Sometimes discoveries take centuries. In South Wales, a fossil jawbone collected in 1899 has finally revealed its secret. It sat quietly for more than a hundred years in the National Museum of Wales. Researchers wrote about it, but no one could say for sure what creature it came from.



Now, using modern technology, paleontologists at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> have identified it as a new dinosaur species. They have given it a new name too: Newtonsaurus, honoring the man who first described it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-newtonsaurus-a-distinctive-name">Newtonsaurus: A distinctive name </h2>



The fossil itself contains no bone. What remains are natural molds pressed into stone. At first glance, this seems disappointing. 



But those impressions preserved details invisible to the naked eye. With 3D scanning, the team brought the jawbone back to life in digital form.



“This specimen has been referred to many times in scientific papers but had yet to be successfully identified,” said study co-author Owain Evans. “It was named Zanclodon cambrensis by Edwin Tully Newton in 1899, but we knew the name Zanclodon had been abandoned because it referred to a broad variety of early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reptile-ancestors-appeared-40-million-years-earlier-than-we-thought/">reptiles</a>.”



“Therefore, we name it after Newton, calling it Newtonsaurus. It is different from all other dinosaurs from that time and requires a distinctive name.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-rebuilt-through-3d-scans">Fossil rebuilt through 3D scans</h2>



Creating the digital model required patience. The team photographed every angle of the molds, then combined the images into a 3D shape. 



By flipping the data, they produced a negative of the impressions, which gave them a digital version of the original jawbone.



“The natural molds of the inner and outer faces of the jawbone show amazing detail - every groove, ridge, tooth, and even the serrations along the edges of the teeth,” said Michael Benton, professor of vertebrate paleontology at the University of Bristol.



“We decided to use digital photography to make a 3D model. We began by surface scanning the fossil using photogrammetry. Once we had our digital scan, we inverted it - essentially giving us a digital negative of the mold.”



By fusing the sides and analyzing its anatomy, the digital reconstruction revealed a clearer picture of the bone’s original structure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-predatory-flesh-eating-dinosaur">A predatory, flesh-eating dinosaur</h2>



Once reconstructed, the fossil’s features stood out clearly. The placement of the teeth and the jaw shape confirmed it belonged to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-footprints-reveal-a-dinosaur-that-changed-pace-while-walking/">theropod</a>. These were meat-eating dinosaurs, ancestors of later giants like Tyrannosaurus rex. 



The discovery proved that large predators prowled the Welsh coastline during the Triassic period.



“We can now confirm that this specimen very likely belonged to a large predatory theropod dinosaur that roamed the shores of South Wales during the latest Triassic,” said Evans.



“It has some definite unique dinosaur features in the emplacement of the teeth, and it is a theropod - a predatory, flesh-eating dinosaur. Otherwise, it sits near the origins of both major divisions of Theropoda, the Coelophysoidea and the Averostra.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-newtonsaurus-was-unusually-large">Newtonsaurus was unusually large</h2>



The<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-fish-bones-reveal-clues-about-the-evolution-of-eating/"> jawbone</a> alone measured 28 centimeters (11 inches). But this was only the front half. The full bone stretched around 60 centimeters (24 inches).



That means the dinosaur’s body reached five to seven meters (16 to 23 feet) in length. For the Triassic, this was huge. Most theropods of the time were much smaller.



The preserved 28 cm (11 in) jawbone, once 60 cm (24 in) in life, reveals a large Triassic theropod - unexpectedly large for its kind.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Newtonsaurus_new-dinosaur-species_jawbone-fossil_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Newtonsaurus_new-dinosaur-species_jawbone-fossil_1s.webp" alt="Using modern digital scanning techniques the researchers were able to shed new light on the fossil jawbone, which has been known since 1899 and been on display in the National Museum of Wales for many years. Credit: Owain Evans" class="wp-image-1985985"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Using modern digital scanning techniques the researchers were able to shed new light on the fossil jawbone, which has been known since 1899 and been on display in the National Museum of Wales for many years. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Owain Evans</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-adds-to-welsh-prehistory">Discovery adds to Welsh prehistory</h2>



For paleontologists, the discovery proves that museum collections still hold secrets. For Wales, it adds another important piece to its prehistoric record. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/triassic-fossils-shed-new-light-on-ancient-ecosystems/">Triassic</a> beds of the region are rare and globally significant.



“These historical specimens are vitally important in paleontology and often yield new and exciting results - even if they have been sitting in collections for years. The Victorians were fascinated by the fossil record and prospected all across the UK for fossils,” said Cindy Howells at the <a href="https://museum.wales/cardiff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Museum of Wales</a>.



“On top of this, the re-description of Newtonsaurus cambrensis once again highlights the significance of Wales in paleontological research."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wales-may-reveal-more-dinosaurs">Wales may reveal more dinosaurs</h2>



Triassic beds are rare worldwide, yet Wales holds several of them - each with the potential to reveal another hidden dinosaur.



Newtonsaurus is more than a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-rising-mountains-give-birth-to-new-species/">new species</a>. It proves that even old fossils can still surprise us, and that modern tools can finally solve questions that lingered for generations.



The find also reminds us that the cliffs and quarries of Wales may still conceal more giants waiting to emerge.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787825000513?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Geologists Association</a>.



Image Credit: Owain Evans



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Newtonsaurus: Forgotten dinosaur fossil reveals a giant Triassic predator

Sometimes discoveries take centuries. In South Wales, a fossil jawbone collected in 1899 has finally revealed its secret. It sat quietly for more than a hundred years in the National Museum of Wales. Researchers wrote about it, but no one could say for sure what creature it came from. Now, using modern technology, paleontologists at the University of Bristol have identified it as a new dinosaur species. They have given it a new name too: Newtonsaurus, honoring the man who first described it. Newtonsaurus: A distinctive name...

In the ever-evolving landscape of personalized medicine, there is an increasing demand for advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-blood-pressure-devices-for-home-monitoring-are-not-validated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wearable devices</a> that can monitor everything from heartbeats to glucose levels. 



Despite this progress, there remains a significant challenge in creating devices that seamlessly integrate with the human body, particularly for long-term and invasive monitoring. Scientists at USC have turned their attention to a new prospect for health monitoring: microneedles inspired by sea slugs. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-solutions-from-the-deep-sea">Innovative solutions from the deep sea </h2>



<a href="https://www.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC</a> researcher Hangbo Zhao, an expert in advanced manufacturing and flexible electronics, is helping close a significant gap in health monitoring. 



Zhao's research is dedicated to developing more adaptable and less invasive health monitoring technologies. His latest innovation is a revolutionary type of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecular-surgery-no-incision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microneedle electrode</a>. This new development promises to transform the way we monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-predict-health-deterioration-in-hospital-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> metrics.



The microneedle electrodes are crafted to be "soft" and highly flexible, making them perfect for use with muscle and skin tissues that often change shape. 



Unlike traditional microneedle electrodes that are rigid and can be uncomfortable, Zhao’s design is flexible, allowing these electrodes to adapt to movements and changes in the tissue. This ensures better contact and reduces the risk of tissue damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybrid-fabrication-method">Hybrid fabrication method</h2>



Central to this innovation is a hybrid fabrication method developed in the researcher's lab. This method blends laser micromachining, microfabrication, and transfer printing to produce microelectrode arrays that can stretch by 60 to 90 percent - the highest ever reported in the field. 



This process not only enhances the flexibility of the microneedles but also allows for the customization of their geometric and functional properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-sea-slugs-to-microneedles">From sea slugs to microneedles </h2>



The idea for these microneedle electrodes was inspired by research on sea slugs. The initial tests involved recording electrical activities in the muscles of sea slugs, proving the feasibility of the electrodes for dynamic and moving tissues.



The research carries far-reaching implications that go well beyond basic health monitoring. The technology crafted by Zhao and his USC team is also adept for applications such as analyzing brain and nerve activity, sensing skin interstitial fluids, diagnosing neuromuscular disorders, and facilitating targeted drug delivery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-health-monitoring">Innovative health monitoring</h2>



As the medical community seeks more precise and less intrusive health monitoring tools, the development of these soft microneedles represents a significant step forward. 



