on this level, suggesting that there are important reasons for this process which we can now start to explore," said Dr. Vila, senior author of the study. 



"Additionally, as chromosomes hold all the secrets of a species, investigating whether these changes impact a butterfly’s behavior could help form a full picture of how and why new species occur."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)01098-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098222501098X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">Current Biology</a>.



Image Credit: Roger Vila



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Butterfly sets an astonishing  chromosome record

In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do. This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the...

Honeybees have a whopping impact on our planet, much more so than what meets the eye. From pollinating our flowers to aiding in the production of the fruits and veggies we relish, they're the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-2024-bee-engaged-with-youth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unsung heroes of our ecosystem</a>. But did you know that their diet plays a crucial role in their daily tasks and survival?



When it comes to their diet, it isn't just about the sugars and starches. We've got news straight from the honeycomb that could help us help them do their job better. 



New research has shed light on how the balance of the honeybee diet directly influences their health and job performance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balanced-honeybee-diet-balanced-hive">Balanced honeybee diet, balanced hive</h2>



The mind behind this intriguing research is Professor Sharoni Shafir from the <a href="https://new.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>.



Working from the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Professor Shafir's study delves into the nutritional balance of honeybees and its effects on their overall fitness and homeostasis.



The study paints a clear picture for us; a balanced diet for honeybees is not just a nice-to-have but a must-have for their optimal health. 



The overall task performance of these industrious creatures, especially nursing the larvae, hinges on their nutritional intake. Without a well-balanced diet, honeybees may find their nursing abilities hindered. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrition-from-honeybees-diet">Nutrition from honeybees' diet</h2>



Wondering what we mean by a balanced diet for these buzzing friends of ours? One key aspect is the omega-6:3 ratio. 



In Professor Shafir’s study, an omega-6:3 ratio of 5:1 proved detrimental for the honey bees. With this unbalanced diet, it took longer for them to start nursing. They made fewer nursing rounds, and they couldn’t properly cater to the needs of the three-day-old and four-day-old larvae.



Honeybees aren’t privy to nutrition facts labels like we are. They can't check the omega-6:3 ratio before deciding on their food. So, who's to ensure their diet is balanced?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balanced-vs-unbalanced-diet">Balanced vs. unbalanced diet</h2>



The research team took one-day-old worker bees and split them into two groups. One group had a balanced diet, while the other group dined on an unbalanced spread for seven days. 



After this, the bees were all sent into a common-garden hive, tagged with barcodes, and filmed continuously for six days.



The stars in this intriguing find were the bees from the unbalanced diet group. They exhibited a delay in nursing behavior and a reduced efficiency in caring for the larvae, which is precisely what Professor Shafir anticipated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-step-for-bee-kind">Big step for bee-kind</h2>



The results of this study hold substantial implications, especially in cultivated landscapes where balanced pollen sources can be scanty. 



"Balanced nutrition is fundamental for honeybee colonies, impacting not just individual health but also the overall efficiency and survival of the hive," said Professor Shafir.



"Our study underscores the importance of maintaining a balanced omega-6:3 ratio in the diet of honey bees to ensure they can perform their crucial roles within the colony effectively."



A hike in the omega-6:3 ratio could pose a severe risk to these amazing creatures. It can affect their health, cognitive abilities, and their strength to keep their colonies afloat.



But it’s not all doom and gloom. The research opens the doors to increased understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees' nutritional needs</a>. It's a call to action for us to buttress our efforts in conserving diverse and nutritionally adequate pollen sources for these essential pollinators.



So, what can you do for our buzzing buddies?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-we-play">The role we play</h2>



Professor Shafir's research aligns with broader findings on how nutritional imbalances impact not just bees but various species. It impacts their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a>, successful reproduction, and even the health of their offsprings.



This research is not just a footnote in the annals of scientific literature. It's a call to humans to increase awareness and take action to support the nutritional needs of honeybees. After all, they play a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-can-sniff-out-lung-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vital role</a> in maintaining their populations and providing crucial pollination services.



So next time you see a bee buzzing around flowers in your garden, remember, making sure it finds a balanced diet could mean a world of difference. And in doing so, you're not just helping the bees, but our planet too.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347224001428?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animal Behaviour</a>.



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Honeybees need a balanced diet for optimal health

Honeybees have a whopping impact on our planet, much more...

When Northeastern graduate Camille Martin and associate professor Leila Deravi co-founded <a href="https://seaspireskincare.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seaspire</a>, a skincare ingredients company inspired by pigments in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-and-squid-senses-linked-to-human-brain-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octopus</a> and squid, they aimed to create products that benefit both the skin and the environment. Recent research indicates they are succeeding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-sunscreen-protection-nbsp-with-cephalopods">Enhancing sunscreen protection&nbsp;with cephalopods </h2>



A study published in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12993" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Cosmetic Science</a> has revealed that Xanthochrome, a synthesized molecule found in cephalopods such as squid, octopus, and cuttlefish, enhances <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultimate-natural-sunscreen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunscreen</a> protection when combined with zinc oxide without harming coral reefs.&nbsp;



Deravi, Seaspire's scientific adviser, noted that these safety findings are crucial because there are a lot of toxicities involved with (traditional) UV filters in sunscreens.



“Some of the chemical UV-filters in particular are known to create reactive oxygen species that are not only bad for the environment but can also seep into our skin and cause systemic toxicities,” said Deravi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-for-natural-skincare-ingredients-nbsp">Inspiration for natural skincare ingredients&nbsp;</h2>



The industry is enthusiastic about environmentally friendly innovations, added Martin, who earned her PhD in chemistry from <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northeastern University</a> in 2019 and has served as Seaspire's CEO since its inception.&nbsp;



“Everything we do as a biotechnology company is centered around leveraging marine animals as a source of inspiration for the next generation of skincare ingredients,” explained Martin.



The goal of Seaspire is to make Xanthochrome accessible to skincare product manufacturers and distributors along the supply chain, ultimately incorporating it into a variety of products, including sunscreens, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-identifies-new-anti-aging-compounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging</a> applications, and functional color cosmetics.&nbsp;



“We are just wrapping up the research and development on it now and actively looking for partnerships to bring this to market,” Deravi said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-compounds-for-sunscreen-protection-nbsp">Chemical compounds for sunscreen protection&nbsp;</h2>



Xanthochrome, produced as a brown, textured powder, possesses potent antioxidant and skin restorative properties while providing light scattering qualities that protect against photoaging.&nbsp;



It is the trade name for a chemically synthesized version of xanthommatin, a molecule found in the skin of cephalopods and insects.&nbsp;



“The secret to the cephalopods' unique coloration is derived from its multifunctional chemical compounds, which we identified in our lab at Northeastern,” Deravi explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antioxidant-properties-of-cephalopod-skin-nbsp">Antioxidant properties of cephalopod skin&nbsp;</h2>



Martin's Ph.D. work was the first to demonstrate that these small molecules inside cephalopod skin, contributing to the animal's camouflage, also have significant antioxidant properties.&nbsp;



“They're free radical scavengers, which are very important for skin health and skin barrier function,” Deravi said. Additionally, these molecules exhibit crucial optical properties that protect against sunlight exposure, functioning similarly to UV filters in sunscreens.



