If you’re a male gray frog trying to find a mate, you’d better have a fast and steady call. That’s what female treefrogs usually go for. But when the crowd gets loud and chaotic, things change. The males that don’t sound all that great? They suddenly have a shot.



In quiet situations where females only hear two males at once, their preferences are clear. They go for the one with the sharper, more rhythmic call. 



But when four or even eight males are calling at once, things get messy. Female choices become unpredictable. This isn’t just a frog issue - it ties into a broader idea that scientists call “choice overload.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frogs-face-chaos-in-the-chorus">Frogs face chaos in the chorus</h2>



In nature, frogs gather in large, noisy groups called choruses. Picture a shallow pond in spring, with dozens of males calling out at the same time. It’s the frog equivalent of a dating scene in a packed nightclub.



The researchers found that the crowded conditions of these choruses might be too overwhelming for females to reliably pick the best mate. It’s not that they stop caring - it’s that they can’t tell who’s who.



Professor Jessie Tanner of the <a href="https://www.utk.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tennessee, Knoxville</a>, led a team studying how choice overload affects evolution.



“Because female mate choice can drive evolution, our results suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/">evolution</a> might happen more slowly than we thought before,” she said. 



“Some males that are fairly unattractive could still mate, especially if they take advantage of crowded spaces where females might be less able to discriminate between attractive and unattractive males.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-when-choices-are-too-hard">What happens when choices are too hard?</h2>



The idea of choice overload is pretty common in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/science-behind-predicting-and-changing-human-behavior/">human behavior</a>. You walk into a store to buy toothpaste and face 50 brands. You either freeze, grab something random, or walk away. Same goes for dating apps with endless swiping.



“We wanted to understand how having to make mating decisions in crowded environments, where choice overload could be a problem, might drive the evolution of calls,” Tanner explained. 



“Since males that are chosen by females pass on their genes to the next generation, this mate choice can cause the population to change over time.”



When animals, like people, face too many options, their decision-making can break down. That opens up a chance for less attractive mates to get picked - not because they became more appealing, but because the chooser got overwhelmed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choice-overload-in-other-animals">Choice overload in other animals</h2>



This isn’t just about frogs. Scientists are now looking at how this effect shows up in other animals. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-increasingly-stressed-over-the-past-century/">Bumblebees</a>, for instance, are on the list. So are wood roaches.



“Our lab is working to understand how choice overload and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/frogs-have-lungs-that-cancel-out-background-noise/">noise</a> may each contribute to the difficulty female treefrogs face in making mating decisions,” Tanner said. 



“We are also working to understand whether this choice overload is something that occurs generally in many different kinds of animals or is more specific to individual species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simultaneous-cricket-songs">Simultaneous cricket songs </h2>



Tanner, who has a background in both psychology and biology, first got into animal behavior while studying mate choice as an undergrad. She later became interested in sound - especially how it plays into animal communication.



That led to earlier work on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-male-crickets-go-silent-how-females-adapt-and-respond/">crickets</a>. Like treefrogs, male crickets use sound to attract mates. A study on cricket mating showed that noisy environments might either block females from hearing calls or make them too confused to pick. It was hard to tell which was causing the problem.



“During that study, it became clear that our work was consistent with both the possibility that many simultaneous cricket songs created noise that made it hard for females to hear, and the possibility that the females were experiencing choice overload,” Tanner said. “Our current work looks to disentangle those ideas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-average-becomes-good-enough">When average becomes good enough</h2>



The research adds a new layer to how scientists think about evolution. Normally, stronger signals - like a faster frog call - are expected to win out and spread through the population over time. 



But if crowded conditions keep females from consistently picking the top performers, evolution slows down. Mediocre traits stick around longer.



That changes the math for survival. In nature, being the best isn’t always enough - and sometimes, being just okay is good enough, especially if the crowd’s loud and the choices are many.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2025.0585" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Frogs settle for average mates when dating gets too noisy

If you’re a male gray frog trying to find a mate, you’d better have a fast and steady call. That’s what female treefrogs usually go for. But when the crowd gets loud and chaotic, things change. The males that don’t sound all that great? They suddenly have a shot. In quiet situations where females only hear two males at once, their preferences are clear. They go for the one with the sharper, more rhythmic call. But when four or even eight males are calling at once, things...

Herring,Gull,Standing,On,Grass,Close,Up

A recent study researchers from the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a> has made a significant discovery regarding the behavior and habitat of short-billed gulls. 



The team, led by Falk Huettmann, found that these gulls have been shifting from their typical coastal habitats to urban environments. 