For patients apprehensive about traditional microneedle use, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-technology-uses-eye-scanner-to-measure-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new technology</a> could provide a much-needed alternative that offers high fidelity sensing with minimal discomfort.



The research conducted by the USC team is not just a technological achievement but a potential game-changer for healthcare professionals, biotechnology firms, and anyone interested in a healthier, longer life. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about sea slugs&nbsp;</h2>



Sea slugs, also known as nudibranchs, are fascinating marine creatures belonging to the mollusk class Gastropoda. These animals are noted for their extraordinary colors and striking forms, which make them a favorite among underwater photographers and marine enthusiasts.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appearance&nbsp;of sea slugs </h3>



Unlike their terrestrial relatives, the snails, sea slugs do not have a visible shell. This lack of a shell contributes to their varied and often flamboyant appearances, which are believed to serve as a deterrent to predators through aposematic coloration, signaling their potential toxicity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Distribution and diet</h3>



Sea slugs are found in oceans all over the world, from shallow reefs to deep ocean floors. They feed on a variety of food sources, including algae, sponges, and even other sea slugs.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Unique adaptations</h3>



Some species have developed remarkable adaptations, such as the ability to incorporate the photosynthetic capabilities of the algae they eat, allowing them to derive energy directly from sunlight, a process known as kleptoplasty.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



The reproduction of sea slugs also presents interesting aspects; they are hermaphrodites, meaning each individual possesses both male and female reproductive organs. After mating, both partners can lay eggs, increasing their chances of reproductive success.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Defense mechanisms</h3>



One of the most striking features of sea slugs is their defense mechanisms. Besides their bright colors, some species can produce toxins or incorporate toxins from the prey they consume into their own bodies, making them unpalatable or dangerous to predators. Additionally, some can even shed parts of their body to escape from threats.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn7202" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Inspired by sea slugs: Microneedles could transform health monitoring

In the ever-evolving landscape of personalized medicine, there is an...

Have you ever wondered how people living centuries ago, without phones or radios, managed to coordinate their activities across vast landscapes? In the American Southwest, archaeologists have discovered a surprisingly sophisticated ancient solution – the resonant call of conch shell trumpets. 



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diets-early-humans-richer-berries-nuts-plants-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient</a> instruments, seemingly out of place in the desert, were more than just curiosities; they may have been central to how entire communities organized themselves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chaco-canyon-and-traces-of-ancient-conch-shells">Chaco canyon and traces of ancient conch shells</h2>



At the heart of this story lies Chaco Canyon, a remarkable nexus of Pueblo culture that flourished centuries ago. The presence of conch shells in this region, far removed from their coastal origins, is intriguing. 



These instruments would have produced a sound unlike anything naturally occurring in the desert environment, a deep and resonant call that could carry across vast distances. 



The discovery of conch shells in burial sites, along with their continued presence in contemporary Pueblo rituals, reveals a profound significance placed on this unique auditory experience. 



It suggests the sound of the conch may have held power to evoke a sense of the sacred, to signal important events, to unite communities, or perhaps a combination of all of these within the complex belief systems of the ancient Pueblo people.



Professor Ruth Van Dyke and her team suspected that the role of sound and hearing extended beyond the heart of Chaco Canyon itself. "Chaco Canyon is surrounded by over one hundred understudied great house <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-impacted-earth-than-previously-thought-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a>," noted Professor Van Dyke. 



This sparked the question: did the outlying settlements also demonstrate a deliberate acoustic connection to their central great houses?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soundshed-analysis">Soundshed analysis</h2>



To explore this possibility, the team turned to an innovative tool called Soundshed Analysis. This sophisticated modeling technique goes beyond simply visualizing the spread of sound. 



Researchers can input details about the conch shell's acoustic properties using the model. They also consider environmental factors like wind patterns, temperature, and vegetation density. 



These factors crucially influenced how sound traveled and affected how listeners in different locations experienced the sound.



Focusing on five outlying Chacoan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-early-humans-learned-to-walk-from-an-ancestor-called-lufengpithecus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a>, the researchers' simulation revealed a compelling pattern. In each case, a carefully executed conch shell trumpet blast from the central great house could have reached almost every dwelling within the settlement. 



This finding illustrates communities designed with soundscapes in mind. Buildings and natural features likely amplified or directed the conch's call. This design ensured the sound reached across the entire settlement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-functions-of-the-conch-shell">Ancient functions of the conch shell</h2>



What might have been the purpose of this sound-based coordination? The conch trumpet could have been a multifaceted communication tool, with its evocative sound possibly serving these purposes:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-gatherings">Community gatherings</h3>



The conch's call may have summoned people for a variety of purposes beyond the purely ceremonial. It could have signaled the start of communal work projects like building repairs, agricultural tasks, or preparations for festivals. The sound may also have announced shared meals, providing a sense of rhythm to the day and reinforcing a sense of belonging within the settlement.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ceremonial-signaling">Ceremonial signaling </h3>



In a world deeply intertwined with spirituality, the conch held a special place. Its unique and powerful sound would have stood apart from everyday noises. This quality makes it likely the conch played a role in announcing important rituals, holy days, or sacred events. Its call could have drawn people from their individual dwellings to a central location, preparing them for a shared spiritual experience.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-coordination">Practical coordination</h3>



The conch's potential as a tool for practical communication shouldn't be underestimated. Conch blasts could have quickly disseminated important information such as warnings of approaching threats, changes in weather patterns that might affect crops, or even the simple announcement of a visitor arriving at the settlement's edge. 



In a time before written messages or long-distance signals, sound would have been vital to coordinate activities and ensure the community's well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-ancient-conch-shell-study">Broader implications of ancient conch shell study</h2>



The insights from this study extend far beyond the specific case of ancient Pueblo <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a>. "Soundscapes were meaningful dimensions of past experiences, landscapes, and environments and are important facets of social interaction in the ancient world," said Professor Van Dyke.



In reconstructing history, we often overlook the sounds that once filled the air. We miss imagining the bustle of marketplaces and the clang of blacksmiths' hammers. We also overlook the songs and calls that shaped everyday life.



This research serves as a reminder to incorporate the study of sound when interpreting archaeological sites for a more complete understanding of the sensory experiences of our ancestors.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/seashells-and-sound-waves-modelling-soundscapes-in-chacoan-greathouse-communities/97D342C537508DEC87A85C18EBCA0DAB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antiquity</a>.



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Ancient humans used conch-shell sounds to organize communities

Have you ever wondered how people living centuries ago, without...

Steller sea lions (<a href="https://www.earth.com/endangered-species/eumetopias-jubatus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eumetopias jubatus</a>), once listed as endangered, have made a partial recovery in some regions of the North Pacific, particularly the Aleutian Islands. However, not all populations are rebounding proportionally, prompting a focused research effort to identify potential causes. One key area of investigation is the concerning rise of mercury levels in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stellar-sea-lions-home-breeding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Steller sea lion</a> pups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-an-environmental-contaminant">Mercury: An environmental contaminant</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-mercury-emissions-have-skyrocketed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury</a> (Hg) exists naturally in Earth's crust but enters the environment in increased concentrations due to both natural processes (like volcanic eruptions) and human activities (such as mining and industrial processes).



Once in the environment, especially in aquatic systems, certain bacteria can change mercury into methylmercury, a more harmful organic form.



Mercury, and specifically methylmercury, enters the marine food web through consumption. Small organisms ingest it, larger predators consume the small organisms, and the mercury accumulates at higher levels in each successive step up the food chain. This process is known as bioaccumulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adverse-health-effects-of-mercury">Adverse health effects of mercury </h2>



<ul>
<li>Immunotoxicity: Mercury exposure compromises the immune system of various animals. This weakens an organism's natural defenses against disease and makes them more susceptible to infections.</li>



<li>Disrupted oxidative balance: Oxidative stress is a natural process where unstable molecules called 'free radicals' can damage cells. Organisms have systems to combat this stress, but mercury disrupts these systems, potentially accelerating cellular damage and contributing to health issues over time.</li>



<li>Vulnerability during development: Exposure via the mother to a developing fetus or pup is a significant concern. Developing bodies are highly sensitive to toxins, and mercury can lead to neurological and developmental problems with lasting impacts.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-levels-in-steller-sea-lions">Mercury levels in Steller sea lions</h2>



To understand the complex dynamics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-directly-linked-to-atmospheric-mercury-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury</a> in the marine environment, an international research team led by Dr. Todd O'Hara, Dr. Lorrie Rea, and Dr. Daniela Cisneros has conducted in-depth studies of Steller sea lions throughout the Aleutian Islands. Their multi-year investigation, spanning over a decade, aims to track mercury levels within this key indicator species.



