In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do.



This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the most complex problems in science: how species evolve, and even how cancer works.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-with-chopped-up-chromosomes">Butterfly with chopped up chromosomes </h2>



Inside every living thing, from a mushroom to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-whale-species-is-already-threatened-with-extinction/">whale</a>, there’s DNA - the instruction manual of life. That DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs, and most butterflies have 23 or 24 pairs.



The Atlas blue butterfly carries 229 pairs of chromosomes - more than any other multicellular animal. Scientists had long suspected it held the record, and new genome sequencing has now confirmed it.



And here’s what’s even more surprising: the butterfly's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-analysis-can-predict-which-animals-are-at-risk-of-extinction/">DNA</a> hasn’t been duplicated. Instead, the chromosomes have been chopped up into smaller pieces - like taking 24 books and ripping them into 229 booklets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-peek-into-evolution-s-toolbox">A peek into evolution’s toolbox</h2>



The researchers behind the new study came from the <a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> in the UK and the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona. They produced the first-ever high-quality genome for the Atlas blue and discovered that its extra chromosomes were not caused by copying, but by splitting.



This process happened fast in evolutionary terms. In about three million years, the butterfly went from 24 to 229 chromosomes. That’s like a blink of an eye for species development.



The cuts happened in parts of the DNA that were loosely packed. That means the total genetic information didn’t really change, it was just reorganized. All of the chromosomes, except for sex chromosomes, were broken up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-evolving-butterfly">A rapidly evolving butterfly </h2>



Changes in chromosome number are one way that species evolve. They can affect how genes are turned on or off, how traits are passed down, and how well an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genomics-can-help-farm-animals-adapt-to-climate-change/">animal adapts</a> to its environment. The Atlas blue butterfly belongs to a group that evolved rapidly, creating lots of closely related species.



This new research helps explain how that might have happened. The split chromosomes may have allowed more mixing and matching of DNA, possibly helping the species survive in tough environments.



But that same complexity could also come with risks. Too many chromosomes might make a species more vulnerable over time. And unfortunately, the Atlas blue is already in trouble. Climate change, overgrazing, and destruction of cedar forests are putting pressure on its populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-chromosomes-and-cancer">Butterfly chromosomes and cancer</h2>



The implications go far beyond butterflies. Professor Mark Blaxter noted that genomes hold the key to how a creature came to be, but also, where it might go in the future.



“To be able to tell the story of our planet, we must have the story of each species and see where they overlap and interact with each other. It also allows us to apply learnings from one genome to another."



"For example, rearranging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-chromosomes-have-conserved-specific-elements-for-600-million-years/">chromosomes</a> is also seen in human cancer cells, and understanding this process in the Atlas blue butterfly could help find ways to limit or stop this in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-scientist-discovers-that-common-non-cancer-drugs-when-combined-can-kill-cancer-cells/">cancer cells</a> in the future.”



That might seem like a stretch - a tiny insect helping us battle a major disease - but it’s happened before. From bacteria to mice and worms, scientists have used all kinds of living things to understand human health. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-extreme-atlas-blue-butterfly">The extreme Atlas blue butterfly</h2>



There are still big questions to answer. What benefits, if any, come from having so many chromosomes? Are there specific genes that make this butterfly more adaptable? Could this give clues about how life responds to a changing planet?



“When we set out to start to understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/">evolution</a> in butterflies, we knew we had to sequence the most extreme, and somewhat mysterious, Atlas blue butterfly,” said Dr. Charlotte Wright, first author of the study. 



She noted that it was thanks to Dr. Roger Vila, who had previously worked with his colleague to find and identify this elusive butterfly, that the team was able to sequence this species.



"Being able to see, in detail, how the Atlas blue butterfly chromosomes have been split over time in specific places, we can start to investigate what benefits this might have, how it impacts their ability to adapt to their environment, and whether there are any lessons we can learn from their DNA that might aid conservation in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-species-evolution">Understanding species evolution</h2>



This kind of research is just the beginning. The team now has a “gold-standard” genome to compare with other butterflies and moths, opening the door to understanding more about how species split, adapt, or vanish.



“Breaking down chromosomes has been seen in other species of butterflies, but not on this level, suggesting that there are important reasons for this process which we can now start to explore," said Dr. Vila, senior author of the study. 



"Additionally, as chromosomes hold all the secrets of a species, investigating whether these changes impact a butterfly’s behavior could help form a full picture of how and why new species occur."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)01098-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098222501098X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">Current Biology</a>.



Image Credit: Roger Vila



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Butterfly sets an astonishing  chromosome record

In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do. This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the...

Over 17 million <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-migration-animal-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> migrate annually through a single mountain pass on the France-Spain border in the Pyrenees, according to new research from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>. 



Scientists studied insects in the Pass of Bujaruelo, a narrow 30-meter gap in the Pyrenees, during autumn over four years. They found a variety of day-flying insects heading south, suggesting billions cross the region each year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incredible-spectacle-of-insect-migration-nbsp">Incredible spectacle of insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



“More than 70 years ago, two ornithologists - Elizabeth and David Lack - chanced upon an incredible spectacle of insect migration at the Pass of Bujaruelo,” said lead author Will Hawkes, an expert in ecology and conservation at Exeter.&nbsp;



“They witnessed remarkable numbers of marmalade hoverflies migrating through the mountains, the first recorded instance of fly migration in Europe.”



“In 2018, we went to the same pass to see if this migration still occurred, and to record the numbers, species, weather conditions and ecological roles and impacts of the migrants.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-the-insect-migration-nbsp">Capturing the insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers used various methods, including video cameras, visual counts, and flight intercept traps to identify and quantify the insects that migrate through the Pyrenees.



“What we found was truly remarkable,” Hawkes said. “Not only were vast numbers of marmalade hoverflies still migrating through the pass, but far more besides.”&nbsp;



“These insects would have begun their journeys further north in Europe and continued south into Spain and perhaps beyond for the winter. There were some days when the number of flies was well over 3,000 individuals per meter, per minute.”



“To see so many insects all moving purposefully in the same direction at the same time is truly one of the great wonders of nature,” added senior author Karl Wotton, an expert in animal migration at the same university.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peak-of-insect-migration-nbsp">Peak of insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



Insect migration peaked under warm, sunny, and dry conditions with low wind speeds and a headwind that kept the insects low over the pass, making them easier to count. While flies made up 90% of the total, butterflies and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-may-migrate-across-the-indian-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dragonflies</a>, though well-known migratory insects, comprised less than two percent.



Among the insects that migrate through the Pyrenees, the scientists identified familiar garden species like the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) and the house fly (Musca autumnalis), as well as tiny grass flies (Chloropidae), only 3mm long.



“I would sweep my net through seemingly empty air and it would be full of the tiniest of flies, all journeying on this unbelievably huge migration,” Hawkes said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-ecological-roles-of-the-insects">Crucial ecological roles of the insects</h2>



These insects play crucial ecological roles. Nearly 90% were <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>, moving genetic material between plant populations, enhancing plant health. 



Some insects were pests, but many were pest controllers like hoverflies, which consume aphids during their larval stage. Others contributed to decomposition and nutrient transport, impacting soil health and plant growth.



Due to climate change and habitat loss, these essential insect migrants are believed to be in decline.&nbsp;



“By spreading the knowledge of these remarkable migrants, we can spread interest and determination to protect their habitats. Insects are resilient and can bounce back quickly. Together, we can protect these most remarkable migrants of all,” said Hawkes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-insect-migration-nbsp">More about insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



Insect migration is a fascinating natural phenomenon involving the large-scale movement of various insect species from one location to another, often over considerable distances.&nbsp;



This behavior is driven primarily by the need to find suitable habitats for feeding, breeding, and avoiding adverse environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures or scarcity of food.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarch-butterflies-nbsp">Monarch butterflies&nbsp;</h3>



Among the most well-known insect migrants are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-pollution-disorients-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monarch butterflies</a>, which undertake an extraordinary journey of thousands of miles between North America and central Mexico, where they overwinter.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencing-factors">Influencing factors</h3>



Insect migration can be seasonal, with many species moving in response to changing weather patterns and the availability of resources.&nbsp;



For instance, locusts are infamous for their migratory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-swarms-charge-the-lower-atmosphere-with-static-electricity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swarms</a>, which can travel vast distances and devastate crops along the way. 