“We didn't create a new molecule. We were able to isolate and characterize the properties of the biomolecules found within cephalopods, engineer a bio-identical version of the naturally occurring material, and position Xanthochrome as a new active ingredient that provides a wide range of skincare benefits,” Martin explained. This innovation offers a single molecule with multiple functions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boosting-the-power-of-zinc-oxide-nbsp">Boosting the power of zinc oxide&nbsp;</h2>



Unlike parabens often found in sunscreens, previous research showed that Xanthochrome is not an endocrine disruptor. The latest study indicates that it boosts the ultraviolet protection of zinc oxide, which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration deems a safe and effective sunscreen ingredient, by 28% and enhances visible light blocking potential by 45%.&nbsp;



Moreover, Xanthochrome did not adversely affect coral cuttings even at concentrations five times higher than those used in typical formulations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-commitment-to-sustainable-solutions">Commitment to sustainable solutions</h2>



Martin and Deravi hope that skincare manufacturers will recognize Xanthochrome as a next-generation ingredient akin to retinoids, vitamin C, and hyaluronic acid.&nbsp;



“We're creating products that can really be applied and adopted across a wide range of users,” Martin said. “We are creating something that is not only safe for all people but also the environment.”



Deravi emphasized the importance of proving the safety of new raw materials for both humans and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>, where products eventually end up.



Seaspire's mission reflects a commitment to innovative, sustainable solutions in skincare, drawing inspiration from the natural world to address modern challenges in environmental and personal health. As they advance towards market readiness, their work underscores the potential for marine-inspired biotechnology to revolutionize skincare.



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Octopus pigments boost the power of sunscreen protection

When Northeastern graduate Camille Martin and associate professor Leila Deravi...

New research from <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> reveals that SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-lockdowns-had-unexpected-impacts-on-wildlife-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a>, is prevalent among various wildlife species. 



The study found the virus in six common backyard species and detected antibodies in five of these species, with exposure rates ranging from 40 to 60 percent.&nbsp;



Genetic tracking confirmed both the presence of the virus and unique viral mutations closely matching human variants, supporting human-to-animal transmission.



Animals near hiking trails and high-traffic public areas had the highest exposure rates, indicating that human activities play a significant role in transmitting the COVID virus to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-transmit-more-viruses-to-animals-than-we-catch-from-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-covid-virus-mutations-in-wildlife-nbsp">Novel COVID virus mutations in wildlife&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists from the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, the Department of Biological Sciences in Virginia Tech’s College of Science, and the Fralin Life Sciences Institute conducted this study, emphasizing the need for broad surveillance due to the identification of novel COVID virus mutations in wildlife. These mutations could be more harmful and transmissible, posing challenges for vaccine development.



However, the researchers stressed that there was no evidence of the virus being transmitted from animals to humans. People should not fear typical interactions with wildlife, as noted by Carla Finkielstein, professor of biological sciences at the Fralin Biomedical Research Institute.&nbsp;



“The virus can jump from humans to wildlife when we are in contact with them, like a hitchhiker switching rides to a new, more suitable host,” said Finkielstein. She emphasized the virus’s goal to spread and survive, adapting and mutating to thrive in new hosts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-covid-exposure-among-wildlife">Widespread COVID exposure among wildlife</h2>



Previous studies had primarily identified SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-is-circulating-and-evolving-rapidly-in-white-tailed-deer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white-tailed deer</a> and feral mink. The Virginia Tech study expanded the number of species examined, providing a broader understanding of virus transmission to and among wildlife. 



This data suggests widespread exposure in wildlife, particularly in areas with high human activity, which serve as points of contact for cross-species transmission. Signs of the virus were found in deer mice, opossums, raccoons, groundhogs, rabbits, and Eastern red bats.&nbsp;



“This study was really motivated by seeing a large, important gap in our knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a broader wildlife community,” said Joseph Hoyt, assistant professor of biological sciences and corresponding author on the paper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



The research team collected 798 nasal and oral swabs across Virginia from animals either live-trapped and released or treated by wildlife rehabilitation centers. They also obtained 126 blood samples from six species.&nbsp;



Locations varied from urban areas to remote wilderness to compare virus presence in areas with different levels of human activity. Notably, two mice at the same site on the same day had the exact same variant, indicating possible transmission from the same human or between the mice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-humans-pass-covid-to-wildlife">How do humans pass COVID to wildlife?</h2>



Researchers remain uncertain about how the virus is transmitted from humans to animals. While wastewater is one possibility, the scientists believe trash receptacles and discarded food are more likely sources.&nbsp;



“I think the big take-home message is the virus is pretty ubiquitous,” said Amanda Goldberg, the study’s first author and former postdoctoral associate in Hoyt’s lab. 



The study focused on Virginia, but many of the species that tested positive are common throughout North America, suggesting they are being exposed in other areas as well. Surveillance across a broader region is urgently needed, Hoyt emphasized.



“The virus is indifferent to whether its host walks on two legs or four. Its primary objective is survival,” said Finkielstein, who is also director of the Virginia Tech Molecular Diagnostics Lab.&nbsp;



She highlighted the importance of sequencing the virus’s genome in these species, a monumental task accomplished by a talented team of molecular biologists, bioinformaticians, and modelers in a state-of-the-art facility. “We understood the critical importance of sequencing the genome of the virus infecting those species,” she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



The researchers stressed the need for continued surveillance to monitor these mutations. Further research is needed to understand how the virus is transmitted from humans to wildlife, spreads within species, and potentially between species.&nbsp;



“This study highlights the potentially large host range SARS-CoV-2 can have in nature and really how widespread it might be,” Hoyt said. Understanding which wildlife species might play a role in the long-term maintenance of SARS-CoV-2 in humans requires much more work.&nbsp;



“What we’ve already learned is that SARS CoV-2 is not only a human problem, and it takes a multidisciplinary team to address its impact on various species and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-ecosystems-are-needed-to-prevent-future-pandemics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a> effectively,” Finkielstein concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49891-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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COVID virus is prevalent in backyard wildlife species

New research from Virginia Tech reveals that SARS-CoV-2, the virus...

Each year, the 29th of July marks a remarkable day of reverence and adulation for one of nature’s most majestic predators - the tiger. First initiated in the year 2010, the annual celebration of Global Tiger Day brings together 13 tiger range countries to further a shared commitment, labeled as the Tx2, to double the number of wild tigers.