The researchers have observed an alarming increase of over 50% in mercury levels found in Steller sea lion pups from specific regions along the island chain. This trend raises concerns about the long-term health of the species.



The team's analysis suggests that mercury exposure is not uniform across the Aleutian Islands. There appears to be a distinct "hotspot" around the center of the island chain where Steller sea lion pups exhibit the highest mercury concentrations. This points to possible localized sources of contamination or specific oceanographic processes that concentrate mercury in this area.



“When we started this research in Southeast Alaska, we found very few pups with alarming levels of mercury,” said Dr. Lorrie Rea, a research professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (<a href="https://www.uaf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF</a>) who plays a significant role in the Steller sea lion research program.



"Once we got to the Western Aleutian Islands, we found pups with mercury concentrations that were three to four times higher than the highest we saw in other regions. As we moved toward Russia along the Aleutian Island chain, the concentrations went down again, so it’s almost like a bell-shaped curve.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-mercury-and-declining-sea-lion-populations">Link between mercury and declining sea lion populations</h2>



The observed correlation between rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amphibians-threatened-by-mercury-with-unknown-health-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mercury</a> levels within certain regions and the slower recovery of some Steller sea lion populations has prompted further investigation. Scientists are examining the hypothesis that mercury exposure could be one factor contributing to the uneven population trends seen across different parts of the Aleutian Islands.



It's important to emphasize that while a correlation has been observed, this is not direct proof that mercury exposure is definitively causing population declines. Many factors can influence wildlife populations, and teasing out the individual impact of one variable can be complex.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steller-sea-lions-significance">Steller sea lions significance</h2>



The importance of research focused on Steller sea lions goes beyond understanding the health of a single species. Because these animals occupy a high position in the marine food web (meaning they eat many other animals), they act as sentinel species. This means that changes in their health, such as those related to mercury exposure, can alert us to broader environmental shifts with far-reaching consequences.



Steller sea lions and humans share common food sources within the marine ecosystem. As mercury bioaccumulates in species throughout the food chain, there's a potential risk that it could reach levels in commercially fished species that may impact human health.



Although current data suggests that mercury levels in most commercially fished species fall within safe limits, consistent monitoring is crucial for several reasons:



<ul>
<li>Dynamic ecosystems:&nbsp;Marine environments are complex and changing. Ongoing monitoring allows for detecting any potential increases in mercury levels in fish over time.</li>



<li>Early warnings:&nbsp;Steller sea lions, as a highly sensitive sentinel species, may provide an early warning sign of changes in mercury contamination before it reaches concerning levels in human food sources.</li>



<li>Proactive management:&nbsp;Continued monitoring enables informed decision-making about fisheries management, helping to ensure the long-term safety of seafood resources.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-and-collaboration">Ongoing research and collaboration</h2>



Unraveling the causes behind rising mercury levels in this region is complex and likely involves a combination of natural and anthropogenic (human-caused) factors. The study underscores the importance of ongoing research into mercury cycling, its impacts on marine ecosystems, and the interconnected nature of environmental and human health.



Nevertheless, the success of this multi-faceted investigation highlights the value of collaboration between scientists, commercial fisheries, government agencies like NOAA, and researchers across international borders.



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Steller sea lions threatened by rising mercury levels

Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), once listed as endangered, have...

The health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribbean-coral-reef-symbiotic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caribbean reefs</a> is under threat from a virulent disease known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mysterious-disease-is-destroying-floridas-coral-reef/">stony coral tissue loss disease</a> (SCTLD). Initially reported near Miami in 2014, this disease has since affected coral populations across 18 countries and territories in the region. 



Stony coral tissue loss disease devastates coral colonies, leaving behind barren skeletons where vibrant life once thrived.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-caribbean-reefs">Transforming Caribbean reefs</h2>



A recent study has shed light on the profound shifts occurring within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef ecosystems</a> due to SCTLD. The disappearance of susceptible coral species is paving the way for more opportunistic organisms - such as macroalgae, cyanobacteria, and fire coral - to dominate.



These "weedy" species, thriving in the absence of their traditional coral competitors, create a landscape vastly different from the once calcified structures of coral reefs.



The ripple effects of these changes are significant. Coral reefs, once bustling with diverse marine life, are transforming into environments dominated by seaweed.



While this new setting benefits certain herbivores, it fails to provide the complex habitat structure needed by other marine species for activities such as hiding, mating, and growing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broad-ecological-changes">Broad ecological changes</h2>



“In less than 10 years, a deadly infectious agent called stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) has emerged as a leading threat to Caribbean coral reefs,” wrote the study authors.



“Although its etiology is not fully understood, the discovery of bacterial disease indicators and the success of probiotic treatments suggest that bacteria are involved.”&nbsp;



“Other evidence suggests that SCTLD is caused by a virus that attacks some corals’ endosymbiotic algae, but not others. SCTLD has reduced coral cover by 30 to 60% in affected regions, pushing a few coral species toward local extinction.”



“Because diseases are most likely to have indirect community effects when they affect connected, unique, or widespread host species, we hypothesized that SCTLD-caused coral loss could trigger broad changes in diverse coral reef ecosystems.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Long-lasting consequences</h2>



Sara Swaminathan, the lead author and a PhD candidate in Environmental Engineering Sciences at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>, explained the critical implications of these changes. "While some fast-growing organisms might initially thrive, the broader ecological balance is tipped, potentially leading to long-lasting repercussions," she noted.



Further studies involving data from various U.S. territories, including Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, have highlighted additional consequences. 



For instance, the disease impacts crustose coralline algae, vital for reef building, thereby inhibiting the structural integrity and resilience of the reefs themselves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-and-their-changing-habitats">Fish and their changing habitats</h2>



The research team also discovered that the impact of the coral disease on fish populations is nuanced. Some fish species find new advantages in the altered environments, while others suffer due to the loss of their habitats. 



The roughness of the coral, or rugosity, now plays a more significant role in determining the suitability of these habitats for different fish species, regardless of whether the coral is alive.



Kevin Lafferty, a senior scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, highlighted the complexity of SCTLD's impact. "Some infectious diseases reshape entire ecosystems, and SCTLD is a prime example, creating a mix of winners and losers among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exotic-marine-species-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine species</a>," he remarked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-efforts-to-preserve-caribbean-reefs">Collaborative efforts to preserve Caribbean reefs</h2>



The international community, including marine biologists and conservationists, has rallied to address this crisis. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind the disease and develop potential treatments are ongoing. Promising approaches like the application of probiotics to affected corals show potential in mitigating the disease's progression.



Andrew Altieri, an assistant professor and associate director at the Center for Coastal Solutions, emphasized the broader implications of coral loss. "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral reefs</a> are not just biodiversity hotspots; they are crucial for the survival of numerous marine species and for the protection of coastal economies relying on fishing and tourism," he stated.



The collective efforts of researchers and conservationists are crucial in preserving these vital ecosystems. 



As the battle against stony coral tissue loss disease continues, the commitment to understanding and combating this disease remains paramount, not only for the health of the coral reefs but for the countless human and marine lives that depend on them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk6808" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Coral disease is pushing Caribbean reefs toward extinction

The health of Caribbean reefs is under threat from a...

In the world of biological research, understanding the mechanisms that determine sex is fundamental. While genes of humans and other mammals rely on the familiar X and Y chromosomes, nature displays a remarkable diversity of solutions to this essential process. A new study sheds light on the genetic basis of sex determination in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-learn-about-butterflies-day-an-enchanting-world-awaits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> – and reveals potential threats to endangered populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-sex-determination">Butterfly sex determination</h2>



Butterflies, as well as moths, belong to the insect order Lepidoptera. Unlike humans who rely on the X and Y chromosome system for sex determination, Lepidoptera utilize a WZ system. 



