If you’re a male gray frog trying to find a mate, you’d better have a fast and steady call. That’s what female treefrogs usually go for. But when the crowd gets loud and chaotic, things change. The males that don’t sound all that great? They suddenly have a shot.



In quiet situations where females only hear two males at once, their preferences are clear. They go for the one with the sharper, more rhythmic call. 



But when four or even eight males are calling at once, things get messy. Female choices become unpredictable. This isn’t just a frog issue - it ties into a broader idea that scientists call “choice overload.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frogs-face-chaos-in-the-chorus">Frogs face chaos in the chorus</h2>



In nature, frogs gather in large, noisy groups called choruses. Picture a shallow pond in spring, with dozens of males calling out at the same time. It’s the frog equivalent of a dating scene in a packed nightclub.



The researchers found that the crowded conditions of these choruses might be too overwhelming for females to reliably pick the best mate. It’s not that they stop caring - it’s that they can’t tell who’s who.



Professor Jessie Tanner of the <a href="https://www.utk.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tennessee, Knoxville</a>, led a team studying how choice overload affects evolution.



“Because female mate choice can drive evolution, our results suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/">evolution</a> might happen more slowly than we thought before,” she said. 



“Some males that are fairly unattractive could still mate, especially if they take advantage of crowded spaces where females might be less able to discriminate between attractive and unattractive males.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-choices-are-too-hard">What happens when choices are too hard?</h2>



The idea of choice overload is pretty common in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/science-behind-predicting-and-changing-human-behavior/">human behavior</a>. You walk into a store to buy toothpaste and face 50 brands. You either freeze, grab something random, or walk away. Same goes for dating apps with endless swiping.



“We wanted to understand how having to make mating decisions in crowded environments, where choice overload could be a problem, might drive the evolution of calls,” Tanner explained. 



“Since males that are chosen by females pass on their genes to the next generation, this mate choice can cause the population to change over time.”



When animals, like people, face too many options, their decision-making can break down. That opens up a chance for less attractive mates to get picked - not because they became more appealing, but because the chooser got overwhelmed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choice-overload-in-other-animals">Choice overload in other animals</h2>



This isn’t just about frogs. Scientists are now looking at how this effect shows up in other animals. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-increasingly-stressed-over-the-past-century/">Bumblebees</a>, for instance, are on the list. So are wood roaches.



“Our lab is working to understand how choice overload and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/frogs-have-lungs-that-cancel-out-background-noise/">noise</a> may each contribute to the difficulty female treefrogs face in making mating decisions,” Tanner said. 



“We are also working to understand whether this choice overload is something that occurs generally in many different kinds of animals or is more specific to individual species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simultaneous-cricket-songs">Simultaneous cricket songs </h2>



Tanner, who has a background in both psychology and biology, first got into animal behavior while studying mate choice as an undergrad. She later became interested in sound - especially how it plays into animal communication.



That led to earlier work on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-male-crickets-go-silent-how-females-adapt-and-respond/">crickets</a>. Like treefrogs, male crickets use sound to attract mates. A study on cricket mating showed that noisy environments might either block females from hearing calls or make them too confused to pick. It was hard to tell which was causing the problem.



“During that study, it became clear that our work was consistent with both the possibility that many simultaneous cricket songs created noise that made it hard for females to hear, and the possibility that the females were experiencing choice overload,” Tanner said. “Our current work looks to disentangle those ideas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-average-becomes-good-enough">When average becomes good enough</h2>



The research adds a new layer to how scientists think about evolution. Normally, stronger signals - like a faster frog call - are expected to win out and spread through the population over time. 



But if crowded conditions keep females from consistently picking the top performers, evolution slows down. Mediocre traits stick around longer.



That changes the math for survival. In nature, being the best isn’t always enough - and sometimes, being just okay is good enough, especially if the crowd’s loud and the choices are many.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2025.0585" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Frogs settle for average mates when dating gets too noisy

If you’re a male gray frog trying to find a mate, you’d better have a fast and steady call. That’s what female treefrogs usually go for. But when the crowd gets loud and chaotic, things change. The males that don’t sound all that great? They suddenly have a shot. In quiet situations where females only hear two males at once, their preferences are clear. They go for the one with the sharper, more rhythmic call. But when four or even eight males are calling at once, things...

Flock,Of,Scarlet,And,White,Ibises,In,Flight,Above,Green

Alarming new research has uncovered the profound effects of climate change on migratory birds. The study, led by Yali Si from the CML at <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leiden University</a>, focused on 16 migratory bird species in Asia. 



The team discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-climate-change-happening-too-fast-for-birds-to-keep-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>-induced shifts in the timing of natural events significantly disrupt these species' intricate migration networks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-bird-migration">Climate change and bird migration</h2>



Si articulates the core issue, saying, "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/body-sizes-and-shapes-of-birds-are-shrinking-as-the-earth-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> alters the timing of natural events like the onset of spring, leading to mismatches between the availability of food and the birds' arrival in various regions." 



This phenomenon is particularly critical for migratory birds, which rely on a precise alignment of their arrival with the availability of food resources. 



Si emphasizes, "For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-have-new-strategy-to-cope-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>, food must be available at precisely the right time and place. If there's a mismatch, the consequences can be dire."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



The study uniquely approached this problem by analyzing the migration network integrity of these birds. 



Si explains, "These birds typically have a wintering area, several stopover areas for rest and feeding, and a breeding area. All these regions form an interconnected network, and our goal was to assess how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-populations-in-the-uk-are-being-decimated-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> affects this migration network's functionality."



To achieve this, Si and her team compared the networks' functioning over the past 21 years, a period marked by climate change, against a hypothetical 21-year period without climate change. 



This comparison allowed them to isolate the specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-coloration-is-fading-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impacts of climate change</a> on each species' migration network.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-confront-a-new-climate-reality">Migratory birds confront a new climate reality</h2>



Their findings are stark: all 16 species studied have been impacted by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/as-urban-heat-continues-to-rise-birds-are-moving-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, with birds wintering closer to the mid-temperate zone facing more significant challenges. 



"These regions show more pronounced differences due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-changes-in-birds-linked-to-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, causing increased difficulties for birds that rely on these areas for wintering," Si adds.



This research stands out from previous studies by considering the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/how-does-the-climate-affect-the-behavior-of-migratory-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration journey</a> rather than isolated aspects. 



Si points out, "Previous research often focused on single areas or specific phases like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-are-laying-their-eggs-earlier-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a>. By examining each aspect in isolation, you end up with an incomplete picture, underestimating the overall effect on these birds."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-conservation-efforts">Implications and conservation efforts</h2>



The study's innovative approach was made possible by the availability of long-term remote sensing data on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-reproduction-suffers-greatly-during-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, enabling the analysis of trends and meaningful observations. 