Celebrations in 2016 signified the midpoint of this ambitious objective, and the participation was heartening, to say the least. 



The #ThumbsUpForTigers campaign saw WWF offices, organizations, celebrities, government officials, individuals, and families uniting on an international scale to honor the grandeur of this regal feline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-tiger-day">Global Tiger Day</h2>



“Doubling tigers is about tigers, about the whole of nature - and it's also about us," noted Marco Lambertini, Director General WWF.&nbsp;



This statement embodies the interconnectedness of our existence. The survival of tigers isn't just about conserving a species but preserving the intricate balance of nature - and ensuring our survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-tiger-day-in-bhutan-and-nepal">Global Tiger Day in Bhutan and Nepal</h2>



Bhutan, the small Himalayan nation, boasted quite an exhilarating tidbit this year - a wild tiger was spotted within the Bumdeling Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS). This sighting happened after nearly two decades of tiger absence in the sanctuary, spawning great excitement within the nation.



This Global Tiger Day, also known as International Tiger Day, brings promising news from the Bardia National Park in Nepal. The results from a recent tiger monitoring study showed an increase in tiger numbers. 



"It is the Tx2 goal that guides us through these challenges to ensure this iconic species is better protected, so we can save all by saving just one," noted Ghana Gurung,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wwfnepal.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF-Nepal</a>&nbsp;Senior Conservation Program Director.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indonesia-s-need-for-protection">Indonesia's need for protection</h2>



With less than 400 tigers left, Indonesia’s wild tiger population, now confined to the island of Sumatra, is critically <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-tigers-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered</a> and in urgent need for protection.&nbsp;



Activities and events on Global Tiger Day drive the message home with poignant reminders like the exhibition of 371 papier mâché tigers at Senayan City Mall in Jakarta.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tigers-in-malaysia-and-india">Tigers in Malaysia and India</h2>



During this Global Tiger Day, <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=WWF-Malaysia&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF-Malaysia</a>, along with Maybank, hosted an awareness exhibition about the plight of the national animal. Dr. Dionysius S.K. Sharma, WWF-Malaysia CEO, stated: "We need to combine our efforts at full force to double the number of tigers in the wild."



India recently hosted a week-long celebration to raise awareness about tiger conservation, emphasizing the vital role these wild tigers play in our ecosystem. 



The event featured educational workshops, art exhibitions, and wildlife photography contests, engaging thousands of participants to reflect on the importance of protecting tiger habitats and fostering community responsibility for their preservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cambodia-china-and-taiwan">Cambodia, China, and Taiwan</h2>



Despite the absence of tigers since 2007, Cambodia remains hopeful, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wwf.org.kh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF-Cambodia</a>&nbsp;is supporting the government's plans to reintroduce tigers. A public event at the AEON Mall marked the day with exhibitions and video competitions.



Evidence of tigers returning and breeding has ignited optimism in Northeast China. A two-day festival was hosted by&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wwfchina.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WWF-China</a>&nbsp;and WWF-Russia, featuring presentations, discussions, and field trips.



DotAsia, a non-profit organisation, along with TRAFFIC East Asia and WWF, accelerated their efforts to support the Tx2 goal. A key discussion point was the role of the internet in wildlife trade, both as a threat and as a possible boon to tiger conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-international-efforts">Collaborative international efforts</h2>



Conservation of tigers transcends national borders, necessitating collaboration between various countries and organizations. This year, global entities came together to share <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-tiger-day-celebrating-one-of-earths-most-majestic-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">successful conservation</a> strategies and resources, creating synergies that can amplify their impact. 



Collaborative efforts such as transboundary conservation regions have been highlighted as essential in protecting tiger habitats. By uniting resources and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-is-tracking-endangered-animal-habitats-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">knowledge</a>, countries can more effectively combat poaching and habitat loss, ensuring a stable future for wild tiger populations.



Global Tiger Day isn't just another date in our calendars. It is a day that accentuates the vital need to appreciate, respect, and conserve the beautiful yet endangered creature that is the tiger. As we continue in our pursuit of reaching the Tx2 goal, let's remember that every ripple counts in making a wave.&nbsp;



Happy Global Tiger Day, everyone!



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Global Tiger Day: Worldwide support for tiger conservation

Each year, the 29th of July marks a remarkable day...

Have you ever wondered about the small beetles that lurk beneath the surface of Africa's vast savannas? How about their relationship with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-use-specific-names-to-address-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larger animals</a> like elephants that roam these wide-open lands? 



The unsung heroes in this natural spectacle are the dung beetles, whose sheer number and critical function in the savanna landscape is nothing short of remarkable. 



Dr. Frank Krell, a seasoned research entomologist associated with the <a href="https://www.dmns.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science</a>, has dedicated more than two decades to studying the enigmatic world of dung beetles in East Africa. 



Collaborating with his wife, ecologist Sylvia Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Dr. Krell embarked on a three-year-long project. The research was conducted deep in the heart of East and West African savannas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beetles-and-elephant-dung">Beetles and elephant dung</h2>



The Science of Nature recently published their latest findings, illuminating a fascinating dynamic. Imagine standing in the African grasslands. You might not realize it, but you'd be standing in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dung-beetles-share-their-workload-with-their-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dung beetle heaven</a>.



If an unfortunate circumstance forces you to leave behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-bugs-bug-humans-more-than-humans-bug-bugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human</a> waste, it can disappear in less than thirty minutes, thanks to the army of dung beetles. If it’s elephant dung though, things get a bit more complex.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beetle-elephant-relationship">Beetle-elephant relationship</h2>



While studying in Kenya's Laikipia region, the duo noticed that elephant dung attracted a totally different league of dung beetles. And the question was - just how many?



Their investigation had a straightforward approach but needed careful execution. They collected two "boli" or balls of elephant dung, one exposed during the day and the other at night, then took notes.



The results were astounding. They found that while the "day bolus" served meals to just over 3,300 beetles, the sun setting saw an impressive surge in diner numbers - a whopping 13,399 beetles were feasting on the dung pile by the end of the night.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-and-shelter-for-beetles">Food and shelter for beetles</h2>



It's known that two pounds of elephant dung serve about 13,400 beetles with food and shelter. Considering an elephant produces around 320 pounds of dung a day, a single elephant can feed over 2 million dung beetles on any given day.



Extrapolate that to the Laikipia-Samburu ecosystem, home to between 5,000 and 7,500 elephants, and you're looking at a staggering 14 billion dung beetles, spanning over an area of about 21,000 square miles - approximately the combined size of Maryland and New Jersey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ripple-effect">The ripple effect</h2>



The African savanna elephant is not currently near extinction in East Africa. However, it's classified as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and has vanished from other parts of the continent. What would happen if elephants disappeared from these areas?