In this system, females possess two different sex chromosomes, a W and a Z, while males have two Z chromosomes. However, the story doesn't end there. The way this system translates into male or female development differs significantly between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-butterfly-sex-chromosomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> species.



In some butterfly species, the presence of the W chromosome is the key factor that triggers development into a female. Conversely, other species lack a W chromosome in females altogether. 



This remarkable diversity in sex determination mechanisms within Lepidoptera has puzzled researchers for quite some time. They've been working to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how butterflies develop into males or females across this vast insect group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-squinting-bush-brown-butterfly">Squinting bush brown butterfly</h2>



To delve into the mysteries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterfly-genome-has-barely-changed-after-250-million-years-of-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> sex determination, researchers from the <a href="https://www.avcr.cz/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a> turned their attention to the squinting bush brown butterfly (Bicyclus anynana). This African species has become a favored organism for research for several reasons:



<ul>
<li>Genetic roadmap:&nbsp;Scientists have fully sequenced the squinting bush brown's genome, providing a detailed map for investigation.</li>



<li>Laboratory-friendly:&nbsp;The butterfly thrives in controlled laboratory settings, readily reproducing and offering researchers ample material to study.</li>
</ul>



The research team's investigation yielded a vital discovery. They identified a single gene, which they named Masculinizer, as the primary factor controlling sex determination in B. anynana. The specific variations of this gene, known as alleles, determine whether an individual butterfly develops as a male or a female.



One allele of Masculinizer triggers female development. When a butterfly inherits two different alleles of the gene, male development ensues. However, embryos possessing two identical Masculinizer alleles do not survive. This lethal combination underscores the importance of genetic diversity: in large populations with a rich variety of Masculinizer alleles, encounters between identical versions are rare.



"These species have different sex-determining mechanisms which are not known yet. The mechanism we discovered in Bicyclus anynana is very different from the W chromosome-dependent mechanism discovered earlier in the silkworm Bombyx mori," explained the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-convergent-evolution-with-honeybees">Convergent evolution with honeybees</h2>



The study on the squinting bush brown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-when-butterflies-evolved-and-what-plants-they-used-for-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly</a> revealed a surprising twist. The sex determination system identified in this butterfly closely resembles the mechanism at play in honeybees. This remarkable similarity is a prime example of convergent evolution, which is when unrelated organisms develop strikingly similar traits due to facing similar environmental pressures. 



In this case, both butterflies and honeybees, despite belonging to distinct insect groups, appear to have arrived at the same solution for sex determination through independent evolutionary pathways.



This shared sex determination system suggests the possible existence of fundamental genetic pathways that govern sex differentiation across a wider range of insects. The discovery in B. anynana hints at a deeper evolutionary connection, where these pathways might have originated from a common ancestor and then diverged over time as these insect groups evolved separately.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-sex-and-conservation">Butterfly sex and conservation</h2>



The discovery has significant implications for butterfly conservation. Many butterfly species are strongly in decline. Population declines lead to reduced genetic diversity. 



This, in turn, increases the likelihood of embryos inheriting identical, incompatible Masculinizer alleles. The potential loss of offspring could exacerbate the challenges faced by dwindling butterfly populations.



This study highlights the value of fundamental research into seemingly simple biological questions. Understanding the mechanics of sex determination in an unassuming butterfly species has uncovered hidden risks to vulnerable populations – a testament to the far-reaching impact of seemingly small genetic variations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj6979" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Study reveals the genetic basis of butterfly sex

In the world of biological research, understanding the mechanisms that...

A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.uoguelph.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Guelph</a> in Canada has found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-the-biggest-threat-to-wild-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a> is increasingly posing a significant threat to bumblebee populations worldwide.&nbsp;



According to the experts, the perils that rising temperatures pose to bumblebee nest viability and larvae development should urgently be taken into account in order to protect these insects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decline-in-bumblebee-populations-nbsp">Decline in bumblebee populations&nbsp;</h2>



“The decline in populations and ranges of several species of bumblebees may be explained by issues of overheating of the nests and the brood. The constraints on the survival of the bumblebee brood indicate that heat is likely a major factor, with heating of the nest above about 35 degrees Celsius being lethal, despite the remarkable capacity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-increasingly-stressed-over-the-past-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> to thermoregulate,” explained Peter Kevan, an expert in environmental sciences at Guelph.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimal-temperature-range-for-bumblebee-nests">Optimal temperature range for bumblebee nests</h2>



Bumblebees, diverse in species and widespread across various climates, have consistently shown an optimal nest temperature range between 28 and 32 degrees Celsius. This similarity across species suggests a limited ability to adapt to rising temperatures outside of their thermal neutral zone, where they can maintain body temperature without expending much energy.&nbsp;



“Excessively <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/death-valley-may-reach-the-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high temperatures</a> are more harmful to most animals and plants than cool temperatures. When conditions are cool, organisms that do not metabolically regulate their body temperatures simply slow down, but when temperatures get too high metabolic processes start to break down and cease. Death ensues quickly,” Kevan said.



Through an extensive review spanning 180 years, the researchers have found that bumblebees can survive temperatures up to 36 degrees Celsius and thrive best around 30-32 degrees Celsius, though variations exist depending on species and geographic conditions. However, their innate ability to thermoregulate may not suffice against the escalating challenges posed by global warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collective-health-of-the-bumblebee-colony">Collective health of the bumblebee colony</h2>



The study also emphasizes the concept of the bumblebee colony as a “superorganism,” highlighting that the reproductive success of the colony hinges on the collective health and survival of its members, not just individual bees. High nest temperatures, therefore, jeopardize the entire colony's future by potentially reducing the health and viability of new offspring.



“The effect of high nest temperatures has not been studied very much, which is surprising,” Kevan remarked. “We can surmise that nest temperatures above the mid-30s Celsius would likely be highly detrimental and that above about 35 Celsius death would occur, probably quite quickly.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elevated-nest-temperatures-nbsp">Elevated nest temperatures&nbsp;</h2>



Parallel findings in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-carrying-nectar-avoid-overheating-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees</a> have shown that elevated nest temperatures can weaken bee queens and result in smaller, less robust worker bees. A similar impact on bumblebees could directly contribute to their decline, suggesting an urgent need for further research.



The scientists advocate for deeper exploration into the understudied areas of bumblebee ecology such as nest morphology, material properties, and temperature regulation strategies. Innovative methods like ground-penetrating radar and flow-through respirometry analysis might reveal how different colonies and species manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humidity-increases-urban-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thermal stress</a>, potentially uncovering broader thermal neutral zones in some species that could confer greater resilience.



“We hope that future scientists may take the ideas we present and apply them to their own research on bumblebee health and conservation,” Kevan concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebee-nests-nbsp">Bumblebee nests&nbsp;</h2>



Bumblebee nests are unique and fascinating structures usually found underground or in dense grass. Unlike honeybees, which build extensive hives, bumblebees often repurpose abandoned rodent burrows or thick grass clumps to create their homes. These nests are less populous, typically housing anywhere from 50 to 400 bees, which is considerably smaller than honeybee hives.



The queen bumblebee initiates the nest by laying the first batch of eggs, which she incubates with her body. As these hatch and mature into worker bees, they take over the duties of expanding the nest, foraging for food, and caring for subsequent broods laid by the queen. The interior of a bumblebee nest contains wax pots built by the workers for storing food and rearing young bees.



These nests have a relatively short lifespan. They are usually active for only a few months each year, from spring to late summer. At the end of the season, new queens are produced, which leave to mate and then find a place to hibernate through the winter.&nbsp;



The original nest is abandoned and generally does not get reused the following year. This cycle highlights the bumblebee's vital role in pollination and the ecosystem, despite their nests being less permanent than those of some other bee species.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frbee.2024.1351616" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Bee Science</a>.