The methods and findings of Si and her colleagues hold significant promise for enhancing the assessment of migratory species' vulnerability to climate change. 



Si concludes, "By integrating our results into existing frameworks, we can tailor them specifically for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-the-first-time-climate-change-adaptation-is-discovered-at-the-genetic-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>, leading to a deeper understanding of the consequences and identifying actions for biodiversity conservation."



This important research provides a comprehensive view of the challenges faced by migratory birds in the face of climate change, while setting a new standard for future studies in the field. 



By considering the entire migration network, Si's work offers invaluable insights for the conservation of biodiversity and the protection of these vital species. 



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17148" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Migratory birds are struggling to adapt to climate change

Alarming new research has uncovered the profound effects of climate...

Tequila, a drink synonymous with celebrations, is facing a sustainability crisis. Beyond the lime wedges and salt lies a complex ecological story involving the blue agave plant and bats, which are both under threat due to current agricultural practices.&nbsp;



A recent study conducted by the <a href="https://www.gu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Gothenburg</a>, in collaboration with Mexican and American colleagues, sheds light on the challenges and possible solutions to this pressing issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-agave-and-bats-in-peril">Blue agave and bats in peril</h2>



The core of the issue lies in the intensive cultivation of blue agave, the primary ingredient in tequila. Blue agave is losing its genetic diversity due to a widespread asexual reproduction technique adopted by farmers.&nbsp;



This technique, while effective for tequila production, prevents the plant from flowering, thereby reducing its genetic diversity and making it more susceptible to pests and climate change. Furthermore, this practice eliminates a crucial food source for bats, which rely on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sipping-on-nectar-hummingbirds-consume-a-surprising-amount-of-alcohol/">nectar</a> from agave flowers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-erosion-nbsp">Genetic erosion&nbsp;</h2>



"Genetic diversity in agricultural crops can act as a 'natural insurance' against, for example, pest infestations or changes in climate; it can also lead to agricultural improvements," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Nonetheless, a focus on short-run productivity, a demand for product homogeneity, and other market considerations, have led to the genetic erosion of many crops, resulting in an increased risk of exposure to pathogens and fewer opportunities for crops to continuously adapt in response to changing climatic conditions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-friendly-program">Bat-friendly program</h2>



One beacon of hope is the "bat-friendly program," which encourages tequila producers to allow some blue agave plants to undergo sexual reproduction and flower. This initiative not only helps to maintain the genetic diversity of the agave but also supports the bats that feed on the agave nectar.&nbsp;



Producers participating in this program can label their bottles with a special hologram, potentially commanding a higher price due to the environmental benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-insights">Challenges and insights</h2>



Despite the merits of the bat-friendly program, its impact is limited as many agave farmers solely grow the crop for sale to distilleries, not producing tequila themselves. Recognizing this gap, the research team conducted a survey to understand what would motivate farmers to adopt more sustainable practices.&nbsp;



The findings revealed that farmers would consider allowing a portion of their agave plants to flower if there were sufficient financial incentives, such as subsidies relative to the investment costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sustainable-path-forward">A sustainable path forward</h2>



The study highlights the need for collaboration among various stakeholders, including the tequila industry, consumers, policymakers, and conservation groups.&nbsp;



By combining educational resources with financial incentives, there is a tangible opportunity to make sustainable practices more appealing to farmers. The goal is to strike a balance that benefits the environment, particularly the bats, while ensuring the long-term viability of the blue agave crop.



"Our research shows that, if adequately compensated, blue agave farmers are willing to participate in a program that aims to increase the genetic diversity of blue agave, while benefiting bat populations at the same time," concluded the study authors. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about blue agave</h2>



Blue agave, scientifically known as Agave tequilana, is a succulent plant native to Jalisco, Mexico, and famous for being the primary ingredient in tequila. Characterized by its spiky leaves and a rosette shape, the blue agave thrives in sandy and rocky soils in hot and arid climates. It's a slow-growing plant, usually taking between 8 to 12 years to mature.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Tequila production&nbsp;</h3>



The core of the plant, known as the "piña," is the crucial part used in tequila production. When the agave matures, its leaves are trimmed away, leaving the piña, which resembles a large pineapple. These piñas are then cooked to convert their starches into sugars, which are essential for fermentation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Agave syrup&nbsp;</h3>



Blue agave is not only vital for tequila but also for producing agave syrup, a popular natural sweetener. Unlike other agave species, blue agave is high in fructans, which are believed to offer various health benefits, including a lower glycemic index compared to common sweeteners.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



In Mexican culture, agave has historical significance, being used by indigenous peoples for various purposes, including medicinal and for making fibers. Today, the blue agave landscape of Jalisco is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, highlighting its cultural importance.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad19f4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Communications</a>.



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Blue agave and bats face a sustainability crisis in Mexico 

Tequila, a drink synonymous with celebrations, is facing a sustainability...

In a study that challenges our understanding of dinosaur evolution, researchers have uncovered a remarkable use of feathers in small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-self-regulated-their-body-temperature/">dinosaurs</a>.&nbsp;



The study suggests that these ancient creatures, known for their omnivorous and insectivorous diets, may have used their feathered wings to startle and hunt prey. 



This discovery sheds new light on the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-flapping-wings-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathered wings</a> in dinosaurs, long before they were adapted for flight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-robot-nbsp-named-robopteryx">Dinosaur robot&nbsp;named Robopteryx</h2>



At the heart of this research lies an innovative approach: the creation of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Robopteryx_robot-dinosaur_credit-JINSEOK-PARK_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur robot</a> named Robopteryx. 



The robot was designed to mimic the physical characteristics of the pennaraptoran dinosaur Caudipteryx.



The researchers used Robopteryx to investigate how modern-day grasshoppers, representatives of a group that co-existed with dinosaurs, reacted to various scaring tactics.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flush-pursuit-foraging">"Flush-pursuit" foraging</h2>



The results showed that Robopteryx, with its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-bird-feathers-contain-traces-of-dinosaur-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathered</a> proto-wings and tail, effectively startled grasshoppers into fleeing. 



This supports the theory that similar strategies were used by small dinosaurs millions of years ago.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="DwticigSvi-3339145-12187" type="single"]</div>



The research team, including Jinseok Park, Hyungpil Moon, Yuong‑Nam Lee, Sang‑im Lee, and Piotr Jablonski, focused on the concept of "flush-pursuit" foraging. 