While some beetles might find other food sources, the support system for the 14 billion dung beetles would be disrupted.



The extinction of the largest land mammal would undeniably have far-reaching effects, impacting the lives of billions and billions of smaller creatures that so vitally depend on them. This relationship underscores the complex and beautifully orchestrated symphony that is our natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation efforts</h2>



The health of the savanna ecosystem is closely tied to its largest inhabitants. Elephants and dung beetles play vital roles. Monitoring their populations is essential. It helps us understand ecological balance.



Researchers are gathering data to improve conservation strategies and advocate for protective policies. By focusing on both species, we contribute to preserving the complex web of life in the African savanna. This effort promotes a healthier planet for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Exploring the world of dung beetles is fascinating. They play a vital role in the ecosystem and also reveals the delicate balance in nature.



So, the next time you see an elephant or a dung beetle, remember the intricate dance they share in the vast African savannas.



Indeed, every creature, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, plays a critical role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-has-a-vital-role-in-ecosystem-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's ecosystem</a>. It prompts us to reflect. How are our actions affecting these delicate balances? And what can we do to ensure its harmony for generations to come?



Every living creature, no matter how small, has a significant role in the grand scheme of our world.



The study is published in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-024-01894-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Science of Nature</a>.



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Elephant dung feeds over 2 million beetles daily

Have you ever wondered about the small beetles that lurk...

Cicada wings, with their antibacterial properties, are fascinating scientists this summer. Trillions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-periodical-cicadas-eat-when-theyre-above-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">periodical cicadas</a>, members of the genus Magicicada, have emerged after years of dormancy, creating a spectacle that some likened to a "cicadapocalypse."



For many, this event feels mesmerizing, mysterious, and magical. It's also a great opportunity for scientific discovery and innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibacterial-properties-of-cicada-wings">Antibacterial properties of cicada wings</h2>



This year marked a rare and extraordinary event in the state of Illinois. Both the 13-year Brood XIX and the 17-year Brood XIII of the Magicicada genus emerged at the same time. This rare event had not occurred since 1803, and won't happen again for another 221 years.



The mass emergence of cicadas signaled a seminal moment for the researchers and entomologists at the <a href="https://beckman.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology</a>, a renowned research center that is part of the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. 



The team had an unprecedented abundance of cicadas at their disposal, thanks to the unique environmental phenomenon. 



Excited by the potential, the experts set out to use these cicadas for various innovative research applications, exploring the unique properties and behaviors of the insects.



The projects included materials science, studying cicada wings for new materials, and microbiology, examining microorganisms in their habitats to understand ecosystem health and interactions better.



This diverse range of research not only promised to yield groundbreaking discoveries but also highlighted the importance of biodiversity in scientific innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics-of-cicada-wings">Unusual characteristics of cicada wings</h2>



A critical area of study revolves around the unusual properties of a cicada's wing. Yutao Chen, a graduate student at Beckman studying under Professor Marianne Alleyne, delved into the microscopic world of cicada wings. 



"Cicada wings are superhydrophobic, meaning they're really waterproof, and they also have excellent antibacterial properties," explained Chen, whose research focuses on fabricating functional cicada-inspired surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-nanoscale-features">Hidden nanoscale features</h2>



The secret of the cicada wing's magical properties lies in its hidden nanoscale features. When magnified 10,000 times, the cicada wing reveals its true complexity.



What appears to be a smooth surface has microscopic structures known as nanopillars. These tiny features contribute to the wing's unique characteristics.



Distributed uniformly across each wing, these nanopillars are the key to the wings' remarkable hydrophobic and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonfly-wings-inspire-antibacterial-medical-implants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibacterial properties</a>.&nbsp;



When microbes touch the nanopillars, they suffer physical damage to their outer membranes. This process effectively eliminates the microbes. It showcases the remarkable defensive mechanisms found in cicada wings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibacterial-surfaces-inspired-by-cicadas">Antibacterial surfaces inspired by cicadas</h2>



To mimic these natural antibacterial features, Chen used an advanced method known as nanoimprinting lithography. This technique makes it possible to copy the tiny nanopillars from cicada wings onto a type of plastic called polystyrene.



The resulting material is precisely textured with nanopillars, giving it the power to effectively destroy bacteria. This demonstrates the material's potential for innovative applications. It could be used to create self-cleaning and antibacterial surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-antibacterial-surfaces">Future of antibacterial surfaces</h2>



Chen's work is far from over. In fact, he intends to experiment with other fabrication techniques and observe more dynamic interactions between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> and replicated surfaces. 



With over 95% of bacteria destroyed within 3 hours by the replicated nanopillars, the future holds promise for the development of durable, antibacterial surfaces inspired by a humble <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-wings-inspire-new-method-to-kill-bacteria-on-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect's wing</a>.



We learn from nature. This is the essence of bioinspired design. It leads us into a new era of scientific discovery and also sparks technological innovation.



With the magic of the cicada as our muse, who knows what we might uncover next?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-cicadas">Cultural significance of Cicadas</h2>



In Japan, cicadas are cherished for their melodic songs, which are an integral part of summer festivals. Their presence is often associated with poetry and reflective thoughts on the transient beauty of life. 



Similarly, in Native American cultures, cicadas are viewed as symbols of resilience and perseverance, echoing their remarkable life cycle.



Moreover, cicadas have become subjects of scientific curiosity and environmental study. Their unique life cycles, which include long periods of dormancy followed by a vivid emergence, offer insights into ecological balance and the effects of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



As researchers continue to study cicadas, their cultural and scientific importance highlight the connections between life and nature.



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Cicada wings inspire new antibacterial technologies

Cicada wings, with their antibacterial properties, are fascinating scientists this...

The rise and decline of western equine encephalitis (WEE) as a lethal disease offers crucial insights into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-reprogram-their-cells-to-fight-pathogens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogens</a> can gain or lose the ability to jump from animals to humans. 



A newly published study has unraveled the mechanisms through which the WEE virus infected humans and has linked changes in these mechanisms to the reduction in illness and deaths caused by the virus. These findings are significant for public health experts planning for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-forest-cover-linked-to-disease-outbreaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a>.



The researchers, led by Professor Jonathan Abraham of the Blavatnik Institute at <a href="https://hms.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Medical School</a>, encountered many unexpected findings. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-changes-in-the-wee-virus">Surprising changes in the WEE virus</h2>



“This was a real scientific detective story,” said Professor Abraham. “The virus kept surprising us and taught us some important lessons about how to study viruses.”