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Rising temperatures are overheating bumblebee nests

A recent study led by the University of Guelph in...

The rapid decline of many iconic animal species due to habitat loss presents one of the most critical challenges in modern conservation. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, an organization typically associated with space exploration, has emerged as a valuable partner in the fight to save endangered animals. 



By utilizing cutting-edge satellite technology, NASA provides vital data on endangered wildlife habitats, informing and driving conservation strategies around the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiger-conservation-nasa-maps-suitable-habitat">Tiger conservation: NASA maps suitable habitat</h2>



Tigers, once widespread across Asia, have lost a staggering 93% of their historical range. However, a recent NASA-backed study paints a more optimistic picture. 



Combining Earth observation data with extensive field research, the NASA wildlife <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-could-be-key-to-prevent-animal-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> study revealed significant tracts of "empty forest" that still offer suitable tiger habitat. This finding suggests that if these areas are protected and managed effectively, the potential for tiger range expansion could be substantial.



"There's still a lot more room for tigers in the world than even tiger experts thought," explained Eric Sanderson, a conservationist at the <a href="https://www.nybg.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York Botanical Garden</a> and lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jaguar-conservation-priority-zones-by-nasa">Jaguar conservation: Priority zones by NASA</h2>



In South America, jaguars face a similar crisis of shrinking territories, having lost roughly half of their original range. The Gran Chaco, the second-largest forest in South America, is a particularly crucial habitat for these elusive predators. By analyzing NASA satellite imagery and land-use data, scientists have mapped out priority conservation areas for jaguars within the Gran Chaco. 



Disturbingly, over a third of these core habitats lack sufficient protection, leaving them vulnerable to deforestation and development. This data empowers conservationists to advocate for stronger legal safeguards in the most vital areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elephant-conservation-habitat-preferences-to-mitigate-conflict">Elephant conservation: Habitat preferences to mitigate conflict</h2>



African savanna elephants, now classified as endangered, struggle with the relentless expansion of human settlements into their native range. A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iss-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> study offers insights into elephant habitat preferences, particularly in less protected zones where conflict of with humans is more likely. The researchers found that elephants consistently favor dense forests, especially near waterways. 



Unfortunately, these same areas are often targeted for tourism infrastructure. Armed with this knowledge, conservationists and land managers can work together to identify areas where development poses less risk to elephant populations, striking a balance between economic needs and conservation goals. 



The experts can also strategically prioritize the protection of the dense forest habitats that elephants rely on for survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-a-technological-powerhouse-for-conservation">NASA: A technological powerhouse for conservation</h2>



The use of satellite data in wildlife conservation is a rapidly growing field. NASA's vast satellite network and expertise provide unprecedented opportunities to monitor endangered animals and their habitats in real-time. 



"Satellites observe vast areas of Earth's surface on daily to weekly schedules," said Keith Gaddis, ecological conservation program manager at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> headquarters in Washington. "That helps scientists monitor habitats that would be logistically challenging and time-consuming to survey from the ground - crucial for animals like tigers that roam large territories."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-wildlife-conservation-by-nasa">Future directions for wildlife conservation by NASA</h2>



Habitat loss is a major threat to wildlife around the world. Conservationists have traditionally relied on ground surveys to track animals and assess their environment. But this can be slow, expensive, and logistically challenging, especially for wide-ranging species or vast ecosystems.



This is where NASA is stepping in as a surprising hero for endangered animals. Their sophisticated satellites are providing a game-changing perspective on animal populations and their habitats.



Here's how NASA's technological advancements are revolutionizing wildlife conservation:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-detail-and-scope">Unprecedented detail and scope </h3>



NASA satellites can observe massive areas of land in incredible detail. This allows conservationists to monitor vast ecosystems and track animal movements across huge distances, providing a much more comprehensive picture than traditional ground surveys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-near-real-time-data">Near real-time data</h3>



Gone are the days of waiting weeks or months for data analysis. New satellite technology allows for near real-time data collection and analysis. This means conservationists can respond to threats to animal populations or their habitats much faster and more effectively.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-warning-system">Early warning system</h3>



By tracking changes in vegetation health, deforestation patterns, and human activity, satellites can serve as an early warning system for conservationists. This allows them to identify potential threats before they become serious problems for endangered species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeted-conservation-efforts">Targeted conservation efforts</h3>



The detailed data collected by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-rocks-nasa-dart-asteroid-deflection-mission-may-impact-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> satellites allows conservation experts to pinpoint exactly where endangered animals are located and what areas of their habitat are most critical for their survival. This empowers them to focus their conservation efforts on the areas that will have the biggest impact.



The future of wildlife conservation is becoming increasingly hi-tech. As NASA's satellite capabilities continue to develop, conservationists will have access to even more powerful tools to protect endangered species. This collaboration between space exploration technology and animal conservation holds immense promise for the future of our planet's incredible biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-you-can-get-involved">How you can get involved</h2>



Consider the following ways to get involved:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support">Support</h3>



<ul>
<li>Targeted donations: Instead of simply donating to a general cause, research organizations dedicated to protecting specific endangered species or ecosystems that align with your concerns. Effective organizations like the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) often have focused campaigns and projects for which your contribution can have a direct impact.</li>



<li>Beyond money: Consider volunteering your time or skills. Many conservation organizations need help with administrative work, fundraising, field research, or public outreach, offering a chance to make a tangible difference.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raise-awareness">Raise awareness</h3>



<ul>
<li>The power of your voice: Share articles, research findings, and success stories about endangered species conservation within your social circles. Frame the issue in a way that connects with your friends and family, sparking genuine interest and a sense of urgency.</li>



<li>Fact-based advocacy: Stay informed about threats to endangered species, legislative efforts to protect them, and the work of reputable conservation organizations. Share reliable information, counter misinformation, and encourage your network to make informed decisions as consumers and voters.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-make-informed-choices">Make informed choices</h3>



<ul>
<li>Sustainable consumption: Research the environmental impact of your everyday purchases (food, clothing, household goods). Choose products with minimal packaging, produced with sustainable practices, and certified as fair trade or "wildlife-friendly" whenever possible.</li>



<li>Scrutinize business practices: Support businesses with a proven commitment to reducing pollution, promoting responsible resource use, and reinvesting in conservation efforts. Let companies know that their environmental track record matters to you as a consumer.</li>



<li>Reduce, reuse, recycle: This classic mantra remains vital. Minimize consumption, repair and repurpose what you can, and properly recycle everything else. These small actions collectively protect vital habitats for endangered species.</li>
</ul>



By working together, we can help ensure a future where these magnificent creatures continue to thrive.



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NASA is tracking endangered animal habitats from space

The rapid decline of many iconic animal species due to...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagulls-birds-more-intelligent-than-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagull</a> species with larger brains are more likely to choose cliffs for nesting and may also be better adapted to urban environments, such as the rooftops of buildings, according to a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>.



Exploring the link between brain size, wing shape, nesting habits, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-lizards-show-physical-and-genetic-adaptations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban adaptation</a>, the experts discovered that over half of cliff-nesting gull species are nesting in urban settings, a significant contrast to the 11% of non-cliff-nesting species doing the same. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagulls-nesting-in-challenging-environments">Seagulls nesting in challenging environments</h2>



The research highlights a correlation between larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagulls-birds-more-intelligent-than-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain sizes</a> and the ability to adapt to more challenging nesting environments.



“Many people will be familiar with gulls nesting and foraging in urban areas,” said lead author Madeleine Goumas, a former postdoctoral research associate at Exeter's Center for Ecology and Conservation. “It's not something you might expect from a seabird, so we wanted to try to understand why they do it."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagulls-nesting-in-urban-settings-nbsp">Seagulls nesting in urban settings&nbsp;</h2>



The research involved a comprehensive review of existing studies, analyzing urban breeding and foraging behaviors among different seagull species.&nbsp;



The findings revealed that 13 of the 50 gull species have adapted to urban environments for breeding, with the same number identified as urban foragers; nine species engage in both behaviors.