This technique, observed in modern birds like the greater roadrunner and the northern mockingbird, involves<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Robopteryx_robot-dinosaur_images_credit-JINSEOK-PARK_1m.webp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> startling prey with sudden movements</a> and contrasting feather colors, thus flushing them out into the open for capture.&nbsp;



The team proposed that proto-wings, the early form of wings seen in dinosaurs, were initially used for this hunting strategy rather than flight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-dinosaur-feathers-and-wings">Evolution of dinosaur feathers and wings</h2>



Until now, the presence of pennaceous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-evolutionary-origin-of-birds-wings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a> – necessary for flight – was confirmed only in the Pennaraptora group of dinosaurs.&nbsp;



However, these feathers first appeared on proto-wings that were not yet capable of flight, leaving scientists puzzled about their original function. 



The findings from the Robopteryx experiment offer a plausible explanation: these proto-wings were likely used as a hunting tool, providing a strategic advantage in startling and catching prey.



The researchers meticulously designed Robopteryx based on Caudipteryx, a small, two-legged predator from approximately 124 million years ago. 



They replicated several flush-pursuit display behaviors and observed the grasshoppers' reactions.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robopteryx-and-dinosaur-feathers">Robopteryx and dinosaur feathers</h2>



The results were clear: a significant increase in the likelihood of the grasshoppers fleeing when confronted with the proto-wing displays, especially when white patches or feathers were present on the wings or tail.



The study not only supports the flush-pursuit hypothesis but also opens new avenues in understanding the evolutionary pathways of feathered dinosaurs.&nbsp;



The use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feathers-were-the-secret-of-dinosaur-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a> for hunting before their adaptation for flight suggests a complex and multi-faceted evolutionary process, highlighting the intricate relationship between physical traits and survival strategies in the ancient world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-caudipteryx-and-dinosaur-feathers">More about Caudipteryx and dinosaur feathers</h2>



As discussed above, Caudipteryx is a remarkable genus of theropod dinosaurs that stands out as a crucial link in the evolutionary chain between dinosaurs and birds. 



Unearthed in the Yixian Formation in China, this small, feathered dinosaur lived during the Early Cretaceous period, about 125 million years ago.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emergence-of-dinosaur-feathers">Emergence of dinosaur feathers</h3>



Measuring about one meter in length, Caudipteryx showcases a fascinating blend of avian and reptilian features. Its body, covered in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bright-rainbow-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a>, hints at the early stages of feather evolution. 



The feathers were not for flight but possibly served for display or temperature regulation. This finding challenges our understanding of feather evolution, suggesting that feathers initially evolved for purposes other than flight.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-and-diet">Characteristics and diet</h3>



Possessing a beak-like structure with teeth, Caudipteryx reveals the transitional morphology between the toothed jaws of reptiles and the beaked mouths of modern birds. Its skeletal structure further illustrates this transition. 



The forelimbs, though <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-descendants-feathered-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathered</a>, were too short to support flight, indicating an evolutionary experimentation with feathered limbs.



The diet of Caudipteryx, primarily composed of plants and small animals, provides insights into the dietary adaptations of early feathered dinosaurs. 



This omnivorous diet reflects a versatile lifestyle, possibly a key factor in the survival and evolution of early birds.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-still-more-to-learn">Still more to learn</h3>



In summary, Caudipteryx's discovery profoundly impacts our understanding of the dinosaur-bird transition. 



It serves as a vivid example of evolutionary experimentation, showcasing the gradual shift from reptilian to avian characteristics. 



By studying Caudipteryx, scientists gain invaluable insights into the complex and fascinating journey from dinosaurs to the birds we see today.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50225-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.&nbsp;



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Robopteryx: Dinosaur feather secrets revealed by a robot dinosaur

In a study that challenges our understanding of dinosaur evolution,...

An invasive species known as the big-headed ant is subtly but significantly altering the dynamics of a well-established ecosystem and the lions that live there, according to a new study from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a>.



The research, led by Professor Todd Palmer, reveals that this seemingly inconspicuous ant is upending the hunting patterns of one of the world's most formidable predators, the African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lions-are-dangling-precariously-on-the-brink-of-extinction-immediate-action-is-needed/">lion</a>, particularly in its pursuit of zebra prey.



The study is a culmination of over three decades of rigorous research. The team used a combination of hidden camera traps, collared lions tracked by satellites, and statistical modeling.&nbsp;



The experts have shed new light on the complex interplay among different species - ants, trees, elephants, lions, zebras, and buffaloes - in the <a href="https://www.olpejetaconservancy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ol Pejeta Nature Conservancy</a> in central Kenya.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mutually-beneficial-relationship">Mutually beneficial relationship</h2>



Historically, the acacia trees in this region have enjoyed protection from leaf-eating animals, courtesy of a mutually beneficial relationship with a native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-are-2-5-million-ants-for-each-human-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant species</a> that nests in the trees' bulbous thorns. 



These ants fiercely guard the trees against large herbivores such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-world-giraffe-day-celebrate-the-worlds-tallest-animal-on-the-earths-longest-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">giraffes</a> -- a phenomenon known as mutualism. 



Earlier studies by Palmer in the early 2000s began unraveling the complexities of this symbiosis. The experts discovered the ants' role in stabilizing tree cover, thus enabling acacia trees to thrive amidst numerous large plant-eating mammals.



“Much to our surprise, we found that these little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-build-higher-nests-when-there-are-no-visible-landmarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> serve as incredibly strong defenders and were essentially stabilizing the tree cover in these landscapes, making it possible for the acacia trees to persist in a place with so many big plant-eating mammals,” said Professor Palmer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ants-lions-and-ecosystems">Ants, lions, and ecosystems</h2>



However, the introduction of the invasive big-headed ants has triggered a cascade of ecological consequences. 



Unlike their native counterparts, these invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-have-a-communications-system-that-closely-resembles-mental-telepathy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> do not defend the acacia trees from larger herbivores. 



This invasion has led to a significant reduction in tree cover, as elephants, no longer deterred by ant protectors, freely feed on the acacias. 



The sparse tree cover impairs the lions' ability to effectively ambush <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zebra-stripes-control-body-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zebras</a>, their preferred prey, as they rely heavily on the camouflage and strategic advantage provided by dense vegetation.



“These tiny invaders are cryptically pulling on the ties that bind an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten and where,” said Professor Palmer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-transformative-force">A transformative force</h2>



The invasion of big-headed ants, which occurred around 15 years ago, went largely unnoticed due to their non-aggressive nature towards larger animals, including humans. 



However, their presence is now recognized as a transformative force reshaping the landscape with far-reaching implications.



“Oftentimes, we find it’s the little things that rule the world,” said Palmer. "These tiny invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matabele-ants-produce-antibiotics-to-treat-wounded-nestmates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> showed up maybe 15 years ago, and none of us noticed because they aren’t aggressive toward big critters, including people. We now see they are transforming landscapes in very subtle ways but with devastating effects.”



Adapting to these environmental changes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-lion-day-celebrating-the-king-of-the-jungle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lions</a> have begun shifting their hunting focus towards buffalo, a more challenging and formidable prey given their larger size and tendency to move in groups. 