The researchers identified specific proteins on host cells that different WEE virus strains used to infect various animals, including horses, humans, and birds, over the last century.&nbsp;



The team discovered that changes in the viral genome led to the virus losing its ability to target proteins found in humans and horses while maintaining its ability to infect birds and reptiles.&nbsp;



These changes in the virus's capacity to infect different host cells underscore the need to study viruses over time, across different regions, and in various host species to monitor potential outbreaks and emerging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-new-rna-viruses-identified-in-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-virus-infects-host-cells">How the virus infects host cells</h2>



WEE, a member of the alphavirus family, typically attaches a spike protein to a compatible receptor on a host cell to gain entry and cause infection.&nbsp;



The researchers created harmless replicas of different viral strains collected over time and tested their ability to infect host cells in lab dishes and mice.&nbsp;



The experts found that early, deadly strains of WEE could attach their spike proteins to multiple receptors on the brain cells of humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-domestic-horses-have-ancestors-in-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a>, including proteins known as PCDH10 and VLDLR.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-are-no-longer-targeted-by-the-virus">Humans are no longer targeted by the virus</h2>



Despite the virus still circulating between birds, mosquitoes, and other animals, the last significant human outbreak in the United States was in 1987, according to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/wee/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). 



Since then, only five cases have been identified. Recent strains of the virus isolated from mosquitoes in California in 2005 were found to be unable to recognize human receptors but could still interact with proteins found in birds.



The researchers propose that the virus may have evolved due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-vaccines-linked-to-neurological-blood-and-heart-related-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> efforts for horses or simple antigenic drifting, where random mutations cause small changes in the viral genome over time. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-shifts-in-the-viral-spike-proteins-nbsp">Subtle shifts in the viral spike proteins&nbsp;</h2>



Based on the findings, the researchers hypothesized that the virus evolved due to reduced prevalence of horses, which can be vaccinated and no longer serve as effective amplifiers.&nbsp;



Alternatively, the virus may have undergone antigenic drifting, where random mutations cause minor changes in the viral genome, altering its interaction with hosts.&nbsp;



Subtle shifts in the viral spike proteins changed the cellular receptors it could target. This evolution in host receptors likely caused the virus to “submerge” as a human pathogen in North America. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting potential re-emergence.



“We need to understand what happens to viruses when they submerge, to better prepare for when they re-emerge,” said first author Wanyu Li, a doctoral student at Harvard's Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-nature-of-viruses">The dynamic nature of viruses</h2>



The study revealed that certain old WEE strains behaved differently than expected. The researchers used the eastern equine encephalitis virus as a control in some experiments and found that an old strain of WEE could use the same receptor as the eastern virus, which newer WEE strains could not do.&nbsp;



This variability underscores the dynamic nature of viruses and the necessity of studying multiple strains to fully understand them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-wee-outbreak-in-south-america">Recent WEE outbreak in South America </h2>



As Abraham and his team conducted their experiments, a new outbreak of WEE occurred in South America, highlighting the importance of perpetual vigilance.&nbsp;



The South American strain of the virus is genetically distinct from the North American strain and does not persist long enough for migrating birds to transfer it between continents. However, the outbreak emphasizes the need for improved scientific understanding of these viruses.



Abraham and his collaborators are now investigating the strains associated with the recent outbreak in South America.&nbsp;



“One small shift in the viral genome, in the intensity of a rainy season that allows mosquitoes to proliferate, or in the place humans live or work, could trigger an outbreak. The more we know, the better we’ll be able to protect ourselves,” Abraham concluded.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07740-2#Sec10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Subtle changes give a virus the ability to infect humans

The rise and decline of western equine encephalitis (WEE) as...

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can aid in preserving the present, it is imperative to take notice. In New Zealand, flightless birds, renowned for their distinctive traits and susceptibility to extinction, are finding sanctuary in regions once inhabited by the now-extinct giant bird, the moa.



Species such as the kiwi and the takahē not only embody a crucial aspect of New Zealand's natural heritage but also underscore the vital importance of conservation efforts. 



By examining the habitats and behaviors of these remarkable birds, researchers can extract valuable insights into the protection and restoration of ecosystems.



How can our understanding of the moa's legacy and today's avifauna inform future conservation strategies? Addressing this question is essential for ensuring that these unique species -- and the ecosystems they inhabit -- thrive for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peeling-back-the-layers-of-time">Peeling back the layers of time</h2>



At the forefront of this discovery is an international team of dedicated researchers, spearheaded by the esteemed <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>. 



Associate Professor Damien Fordham, a key figure from the University of Adelaide's Environment Institute, expressed considerable pride and enthusiasm as he unveiled the team's significant findings.



"Our research has successfully navigated past logistical challenges that often impeded progress in this field, allowing us to trace the population dynamics of six moa species at resolutions previously deemed impossible," he noted.



This remarkable achievement not only illuminates the ecological history of these intriguing creatures but also opens new pathways for understanding their interactions with the environment and other species throughout their existence. 



How might these insights reshape our understanding of biodiversity and conservation efforts today?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-moa-bird-pachyornis-australis">Giant moa bird, Pachyornis australis</h2>



In exploring the lives of the remarkable moa, Pachyornis australis, scientists have uncovered compelling insights into their habitats, which notably align with the current environments of several endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggshells-of-flightless-birds-evolved-on-different-tracks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> in New Zealand. 



Species such as the vibrant takahē, the uniquely patterned weka, and the iconic great spotted kiwi now share these landscapes that were once dominated by the moa.



Dr. Sean Tomlinson, a prominent contributor to this extensive study, highlighted the importance of these findings.



"Populations of moa likely vanished first from the most desirable lowland habitats favored by Polynesian settlers due to their rich resources and biodiversity," Tomlinson explained. 



This connection not only sheds light on New Zealand's ecological history but also prompts critical questions regarding contemporary conservation efforts for today's vulnerable bird species.



How can we apply these historical insights to better protect our unique avian inhabitants? 



This understanding emphasizes the urgency of addressing conservation challenges, bridging the past and present as we strive to safeguard the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-present-moa-bird-conservation-efforts">Present moa bird conservation efforts</h2>



The story of New Zealand's flightless birds, like Pachyornis australis, is one marked by significant challenges and obstacles. 



It began with the arrival of the Polynesians, who not only hunted these unique avian species for sustenance but also dramatically altered their natural habitats through land clearing and the introduction of invasive vegetation. 



This initial disruption sparked a series of ecological challenges that these birds continue to face.



The situation intensified with the arrival of European settlers in the 19th century, who introduced new predators -- such as rats, cats, and stoats -- that preyed on native birds and their eggs, further threatening their populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-another-extinction-like-pachyornis-australis">Preventing another extinction like Pachyornis australis</h2>



Additionally, extensive landscape modifications transformed forests into agricultural land and urban areas, resulting in the loss of crucial habitats for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggs-eaten-by-early-australians-were-from-huge-flightless-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless species</a>.