The data showed that 53% of cliff-nesting gull species were found to nest in urban areas, compared to only 11% of non-cliff-nesters.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagulls-with-larger-brains">Seagulls with larger brains</h2>



“We found that gull species with larger brains are more likely to be cliff-nesters, and cliff-nesting species are more likely to breed in urban areas,” said senior author Neeltje Boogert, a senior lecturer in biosciences at Exeter.



“It's also not a fixed behavior in most gulls. While non-cliff-nesting species nest exclusively on the ground, most cliff-nesting species nest either on cliffs or the ground.”



“This suggests that bigger brains enable these gull species to be flexible with regard to where they choose to nest, and this allows them to use unconventional sites, like buildings, for raising their young.”



Regarding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-foraging-behavior-changing-climate-warming-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foraging behavior</a>, the study concluded that neither brain size nor wing shape, which influences maneuverability, were definitive factors in predicting urban foraging activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation">Implications for conservation</h2>



The scientists also examined the conservation status of these seagulls, discovering that those with stable or growing populations were more likely to utilize urban habitats compared to those in decline. Among the ten gull species listed as Threatened or Near Threatened, only the black-legged kittiwake was observed using urban settings.



“Whether or not species use urban areas has important implications for conservation,” Boogert explained. “If we can understand the factors that allow animals to use urban areas, we can better understand how to help those that aren't faring so well.”



“Urbanization is a major problem for a lot of animals. It looks like some gull species have managed to overcome some of the challenges that prevent other animals from using urban areas, but we need more long-term studies as well as comparative studies on other taxa to fully understand the impacts of urban living,” Goumas added.



This research is part of a broader investigation into gull behavior, which includes studies on how gulls prefer food handled by humans and how maintaining eye contact can deter them from stealing food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-seagull-nesting-behaviors-nbsp">More about seagull nesting behaviors&nbsp;</h2>



Seagulls are fascinating creatures, particularly when it comes to their nesting behaviors, which exhibit some unique strategies adapted to their environments.&nbsp;



Generally, seagulls are colonial nesters, meaning they prefer to nest in large groups, which offers protection against predators. The location of these colonies can vary widely, including isolated, flat roofs of buildings, sandy beaches, or rocky cliffs near the sea.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nesting-strategies">Nesting strategies</h3>



A typical nesting site is chosen for its safety from ground predators and its proximity to food sources. Seagulls are quite adaptable and may adjust their nesting strategies based on their environment. For instance, urban gulls might nest on man-made structures, while those in more natural settings will choose spots that offer natural protection.



When building their nests, seagulls use a variety of materials, including sticks, seaweed, and feathers, constructing them to cradle their eggs securely. A seagull's nest is relatively simple, not much more than a scrape on the ground or a slight mound to keep the eggs in place.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mating-pairs-nbsp">Mating pairs&nbsp;</h3>



Seagulls are also particularly defensive of their nesting sites. Both the male and female participate in nest building and the care of the young. The mating pair typically forms a bond that can last many years and is reinforced each season through ritual behaviors and mutual care.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding-season">Breeding season</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-snowstorms-impact-breeding-success-of-petrels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a> season is a noisy time in a gull colony, filled with calls and aggressive interactions between neighbors and intruders. Eggs are generally laid from late March through May, with the specifics depending on the location and species. The incubation period for seagull eggs lasts about three to five weeks, and both parents share the duty of warming the eggs.



Once hatched, the chicks are semi-precocial, meaning they are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth, yet remain dependent on their parents for food and protection. The young are usually ready to fly and leave the nest within six weeks after hatching, though parental care may continue until they are fully capable of independent survival.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1256911" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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Big-brained seagulls choose more challenging nesting sites

Seagull species with larger brains are more likely to choose...

Have you ever thought about FaceTiming your feathered friend? It turns out <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parrots-blush-communicate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parrots</a>, those amazing mimics with vibrant personalities, love a good video call. Just like us, they prefer the thrill of a live conversation over watching recordings.



A recent study by the <a href="https://www.gla.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Glasgow</a> has shown that these intelligent birds might be able to tell the difference between live interactions and pre-recorded ones on digital devices. 



This fascinating finding has the potential to completely change the way we use technology to enrich the lives of our feathered companions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrots-are-social-animals">Parrots are social animals</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-grey-parrots-practice-self-control-and-patience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parrots</a> are naturally highly social creatures. In their natural habitat, they thrive within large, dynamic flocks. This environment provides constant interaction, companionship, and a sense of belonging. Sadly, many pet parrots are kept in solitary conditions, lacking this crucial social stimulation.



When pet parrots are kept in isolation, they are deprived of the opportunity to fulfill these crucial social needs. This deprivation can lead to a range of serious consequences, including:



<ul>
<li>Behavioral problems:&nbsp;Loneliness and boredom can manifest as screaming, feather-plucking, self-mutilation, aggression, and destructive behaviors.</li>



<li>Mental health decline:&nbsp;Isolation can lead to anxiety, depression, and a general decline in cognitive function.</li>



<li>Weakened immune system:&nbsp;Studies have linked stress and loneliness to compromised immune function, making isolated parrots more susceptible to illness.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrots-on-video-calls-vs-pre-recorded-videos">Parrots on video calls vs. pre-recorded videos</h2>



Researchers equipped nine parrots and their owners with tablet devices, giving the birds the chance to choose between a live video chat with another feathered friend or a pre-recorded video. And the results were incredibly surprising.



The parrots jumped at the chance to initiate live video chats with their buddies, demonstrating much more interest and engagement. The study's findings clearly indicate several key behaviors:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-engagement-on-video-calls">Increased engagement on video calls </h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-insights-will-help-protect-the-kakapo-parrot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parrots</a> spent a significantly longer duration on live calls compared to the time they spent engaging with pre-recorded videos. This suggests a greater level of interest and active participation in live interactions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-video-call-initiation-by-parrots">Video call initiation by parrots</h3>



Parrots initiated far more live video calls than requests to watch pre-recorded sessions. This proactive behavior demonstrates the birds' desire to connect and engage in real-time interaction with another parrot.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mirroring-behaviors">Mirroring behaviors</h3>



Caregivers observed that during live calls, parrots would often mirror each other's actions and vocalizations. This natural social behavior is a strong indicator of their engagement with a live counterpart rather than a passive recording.



"Our previous research had shown that parrots seem to benefit from the opportunity to video-call each other, which could help reduce the mental and physical toll that living in domestic situations can take on them," explains Dr. Ilyena Hirskyj-Douglas, the lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-do-parrots-understand-live">Do parrots understand "live"?</h2>



While more research is needed, it seems our feathered friends are smarter than we might think. "The appearance of 'liveness' really did seem to make a difference to the parrots' engagement with their screens," Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas notes.



This discovery could open a whole new world of possibilities for keeping pet parrots entertained, happy, and better connected to their own kind. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-internet">Animal internet</h2>



The concept of an "animal internet" – a world where technology bridges communication gaps between humans and animals, and even between animals themselves – is no longer confined to science fiction. 



This field is rapidly evolving, with researchers exploring how digital tools can enhance animal welfare, conservation efforts, and our understanding of the animal world.



This innovative study on parrot video calls highlights the importance of tailoring technology to the specific needs and behaviors of different species. Here's why this approach is crucial:



<ul>
<li>Improving animal lives: Technology designed with a deep understanding of animal behavior can significantly enrich the lives of animals in captivity. It can provide outlets for natural social instincts, alleviate boredom, and promote mental and physical well-being.</li>



<li>Aiding conservation efforts: The "animal internet" has the potential to revolutionize conservation. Devices like GPS trackers, remote cameras, and bio-sensors already provide invaluable data for monitoring wildlife populations and protecting endangered species. The potential for real-time communication with and between animals could further transform how we understand and protect our planet's biodiversity.</li>



<li>Promoting inter-species connection: As technology enables deeper interaction and understanding between humans and animals, it could foster greater empathy and respect for the animal kingdom. This could lead to improved animal care practices and a stronger commitment to conservation.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parrots-fighting-loneliness-one-video-call-at-a-time">Parrots fighting loneliness, one video call at a time</h2>



Parrots are prone to loneliness, which leads to damaging behaviors like feather-plucking and excessive pacing. Imagine a future where pet parrots from across the globe can schedule virtual playdates to combat the downsides of solitary living.