These migrations are typically triggered by population density and food shortages, leading to synchronized movements that can cover hundreds of miles.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-generations-nbsp">Multiple generations&nbsp;</h3>



Other insects, like certain dragonflies, also migrate, often following similar routes year after year. These journeys can span continents and involve multiple generations to complete, with the offspring continuing the journey their parents started.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-balance-nbsp">Ecological balance&nbsp;</h3>



Insect migration plays a critical role in maintaining ecological balance, as these movements help with pollination, pest control, and the distribution of nutrients across different ecosystems.&nbsp;



Despite the challenges and dangers they face, migratory insects are remarkably adapted to their arduous journeys, showcasing the resilience and adaptability of these small but vital creatures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2831" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Millions of insects migrate through the Pyrenees each year

Over 17 million insects migrate annually through a single mountain...

Chromosome sequences from non-human primates have been completely mapped for the first time, marking a significant advancement in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landmark-study-reveals-275-million-new-genetic-variants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic</a> research. 



Scientists funded by the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institutes of Health</a> achieved this milestone, uncovering new insights into primate genetics.



Published in a recent edition of Nature, this study reveals a surprising degree of variation between the Y chromosomes of various primate species, underscoring a rapid evolutionary process.



This research not only fills in gaps in our understanding of great ape genomes but also enhances our insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosome-sequences-of-non-human-primates">Chromosome sequences of non-human primates</h2>



The focus of the study was the X and Y chromosomes, which are crucial for sexual development and fertility. 



The team successfully sequenced these chromosomes from five great ape species -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-chimpanzees-and-humans-learn-to-communicate-in-the-same-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peaceful-bonobos-are-actually-more-aggressive-than-chimps/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobos</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-early-life-adversity-in-gorillas-lead-to-hardship-as-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gorillas</a>, and both Bornean and Sumatran <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/already-endangered-orangutans-now-face-new-threats-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orangutans</a> -- as well as from the siamang gibbon, a primate more distantly related to humans.



Brandon Pickett, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow at the National Human Genome Research Institute (<a href="https://www.genome.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NHGRI</a>), part of NIH, and a contributor to the study, emphasized the significance of this research.



"These chromosome sequences add a significant amount of new information. Previously, only the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-catalog-of-chimpanzees-will-help-conservation-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimpanzee genome</a> sequence was nearly complete, yet it contained large gaps, especially in regions of repetitive DNA."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-dna-puzzle">Decoding the DNA puzzle</h2>



This new data estimates that 62 to 66% of the X chromosomes and 75 to 82% of the Y chromosomes consist of repetitive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meet-the-pangenome-the-clearest-snapshot-ever-taken-of-human-genomic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA sequences</a>.



Such sequences pose substantial challenges for genetic characterization, a task made feasible only recently through advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creating-lasting-memories-damages-dna-brain-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> sequencing technologies and analysis methods.



By comparing the ape chromosomes with human ones, researchers could trace their evolutionary histories. 



Interestingly, while the great ape Y chromosomes have far fewer genes than the X chromosomes, their structure showed high variability. 



For instance, over 90% of the ape X chromosome sequences aligned with the human X chromosome, indicating little change over millions of years.



However, only 14% to 27% of the ape Y chromosome sequences showed alignment with the human Y chromosome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosome-evolution-in-non-human-primates">Chromosome evolution in non-human primates</h2>



"The extent of the differences between the Y chromosomes of these species was very surprising," noted Kateryna Makova, Ph.D., a professor and the study's leader. 



She explained that some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorful-primates-oddly-enough-dont-have-great-color-vision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primate species</a> diverged from the human lineage as recently as seven million years ago. "This shows that the Y chromosomes are evolving very fast."



One interesting aspect discovered was the variation in chromosome length among species, influenced by the number and types of DNA repeats. For example, the Y chromosome of the Sumatran orangutan is twice as long as that of the gibbon. 



Another unique feature highlighted was the presence of palindromic DNA sequences -- stretches of DNA that read the same forwards and backwards, much like the word "racecar." 



These palindromes, often spanning over a hundred thousand letters, contain genes that repeat many times, providing a backup to protect genes, particularly on the Y chromosome.



"Having these genes in palindromes is like keeping a backup copy. We expected to see the same genes in palindromes across different species, but this doesn’t seem to be the case," added Adam Phillippy, Ph.D., a senior investigator at NHGRI and the study's senior author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity">Genetic diversity</h2>



Researchers also studied various genes within these palindromes on the chromosome sequences, many of which are crucial for sperm production and hence, fertility. 



While palindromes appeared on all studied primate Y chromosome sequences, the specific palindrome sequences and the genes they contained often varied between species.



"There may be even more variation we’re not yet seeing. On the human Y chromosome, some genes can vary in number between individuals. For each of these other primate species, we’re only looking at a single individual. We don’t know what the rest of the population looks like yet and what other variations we might find," Dr. Phillippy mentioned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-evolutionary-insights">Conservation and evolutionary insights</h2>



These findings related to the chromosome sequences of non-human primates have practical implications for conservation efforts, especially since all studied great ape species are endangered.



"Not only can we learn about human evolution from these sequences, but we can also apply what we know about their genomes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complete-sequencing-of-the-human-genome-reveals-new-findings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human genomes</a> to better understand the biology and reproduction of these endangered species," Dr. Makova concluded.



This study, therefore, opens new avenues for exploring great ape genomes, offering a clearer picture of our closest living relatives and their evolutionary journeys.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07473-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Non-human primate chromosomes mapped for the first time

Chromosome sequences from non-human primates have been completely mapped for...

We've all seen birds soaring effortlessly in the sky, riding thermal currents without a single flap of their wings. These impressive feats of aerial acrobatics have captivated humans for centuries. But have you ever wondered how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-birds-brains-evolved-to-enable-them-to-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds manage to stay aloft</a> for so long?



An international team of researchers led by Dr. Emma Schachner from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a> has unveiled a groundbreaking discovery that sheds light on this age-old mystery.



The study reveals that soaring birds possess a unique adaptation within their lungs that enhances their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-flight-feathers-may-reveal-which-dinosaurs-could-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flight capabilities</a>. This adaptation is an air-filled sac, known as the subpectoral diverticulum (SPD), which has evolved over time to optimize the biomechanics of flight in these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-between-breathing-and-flying">Connection between breathing and flying</h2>



"It has long been known that breathing is functionally linked to locomotion, and it has been demonstrated that flapping enhances ventilation," explained Dr. Schachner.



"But our findings demonstrate that the opposite is also true in some species. We have shown that a component of the respiratory system is influencing and modifying the performance of the flight apparatus insoaring birds, who are using their lungs to modify the biomechanics of their flight muscles."



Unlike the flexible, tidally ventilated lungs of mammals, birds have a unique respiratory system. Their lungs are stationary, and air is pumped through them in one direction by a series of balloon-like air pockets. 



Branching off from these air pockets are small extensions called diverticula, whose functions have remained largely mysterious until now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accidental-discovery-in-soaring-birds">Accidental discovery in soaring birds</h2>



The discovery of the SPD happened serendipitously while Dr. Schachner was working on an unrelated project involving the anatomy of red-tailed hawks.



As she examined CT scans, she noticed a prominent bulge nestled between the pectoralis (the downstroke flapping muscle) and the supracoracoideus muscle (the upstroke flapping muscle). Intrigued by this unusual structure, Dr. Schachner hypothesized that it might play a role in the mechanics of soaring flight.



To investigate her hypothesis, Dr. Schachner collaborated with Dr. Andrew Moore of Stony Brook University and Dr. Scott Echols, an avian surgery specialist who had amassed a collection of micro CT scans of live birds for clinical purposes. 