Dr. Jamie Wood, a leading researcher in this field, sheds light on a vital insight regarding the survival of these birds. 



“The key commonality among past and current refugia is not that they are optimal habitats for flightless birds, but that they continue to be the last and least impacted by humanity," noted Wood.



This underscores the critical importance of safeguarding the remaining natural spaces that have escaped human interference; these areas may hold the key to the survival of New Zealand's unique avian fauna.



Understanding this historical context is essential for informing conservation efforts aimed at ensuring a future for these remarkable creatures. 



By exploring the complex interplay between human activity and ecological resilience, we can foster a greater appreciation for the natural world and the urgent need to protect it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-dedicated-to-moa-bird-research">Scientists dedicated to moa bird research</h2>



The dedicated efforts of scientists like Associate Professor Fordham, Dr. Tomlinson, and Dr. Wood are crucial for uncovering the hidden patterns in nature that have long puzzled us. 



Their innovative research not only deepens our understanding of historical ecological dynamics but also equips us with valuable tools for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bird-may-soon-go-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of endangered species</a> facing urgent threats.



By meticulously analyzing various species, they reveal the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the significant impact of human activities on biodiversity. 



As Dr. Fordham insightfully pointed out, “Our research shows that despite large differences in the ecology, demography, and timing of extinction of moa species, their distributions collapsed and converged on the same areas on New Zealand's North and South Islands.” 



This finding highlights the pressing need for informed conservation strategies that consider these intricate patterns and support the recovery of vulnerable species.



This ongoing research is not just academically intriguing; it is essential for fostering a sustainable future for wildlife and preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems. 



How can we apply these insights to ensure the survival of our natural world? Engaging with these complex issues invites us to think critically about our role in conservation and the well-being of our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moa-birds-flightless-birds-and-extinction-events">Moa birds, flightless birds, and extinction events</h2>



The story of New Zealand's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-bird-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> serves as a poignant reminder of the complex conservation challenges that intertwine the past and present for these unique species. 



Birds like the iconic kiwi have evolved in isolation, developing exceptional traits that also render them vulnerable to environmental shifts and introduced predators.



This study, which cleverly employs fossils and advanced computational models, opens new pathways for understanding and addressing threats to biodiversity. It allows researchers to reconstruct historical habitats and gain insights into how these birds have adapted over time.



But how can we ensure their survival? It requires a united effort from scientists, conservationists, and the public alike. 



This underscores the critical importance of raising awareness and taking action not only to protect these remarkable birds but also to safeguard the ecosystems they inhabit.



By fostering community engagement and embracing scientific innovation, we can collectively strive for a more sustainable future for New Zealand's wildlife. What steps will you take to contribute to this vital mission?



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02449-x">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Endangered birds are moving to area where giant moa went extinct

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can...

In the vast and diverse world of biodiversity, unexpected alliances sometimes form. In Australia's wilderness, a curious bond has developed between an endangered rat and an invasive weed.



Off the coast of Port Lincoln, South Australia, lies Reevesby Island. It is home to an endangered creature, the greater stick-nest rat, and an invasive weed, the African boxthorn. 



A recent study reveals an intriguing twist to this survival narrative - our threatened rodent seems to prefer the invasive weed to native vegetation.



The research was led by Annie Kraehe, a Ph.D. candidate at the College of Science and Engineering, <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a>. 



Together with scientists from both Flinders University and the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>, she unearthed this surprising secret.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-weed-in-rat-feces">Invasive weed in rat feces</h2>



Kraehe spent weeks examining the fecal pellets of the stick-nest rat. It was here she discovered the key evidence - plant remnants from the boxthorn shrub. 



This small, inconspicuous animal was feeding on one of Australia's most invasive weeds.



Despite the boxthorn accounting for just over a tenth of available vegetation, it made up over half of the rat's diet. 



Further observations revealed that the stick-nest rat's presence was more predominant in areas with higher boxthorn abundance. 



The timid rodent wasn't just dining on the boxthorn, it was using it for nesting and shelter too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-bittersweet-revelation">A bittersweet revelation</h2>



Flinders University Associate Professor Vera Weisbecker, a co-author on the study, underscores the strangeness of this discovery. 



Invasive weeds like the boxthorn pose a significant threat to Australia's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>. It's certainly unexpected to find our endangered rodent thriving in this supposedly degraded habitat.



Greater stick-nest rats build large communal homes out of sticks and stones. These guinea pig-sized rodents were declared extinct on mainland Australia by 1930, primarily due to invasive predators like cats and foxes. 



Now, the only existing wild populations are confined to offshore islands, out of the reach of such predators. But danger still lurks in the form of predatory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>.



With its dense foliage, the African boxthorn provides excellent cover from these raptors. This, according to Weisbecker, might be why the rats prefer nesting in boxthorn thickets. 



It's a survival strategy that's not just limited to our furry friend - the little penguins of South Australia also find better protection from predators in boxthorn vegetation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefit-or-detriment">Benefit Or detriment?</h2>



As one of Australia's most notorious weeds, African boxthorn disrupts wildlife and livestock movement and often prevents access to water sources due to its formidable thorns and dense, impenetrable thickets. 



But perhaps these exact characteristics make it appealing to the greater stick-nest rat?



Yet, the researchers caution against seeing this as some sort of redemption for the invasive weed. Their findings merely depict the rat's use of the boxthorn. 



"We merely show that African boxthorn is being used by stick-nest rats. Further research is needed to understand if the animal actually benefits from the&nbsp;weed, and how this potential benefit compares to the&nbsp;destructive effects&nbsp;on the rest of the ecosystem," says Kraehe.



"The fact that the stick-nest rat is flexible enough in its food choices to thrive on African boxthorn is encouraging for efforts to re-establish the species elsewhere.



There's also the significant concern that the continued spread of the boxthorn could displace native vegetation, leading to the collapse of the island's ecosystem, and ultimately affecting the rats themselves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balance-between-rats-and-invasive-weed">Balance between rats and invasive weed</h2>



As researchers delve deeper into this dynamic, the relationship between the greater stick-nest rat and African boxthorn serves as a compelling case study in ecosystem interactions. 



The delicate balance between an endangered species and an invasive plant highlights the complexities of ecological systems, where species adapt to their surroundings in unexpected ways.



The boxthorn provides shelter and food. However, its rapid growth could endanger the stick-nest rat's survival. This proliferation also threatens other native plants and animals that depend on indigenous vegetation.



Understanding these complex relationships is essential for creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-could-be-key-to-prevent-animal-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation strategies</a> that protect biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



Flexibility in dietary choices, according to Kraehe, is a positive sign for the stick-nest rat. It opens up possibilities for re-establishing the species elsewhere. 