This shift in the lions' hunting strategy raises concerns and curiosity about the potential long-term ecological consequences.



“Nature is clever, and critters like lions tend to find solutions to the problems they face, but we don’t yet know what could result from this profound switch in the lions’ hunting strategy. We are keenly interested in following up on this story," said Professor Palmer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-lions-from-ants">Protecting lions from ants</h2>



For the investigation, Professor Palmer collaborated with Jake Goheen from the <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wyoming</a>, Corinna Riginos from The Nature Conservancy, and Douglas Kamaru of the University of Wyoming.



The team plans to explore possible interventions to mitigate the loss of tree cover. The interventions could include temporary fencing to protect trees from large herbivores.



“These ants are everywhere, especially in the tropics and subtropics. You can find them in your backyard in Florida, and it’s people who are moving them around,” said Professor Palmer. 



“We are working with land managers to investigate interventions, including temporarily fencing out large herbivores, to minimize the impact of ant invaders on tree populations.”



In an era where advanced technologies like AI-powered data collection are gaining prominence, Professor Palmer emphasized the enduring value of traditional, field-based research.&nbsp;



“There are a lot of new tools involving big data approaches and artificial intelligence that are available today, but this study was born of driving around in Land Rovers in the mud for 30 years.”



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg1464" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, and was supported by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>. 



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Tiny ants have a big impact on the hunting behavior of lions

An invasive species known as the big-headed ant is subtly...

Florida,Manatee,From,The,Springs,In,Florida.

Manatees, often known for their immense appetites and extended feeding times, face a constant struggle for survival as an endangered species. 



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-manatee-evolution-over-47-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gentle marine mammals</a>, spending up to eight hours a day foraging in shallow waters, are highly susceptible to environmental changes and other threats. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-counting-endangered-manatees-isn-t-easy">Counting endangered manatees isn't easy</h2>



Given their vulnerability, accurately assessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boat-strikes-are-a-growing-threat-to-manatees-in-belize/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manatee populations</a> is crucial, particularly for formulating protective measures for these creatures against boating and diving activities. However, counting manatees presents significant challenges.



One of the primary difficulties in manatee counting stems from their social nature. Manatees typically congregate in groups, making it hard to count them accurately from the water's surface. 



Smaller <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-restoration-could-help-save-starving-manatees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manatees</a> are often obscured by larger ones, and reflections on the water further complicate the task, sometimes rendering them invisible or leading to their misidentification as inanimate objects like rocks or branches.



Traditionally, aerial surveys have been employed in some regions to monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conservation-groups-sue-the-epa-over-manatee-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manatee populations</a>. This method, while useful, is both time-consuming and expensive. 



Moreover, its accuracy heavily depends on external factors like weather conditions and the time of day. In light of these limitations, researchers have been seeking more efficient and cost-effective alternatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-meets-marine-biology">AI meets marine biology</h2>



In a pioneering technological development, researchers supported by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Science Foundation</a> at <a href="https://www.fau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Atlantic University</a> have introduced an innovative approach. 



Utilizing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-can-more-accurately-predict-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a>-based crowd counting technique, they have successfully automated the process of counting manatees. 



This method leverages images captured from CCTV cameras, offering a real-time population count and alerting ecologists to potential threats.



This new AI technique represents a significant advancement in addressing the technical challenges of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-monitor-biodiversity-through-animal-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">counting animals</a> in complex environments. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-conservation-with-shared-data">Collaborative conservation with shared data</h2>



By analyzing surveillance video footage captured at the water's surface, researchers can now identify manatee densities and calculate their numbers more accurately. 



They achieve this by using a special design that matches the unique shape of manatees, transforming these images into customized density maps specifically tailored for manatee counting through AI <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a>.



Furthermore, in an effort to validate their method and foster further research, the team has developed a comprehensive manatee counting dataset. 



This dataset, which is <a href="https://github.com/yeyimilk/deep-learning-for-manatee-counting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published on GitHub</a>, is accessible to the public, paving the way for wider application and collaboration in the field of marine conservation.



In summary, this research offers potential new ways to aid endangered species like manatees, and also signify a pivotal moment in wildlife conservation technology. 



Through such innovative approaches, the protection and preservation of vulnerable species become more effective, ensuring a brighter future for these majestic creatures of the sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-offers-new-hope-for-endangered-manatees">AI offers new hope for endangered manatees</h2>



As discussed above, manatees, often referred to as sea cows, capture the hearts of marine enthusiasts and conservationists alike. 



These serene mammals, gliding gracefully through coastal waters and rivers, play a crucial role in their ecosystems.



Manatees belong to the Sirenia order, sharing this group with the less-known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dugongs-declared-functionally-extinct-in-china/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dugongs</a>. They have a distinct appearance: large, gray, and often bearing algae on their thick skin. 



Their paddle-like tails and flippers exemplify their adaptation to aquatic life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-habitat">Diet and habitat</h3>



Primarily herbivores, manatees spend much of their time feeding on a variety of water plants. This feeding habit is vital for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems, as it helps control the growth of vegetation. 



They inhabit warm waters, primarily found in shallow, slow-moving rivers, estuaries, saltwater bays, and coastal areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-and-conservation">Threats and conservation</h3>



Despite their size, manatees face numerous threats. Collisions with boats, loss of habitat, and climate change pose significant risks to their survival. 



As a result, conservation efforts have become increasingly important. Organizations worldwide are working to protect their habitats, enforce boat speed regulations, and raise public awareness about these gentle creatures.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-manatees-humans-and-the-future">Endangered manatees, humans and the future</h3>



Humans have a unique relationship with manatees, often drawn to their peaceful demeanor. In some regions, they have become a significant tourist attraction, bringing people closer to nature and fostering a sense of stewardship for the environment.



The future of manatees hinges on effective conservation strategies and public awareness. By understanding these gentle giants and the challenges they face, we can work towards a future where manatees thrive in their natural habitats, continuing to enchant and remind us of the delicate balance within our marine ecosystems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45507-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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AI is now at the forefront of saving endangered manatees, the cows of the sea

Manatees, often known for their immense appetites and extended feeding...

In a recent study, researchers have uncovered the extraordinary lengths to which a small Australian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-saber-toothed-marsupial-fossil-found-in-the-tatacoa-desert/">marsupial</a>, the antechinus, will go to ensure reproductive success.&nbsp;



The study brings to light a unique behavior among land-dwelling mammals: the sacrifice of sleep for the sake of mating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peculiar-mating-behavior">Peculiar mating behavior</h2>



The antechinus displays a baffling yet fascinating approach to reproduction. The multi-year research, led by experts from <a href="https://www.latrobe.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Trobe University</a> has shown that male antechinuses dramatically reduce their sleep during mating season. This behavior has never been documented in any land mammal.