"In this study, we wanted to see if we could identify differences in behavior when parrots were given agency over what they could see on their devices. ... And if so, what could that tell us about designing future systems to fit their needs?" asks Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas.



The parrot owners involved in the study were excited about the positive changes they saw in their pets. Many reported that the video calls helped them feel more connected to their feathered friends.



"Some caregivers believed that their parrots were capable of differentiating between the sessions. One told us that their bird enjoyed vocalizing with another live bird but quickly lost interest when there was no response to their calls during pre-recorded videos," shared Dr. Hirskyj-Douglas.



This compelling study provides a glimpse into the complex minds of parrots and hints at the untapped potential of technology in improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/which-birds-make-the-best-pet-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal</a> lives. 



A virtual parrot get-together could be just what your lonely feathered friend needs. Further research will confirm the benefits. Could specially designed "parrot social networks" be in our future? Only time will tell.



Read the entire study <a href="https://ilyena.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/hirskyjdouglas_parrotvideocalls.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



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Parrots prefer talking live on video calls more than watching videos

Have you ever thought about FaceTiming your feathered friend? It...

The Ediacaran Period, spanning from about 635 to 541 million years ago, marked a transformative era in the history of life on Earth. It was during this pivotal time that complex, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organisms</a> emerged, setting the stage for the explosion of life that would follow.



According to a captivating study led by <a href="https://www.sas.rochester.edu/ees/people/faculty/tarduno_john/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Tarduno</a>, the William Kenan, Jr. Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the <a href="http://www.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester</a>, Earth's magnetic field was in a highly unusual state when the macroscopic animals of the Ediacaran Period diversified and thrived. 



The research raises the question of whether these fluctuations in Earth's ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a> led to shifts in oxygen levels that may have been crucial to the proliferation of life forms millions of years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-fauna-were-earth-s-first-complex-lifeforms">Ediacaran fauna were Earth's first complex lifeforms</h2>



One of the most remarkable life forms during the Ediacaran Period was the Ediacaran fauna. As Tarduno explains, "They were notable for their resemblance to early animals -- some even reached more than a meter (three feet) in size and were mobile, indicating they probably needed more oxygen compared to earlier life forms."



The close timing between the appearance of the Ediacaran fauna and the ultra-low geomagnetic field motivated the researchers to revisit environmental factors, particularly atmospheric and ocean oxygenation, as potential drivers for the emergence of these complex life forms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-protective-magnetic-field">Earth's protective magnetic field</h2>



About 1,800 miles below us, liquid iron churns in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-outer-core-is-its-largest-carbon-reservoir/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's outer core</a>, creating the planet's protective magnetic field. This invisible shield is essential for life on Earth, as it protects the planet from harmful radiation from the sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Deflecting solar wind and cosmic rays</h3>



The magnetic field's primary role is to deflect the high-energy charged particles that make up solar wind. Without this protection, these particles would strip away the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's atmosphere</a>, exposing life on the surface to the full force of the sun's radiation. 



The magnetosphere also shields the planet from cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles originating from outside our solar system that can cause genetic mutations and damage to living organisms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preserving Earth's atmosphere and water</h3>



By deflecting harmful solar radiation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-surges-of-cosmic-radiation-from-space-directly-linked-to-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic rays</a>, Earth's magnetic field helps to preserve the planet's atmosphere and water. 



The atmosphere, in turn, shields life on Earth from the sun's ultraviolet radiation and helps to maintain a stable climate. 



The magnetic field also prevents the atmosphere from being stripped away by solar wind, which would lead to a gradual loss of water vapor and other essential gases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Protecting Earth's ozone layer</h3>



The magnetic field also plays a crucial role in protecting Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ozone-hole-exposes-wildlife-to-harmful-uv-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone layer</a>, which filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. 



Without the magnetic field, the ozone layer would be depleted by the constant bombardment of charged particles, exposing life on Earth to dangerous levels of UV radiation that can cause skin cancer and other health problems.



Earth's magnetic field is a vital component of the complex system that sustains life on our planet. However, Earth's magnetic field wasn't always as strong as it is today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-magnetic-field-strength-and-animal-life">Link between magnetic field strength and animal life</h2>



Researchers have proposed that an unusually low magnetic field might have contributed to the rise of animal life. However, examining this link has been challenging due to limited data about the strength of the magnetic field during the Ediacaran Period.



Tarduno and his team employed innovative strategies and techniques to study the strength of the magnetic field by examining magnetism locked in ancient feldspar and pyroxene crystals from the rock anorthosite. By dating the rocks, researchers can construct a timeline of the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-much-older-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's magnetic field</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-tools-reveal-earth-s-weakest-magnetic-moment">High-tech tools reveal Earth's weakest magnetic moment</h2>



Using cutting-edge tools, including a CO2 laser and the lab's superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, the team analyzed the crystals and the magnetism locked within with precision. 



Their data indicates that Earth's magnetic field at times during the Ediacaran Period was the weakest field known to date -- up to 30 times weaker than the magnetic field today -- and that the ultra-low field strength lasted for at least 26 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-oxygen-boom-may-have-triggered-life-expansion">Ediacaran oxygen boom may have triggered life expansion</h2>



A weak magnetic field makes it easier for charged particles from the sun to strip away lightweight atoms such as hydrogen from the atmosphere, causing them to escape into space. 



If hydrogen loss is significant, more oxygen may remain in the atmosphere instead of reacting with hydrogen to form water vapor. These reactions can lead to a buildup of oxygen over time.



Tarduno and his team's research suggests that during the Ediacaran Period, the ultraweak magnetic field caused a loss of hydrogen over at least tens of millions of years. This loss may have led to increased oxygenation of the atmosphere and surface ocean, enabling more advanced life forms to emerge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cambrian-explosion-saw-earth-s-magnetic-field-recover">Cambrian explosion saw Earth's magnetic field recover</h2>



Tarduno and his research team previously discovered that the geomagnetic field recovered in strength during the subsequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-the-first-animals-appear-on-earth-we-are-now-one-step-closer-to-knowing-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian Period</a>, when most animal groups begin to appear in the fossil record. The reestablishment of the protective magnetic field allowed life to thrive.



As Tarduno notes, "If the extraordinarily weak field had remained after the Ediacaran, Earth might look very different from the water-rich planet it is today: water loss might have gradually dried Earth."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ediacaran-magnetic-fields-and-life-beyond-earth">Ediacaran magnetic fields and life beyond Earth</h2>



The work suggests that understanding planetary interiors is crucial in contemplating the potential of life beyond Earth. 



"It's fascinating to think that processes in Earth's core could be linked ultimately to evolution," Tarduno says. "As we think about the possibility of life elsewhere, we also need to consider how the interiors of planets form and develop."



In summary, the study by John Tarduno and his team uncovers a fascinating link between Earth's magnetic field and the rise of complex life during the enigmatic Ediacaran Period. 



Their research deepens our understanding of the intricate interplay between our planet's core processes and the evolution of life while raising intriguing questions about the potential for life on other planets. 



As we continue to explore the mysteries of our own planet's history and search for signs of life beyond Earth, studies like this remind us of the complex and interconnected nature of the universe, urging us to consider the crucial role that planetary interiors play in the development and sustenance of life.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01360-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Animals exist today because Earth had an issue 500 million years ago

The Ediacaran Period, spanning from about 635 to 541 million...

As dusk falls at the end of a hot day, the air is typically filled with the melodious chirping of crickets - a sound as familiar as it is enchanting. Yet, this natural concert is increasingly being drowned out by the pervasive noise produced by human activity. 



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.du.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Denver</a> have begun to unravel the extent to which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-is-increasingly-disrupting-whale-migration/">noise pollution</a> impacts the survival and reproduction of crickets. 



The research team has dedicated three years to studying the effects of human-generated noise on field crickets, which make up a significant part of the terrestrial ecosystem. Despite invertebrates constituting over 95% of all animal species, they are seldom the focus of ecological noise research. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-pollution-is-a-growing-threat">Noise pollution is a growing threat</h2>



"Noise pollution is a ubiquitous anthropogenic stressor that accompanies expanding urbanization. We tested whether the amplitude of traffic noise influences a suite of fitness-related traits (e.g. survival, life history, reproductive investment, immunity) and whether that depends on the life stage at which the noise is experienced (juvenile or adult)," wrote the researchers.