Together, the experts surveyed the presence or absence of the SPD in 68 bird species representing a broad spectrum of avian diversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-the-subpectoral-diverticulum">The role of the subpectoral diverticulum </h2>



The results of their analyses were striking: The subpectoral diverticulum had evolved independently in soaring lineages at least seven different times, and it was conspicuously absent in all non-soaring birds.



"This evolutionary pattern strongly suggests that this unique structure is functionally significant for soaring flight," said Dr. Schachner .



To delve deeper into the SPD's impact on flight mechanics, Dr. Schachner teamed up with Dr. Karl Bates from the University of Liverpool. They developed a digital model to simulate the SPD's effect on the pectoralis muscle in red-tailed and Swainson's hawks.



"Measuring the behavior of the SPD in a real hawk as it soars in the sky is close to impossible, so instead we built a computer model of the SPD, bones, and wing muscles to gain the first insights into how they might interact," said Dr. Bates.



"This computer model also allowed us to change hawk anatomy, specifically to remove the SPD - again, something we can't do in a real bird - to further understand its impact on flight."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soaring-birds-optimal-flight-performance">Soaring birds' optimal flight performance</h2>



The computer models revealed that inflating the air sac increases the lever arm of the pectoralis muscle, effectively enhancing the force it can generate. This principle is akin to using a screwdriver to open a paint can, where the increased lever arm provides better leverage than using a coin.



Furthermore, the research team found that the anatomy of the pectoralis muscle in soaring birds differs significantly from that of non-soaring birds, with adaptations that improve force generation. 



These findings collectively provide compelling evidence that the SPD optimizes the function of the pectoralis muscle in soaring birds, enabling them to maintain a static, horizontal wing position with greater efficiency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiration-and-locomotion-in-soaring-birds">Respiration and locomotion in soaring birds</h2>



"Part of what makes this such an important discovery is that it reshapes how we think about the interaction between locomotion and respiration," noted Dr. Schachner.



"From previous studies, we know that locomotion, like running or wing flapping, enhances lung ventilation. But now we've shown the inverse: The lung is also able to fundamentally modify the way that locomotion works in soaring birds."



The experts meticulously ruled out other possible functions for the SPD. By observing CT scans of a live, sedated red-tailed hawk, they confirmed that the birds can voluntarily collapse the air sac while continuing to breathe, and they can also independently open and close it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-story-of-convergent-evolution">A story of convergent evolution</h2>



"The evolutionary story here couldn't be clearer," said Dr. Moore. "Our data indicate that the SPD only evolves in birds that soar, and did so at least seven times independently across distantly related soaring lineages." 



"So, whether you're looking at a Western gull, a turkey vulture, a sooty shearwater, a bald eagle, or a brown pelican, they've all got an SPD that improves their ability to soar."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-untapped-potential-of-bird-lungs">Untapped potential of bird lungs</h2>



This remarkable research not only deepens our understanding of the intricate relationship between respiration and locomotion but also hints at the untapped potential of the avian lung. It suggests that bird lungs may harbor a myriad of other non-respiratory functions yet to be discovered.



"Birds are wildly diverse. Think about how different an ostrich is from a hummingbird or a penguin," said Dr. Schachner. "It is likely that their lungs are involved in an array of really fascinating functional and behavioral activities that are waiting to be discovered."



As scientists continue to explore the wonders of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/buzzards-day-celebrating-the-wonders-of-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian</a> anatomy and physiology, we can anticipate even more exciting revelations about the hidden talents of these remarkable creatures. 



So, the next time you witness a bird effortlessly gliding through the sky, remember that there's more to their aerial prowess than meets the eye. 



Within their lungs lies a remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptation</a> that has evolved over millennia to optimize their flight performance, a testament to the ingenuity of nature's design.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07485-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Soaring birds have a special air sac that helps them fly better

We've all seen birds soaring effortlessly in the sky, riding...

We all love a good underdog story, and it turns out that the key to helping shelter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-communication-what-is-your-pet-trying-to-tell-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> find their forever homes might be simpler than we thought. Interestingly, a recent <a href="https://www.vt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> study suggests that the solution to their stress might lie in a surprisingly simple intervention: companionship. 



Research indicates that pairing shelter dogs with compatible companions significantly reduces their stress levels and expedites their adoption process, demonstrating the profound impact of social connection on their well-being and prospects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lonely-life-and-stress-of-a-shelter-dog">Lonely life and stress of a shelter dog</h2>



Transitioning from a familiar home environment to the unfamiliar, often chaotic atmosphere of an animal shelter can be a jarring experience for a dog. 



The sudden loss of routine, coupled with the constant noise, unfamiliar smells, and lack of personal space, can lead to significant stress and anxiety in these animals. 



This heightened stress can manifest in various ways, from behavioral issues to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-explores-the-mystery-of-why-dogs-wag-their-tails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical</a> ailments, making it harder for them to adjust and ultimately find a new home.



"Despite being a social species, dogs are often housed alone in shelters to reduce disease transmission and possible injury from inter-dog conflict. But this social isolation can work against dogs’ behavioral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-neutering-linked-to-serious-health-risks-in-some-dog-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> and adoptability," said Erica Feuerbacher, the lead researcher behind this remarkable study.



Each year, nearly 4 million dogs find themselves in shelters across the United States, according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. These dogs often face chronic stress due to factors like noise, confined spaces, and limited social interaction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-dogs-are-better-than-one">Two dogs are better than one</h2>



But what if the solution to easing this stress and improving their chances of adoption was as simple as giving them a friend? Feuerbacher's team set out to test this idea at the Humane Society of Western Montana.



Half of the 61 dogs in the study were paired with carefully matched companions, while the other half stayed in their kennels alone. Researchers closely observed both groups, recording stress behaviors (like lip-licking, whining, and pinned-back ears) and measuring stress hormones in their urine.



The results were striking. The dogs who had a roommate showed fewer signs of stress and, perhaps most importantly, were adopted an average of four days faster than their solo counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-win-win-for-dogs-and-shelters">Win-win for dogs and shelters</h2>



"Dogs housed together not only showed fewer stress behaviors, but they also were adopted, on average, four days sooner than single-housed dogs," noted Feuerbacher.



Implementing cohousing programs could revolutionize shelter operations, addressing issues like overcrowding and resource constraints. By reducing stress and improving well-being, this approach not only benefits the dogs but also streamlines the adoption process. 



When potential adopters witness positive interactions between canine companions, they gain valuable insights into the dog's temperament and social skills, leading to more informed and successful adoptions. 



This approach could create a virtuous cycle, where improved animal welfare leads to increased adoption rates, further alleviating the burden on shelters and ultimately improving the lives of countless dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



While this study focused on short-term shelter stays, Feuerbacher and her team hope to explore the benefits of pairing in longer-term scenarios as well. They also want to delve deeper into the types of interactions that lead to successful pairings.



"Clearly exhibiting that a dog can successfully interact with other dogs might highlight those dogs as good matches - leading to more successful adoptions,” said Feuerbacher.



The next time you visit a shelter, don't be surprised to see a few <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-barks-can-be-translated-using-human-speech-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> sharing a kennel. It's not just about saving space - it could be the key to finding these furry friends their forever families.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0301137" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Pairing up shelter dogs could be the key to reducing their stress

We all love a good underdog story, and it turns...

Wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-elephants-choose-paths-leading-to-their-favorite-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African elephants</a> use name-like calls to address each other, a rare behavior among nonhuman animals. This remarkable behavior was observed by scientists from <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a> (CSU), in collaboration with <a href="https://www.savetheelephants.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Save the Elephants</a> and <a href="https://www.elephantvoices.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ElephantVoices</a>. 



The researchers used machine learning to analyze elephant calls, revealing that elephants respond affirmatively to calls specifically directed at them.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elephants-use-names-just-like-humans">Elephants use names just like humans</h2>



“Dolphins and parrots call one another by 'name' by imitating the signature call of the addressee,” said lead author Michael Pardo, a&nbsp; postdoctoral researcher at CSU and Save the Elephants.&nbsp;



“By contrast, our data suggest that elephants do not rely on imitation of the receiver's calls to address one another, which is more similar to the way in which human names work.”