“Using a combination of techniques, we showed that males lose sleep during the breeding season, with one male halving his sleep during this mating period,” said study co-author Erika Zaid.&nbsp;



“In humans and other animals, restricting the normal amount of sleep leads to worse performance while awake, an effect that compounds night after night. And yet, the antechinus did just that: they slept 3 hours less per night, every night, for 3 weeks.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-life-cycle">Unusual life cycle</h2>



These small marsupials have an unusual life cycle. Males live for just a year and have only one opportunity for reproduction. Following a short but intense mating season, they typically die.&nbsp;



Females, on the other hand, may live up to two years. The researchers were drawn to study these creatures due to their unique reproductive strategy, which involves intense competition among males for mating opportunities.



“The males have one shot at fathering offspring during a single 3-week mating period,” said study co-author John Lesku. “We found that male, but not female, dusky antechinuses, become restless during their only breeding season.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-sleep-deprivation-nbsp">Extreme sleep deprivation&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers used advanced methods such as accelerometry, electrophysiology, and metabolic measures to track and analyze the sleep patterns and activity levels of the marsupials. 



Surprisingly, despite the known detrimental effects of sleep deprivation, the males appeared to cope well with the reduced sleep, raising questions about their resilience to such extreme behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-sacrifices">Making sacrifices</h2>



The findings suggest two possibilities: either the antechinus has evolved to function effectively with less sleep during this crucial period, or is willingly enduring the negative consequences of sleep deprivation to maximize their chances of reproductive success.



“It is actually a little surprising that these animals do not sacrifice even more sleep during the breeding season, since they will soon die anyways,” noted Zaid. “In this way, keeping much of their sleep intact reveals the essential functions that sleep serves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



The reason behind the post-mating mortality of male antechinuses remains unclear, though sleep deprivation alone is not suspected to be the cause. Intriguingly, the males with the least amount of sleep were not necessarily in the worst condition.



Going forward, the research team is eager to delve deeper into understanding how the antechinus manage with such significant sleep loss, a level that would severely impair humans.&nbsp;



The study opens up exciting avenues for future research into the adaptability and resilience of these unique marsupials, providing insights into the complex interplay between sleep and survival strategies in the animal kingdom.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.064" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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With only one shot at mating, the male antechinus gives up sleep for sex

In a recent study, researchers have uncovered the extraordinary lengths...

Urban-dwelling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/darwins-finches-reveal-how-one-species-becomes-many/">finches</a> in the Galapagos Islands are demonstrating remarkable resilience against a parasitic fly that has been wreaking havoc on bird populations.



Detailed in a study by researchers at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Connecticut</a>, this discovery offers new insights and hope in the fight against the invasive Philornis downsi, commonly known as the avian vampire fly.



The fly is native to mainland South America and was first observed in the Galapagos in the 1950s. By 1997, the avian vampire fly was recognized as a major threat to local bird populations, particularly Darwin's finches. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-concern-nbsp">Conservation concern&nbsp;</h2>



“Almost every single study has found a significant effect of the fly on nestling survival and this fly can kill up to 100% of nestling Darwin's finches in a given year," said study co-first author Professor Sarah Knutie.&nbsp;



"These nestlings are essentially dying through exsanguination, which means that the larvae are sucking all of the blood, hence the name, avian vampire fly."



The survival of these finches, crucial to Darwin's theory of evolution, has become a major conservation concern.&nbsp;



“The fly doesn't affect all bird species in the Galapagos equally,” said Professor Knutie. “Some bird species like the Galapagos mockingbirds are better defended against the flies than Darwin's finches and we think this is because the mockingbirds are compensating for energy loss to the parasite through the parents feeding the nestlings more when they're parasitized, compared to when they're not parasitized.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



Professor Knutie noted that previous studies focused on finches living in natural, non-urban settings, which does not give the full picture across all finch populations.



“We know there's different food availability for animals in urban areas, so I started to wonder whether urban finches were differentially affected or maybe better defended against the flies because they had access to different food."



"These urban areas are different in so many ways, not just the food availability, but that is where I started because I knew the mockingbirds are better defended because they're able to feed their nestlings more.”



This led the researchers to explore potential variations in the impact on urban versus non-urban finch populations.



The study was conducted on San Cristobal Island, specifically in and around the city of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno. The researchers manipulated the presence of the parasite in both urban and non-urban nests to observe differences in nestling survival and health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-resilience-nbsp">Urban resilience&nbsp;</h2>



The results were striking: urban nestlings showed over six times greater survival rates when parasitized compared to their non-urban counterparts. The researchers used a transcriptomic approach to delve into the molecular mechanisms behind these differences.&nbsp;



Study co-first author Cynthia Webster conducted gene expression analysis, revealing significant differences in immune responses and dietary intake between urban and non-urban birds.



Urban birds exhibited a pro-inflammatory response likely aiding in parasite resistance, while non-urban birds seemed to mount ineffective immune responses. Additionally, urban birds appeared to have a higher protein intake, suggesting dietary differences as a factor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Professor Knutie emphasized that urbanization is not a proposed solution for the Galapagos, but the study's findings could inform conservation strategies.&nbsp;



“If we can figure out whether it's the evolution of defenses, or if there is an environmental factor that's helping them out, this can help inform conservation or management strategies for other populations, so the bird populations don’t decline or go extinct," said Professor Knutie. "This gives us hope that larger populations of Darwin's finches that are affected by the fly are not entirely doomed. We're still worried about smaller populations dealing with the fly, but maybe information from our study can help them.



Professor Knutie said the next step is to figure out whether urban finches have evolved defenses, or if there's an environmental factor, such as food availability, that is helping the finches survive the flies.



“We also would love to expand the study across the islands, because there are four islands in the archipelago with permanent human resident populations and each island has a different size human population. As you can imagine, as the size of the city grows, the infrastructure to support humans grows as well. We hope to test whether the effects of urbanization on this bird/parasite interaction varies across these islands, based on kind of the degree of urbanization, to see if it's consistent."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Urban finches have surprising resilience against deadly vampire fly 

Urban-dwelling finches in the Galapagos Islands are demonstrating remarkable resilience...