"Our treatments mimic the conditions experienced by animals living in urban roadside environments with variable vehicle types, but continuous movement of traffic. We used the Pacific field cricket, an acoustically communicating insect that was previously shown to experience some negative behavioral and life history responses to very loud, variable traffic noise, as a model system."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crickets-exposed-to-noise">Crickets exposed to noise</h2>



The team exposed the crickets to four levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mating-crickets-lower-their-standards-when-exposed-to-traffic-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traffic noise</a> that they might encounter in their natural habitats: complete silence, 50 decibels, 60 decibels, and 70 decibels. To put this into perspective, 55 decibels is akin to the sound of constant rainfall, while 70 decibels can be compared to a busy street or the hum of a vacuum cleaner. 



The results were telling: crickets subjected to 70 decibels of noise had a 35% lower survival rate into adulthood compared to those raised in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cricket-song-silent-without-action-iucn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silence</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-subtle-language-of-crickets">The subtle language of crickets</h2>



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-health-ai-can-identify-insects-based-on-their-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insects</a> that communicate through sounds, like field crickets, are particularly vulnerable to noise pollution. These crickets use their airborne songs to communicate and are commonly found near urban areas, where noise is ever-present," explained Professor Robin Tinghitella, the study's principal investigator.



This backdrop of constant human noise, according to the study, acts as a stressor, significantly impacting their ability to survive and reproduce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cricket-responses-to-noise">Cricket responses to noise</h2>



While the study found a definite impact on survival and reproductive rates, it's interesting to note that 13 other measured traits in crickets remained unchanged despite the noise. This indicates a possible adaptation to the chronic presence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human noise</a>.



“We found that juvenile traffic noise treatment impacted the percent of crickets that survived to eclosion, and the interaction between a female’s traffic noise experience during juvenile and adult life stages affected her reproductive success,” noted the researchers.



“However, the consistent traffic noise treatments (50dBA, 60dBA, 70dB) did not impact the other 13 fitness-related traits we investigated, irrespective of noise level and whether traffic noise was experienced by crickets during development only, at adulthood only, or during both life stages.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-study-insights">Valuable study insights </h2>



Mark Mitchell, a professor of Zoological Medicine at Louisiana State University, praised the study for its comprehensive approach and its importance in understanding how traffic noise affects the physiological traits of invertebrates. 



"This research provides valuable insights into the effects of anthropogenic activities on invertebrates, offering a foundation for future ecological planning and conservation efforts," said Professor Michell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-quieter-coexistence-is-needed">A quieter coexistence is needed</h2>



This pioneering research underscores a critical need for awareness and action concerning the ecological impacts of human noise. As we continue to encroach upon natural habitats, understanding and mitigating our auditory footprint on wildlife becomes not just beneficial but essential for sustaining biodiversity. 



"Our result that juvenile survival under noisy conditions is reduced is especially relevant for conservation and management decisions, and future work should clarify consequences in natural settings with varying noise characteristics and the generalizability across insects," wrote the study authors.



The survival of crickets may seem like a minor concern in the grand scheme of environmental issues, but it is a poignant reminder of the pervasive impact of human activities on the planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-023-02190-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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Many juvenile crickets cannot survive the strain of human noise

As dusk falls at the end of a hot day,...

Did you know there's a whole playful side to chickens? If you've ever seen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chicks-can-identify-an-object-just-by-touching-it-even-in-the-dark/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chicks</a> frolicking around, you might have also noticed that the males seem to play more than the girls. Turns out, there's a fascinating reason why.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practice-for-adulthood">Practice for adulthood</h2>



A recent study shows us that our feathered friends aren't just playing around for fun (although it does look like it). It seems that their playtime could be vital practice for their adult lives. This is especially interesting in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chickens-faces-change-color-depending-on-their-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chickens</a>, where the males and females act very differently.



The researchers involved in this study obtained a clutch of white leghorn chicken eggs and incubated them until they hatched. After the chicks emerged, they were placed in specially designed enclosures referred to as "playpens" within the study. These playpens were created to provide a safe and controlled environment for the chicks to explore and engage in behaviors.



To monitor the chicks' playtime activities, the researchers conducted observations over a period of several weeks. The observations began when the chicks were just six days old and continued until they reached 53 days old. This timeframe allowed the scientists to capture playtime behaviors across various stages of chick development.



During these observation sessions, which lasted 30 minutes each, the researchers meticulously recorded the chicks' playful interactions at 15-second intervals. This detailed observation method ensured that even brief bursts of play were documented. The observation sessions were repeated on 15 separate days throughout the study period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-chick-play-look-like">What does chick play look like?</h2>



You might think chickens just peck around all day, but their playtime is way more diverse. The scientists observe different playful behaviors:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-locomotor-play">Locomotor play</h3>



This type of play focuses on movement. Chicks might engage in short bursts of running, flapping their wings excitedly, or displaying other energetic, seemingly random movements. These actions demonstrate basic motor skills while potentially burning off excess energy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-object-play">Object play</h3>



Object play involves interacting with the chick's environment. This could mean chasing a small object, pecking curiously at something they find, or even passing objects between other chicks. 



One specific example the researchers observed was "worm-running," where chicks picked up a rubber worm and ran with it. Interestingly, adult roosters sometimes display similar behavior with food items as part of courtship with hens.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-play">Social play</h3>



This category covers playful interaction with other chicks. Social play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chicken-weight-keep-demand/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chicks</a> might involve gentle wrestling, mock fighting without intent to harm, or engaging in competitive jumping displays. These interactions could be crucial for developing social skills and understanding their place within the flock's hierarchy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-difference-in-male-chicks-playing">Why the difference in male chicks playing?</h2>



"Here we show for the first time that there are clear sex differences in the age-related development of play in chickens,” said study first author Rebecca Oscarsson, a PhD student at <a href="https://liu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Linköping University</a> in Sweden. “This difference is mainly because males engage more in social and object play.”



In the world of adult chickens, roosters and hens exhibit very distinct physical characteristics and behaviors. Roosters are typically larger than hens, showcasing more vibrant and colorful plumage. Their behavior also tends to be more assertive and dominant compared to the hens. They are responsible for protecting their territory, alerting the flock to danger, and locating food to share with the hens.



The researchers propose that the stark differences observed in adult chickens may explain why male chicks engage in more frequent play, especially social and object play.



By practicing rough-and-tumble play behaviors, they might be developing the essential skills needed for their future role as roosters. This includes building strength, practicing dominance displays, and potentially learning strategies for territory defense and resource competition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bigger-play-picture-beyond-chicks">The bigger play picture beyond chicks</h2>



“We still don’t know the adaptive function of play for any species," noted Dr. Per Jensen from Linköping University. While play is a common behavior across many animal species, scientists are still seeking definitive answers as to why play evolved in the first place. 



Evolutionary forces typically favor traits and behaviors that directly contribute to survival and reproduction. It remains unclear how seemingly "fun" activities like play provide a direct advantage in this regard.



This study offers an intriguing perspective on the purpose of play. The results suggest that playtime could serve as a valuable training ground for animals, providing them with an opportunity to practice and refine essential skills they will need later in life. 



By engaging in playful activities, animals might gain proficiency in crucial behaviors tailored to their specific survival needs. This concept might hold true even for seemingly domesticated species like chickens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



“Many questions remain unanswered with respect to the adaptive functions of play, for example, its effects on later cognitive abilities. We now plan to look into the neurobiological and genetic mechanisms of play. For example, it’s possible that the early development of the cerebellum is linked to play behavior,” said Jensen.



There's still a lot to explore about playtime in the animal kingdom, but this study gives us a delightful glimpse into the secret world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-chicken/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chicks</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fetho.2024.1392378/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ethology</a>.



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Chicks prepare for challenges in adulthood with 'play time'

Did you know there's a whole playful side to chickens?...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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