The ability to produce new sounds, necessary for identifying individuals by name, is uncommon among animals. Arbitrary communication, where a sound represents an idea without imitating it, greatly expands <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-ways-animals-communicate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> capability and is considered a next-level cognitive skill. 



“If all we could do was make noises that sounded like what we were talking about, it would vastly limit our ability to communicate,” said co-author George Wittemyer, a professor at CSU’s Warner College of Natural Resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-social-interactions-nbsp">Complex social interactions&nbsp;</h2>



Elephant evolution diverged from human evolution tens of millions of years ago, yet both species have developed complex social networks and communication systems.&nbsp;



Researchers propose that the development of arbitrary vocal labeling in both species may have been driven by similar social pressures. “It's probably a case where we have similar pressures, largely from complex social interactions,” Wittemyer said.



Elephants communicate using a broad range of vocalizations that convey identity, age, sex, emotional state, and behavioral context. Their calls, which span a wide frequency spectrum including infrasonic sounds, can coordinate group movements over long distances.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-calls-reveal-elephant-names">Subtle calls reveal elephant names</h2>



The study's novel signal processing technique, developed by Kurt Fristrup at CSU, detected subtle differences in call structure, revealing that elephants use arbitrary sonic labels, suggesting the potential existence of other labels or descriptors in their calls.



When researchers played back recorded calls, elephants responded energetically to calls directed at them, demonstrating recognition of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-may-be-the-first-non-human-animals-to-call-each-other-by-names/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">names</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elephants-respond-to-their-names-nbsp">Elephants respond to their names&nbsp;</h2>



Pardo, now at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>, noted that elephants did not react to calls meant for others, indicating selective responsiveness to their specific calls. 



The experts also observed that elephants are more likely to address each other by name over long distances or when adults are communicating with calves.



During four years of research, including 14 months of intensive fieldwork in Kenya, researchers recorded 470 distinct calls from 101 unique callers corresponding with 117 unique receivers in Samburu National Reserve and Amboseli National Park. This extensive data collection allowed for a detailed analysis of elephant communication patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthening-conservation-efforts-nbsp">Strengthening conservation efforts&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers believe that understanding elephant communication and cognition can strengthen conservation efforts. Elephants are classified as endangered due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poaching-has-long-term-impacts-on-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poaching</a> and habitat loss, and effective communication could aid in their protection. “I'd like to be able to warn them, ‘Do not come here. You're going to be killed if you come here,” Wittemyer said.



Further research is needed to isolate the names within the calls and explore whether elephants name other things they interact with, such as food, water, and places. Despite the challenges in collecting data, the study provides new insights into elephant behavior and the importance of social reinforcement in their communication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-elephant-communication-nbsp">More about elephant communication&nbsp;</h2>



Elephants communicate using a rich array of vocalizations, gestures, and chemical signals. They produce a range of sounds, from low-frequency rumbles that can travel over long distances to higher-pitched trumpets and roars.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-bonds">Social bonds</h3>



These low-frequency rumbles, often below the range of human hearing, play a crucial role in maintaining social bonds and coordinating movements, especially within their herds.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-language-nbsp">Body language&nbsp;</h3>



In addition to vocal sounds, elephants use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-have-heartwarming-ways-to-greet-their-friends/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body language</a> to convey information and emotions. They flap their ears, raise their trunks, and make specific postures to signal aggression, submission, or excitement. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-touch-nbsp">Physical touch&nbsp;</h3>



Physical touch is also important; elephants often greet each other by entwining trunks, and they use trunk touches to reassure and comfort one another.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-communication-nbsp">Chemical communication&nbsp;</h3>



Chemical communication is another vital aspect of elephant interaction. Elephants have highly developed olfactory senses and use scent to convey information about reproductive status, individual identity, and emotional states.&nbsp;



They can detect pheromones in urine, dung, and secretions from glands located near their eyes and feet, which help them communicate over long distances.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02420-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Elephants use specific names to address each other

Wild African elephants use name-like calls to address each other,...

The discovery of a T. rex fossil could only be described as monumental. On a family outing in the Hell Creek badlands of North Dakota, three young fossil hunters - brothers Liam and Jessin Fisher, aged 7 and 10, and their cousin, 9-year-old Kaiden Madsen - stumbled upon what they initially thought was a common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-oviraptor-dinosaur-species-weighed-as-much-as-a-human-female/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> relic.



However, this casual find on July 31, 2022, turned out to be anything but ordinary. The large fossilized leg bone belonged to a teenage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-change-their-minds-about-tyrannosaurus-rex-dinosaur-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus rex</a> - a find rare enough to potentially rewrite the chapters of prehistoric life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teen-rex-unearthed-after-67-million-years">Teen Rex unearthed after 67 million years </h2>



A photo of the fossil, innocently sent to a family friend, turned out to be the first step in a thrilling scientific adventure.



Dr. Tyler Lyson, Associate Curator of Vertebrate Palaeontology at the <a href="https://www.dmns.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science</a> and a native of Marmarth, quickly organized an excavation.



The dig included the young discoverers and their older sister, Emalynn Fisher, along with a team of paleontology volunteers and experts.



Within a mere 11 days, they unearthed the T. rex, affectionately named “Teen Rex,” after its 67 million years underground.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectacular-journey-from-earth-to-exhibit">Spectacular journey from Earth to exhibit</h2>



Transporting the Teen Rex fossil to the Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science was no small feat. It required a Black Hawk helicopter to airlift the giant plaster jackets housing the remains.



The museum now invites the public to the “Discovering Teen Rex Prep Lab” to witness the ongoing preparation of the fossil, adding a real-time educational layer to this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/koleken-inakayali-dinosaur-arms-smaller-than-t-rex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraordinary find</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-documenting-the-discovery-of-teen-rex">Documenting the discovery of Teen Rex</h2>



The intrigue of this discovery attracted more than just paleontologists. An award-winning documentary crew was embedded with the expedition, capturing every significant moment in stunning 8K.



The resulting film, “T. REX,” narrated by actor Sir Sam Neill from the Jurassic Park series, offers an immersive view into the thrill of the discovery and the meticulous process of excavation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-juvenile-t-rex-fossil">Significance of the juvenile T. rex fossil</h2>



“Juvenile rex specimens are extremely rare,” explained Dr. Lyson, who found his first dinosaur in the same region at just 6 years old. Teen Rex's tibia measured 82 centimeters, suggesting it died when it was about 13 to 15 years old, roughly two-thirds the size of a fully grown adult T. rex.



This specimen could provide invaluable insights into the growth and behavior of one of history's most formidable predators.



Dr. Thomas Holtz, a vertebrate paleontologist and renowned T. rex authority from the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>, highlighted the broader implications of the find.



“This discovery is crucial for understanding the T. rex’s life stages, especially its dramatic growth spurts,” noted Dr. Holtz.



"Scientists can really only speculate on how ‘Teen Rex’ might have lived and behaved, so discoveries like this one have the potential to provide important new information about those earlier life stages, when fastest growth likely occurred.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-from-t-rex-fossil">Inspiration from T. rex fossil</h2>



"Helping these kids experience the thrill of their discovery and inspiring them with science is incredibly rewarding," said Dr. Lyson, reflecting on his role in mentoring the next generation of scientists.



The story extends beyond the dig site. The T. REX film and an accompanying graphic novel created by Rextooth Studios are set to bring this thrilling discovery to a broader audience. 



The film will premiere in select theaters worldwide starting June 21, and promises to bring the prehistoric world to life on the giant screen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-and-cinematic-innovation">Scientific and cinematic innovation</h2>



Behind the scenes, a consortium of paleontologists, several of the world’s leading natural history museums, and top visual effects artists have collaborated to ensure the documentary offers not just a spectacle but an accurate portrayal of T. rex and its ecosystem.



This cinematic venture stands as a testament to the fusion of science, education, and media. As Teen Rex begins its new journey in the public eye, it continues to inspire wonder and curiosity.