The study stands out as the first to compile a comprehensive three-year dataset using a citizen science approach to include a wide sample of gulls and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wing-technique-gulls-drones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> in urban Alaska, offering a new perspective on this habitat shift.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-the-habitats-of-gulls">New perspective on the habitats of gulls</h2>



The research revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wing-technique-gulls-drones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">short-billed</a> gulls, typically found along coastlines and near water sources, have been occupying areas usually associated with scavenging ravens. 



These areas include parking lots of supermarkets and fast-food restaurants, as well as human-made structures like industrial gravel pads and garbage dumpsters. 



The study's findings are particularly noteworthy because they indicate a significant change in the gulls' behavior and habitat preferences.



To conduct the study, Huettmann and his team utilized artificial intelligence modeling, which was fed environmental variables specific to locations to predict information about gull occurrences. 



This method also mirrored a previous study on the distribution of the great gray owl. 



The researchers used U.S. census data and urban municipality data, considering factors such as distances to roads, restaurants, waterways, and waste transfer stations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mirroring-the-real-world-environment-nbsp">Mirroring the real-world environment&nbsp;</h2>



Moriz Steiner, a graduate student in Huettmann’s lab, emphasized the importance of using socioeconomic datasets. 



“It allows us to mirror the real-world environment and simulate a situation as true to nature as possible by including them as variables in the models,” he explained. 



This approach helped the researchers understand the underlying reasons behind the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-additives-found-in-the-freshly-laid-eggs-of-herring-gulls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a>' transition to urban landscapes, which is mainly driven by the availability of human food sources and industrial changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-changing-dynamics">Implications and changing dynamics</h2>



The study has significant implications for understanding how human activities and urbanization impact wildlife behavior. 



It also raises concerns about the health and longevity of these birds, as the food they find in urban areas, particularly from fast-food restaurants, can be detrimental due to high quantities of salt, fat, sugar, grease, and contaminants. 



Furthermore, the presence of gulls in urban areas can pose health risks, as they are known vectors of diseases like avian influenza and salmonella, which can be transferred to humans.



Huettmann’s research underscores the changing dynamics of wildlife due to human influence and highlights the need for improved wildlife conservation efforts.&nbsp;



“This kind of information is providing a more holistic picture of how human influence on the environment is changing what we otherwise know as natural. Using machine learning will help us, hopefully, to advocate for improved wildlife conservation,” he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-gulls-and-their-habitats">More about gulls and their habitats</h2>



Gulls, often recognized as the quintessential seabirds, thrive in an astonishingly wide range of habitats, demonstrating remarkable adaptability and resilience. 



As discussed above, these birds are not strictly coastal creatures. Their habitats extend far beyond the familiar shores to include inland areas, urban landscapes, and even Arctic regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-regions">Coastal regions</h3>



Primarily, gulls inhabit coastal regions where they expertly exploit the rich marine resources. These environments provide them with a bounty of food options, from fish to marine invertebrates. 



The rhythmic dance of the tides offers gulls a dynamic and ever-changing landscape in which to forage, making them adept at capitalizing on the shifting availability of resources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inland-habitats">Inland habitats</h3>



However, many species of gulls have expanded their habitats to include inland areas, such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Here, they display their versatility by feeding on freshwater fish, insects, and even small rodents. 



The presence of gulls around these freshwater sources is a testament to their ecological adaptability and the broad scope of their dietary preferences.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulls-living-in-urban-habitats">Gulls living in urban habitats</h3>



Urban environments also serve as unconventional habitats for these resourceful birds. Gulls often frequent cityscapes, where they scavenge for food in waste dumps and heavily populated areas. 



Their intelligence and opportunistic nature enable them to navigate the urban jungle successfully, exploiting the waste generated by human activities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-gulls-endure-extreme-habitats">Some gulls endure extreme habitats</h3>



Remarkably, some gull species have adapted to life in extreme conditions, such as the Arctic. 



These hardy birds breed and feed in these frigid environments, displaying a level of endurance that few other species can match. 



Their thick plumage and ability to store fat reserves allow them to survive in these harsh climates.



In summary, gulls are are versatile and adaptable creatures that have successfully colonized a diverse range of habitats. 



From the bustling coastlines to the serene inland waters, and from the urban sprawl to the Arctic tundra, gulls continue to showcase their remarkable ability to thrive in various environments. 



This adaptability not only highlights their ecological importance but also reflects the incredible resilience and diversity of nature itself.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102364" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecological Informatics</a>.