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a> have found alarming evidence about the accumulation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-shows-how-microplastics-are-harming-global-soil-and-agriculture/">microplastics</a> in the food web of the Galápagos Islands. The study suggests that the endangered Galápagos penguin is the most affected by this growing environmental concern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-microplastics-nbsp">Environmental impact of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



The research, led by Karly McMullen under the guidance of Dr. Juan José Alava and Dr. Evgeny A. Pakhomov, presents a concerning picture of the environmental impact of microplastics. These include small plastic particles less than five millimeters in size, 



Microplastics have been a topic of increasing concern due to their pervasive presence in marine environments and potential impacts on wildlife.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indicator-species-nbsp">Indicator species&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers' focus on the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) provides a critical view of how plastic particles are moving through and impacting a relatively isolated ecosystem.&nbsp;



This penguin, unique to the Galápagos Islands, serves as a key indicator for understanding the broader implications of microplastic pollution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The experts used two models to simulate microplastic movement within the food web, incorporating data collected around Santa Cruz Island in October 2021.&nbsp;



The island, home to human settlements and penguin colonies, offered a pertinent site for examining microplastic interactions between urbanized areas and natural habitats.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples from various sources, including seawater, zooplankton, fish species that are part of the penguin's diet, and penguin feces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-findings-nbsp">Alarming findings&nbsp;</h2>



Both models revealed a significant and rapid increase in microplastic accumulation within the first five years of an organism's life. This was followed by a more gradual increase and eventual stabilization.&nbsp;



Notably, the Galápagos penguin exhibited the highest levels of microplastic per unit of biomass. This was followed by other species in its food chain, such as the barracuda, anchovy, sardine, herring, salema, and predatory zooplankton.&nbsp;



The researchers also predicted the biomagnification of microplastics across predator-prey relationships, highlighting the rate of excretion as a crucial factor in the net accumulation rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-knowledge-gap-nbsp">Key knowledge gap&nbsp;</h2>



McMullen emphasized the importance of understanding the behavior and residence time of microplastics within organisms.



“The model predictions highlight a key knowledge gap in microplastics science, specifically the accumulation behavior and residence time of microplastics in the gut," said McMullen.



"With microplastics emerging as a prominent ocean pollutant, entering the environment every day, there is a growing concern for marine fauna and coastal wildlife. To understand microplastics' effects on wildlife and food webs, future research must address how these diverse plastics behave after ingestion."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-threat-of-microplastics-nbsp">Growing threat of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



“The finding of microplastics in the Galápagos penguin, fish prey, and plankton that form part of its food web is undoubtedly worrisome because it shows the globalization of this emerging anthropogenic threat for the conservation of the Galápagos, proving that microplastics can reach isolated and protected areas, such as The Galápagos Archipelago, across thousands of kilometers," said study co-author Hernán Vargas.



"Plastic pollution may also affect the public health of human residents inhabiting the islands. As a global threat to ecosystems, global remedies are required to solve it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Paola Calle noted that having demonstrated the potential bioaccumulation and biomagnification of microplastics in the Galápagos penguin food web alerts us to the potential that these microparticles have on entering and potentially exert adverse effects on the endemic and unique biota of the Galápagos.&nbsp;



"Therefore, we must raise awareness, actions and public policies that allow us to protect and conserve the endemic and native fauna of the islands.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296788" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Galápagos penguins at risk from microplastics in polluted food web

Researchers from the University of British Columbia have found alarming...

In the serene waters off Maui during the winter months, the melodic singing of humpback whales fills the marine soundscape. 



Despite extensive research spanning decades, many aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whale behavior</a> and their complex singing remain enigmatic. 



Recent research, however, has begun to unravel some of these mysteries, offering new insights into the daily patterns of these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-humpback-whale-songs">Decoding humpback whale songs</h2>



The study, spearheaded by the <a href="https://www.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawaiʻi</a> in collaboration with NOAA’s Hawaiian Islands <a href="https://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary</a>, observed an intriguing daily movement pattern among the whales. 



These gentle giants tend to drift away from the shore during the day, only to return as evening approaches. 



This pattern of migration is not just a random movement but appears to be a strategic choice by the whales.



Anke Kügler, the study's lead author and a doctoral student in the Marine Biology Graduate Program at <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UH Mānoa</a> at the time of the research, shared her insights. 



“Singers may be attempting to reduce the chances of their song being drowned out among the cacophony nearshore when whale numbers are high,” Kügler explained. 



She further noted that the whales’ movement towards the shore around sunset might be to avoid the offshore evening chorus of other marine animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-how-and-when-humpback-whales-sing">Learning how and when humpback whales sing</h2>



The methodology behind this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-sing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whale</a> research was as innovative as its findings. 



By employing a combination of underwater listening devices and visual surveys, the team successfully tracked both the movements and the acoustic patterns of the whales in their high-density breeding grounds. 



This dual approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the whales' behavior.



Marc Lammers, co-author of the study and a research ecologist with NOAA’s Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, highlighted the significance of this movement. 



“This dynamic onshore-offshore movement of singers may be aimed at increasing the efficiency of the whales’ acoustic display, ensuring that other whales hear their songs,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-localization-with-acoustic-sensors">Localization with acoustic sensors</h2>



The study not only tracked these movements but also explored the reasons behind them. Kügler elaborated on the unique approach taken by the team. 



“This is the first effort of its kind, to our knowledge, in which we used specialized acoustic sensors to localize individual singers relatively close to shore to understand daily variations in their distance from shore, their spacing, and their movement behavior,” she said. 



This strategy helped the team to contextualize visual results and address some limitations inherent in land-based observations.



The song of the humpback whale, believed to be crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-travel-thousands-of-miles-to-mate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a>, takes on new significance in light of these findings. 



The study highlights the challenges <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whale-reproduction-is-linked-to-krill-abundance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male singers</a> face in an environment bustling with acoustic activity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-pollution-vs-natural-noise">Noise pollution vs. natural noise</h2>



The team identified key drivers for the whales’ daily migrations -- crowded nearshore environments during the day and noisy offshore areas in the evening due to the chorus of other marine animals.



Kügler also shed light on a broader ecological issue -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-fail-to-respond-to-vessel-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a>. “Discussions of noise pollution related to marine mammals have been dominated by concerns over anthropogenic noise,” she stated. 



The study brings to attention the potential acoustic masking from natural sources, like one whale's song masking another's, a factor often overlooked in previous research. 



Understanding these natural drivers adds depth to our knowledge of how animals reliant on acoustic signals adapt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-quiet-shipping-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loud environments</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humpback-whales-and-hawaiian-culture">Humpback whales and Hawaiian culture</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-perform-full-body-scrubs-on-their-return-south/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whales</a> of Hawai‘i are ecologically and economically significant, while holding a special place in the cultural heritage of the region. 



Their singing is recognized and cherished worldwide. Lammers emphasized the shared responsibility in protecting these magnificent creatures. 



“It is our collective kuleana (responsibility) to be the koholā’s (humpback whales) stewards,” he remarked. 



Lammers underscored the importance of such research in fulfilling the Sanctuary’s management plan, aimed at maintaining a healthy and sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-changed-their-mating-tactic-from-singing-to-fighting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale population</a>.



In summary, this research provides new insights into understanding humpback whale behavior, signaling a leap forward in our journey to unravel the mysteries of these oceanic songsters.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230279" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Humpback whales have moved their singing rituals away from shorelines

In the serene waters off Maui during the winter months,...