For those involved, from the youngest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-highlight-dinosaur-diversity-in-prehistoric-patagonia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> hunters to the seasoned paleontologists, this adventure has been more than a discovery - it's been a doorway to the past, opened wide for all to explore.



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Three boys find rare "Teen Rex" dinosaur fossil in North Dakota

The discovery of a T. rex fossil could only be...

In a remarkable discovery, researchers have unearthed a previously unknown species of great ape, Buronius manfredschmidi, that inhabited the region approximately 11.6 million years ago during the late Miocene Epoch.



This discovery sheds light on the diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-early-humans-learned-to-walk-from-an-ancestor-called-lufengpithecus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient apes</a> in Europe and provides insights into their ecological interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buronius-manfredschmidi-a-new-great-ape">Buronius manfredschmidi: A new great ape</h2>



This new species, Buronius manfredschmidi, is distinguished by its relatively diminutive stature, with an estimated body weight of just about 10 kilograms, making it the smallest known great ape.



The partial remains include two teeth and a patella (knee cap), each showcasing unique characteristics that set Buronius apart from its contemporaries, including the larger-bodied Danuvius, another ape species from the same site.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/hominid-new_small_Buronius-manfredschmidi_bones_credit-MBohme_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/hominid-new_small_Buronius-manfredschmidi_bones_credit-MBohme_1s.jpg" alt="Buronius manfredschmidi was a tiny great ape that lived in Germany 11 million years ago. Credit: MBohme" class="wp-image-1936336"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Buronius manfredschmidi was a tiny great ape that lived in Germany 11 million years ago. Credit: MBohme</figcaption></figure>



The structure of Buronius's teeth and patella suggests that it was an adept climber with a diet primarily consisting of soft foods like leaves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coexistence-without-competition">Coexistence without competition</h2>



The presence of two distinct ape species in the same stratigraphic layer at the Hammerschmiede fossil site in Bavaria, Germany is particularly intriguing. 



It indicates that Buronius and Danuvius managed to coexist by occupying different ecological niches.



This phenomenon, known as syntopy, is observed today in species such as gibbons and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orangutans-can-produce-two-different-sounds-simultaneously/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orangutans</a>, which share habitats in Southeast Asia without direct competition for food resources.



Buronius manfredschmidi, with its leaf-based diet, and Danuvius, which had a more varied diet including tougher foods, demonstrate a similar pattern of resource partitioning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-apes-and-the-evolution-of-european-ecosystems">Great apes and the evolution of European ecosystems</h2>



This find marks the first known instance of hominid syntopy in Europe's fossil record. It challenges previous notions that no Miocene site in Europe hosted more than one species of fossil ape.



The authors of the study suggest that further examinations of similar sites might reveal more instances of such cohabitation, potentially rewriting parts of our understanding of ancient ape <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-humans-first-evolve-in-europe-ape-skull-sparks-new-debate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a>.



The lead researchers, Madelaine Böhme from Eberhard Karls <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tübingen</a>, Germany, and David R. Begun from the <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/">University of Toronto</a>, Canada, emphasize the significance of this discovery. 



"The new great ape from Hammerschmiede, Buronius manfredschmidi, is not only the smallest known crown ape, but it also attests to the first case of hominid syntopy for Europe," they remark.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-buronius-manfredschmidi-find">Implications of Buronius manfredschmidi find</h2>



While the research on Buronius manfredschmidi primarily focuses on its discovery and characteristics, there are additional intriguing aspects and implications beyond this.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-and-evolutionary">Ecological and evolutionary</h3>



Buronius manfredschmidi's small size and unique dietary preferences suggest it may have occupied a specific ecological niche, potentially similar to modern small primates like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-groups-of-skywalker-gibbons-found-through-their-love-songs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gibbons</a> or some monkeys. 



This adaptation might indicate a broader range of primate diversity and specialization during the Miocene Epoch in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-humans-first-evolve-in-europe-ape-skull-sparks-new-debate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europe</a>.



The discovery of Buronius manfredschmidi provides valuable information about the evolutionary pathways of great apes. 



Its presence in Europe adds to the evidence that great apes were once widespread across the continent, contrasting with the current distribution mainly in Africa and Southeast Asia. 



This distribution shift likely resulted from climatic and environmental changes over millions of years.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparative-anatomy-of-buronius-manfredschmidi">Comparative anatomy of Buronius manfredschmidi</h3>



The anatomical features of Buronius manfredschmidi, such as its teeth and patella, offer comparative data for studying the evolution of locomotion and diet in primates. 



Comparing these features with other fossil and extant species can help scientists understand the evolutionary pressures and adaptations that shaped primate development.



The discovery of Buronius manfredschmidi also underscores the importance of advanced paleontological techniques, such as high-resolution imaging and micro-CT scanning, which allow for detailed analysis of small and delicate fossils. 



These technologies can reveal minute details about ancient species that were previously inaccessible, opening new windows into the past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-ape-evolution">Unraveling the mysteries of ape evolution</h2>



Future research on Buronius manfredschmidi may involve exploring other fossil sites for additional specimens, which could provide a more comprehensive picture of its biology and ecology. 



Genetic studies, if feasible, could also offer insights into the evolutionary relationships between Buronius and other great apes.



This new finding enriches our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-may-have-begun-walking-upright-to-eat-leaves-not-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ape evolution</a> and highlights the complex dynamics within ancient ecosystems.



As we continue to unearth and study these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-recreate-the-face-of-pierolapithecus-a-12-million-year-old-ape/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient relics</a>, each discovery brings us closer to comprehending the intricate web of life that once thrived on our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0301002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Tiny great ape species discovered that lived 11 million years ago

In a remarkable discovery, researchers have unearthed a previously unknown...

The concept of evolution and evolvability has long intrigued scientists since Charles Darwin introduced his revolutionary idea that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species evolve over time</a>.



However, the question remains: can the principles of microevolution, which describes evolutionary changes within a species over a few generations, apply to macroevolution, the broader evolutionary changes that occur over thousands to millions of generations?



A recent study published in the journal Science addresses this question by exploring evolvability, which is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quick-species-adaptability-shapes-long-term-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ability</a> of populations to adapt and evolve over short periods -- and its implications for understanding evolutionary processes over extended timescales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolvability-bridges-the-micro-macro-gap">Evolvability bridges the micro/macro gap</h2>



Researchers have compiled extensive data from both current species and fossil records to analyze evolvability. 



They looked at various traits such as bird beak size, the number of offspring, and plant flower size, and measured these traits' evolvability by examining how they diverge among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-evolution-occurred-tens-of-millions-of-years-earlier-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations and species</a> over periods up to one million years.



The study reveals that populations with high evolvability can rapidly evolve in response to their environments, leading to significant differences in traits over short durations. 



This short-term evolution, surprisingly, does not accumulate linearly over time. Instead, the long-term diversity between species depends more on their short-term evolutionary capabilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossils-and-evolvability">Fossils and evolvability</h2>



The research also delved into fossil records, analyzing morphological traits across 150 different lineages over time spans ranging from a decade to 7.6 million years. 



Traits that exhibited higher evolvability showed greater divergence in both current populations and across successive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-of-large-prey-drove-evolutionary-changes-in-early-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil samples</a>, suggesting a strong link between evolvability and trait variability over time.



Conversely, traits with lower evolvability showed minimal changes, highlighting the importance of genetic variation in evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-environment-in-evolutionary-changes">Role of environment in evolutionary changes</h2>



Christophe Pélabon, a professor at <a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/biology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU's Department of Biology</a> and senior author of the paper, emphasizes that environmental factors are crucial in driving evolutionary changes.



Fluctuating conditions such as temperature and food availability cause populations to adapt continually. 



Traits that are highly evolvable respond quickly to these changes, showing significant fluctuations and divergence.



This responsiveness to environmental fluctuations means that populations separated geographically, and thus experiencing different environmental changes, will show variations in trait values based on their evolvability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-biodiversity">Implications for biodiversity</h2>



The findings suggest that historically, environmental conditions and selection pressures have been relatively stable. 