However, more research is needed to understand the ideal food plants and habitats for this rare rodent.



This remarkable partnership between a threatened rat and an invasive weed invites deeper probing into the resilience of Australia's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boosting-crop-colors-with-gene-editing-can-improve-weed-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique fauna</a>. 



But it also crystallizes the sheer unpredictability and complexity of ecosystems and the creatures that inhabit them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/WR/WR23140" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Research</a>.



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Endangered rat strangely uses invasive weed for food and shelter

In the vast and diverse world of biodiversity, unexpected alliances...

You may think the creatures of the sea, especially sharks, are untouchable. You might want to rethink that notion. A recent event between a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-diversity-hits-66-million-year-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shark</a> and a boat sparks a stern conversation and a call to action in relation to marine life and human interaction.



The event was captured by Taylor Chapple, a shark researcher from <a href="https://oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>'s <a href="https://hmsc.oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hatfield Marine Science Center</a>. 



Chapple, the lead author of the study, recently tagged a basking shark off the Irish coast. Little did the team know, their research would take a turn for the unexpected, bringing to light a significant concern for marine animals globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-s-tale-of-survival">Shark's tale of survival</h2>



In the serene waters off the coast of Ireland, a unique event unfolded. The research team tagged a basking shark, intending to study its foraging behavior. 



But within hours, a seemingly invincible marine giant met an unexpected adversary - a boat. The team managed to capture the first-ever video of a shark, or any large marine animal, being struck by a vessel.



<a href="https://youtu.be/IZCA5iFU-qo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">*** Click here to view the video of this shark/boat encounter ***</a>



The incident offered a chilling revelation of the dangers lurking in the open waters, not from natural predators but from human-made ones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-struck-by-a-boat">Shark struck by a boat</h2>



“This is the first ever direct observation of a ship strike on any marine megafauna that we’re aware of,” Chapple said. “The shark was struck while feeding on the surface of the water and it immediately swam to the seafloor into deeper, offshore waters, a stark contrast to its behavior prior to the strike.”



What does this mean for our marine friends? 



Quite simply, it's a wake-up call. This incident isn't just about a single shark; it's about the larger issue of vessel strikes on marine animals, a rising global concern that needs addressing, and quickly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-damage-to-sharks-by-boat-strike">Damage to sharks by boat strike</h2>



Unfortunately, the fate of the injured shark remains unknown. Its behavior changed dramatically post-strike, and data revealed it did not resume its normal activities during the monitoring period. 



These are concerning signs that demonstrate the immediate and potentially long-lasting impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/basking-sharks-are-exceptionally-vulnerable-to-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vessel strikes</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-basking-sharks">Basking sharks</h2>



The basking shark, a gentle giant known for its massive size, often reaching lengths over 8 meters, is now globally endangered. 



They're filter feeders, skimming the water’s surface for food just like whales, which leaves them susceptible to boat strikes. 



Furthermore, unlike whales, basking sharks are sinkers when killed, making it challenging to determine their mortality rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-shark-boat-interaction">Lessons from the shark-boat interaction </h2>



Ireland holds a unique place in basking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepwater-desperation-the-race-to-save-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shark conservation</a>, being one of the only known locations worldwide where these sharks continue to gather in large numbers. 



In light of their importance, the Irish government recently established the nation's first National Marine Park, covered a whopping 70,000 acres of land and sea along County Kerry's coast, a popular hotspot for basking sharks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-awareness-and-action">Need for awareness and action</h2>



“The fact that a shark we fitted our ‘Fitbit’ to was struck in this area within a few hours underlines just how vulnerable these animals are to boats and highlights the need for greater education in how to mitigate against such strikes,” said co-author Nicholas Payne, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.tcd.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a>’s <a href="https://naturalscience.tcd.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Natural Sciences</a>. 



“Basking sharks filter feed at the surface, like some whales, and this behavior makes them similarly susceptible to strikes.”



So what's next? More research, awareness, and action are needed. We have to understand the circumstances under which these interactions occur and learn how to prevent them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



“This research raises additional questions about whether and how often the sharks are actually occupying such habitats when they are not clearly visible at the surface,” said co-author Alexandra McInturf, a research associate in Chapple’s <a href="https://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/marine-science-day/research-and-discovery/fisheries/big-fish-lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Fish Lab</a> at OSU and co-coordinator of the Irish Basking Shark Group.



“Given that Ireland is one of the only locations globally where basking sharks are still observed persistently, addressing such questions will be critical to informing not only our ecological understanding of the basking shark, but also the conservation of this globally endangered species.”&nbsp;



We all have the power to make a difference. Be aware of your surroundings when you're out on the water, respect our marine neighbors, and stay informed about the latest research and conservation efforts. 



It's time for action. For basking sharks and all other marine life, let's make their ocean home a safer place.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1430961/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



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First-ever video footage of a shark being struck by a boat

You may think the creatures of the sea, especially sharks,...

At first glance, sea lampreys may be viewed as creatures of horror, notorious for their invasive traits and blood-sucking habits. However, these creatures might just hold scientific secrets about stem cells and some of life’s biggest mysteries.



Stemming from <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> is a study that reveals how these lampreys are aiding scientists in decoding the origins of two crucial stem cells, playing a pivotal role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-rules-natural-selection-change-significantly-often-daphnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertebrate evolution</a>.



Leading the study is Northwestern’s Carole LaBonne, a professor of molecular biosciences who has been exploring the intriguing links between pluripotent blastula cells, embryonic stem cells, and neural crest cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lampreys-hold-stem-cell-secrets">Lampreys hold stem cell secrets</h2>



These jawless, intimidating vertebrates are particularly infamous in Midwestern fisheries for the damage they inflict. 



But when it comes to understanding our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary origins</a>, comparing the biology of jawless and jawed vertebrates is a promising approach. 



"Lampreys may hold the key to understanding where we came from," says LaBonne, an expert in developmental biology.



In this study, lamprey genes were laid side by side with those of Xenopus, a jawed aquatic frog. This comparison revealed a remarkably similar pluripotency gene network even in terms of transcript abundance for major regulatory elements. However, scientists also stumbled upon a key difference.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-missing-piece-pou5-gene">The missing piece: pou5 gene</h2>



Every bit of the puzzle counts when it comes to genetics. Lampreys possess the crucial pou5 gene, a powerful stem cell regulator, in their blastula cells. 



However, in their neural crest stem cells, this gene's expression was notably missing. This lack might be the reason behind lampreys' absence of mandibles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-insight-into-the-first-vertebrates">An insight into the first vertebrates</h2>



Given this discovery, it's plausible that the loss of this gene limited the evolution of lampreys, leaving them jawless. 