Bumble,Bee,In,High,Country,,Colorado,,Usa

At Mesa Verde National Park in southern Colorado, a remarkable scene unfolds on a cliffside: a fuzzy bumblebee, Anthophora pueblo, diligently carves into the red sandstone, its powerful jaws creating a symphony of grinding sounds. 



This industrious insect, native to Colorado and a recent discovery, captivates Adrian Carper, an entomologist at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> and the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/cumuseum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CU Museum of Natural History</a>. 



"This is just one example of how crazily diverse our native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-evolution-occurred-tens-of-millions-of-years-earlier-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> are," Carper marvels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorado-s-bumblebee-pollinators-in-peril">Colorado's bumblebee pollinators in peril</h2>



Yet, Carper's latest comprehensive report on Colorado's native pollinators, co-authored with his team, paints a concerning picture. 



Their research reveals a stark decline in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-threatens-solitary-bees-and-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator populations</a> over the past 35 years, with some species plummeting by more than half. 



Alarmingly, about 20% of Colorado's 24 native bumblebee species are on the brink of seeking federal protection under the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-endangered-species-act" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endangered Species Act</a>. 



"That’s a huge alarm call, and that’s only for species we have good data for," Carper warns, suggesting the actual situation could be more dire.



The report, drawing on data from the <a href="https://www.rmbl.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory</a>, indicates a 61% decline in insect populations in high-elevation meadows, despite these areas being well-protected. 



This decline encompasses a range of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, and even mosquitoes, many of which are under-researched.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-agriculture-and-tourism">Bumblebees, agriculture and tourism</h2>



Colorado's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-synthesize-nutrients-to-nourish-their-gut-microbiota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> and other native pollinators are not just a vital component of the ecosystem; they are integral to the state's agriculture and tourism. 



Carper highlights the unique relationship between these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-communication-is-hindered-by-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> and local flora. 



For instance, the renowned Rocky Ford cantaloupes, native to southeastern Colorado, rely heavily on native squash bumblebees for pollination. 



These bees possess specialized hairs to handle the cantaloupe's large pollen grains, a feature honeybees lack, making them inefficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-choose-immediate-rewards-over-energy-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> for these flowers. 



"Our native bees have co-evolved with our native plants. We recreate in our beautiful high alpine mountains, because they are covered in colorful wildflowers, which wouldn’t be there if they didn't have our native pollinators to help them reproduce," Carper explained.



"Additionally, those native plants are integral to our rangelands, supporting over $5 billion worth of livestock across the state," said Carper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-native-pollinators">Threats to native pollinators</h2>



The report identifies several threats to native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rusty-patched-bumblebee-a-very-important-pollinator-is-on-the-edge-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>: habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change, and the introduction of non-native species like honeybees. 



The latter, despite their importance in agriculture, are not native to Colorado and have seen a surge in urban hive numbers. 



This increase raises concerns about competition for food with native species and the potential spread of diseases and parasites. 



"We need to better educate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-honey-bee-colony-collapse-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beekeepers</a> on subjects like disease management and swarm control to mitigate honeybees’ impacts on native pollinators," advises Carper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-colorado-s-bumblebees">Protecting Colorado's bumblebees</h2>



To combat these threats, the report suggests strategies such as creating and connecting habitat patches and reducing pesticide use. 



Carper also emphasizes the role individuals can play, advocating for the use of native plants in personal landscaping to support local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-an-incredible-sense-of-smell-to-find-their-way-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>.



In summary, while the Anthophora pueblo bumblebee showcases the unique biodiversity of Colorado's pollinators, the stark reality of their declining numbers calls for immediate action. 



Through a combination of research, education, and conservation efforts, there is hope for preserving these vital members of Colorado's ecosystem and economy.



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Twenty-percent of Colorado bumblebees are endangered

At Mesa Verde National Park in southern Colorado, a remarkable...

Citipati,Was,A,Oviraptor,Theropod,,A,Bird-like,Dinosaur,That,Lived

Paleontologists have unveiled a new species of bird-like oviraptor dinosaur that roamed North America shortly before the catastrophic mass extinction event approximately 66 million years ago. 



This event, believed to have been caused by a colossal asteroid impact, marked the end of the Cretaceous period and led to the extinction of most life forms, including all non-avian dinosaurs.



The newly identified species, an Oviraptor, likely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-eggs-color-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boasted feathers</a> and a beak and is believed to have lived around 125 million years ago. 



Its existence came to light through the discovery of a leg bone within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Creek_Formation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hell Creek formation</a> -- a region extensively studied for its rich deposits of Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks, spanning across four states in North America.



This significant finding was made possible by a team of researchers from Canada and the United States, who studied a limb of the dinosaur found in the northern United States. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-features-of-oviraptors">Distinctive features of Oviraptors</h2>



Their analysis indicated that this creature, approximately the weight of an average woman, represents a species not previously recognized.



An <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/oviraptorosaur_new-species_Eoneophron-infernalis_credit-Zubin-Erik-Dutta_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artist's rendition</a> brings this feathered dinosaur to life, showcasing its sharp talons and bird-like anatomy, complete with a beak but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-in-a-state-of-decline-before-their-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">devoid of teeth</a>. It is depicted as having lived up to 130 million years ago.



Kyle Atkins-Weltman, a Ph.D. student at <a href="https://www.okstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oklahoma State University</a> and author of the study, provided insights into their findings. 



"We describe a relatively small caenagnathid hindlimb from the Hell Creek Formation, and conducted osteohistological analysis to assess its maturity," he explained. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rigorous-study-of-an-ancient-dinosaur">Rigorous study of an ancient dinosaur</h2>



The team's meticulous examination of histological data and the morphological distinctions from Anzu wyliei and other caenagnathids led them to the conclusion that this specimen is a novel species of caenagnathid from Hell Creek.



Oviraptorosaurs, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mud-dragon-dinosaur-fossil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse clade</a>, varied significantly in size -- ranging from the size of chickens or turkeys to species weighing over a ton. 



Their cranial morphology suggests a diet that included both omnivorous and herbivorous members. While the earliest members of this group retained teeth, these were completely lost in the Late Cretaceous forms. 



These dinosaurs possessed a complex, feathery integument, and studies of other specimens reveal their social nature, active brooding over nests, a reproductive strategy intermediate between crocodilians and modern birds, and an avian-like brain organization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-eoneophron-infernalis">Significance of Eoneophron infernalis</h2>



The discovery of this new species, named Eoneophron infernalis, has significantly broadened our understanding of the types of dinosaurs that inhabited this region between 125 and 129 million years ago. 



"In tandem with histological data indicating that this animal was of subadult or adult status at the time of its death, our research suggests that it represents a new taxon, Eoneophron infernalis," said Mr. Atkins-Weltman.