However, with the current pace of climate change, environments are shifting more rapidly and in a more unidirectional manner than in the past. 



This shift could profoundly impact how species adapt to new environmental optima, potentially affecting biodiversity even over <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wood-frogs-achieved-significant-biological-evolution-25-years-salt-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">short timescales</a>.



By linking microevolutionary processes with macroevolutionary outcomes, this research provides a deeper understanding of how species have evolved over millennia and how they might continue to adapt in a rapidly changing world.



The implications of this study are crucial for predicting future biodiversity patterns and preparing for the environmental challenges of tomorrow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-benefits-of-evolvability">Additional benefits of evolvability</h2>



Evolvability extends beyond the findings of this recent research. It impacts species in several beneficial ways.



On a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-evolution-takes-place-in-decades-not-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microevolutionary scale</a>, evolvability enhances a species' ability to respond to environmental changes rapidly. This rapid adaptation is crucial for survival in dynamic ecosystems.



For instance, insects developing resistance to pesticides or bacteria evolving antibiotic resistance showcase how evolvability allows species to thrive despite human interventions.



In a broader <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/missing-law-of-nature-explains-the-evolution-of-everything-that-exists-in-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">macroevolutionary context</a>, evolvability contributes to the emergence of new species. High evolvability facilitates significant trait divergence over extended periods, leading to the creation of distinct species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolvability-and-speciation">Evolvability and speciation</h2>



This process, known as speciation, increases biodiversity and enables ecosystems to become more resilient. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-great-balancing-act-nature-is-adapting-to-human-influence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diverse ecosystems</a> can better withstand environmental changes and disturbances, ensuring long-term stability and productivity.



Moreover, evolvability can drive innovation in biological functions. For example, the evolution of complex traits such as the vertebrate eye or bird flight required high evolvability. 



These innovations provide competitive advantages and open up new ecological niches, further promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-may-be-the-biggest-roadblock-to-solving-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species diversification</a>.



Overall, evolvability is a fundamental driver of evolutionary success. It equips species with the tools to navigate and adapt to ever-changing environments, fostering resilience, diversity, and long-term survival across the tree of life.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi8722" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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'Evolvability' of a species can be predicted over long periods of time

The concept of evolution and evolvability has long intrigued scientists...

The vibrant melodies of birds have filled our skies and enriched our world for millennia. But now, a shadow looms over this natural symphony. A recent study has painted a stark picture of North America's <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian</a> future, with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-population-north-america-dramatic-decline-lost-3-billion-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fewer birds</a> gracing our skies by the century's end. The culprit? The ever-encroaching specter of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-in-peril-due-to-climate-change">Birds in peril due to climate change</h2>



Imagine a world where the dawn chorus is muted, where the vibrant flashes of migratory birds become rare sights. This is a potential reality highlighted by the new research.



Study co-author Luoye Chen is an assistant professor at the <a href="https://hkust.edu.hk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a>.



"Many studies try to attribute causes like climate or land use change to bird population decline based on field-level observation. However, there has been no large-scale statistical analysis that puts together historical data on biodiversity and climate for North America," said Professor Chen.



This study, unlike previous ones, is the first to combine a vast trove of historical data on bird populations and climate across North America. It's a continental-scale analysis that paints a comprehensive picture of the avian crisis unfolding around us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unseen-hand-of-climate-change">Unseen hand of climate change</h2>



While factors like pesticides, pollution, and habitat loss are known threats to birds, this study points a finger at a less obvious culprit: climate change.



"Even after controlling for a lot of other things, we see that climate change has a significant negative impact on birds," noted study co-author Madhu Khanna, a professor at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. "This is just one more reason we need to make serious efforts to mitigate climate change as soon as possible."



The study reveals that climate change is like an unseen hand, subtly manipulating the delicate balance of bird populations. It's not just about rising temperatures; it's about disruptions to food chains, shifts in migration patterns, and the loss of suitable habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generalists-and-specialists">Generalists and specialists</h2>



Not all birds are affected equally by climate change. The study draws a distinction between generalist and specialist species.



Generalist birds, like sparrows, are adaptable and can thrive in various environments. While they have experienced a decline, their future doesn't look as bleak as their specialist counterparts.



Specialist birds, such as the spotted owl and the red-cockaded woodpecker, are more vulnerable. Their specialized diets and habitat requirements make them less adaptable to a changing climate. The study predicts a steeper decline for these birds, with potential losses of up to 16% by 2099.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-and-climate-change">Migratory birds and climate change</h2>



Migratory birds, like the majestic whooping crane, face a unique set of challenges. While they have the ability to move in response to environmental changes, their migration patterns are finely tuned to specific cues and timings.



"These birds have generations-long patterns of migration. They're going to migrate no matter what, and they don't know what's waiting at the other end. It may be too hot or dry for them," explained Khanna.



Climate change disrupts these patterns, leading to mismatches between migration timing and food availability, potentially causing significant harm to migratory bird populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-of-adaptation">Hope of adaptation</h2>



Can birds adapt to a warming climate? It's a question that has puzzled researchers for years. While some small-scale studies have hinted at potential adaptive behaviors, this new research paints a less optimistic picture.



"Previous small-scale field studies showed potential adaptive behaviors in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-feeding-benefits-people-as-much-as-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> responding to climate change," said Chen. "Unfortunately, we didn't find evidence to support adaptation over time. In the long term, we still found significant reductions."



This suggests that even if birds can adapt in the short term, the long-term effects of climate change are too overwhelming for them to cope with.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ecological-impact">The ecological impact</h2>



The numbers may seem small - a decline of 2% to 16% - but the impact goes far beyond statistics. Birds play crucial roles in ecosystems, from pollination to pest control. A <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-are-birds-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decline in their numbers</a> has a ripple effect throughout the natural world.



"Many of the specialist birds really are quite special. Some are endangered species, and others are endemic to very small areas," noted Professor Chen. "We can’t afford to lose any of them, given their crucial roles in ecosystems."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-our-feathered-friends">Protecting our feathered friends</h2>



The research serves as a wake-up call. It's a stark reminder that climate change is not just an abstract threat; it's a present danger that is already affecting the vibrant life around us.



The decline of North American bird populations is a canary in the coal mine, a warning sign of the ecological disruptions that lie ahead. It's a call to action, urging us to protect these feathered friends and the ecosystems they inhabit.



By mitigating climate change, preserving habitats, and supporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-birds-diving-petrels-return-home-island-conservation-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>, we can ensure that the skies above us remain filled with the vibrant colors and songs of birds for generations to come. It's not just about saving birds; it's about preserving the delicate balance of our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950138524000044?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Environmental Change Advances</a>.



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Most birds are at great risk from climate change

The vibrant melodies of birds have filled our skies and...

National Cougar Day was established in 2019 to promote the conservation of cougars, also known as <a href="https://mountainlion.org/2023/06/08/national-cougar-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountain lions</a> or pumas. The goal is to raise awareness about the importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-are-tracking-the-elusive-jaguar-by-studying-its-poop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">big cats</a> and the multitude of threats they face such as habitat loss and hunting.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Cougars play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of their habitats. They influence species diversity, nutrient cycling, and vegetation patterns through their roles as predators and keystone species.