This realization helped researchers hypothesize that the absence of this gene in certain creatures wasn't something that jawed vertebrates developed later on.



"Even though pou5 isn't expressed in a lamprey's neural crest, it could promote neural crest formation when we expressed it in frogs," said Joshua York, Northwestern postdoctoral fellow and the study's first author.



This compelling premise suggests that the gene is part of an ancient pluripotency network that was present in our earliest vertebrate ancestors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-regenerative-medicine">Implications for regenerative medicine</h2>



The findings of this study not only shed light on the evolutionary past of vertebrates but also hold significant potential in the realm of regenerative medicine. 



Understanding how the pou5 gene influences stem cell behavior in lampreys can pave the way for new therapies utilizing pluripotent cells.



If researchers can harness similar mechanisms in other species, including humans, it could open doors to novel treatments for injuries and degenerative diseases. 



Enhancing our understanding of gene regulation may lead to breakthroughs in tissue repair and regeneration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-lampreys-and-stem-cells">Future research on lampreys and stem cells</h2>



Moving forward, researchers are eager to delve deeper into the genetic mechanisms that distinguish lampreys from their jawed counterparts. 



By exploring the function and regulation of the pou5 gene, scientists aim to uncover additional genetic factors that contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of jaw structures in vertebrates. 



Future studies will not only focus on lampreys but may also incorporate comparative analyses with other jawless and jawed species to create a comprehensive framework for understanding vertebrate evolution and the genetic underpinnings of life forms. 



This ongoing research is critical in tracing the evolutionary journey that resulted in the diversity of vertebrate life observed today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserved-genetic-blueprint">Conserved genetic blueprint</h2>



Intriguingly, even after 500 million years of evolution, there is a strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-asexual-ants-maintain-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of expression</a> levels of genes needed to promote pluripotency. 



“Another remarkable finding of the study is that even though these animals are separated by 500 million years of evolution, there are stringent constraints on expression levels of genes needed to promote pluripotency.” LaBonne said. “The big unanswered question is, why?”



With every discovery, we take a step closer to understanding ourselves, our history, and maybe in the process, our future as well. 



From decoding the mysteries of genetic evolution to discerning our own origins, every creature, even a seemingly harmful lamprey, holds a piece of the puzzle.



This incredible research on stem cell origins, dedicated to the memory of Dr. Joseph Walder, offers a glimpse into the past, aiding our understanding of our present, and potentially shaping the future. 



As we gaze upon the sea lamprey, let's remember not just its invasive nature, but also its invaluable contribution to our understanding of life’s deepest secrets.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02476-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Sea lampreys help scientists decode stem cell origins

At first glance, sea lampreys may be viewed as creatures...

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals, our sturdy, ancient relatives? Specifically, how they managed to feast on birds -- a fare far removed from their infamous big-game hunting repertoire? 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-food-processing">Neanderthal food processing</h2>



The guide on this prehistoric gastronomical tour is Dr. Mariana Nabais of the <a href="https://www.iphes.cat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social</a> in Spain, lead author of this intriguing study.



Dr. Nabais offers an enlightening perspective on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-provides-insights-into-the-lives-of-neanderthals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nuanced world of Neanderthal</a> food processing and cooking.



“Using a flint flake for butchering required significant precision and effort, which we had not fully valued before this experiment. The flakes were sharper than we initially thought, requiring careful handling to make precise cuts without injuring our own fingers," Dr. Nabais explained.



"These hands-on experiments emphasized the practical challenges involved in Neanderthal food processing and cooking, providing a tangible connection to their daily life and survival strategies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-cuisine-and-neanderthals-cooking">Bird cuisine and Neanderthals cooking</h2>



Despite the well-known big-game hunting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-had-multiple-waves-of-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">practices of Neanderthals</a>, their taste for winged meals remains a facet under a shroud of mystery.



However, thanks to recent discoveries and new techniques, we are now able to delve into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-lived-side-by-side-45000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">secrets of prehistoric</a> bird hunting and butchering methods.



Scientists embarked on a culinary journey into the past, replicating the cooking methods that our Neanderthal ancestors might have used. 



This resulted in an experimental database, providing key insights when compared with actual archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthals-cooking-nbsp">Neanderthals cooking&nbsp;</h2>



For their experiment, the scientists chose five birds similar to the prehistoric species that the Neanderthals hunted. 



Armed with archaeological evidence and ethnographic data, they brought these ancient culinary arts back to life.



After defrocking the birds, they roasted three over hot coals, and butchered two raw using a flint flake.&nbsp;



“Roasting the birds over the coals required maintaining a consistent temperature and carefully monitoring the cooking duration to avoid overcooking the meat,” Dr. Nabais explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-from-the-past">Clues from the Past</h2>



Upon inspection, the scientists discovered intriguing traces of their prehistoric cooking experiment. The raw birds processed with the flint flake offered considerable evidence, including half-moon scars on the tool’s edge and cut marks on the bones.



Roasting turned out to be a double-edged sword. Although it made the meat more accessible, it also increased the brittleness of the bones, leading to their breakage and subsequent loss from the archaeological record.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-cooking-diversity">Neanderthal cooking diversity</h2>



The findings from this culinary experiment suggest that the Neanderthal diet was far more diverse than previously assumed.&nbsp;



They didn't solely rely on large mammals; instead, they incorporated a variety of birds into their meals, which indicates adaptability and a more intricate understanding of their environment.&nbsp;



Birds provided not only a source of protein but also essential nutrients that were critical for survival. This dietary flexibility may have allowed Neanderthals to thrive in diverse habitats, showcasing their resourcefulness in the face of changing climates and landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-cooking">Implications for modern cooking</h2>



The implications of these ancient butchering methods extend beyond historical curiosity; they resonate with contemporary cooking practices.&nbsp;



Learning about the precision required in flint flaking and the careful roasting techniques used by Neanderthals can inspire modern chefs to appreciate traditional methods of food preparation.&nbsp;



By reconnecting with these fundamental skills, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for the food we consume and the efforts that go into sourcing and preparing it.&nbsp;



Emphasizing a return to simpler, more intentional cooking methods provides not only a culinary challenge but also a meaningful way to honor our ancient ancestors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future Directions</h2>



While this pilot study provides a fascinating look into the diet of Neanderthals, there's plenty more to unearth.&nbsp;



"Further research with larger samples, varied species, and more diverse experimental conditions is necessary to expand upon these results,” Dr. Nabais notes.



As we continue to explore Neanderthal dietary practices, integrating innovative technologies with archaeological methodologies could reveal even more about their culinary heritage. 



This could lead to a deeper understanding of their survival strategies and cultural practices.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-archaeology/articles/10.3389/fearc.2024.1411853/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology</a>.



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Eat like a Neanderthal: Unpacking ancient cooking methods

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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