This smaller caenagnathid from the Hell Creek Formation adds to the diversity and ecological understanding of caenagnathids in the end-Maastrichtian period. 



In addition, the finding indicates that caenagnathid diversity in Laurasia remained largely stable through the Campanian-Maastrichtian. 



These dinosaurs were successful components of Laurasian ecosystems until their extinction.



In summary, the discovery of Eoneophron infernalis serves as a window into our planet's distant past, offering invaluable insights into the evolutionary history and diversity of life on Earth before a pivotal moment in its history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-oviraptors">More about Oviraptors</h2>



As discussed above, Oviraptors were a unique group of bird-like dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 75 to 71 million years ago. 



These creatures, often misunderstood due to early fossil interpretations, have since revealed a fascinating story about their lifestyle and behaviors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-named-after-egg-thieves">Named after "egg thieves"</h3>



When scientists first discovered Oviraptor fossils in the 1920s, they found them near a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preserved-eggs-dinosaurs-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nest of eggs</a>. Believing they were looking at egg thieves, they named these dinosaurs "Oviraptors," which means "egg thieves." 



However, later discoveries turned this assumption on its head. The eggs near which the Oviraptors were found actually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-embryo-suggests-bird-like-pre-hatching-posture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">belonged to them</a>, indicating that these dinosaurs were not thieves but caring parents, brooding over their nests.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics-and-diet">Physical characteristics and diet</h3>



Physically, Oviraptors stood out with their distinct features. They had a parrot-like beak, devoid of teeth, and a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-eggs-beibeilong-sinensis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crest on their head</a>, the purpose of which remains a topic of debate among paleontologists. 



Some suggest it might have been used in mating displays, similar to the crests found in modern birds. 



Oviraptors were relatively small, about the size of a turkey, and they walked on two legs. Their diet was varied, possibly including plants, small animals, and perhaps eggs, making them omnivores.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oviraptors-resembled-modern-birds">Oviraptors resembled modern birds</h3>



One of the most striking aspects of Oviraptor biology is their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-feathers-sexual-display/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a>. Like many theropod dinosaurs, Oviraptors were covered in feathers. 



This feature, along with other anatomical similarities, provides compelling evidence of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. 



In fact, these feathered dinosaurs offer crucial insights into understanding the origins of flight in birds.



Oviraptors lived in what is now Asia and North America, thriving in diverse environments. Their fossils, particularly well-preserved in places like Mongolia, have provided scientists with valuable information about their anatomy and ecology.



In summary, Oviraptors have emerged as a symbol of parental care in the dinosaur world. Their fossils challenge our understanding of dinosaur behavior, while contributing to the ever-evolving narrative of life on Earth millions of years ago.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0294901" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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New Oviraptor dinosaur species weighed as much as a human female

Paleontologists have unveiled a new species of bird-like oviraptor dinosaur...

A three-year population study has shed new light on the plight of the critically endangered Kordofan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/masai-giraffes-are-nearing-critically-endangered-status/">giraffe</a> in Cameroon's Bénoué National Park.&nbsp;



Led by experts from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, the research has been pivotal in understanding the dire situation faced by Kordofan giraffes. The study provides crucial data that may aid in their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers analyzed various sources of imagery, including camera traps, to establish a reliable count of the remaining Kordofan giraffes within the park.&nbsp;



The findings are the first to offer a dependable estimate of the giraffe population size in this region. This data is a critical tool for conservationists to monitor and understand the threats facing these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-nbsp">Key insights&nbsp;</h2>



Alarmingly, the study revealed that as few as 27 Kordofan giraffes may remain within Bénoué National Park.&nbsp;



This revelation highlights the urgency and importance of ongoing conservation efforts to mitigate threats, primarily from poaching and increasing human encroachment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dire-situation-nbsp">Dire situation&nbsp;</h2>



The situation is dire, as giraffes in the park are frequently targeted by illegal hunting. Another concerning study led by the same team found that if unaddressed, the poaching of just two Kordofan giraffes annually could lead to the subspecies' extinction within 15 years.&nbsp;



Since 2017, the Bristol Zoological Society has been at the forefront of efforts to conserve the Kordofan giraffe in Cameroon, where their numbers have plummeted by 85% since the 1980s, leaving fewer than 2,000 individuals in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-are-vital-nbsp">Conservation efforts are vital&nbsp;</h2>



"Our study has shown a significant population of Kordofan giraffes still occur within the park, with many more living in the surrounding landscape," said study lead author Connor Parks, a master’s student at Bristol Vet School.&nbsp;



"It also emphasises that continued conservation efforts are vital if we are to further support the subspecies in Cameroon. This should include strengthening existing anti-poaching regulations and protecting wildlife movement corridors.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Caspian Johnson, a conservation scientist and lecturer at the <a href="https://bristolzoo.org.uk/bristol-zoological-society" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol Zoological Society</a>, added a broader context to the situation.&nbsp;



“Habitat degradation and illegal hunting has already seen the loss of cheetah, black rhino, and all resident elephants from Bénoué National Park. It is paramount we do not lose another precious species from this area," said Dr. Johnson.



“These studies provide us with the crucial baseline data needed to determine how giraffe population size and structure may change in the future. This will help us inform the conservation action and management practices needed to protect giraffe in Bénoué National Park.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-kordofan-giraffes">More about Kordofan giraffes</h2>



Kordofan giraffes are a subspecies found primarily in Central Africa. They are notable for their unique physical and behavioral characteristics. Kordofan giraffes inhabit the savannas, grasslands, and open woodlands, particularly in regions of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and possibly western Sudan.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



Physically, Kordofan giraffes are smaller in size compared to other giraffe subspecies. Their coat pattern is less pronounced and more irregular, often with smaller and more irregularly shaped spots that are paler in color. This pattern extends down the legs, which is a distinguishing feature from some other subspecies whose patterns fade towards the lower leg.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Kordofan giraffes are herbivorous, feeding primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, especially from acacia trees. Their long necks and tongues are well-adapted for reaching foliage at heights inaccessible to other animals, playing a crucial role in their ecosystem by spreading seeds and affecting the growth patterns of trees.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



These giraffes are social animals, often seen in loosely organized, ever-changing groups. Unlike some other giraffe subspecies, they do not have a strict social structure, and group compositions can change from day to day.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats">Threats</h3>



Kordofan giraffes face significant threats from habitat loss due to human activities like agriculture and deforestation. They are also vulnerable to poaching for their meat and hide. These factors have led to a decline in their population, making conservation efforts vital for their survival. Despite these challenges, they remain a symbol of the diverse and rich wildlife of Central Africa.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.13249" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African Journal of Ecology</a>.&nbsp;



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Kordofan giraffes are critically endangered and fighting for survival

A three-year population study has shed new light on the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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