National Cougar Day encourages conservation efforts aimed at protecting cougar habitats and promoting coexistence between humans and cougars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-cougars">Ecological role of cougars </h2>



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-happens-when-an-apex-predator-goes-missing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apex predators</a>, cougars help regulate populations of herbivores such as deer, elk, and smaller mammals.&nbsp;



By controlling these populations, cougars prevent overgrazing, which can lead to habitat degradation and loss of plant diversity.&nbsp;



This, in turn, supports a healthier ecosystem that benefits a wide range of species, from plants to other wildlife.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>



Cougars also contribute to the biodiversity of their habitats by creating opportunities for other scavengers and predators.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-cycling">Nutrient cycling</h3>



When cougars make kills, they provide food for a variety of scavenger species, including birds, insects, and smaller carnivores. This scavenging process helps recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem, promoting soil health and plant growth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-resilience-nbsp">Ecosystem resilience&nbsp;</h3>



Cougars indirectly influence the behavior of their prey. The presence of cougars can create a landscape of fear, where herbivores alter their grazing patterns to avoid areas frequented by these predators.&nbsp;



This behavior can reduce the pressure on vegetation in certain areas, allowing for more diverse plant growth and contributing to overall ecosystem resilience.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascading-benefits">Cascading benefits</h3>



Cougars' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coyotes-move-into-towns-to-avoid-predators-only-to-be-killed-by-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predation</a> can also lead to trophic cascades, where the effects of their predation ripple through the ecosystem, influencing multiple trophic levels.&nbsp;



For example, by controlling deer populations, cougars help maintain the structure and composition of forest and grassland ecosystems, which supports a wider array of wildlife and plant species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-about-cougars">Interesting facts about cougars</h2>



Cougars are the largest wild cat species that can purr, and unlike lions and tigers, they cannot roar.&nbsp;



Cougars are incredibly athletic, capable of leaping up to 15 feet high and covering distances of up to 40 feet in a single bound. They are also among the fastest land animals in North America, capable of reaching speeds of 50 miles per hour in short bursts.



Despite their large size, cougars are remarkably elusive and prefer to avoid human contact, making sightings rare even in areas where they are known to be present.&nbsp;



Cougars have the largest range of any terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, extending from Canada to the southern Andes in South America.



Interestingly, cougars are also known for their adaptability to various habitats, including forests, deserts, and mountainous regions.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives-of-cougars">Social lives of cougars</h2>



Cougars are solitary animals, typically leading independent lives except during mating seasons and the period when mothers care for their young.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cougar-territories-nbsp">Cougar territories&nbsp;</h3>



Male cougars maintain large territories that often overlap with the smaller territories of several females. They communicate and mark their territories using scent markings and scratches on trees.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocalizations-nbsp">Vocalizations&nbsp;</h3>



They have a wide range of vocalizations, including whistles, growls, hisses, and a distinctive scream often likened to that of a woman.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mating">Mating</h3>



When a female is in estrus, she may attract males through vocal calls and scent marking. Mating encounters are brief, and after mating, males and females part ways.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parenting">Parenting</h3>



The female raises her cubs alone, providing them with food and protection for up to two years. During this time, the cubs learn essential survival skills such as hunting and navigating their territory.



Cubs may stay with their mothers for up to 24 months before becoming independent, after which they disperse to establish their own territories.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-interactions-nbsp">Social interactions&nbsp;</h3>



Interactions between adult cougars are rare and often involve conflict, especially between males competing for territory or mates. However, related females may tolerate each other's presence to some extent, particularly in overlapping territories.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-faced-by-cougars">Threats faced by cougars</h2>



Habitat loss is one of the primary threats to cougars, as urban development, agriculture, and infrastructure projects fragment and reduce their natural habitats. This leads to smaller, isolated populations that are more vulnerable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/florida-panthers-gained-harmful-mutations-during-rescue-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic problems</a> and have fewer resources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-wildlife-conflict-nbsp">Human-wildlife conflict&nbsp;</h3>



Human-wildlife conflict is another major threat. As human populations expand into cougar territories, encounters between cougars and humans increase.&nbsp;



This often results in cougars being killed due to perceived threats to livestock, pets, and human safety. Additionally, vehicle collisions pose a danger to cougars, especially in areas with high traffic near their habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-and-poaching-nbsp">Hunting and poaching&nbsp;</h3>



Hunting and poaching also threaten cougar populations. In some regions, cougars are hunted for sport or killed to protect livestock.&nbsp;



Legal hunting can put additional pressure on populations already stressed by other factors. Moreover, illegal poaching for their pelts and other body parts further endangers these big cats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prey-shortages">Prey shortages</h3>



Another challenge is the reduction of prey populations. Overhunting of deer and other prey species can lead to food shortages for cougars, forcing them to venture closer to human settlements in search of food, which increases the likelihood of conflict.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-nbsp">Climate change&nbsp;</h3>



Climate change impacts cougar habitats and prey availability. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can alter the ecosystems cougars rely on, affecting their ability to find food and suitable habitats.&nbsp;



These cumulative threats require comprehensive conservation efforts to ensure the survival of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammal-defaunation-is-wiping-out-valuable-ecosystem-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cougar populations</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-national-cougar-day-important">Why is National Cougar Day important?</h2>



National Cougar Day serves as an opportunity to raise awareness about the ecological significance of cougars, which are vital to the health and stability of their habitats.&nbsp;



The day also highlights the challenges faced by cougars. Educational initiatives and public engagement are key aspects of National Cougar Day.&nbsp;



Events, workshops, and campaigns organized on this day help inform the public about the behaviors, biology, and conservation needs of cougars.&nbsp;



National Cougar Day promotes a sense of appreciation and respect for these majestic animals, encouraging efforts to protect their habitats and ensure their survival for future generations.



It serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of all species and the importance of preserving biodiversity for the health of our planet.



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National Cougar Day: The crucial ecological roles of cougars

National Cougar Day was established in 2019 to promote the...

We've all heard the story of the woolly mammoth - the giant, furry elephant-like creature that roamed the icy plains of the Ice Age. But what about its less famous cousin, the woolly rhinoceros?



These massive, shaggy beasts once shared the same frigid landscape, but their story has often been overshadowed. New research is shining a light on the fate of these prehistoric giants and the potential role <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-lived-side-by-side-45000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans</a> played in their extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-woolly-rhinoceros-coelodonta-antiquitatis">Woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis)</h2>



The woolly rhinoceros was a large, herbivorous mammal that roamed the mammoth steppes of northern and central Eurasia during the Ice Age. These creatures were characterized by their thick, shaggy fur, which helped them survive in the cold climates. 



They had two large horns on their snout, with the front horn reaching up to three feet in length. Woolly rhinos had robust bodies, short legs, and a hump on their shoulders formed by a thick layer of fat, which provided insulation and energy reserves.



Woolly rhinoceroses lived in open grasslands and tundras, feeding on grasses, shrubs, and other vegetation. They were well adapted to their environment, using their horns to clear snow and access the plants beneath. 



These magnificent animals lived alongside other Ice Age giants like mammoths and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smilodon-fatalis-young-saber-toothed-cats-had-double-fangs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saber-toothed cats</a>, until their extinction around 10,000 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-look-at-woolly-rhinoceros-mystery">New look at woolly rhinoceros mystery</h2>



Scientists have long puzzled over the demise of the woolly rhinoceros. Did they succumb to the changing climate at the end of the Ice Age, or did something else contribute to their disappearance? A recent study offers a fascinating new perspective.



Using a combination of computer models, fossil records, and ancient DNA analysis, researchers were able to trace the population history of the woolly rhinoceros over an astonishing 52,000 years. 



What they discovered was surprising: it wasn't just climate change that led to the woolly rhino's demise, but also the persistent hunting pressure from humans.



"This showed that from 30,000 years ago, a combination of cooling temperatures and lowbut sustained hunting by humans caused the woolly rhinoceros to contract its distribution southward, trapping it in a scattering of isolated and rapidly deteriorating habitats at the end of the Last Ice Age," explained Professor Damien Fordham from the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a> Environment Institute.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-human-factor">The human factor</h2>



This discovery challenges previous research that suggested humans had no role in the extinction of the woolly rhinoceros. 



It's a reminder that even small amounts of hunting pressure over a long period can have a significant impact on animal populations, especially when combined with other stressors like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-humans-are-warming-the-planet-faster-than-ever-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



"As Earth thawed and temperatures rose, populations of woolly rhinoceros were unable to colonise important new habitats opening up in the north of Eurasia, causing them to destabilise and crash, bringing about their extinction," said Professor Fordham.



This isn't just an ancient history lesson. It's a stark warning for the present day. We're currently experiencing a similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-changes-in-oxygen-linked-to-first-mass-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental crisis</a>, with many large animal populations being pushed into smaller and less suitable habitats due to human activities. 



The same fate that befell the woolly rhinoceros could await many of our modern-day megafauna if we don't take action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-past">Lessons from the past</h2>



The study's findings have important implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-in-africa-are-rising-above-levels-that-rhinoceros-can-tolerate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a> today. The research highlights the need to consider the combined effects of climate change and human pressure when developing strategies to protect endangered species.



"By studying past extinctions, we can provide valuable lessons for safeguarding Earth’s remaining large animals," said Professor David Nogues-Bravo, a co-author of the study.



In particular, the plight of the woolly rhinoceros highlights the importance of protecting large herbivores. These animals play a crucial role in their ecosystems, and their loss can have cascading effects on other species. 



For example, the grazing of large herbivores helps to maintain healthy grasslands, which in turn support a wide range of other wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-action">A call to action</h2>



The story of the woolly rhinoceros is a cautionary tale, but it's also a story of hope. By understanding the mistakes of the past, we can chart a better course for the future. We have the power to make a difference, to protect the incredible biodiversity of our planet. But we need to act now, before it's too late.



The woolly rhinoceros may be gone, but its legacy lives on. We can honor its memory by working to protect the other amazing creatures that share our planet. It's a responsibility we owe to them, to ourselves, and to future generations.



"This understanding is crucial for developing conservation strategies to protect currently threatened species, like vulnerable rhinos in Africa and Asia," said Professor Nogues-Bravo.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2316419121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Humans hunted the woolly rhinoceros to extinction

We've all heard the story of the woolly mammoth -...

The depths of the ocean, a realm of perpetual darkness and crushing pressure, are often likened to the final frontier of exploration on Earth. While we may not encounter aliens or hidden planets down there, scientists continue to uncover a treasure trove of bizarre and beautiful sea creatures in the Abyssal Plain that challenge our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-tiny-ocean-creatures-overlooked-critical-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understanding of life</a>.



A recent expedition to the Clarion Clipperton Zone (<a href="https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/locations-clarion-clipperton-zone" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CCZ</a>), a deep sea region between Mexico and Hawaii in the eastern Pacific Ocean, has revealed a host of such creatures. Each one is a testament to the resilience and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-life-100-new-sea-creatures-found-in-chile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptability of life</a> in the most extreme environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexplored-depths-of-the-ocean">Unexplored depths of the ocean</h2>



Imagine venturing into a world where sunlight never reaches,&nbsp;where the pressure could crush a submarine like a tin can, and where the landscape is as alien as anything we might find on another planet.&nbsp;This is the Abyssal Plain,&nbsp;a vast expanse of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seafloor</a> lying thousands of meters below the waves.&nbsp;



Despite its size and importance, we know surprisingly little about this underwater wilderness.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/deep-sea_barbie-sea-pig_credit-smartex-noh-nox_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/deep-sea_barbie-sea-pig_credit-smartex-noh-nox_1s.jpg" alt="&quot;Barbie sea pig&quot; found in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC" class="wp-image-1936245"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">"Barbie sea pig" found in the deep sea Abyssal Plains in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC</figcaption></figure>



"These areas are the Earth's least explored. It's estimated that only one out of 10 animal species living down here has been described by science," said <a href="https://www.gu.se/en/about/find-staff/thomasdahlgren" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thomas Dahlgren</a>, a marine ecologist who recently returned from a 45-day expedition to the CCZ.



Dahlgren and his colleagues onboard the British research vessel James Cook were on a mission to document the biodiversity of this region before it is potentially opened up to deep-sea mining.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-deep-sea-creatures-survive">How deep sea creatures survive</h2>



Life in the abyss is slow,&nbsp;sparse,&nbsp;and strange.&nbsp;With little food available,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creatures</a> here have evolved to survive on a meager diet of "marine snow," the organic debris that drifts down from the surface.&nbsp;



Filter feeders like sponges and sediment feeders like sea cucumbers are the dominant life forms, eking out a living from the scraps of the sunlit world above.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/deep-sea_unicumber_credit-smartex-noh-nox_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/deep-sea_unicumber_credit-smartex-noh-nox_1s.jpg" alt="Transparent &quot;unicumber&quot; found in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC" class="wp-image-1936247"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Transparent deep sea "unicumber" found in the Abyssal Plains in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC</figcaption></figure>



"The lack of food causes individuals to live far apart,&nbsp;but the species richness in the area is surprisingly high.&nbsp;We see many exciting specialized adaptations among the animals in these areas," noted Dahlgren.&nbsp;



These adaptations include transparent bodies,&nbsp;bioluminescence,&nbsp;and the ability to survive on the tiniest scraps of food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gallery-of-odd-abyssal-creatures">Gallery of odd abyssal creatures </h2>



The expedition's remotely operated vehicle (ROV) captured stunning images of some of the unique ocean creatures.&nbsp;



One of the most intriguing was a cup-shaped glass sponge, a creature believed to be one of the longest-lived on Earth, with some individuals estimated to be over 15,000 years old. 



These sponges are not only ancient but also incredibly fragile, their bodies made of intricate silica structures that resemble spun glass.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/deep-sea-anemone_credit-smartex-nhm-nox_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/deep-sea-anemone_credit-smartex-nhm-nox_1s.jpg" alt="Actiniaria sea anemone found in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC" class="wp-image-1936249"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Actiniaria deep sea anemone found in the Abyssal Plains in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC</figcaption></figure>



Another highlight of the expedition was the discovery of a pink sea pig,&nbsp;a type of sea cucumber that ambles across the seafloor on its tube feet,&nbsp;hoovering up nutrient-rich sediments.&nbsp;



"These sea cucumbers were some of the largest animals found on this expedition.&nbsp;They act as ocean floor vacuum cleaners,&nbsp;and specialize in finding sediment that has passed through the least number of stomachs," said Dahlgren.



Perhaps the most whimsical discovery was a transparent sea cucumber nicknamed the "unicumber." This bizarre creature, with its visible internal organs and a long,&nbsp;trailing appendage,&nbsp;resembles something out of a science fiction novel.&nbsp;



"We can only guess what the long tail is used for,&nbsp;but probably to be able to swim," said Dahlgren.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-the-abyssal-plains-and-its-creatures">Future of the Abyssal Plains and its creatures </h2>



The expedition's findings are not just a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-sediments-predict-the-impacts-of-ocean-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fascinating glimpse</a> into a hidden world.&nbsp;They also have important implications for the future of the Abyssal Plains.&nbsp;



The CCZ is rich in mineral nodules containing valuable metals used in green technologies, such as solar panels and electric car batteries. As demand for these metals grows, so does the pressure to mine the seafloor.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cockatoo-cucumber-sea-anemone_credit-smartex-noh-nox_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cockatoo-cucumber-sea-anemone_credit-smartex-noh-nox_1s.jpg" alt="Cockatoo cucumber sea anemone found in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC" class="wp-image-1936251"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Cockatoo cucumber deep sea anemone found in the Abyssal Plains in the CCZ. Credit: SMARTEX/NHM/NOC</figcaption></figure>



"We need to know more about this environment to be able to protect the species living here," said Dahlgren.&nbsp;"Today, 30% of these marine areas in consideration are protected,&nbsp;and we need to know whether this is enough to ensure that these species aren't at risk of extinction."



The race is on to understand the Abyssal Plains before mining begins. Dahlgren and his colleagues are working to catalog the species found in the CCZ and to understand how they interact with each other and their environment. 



This knowledge will be crucial in determining the potential impacts of mining and in developing strategies to protect this unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/seven-surprising-secrets-of-the-deepest-sea-creatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>.



The Abyssal Plains may be a world apart,&nbsp;but the creatures that inhabit them are a reminder of the interconnectedness of life on Earth.&nbsp;



What happens in the depths of the ocean can have ripple effects that reach far beyond the abyss.&nbsp;By understanding and protecting this hidden world,&nbsp;we are not only safeguarding its unique biodiversity but also ensuring a healthier planet for all.



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Sea pigs, unicumbers, and other stunning new sea creatures discovered

The depths of the ocean, a realm of perpetual darkness and...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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