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Gulls are shifting their habitats to urban areas

A recent study researchers from the University of Alaska Fairbanks...

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.khamai.bio/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Khamai Foundation</a> and <a href="https://www.liberty.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Liberty University</a> have identified a new species of coffee snake in the cloud forests of northwestern Ecuador. 



This discovery, led by biologist Alejandro Arteaga, represents a significant contribution to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-forest-biodiversity-has-massive-potential-for-carbon-capture/">biodiversity</a> of the region and sheds light on the complex ecosystems of the Andes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reptiles-of-ecuador-nbsp">Reptiles of Ecuador&nbsp;</h2>



Arteaga first encountered this unique species in Ecuador's Pichincha province. His discovery occurred while searching for animals to feature in his upcoming book, "Reptiles of Ecuador."&nbsp;



Arteaga's discovery is not just a scientific triumph but also a personal milestone. "This is species number 30 that I have discovered, out of a target of 100."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tudor-s-coffee-snake">Tudor's Coffee-Snake</h2>



The newly identified snake, named Tudor's Coffee-Snake, exhibits traits typical of coffee snakes but is distinguished by its unique characteristics and specific habitat. These snakes predominantly reside in coffee plantations, a habitat choice influenced by the destruction of their native cloud forest environments.&nbsp;



Endemic to the Pacific slopes of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador, Tudor's Coffee-Snake thrives at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 meters above sea level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation efforts</h2>



While the species is not currently facing immediate extinction threats, concerns are rising about the potential decline of its populations. This is attributed to ongoing deforestation driven by logging and large-scale mining activities, which are fragmenting and depleting the snake's natural habitat.



The discovery of Tudor's Coffee-Snake is more than a mere addition to the list of known species; it represents a crucial step in highlighting the importance of conserving the cloud forest ecosystem.&nbsp;



The researchers hope that this discovery will attract more attention to the need for research and conservation efforts in human-modified habitats surrounding the cloud forests, such as coffee plantations and pastures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-guy-tudor-nbsp">Tribute to Guy Tudor&nbsp;</h2>



In a touching tribute, the name of this new species honors Guy Tudor, an acclaimed naturalist and scientific illustrator renowned for his profound love for birds and wildlife. His contributions to the conservation of South America's birds through his artistic works have been impactful, which the researchers acknowledged in their paper.



The research goes beyond academic curiosity by serving a greater purpose in conservation. Arteaga and his team are leveraging the naming of new species as a new approach to fund conservation initiatives. In particular, the identification of Tudor's Coffee-Snake has played a pivotal role in supporting the protection of the Buenaventura Reserve, a key biodiversity hotspot in Ecuador. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-coffee-snakes-nbsp">More about coffee snakes&nbsp;</h2>



The Ninia genus of snakes, commonly known as coffee snakes or coral coffee snakes, belongs to the family Colubridae. These snakes are small, typically growing only up to about 20-30 centimeters in length. They are found primarily in Central America and northern South America, thriving in a variety of habitats including forests, plantations, and sometimes in more urban areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicry-nbsp">Mimicry&nbsp;</h3>



What's interesting about the Ninia genus is their resemblance to the much more dangerous coral snakes, which they mimic in coloration. This mimicry serves as a defense mechanism, deterring predators who might mistake them for their venomous lookalikes. Despite their appearance, Ninia snakes are non-venomous and pose no threat to humans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Their diet mainly consists of small invertebrates, with a particular fondness for earthworms. Ninia snakes have adapted to be efficient burrowers, which aids in hunting their prey. They have a secretive nature and are often found under logs, stones, or leaf litter.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



Reproduction in Ninia snakes is oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. The females typically lay small clutches of eggs, and there is little to no parental care once the eggs are laid. The young are independent from birth and are miniature versions of the adults in both behavior and appearance.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.112476" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolutionary Systematics</a>.



Image Credit: Alejandro Arteaga



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New coffee snake discovered in the cloud forests of Ecuador

Researchers from the Khamai Foundation and Liberty University have identified...

A,Beautiful,,Huge,European,Eagle,Owl,Flying,Low,Over,Fields

Owls, known for their silent flight through tranquil environments, owe this remarkable trait to their wings, which produce minimal noise, allowing them to stealthily locate prey. This intriguing characteristic has captured the attention of researchers for years.



Recent studies have linked silent flight to micro-fringes found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-spotted-owl-officially-listed-as-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owl</a> wings. These trailing-edge (TE) fringes are key in reducing noise from air movement caused by wing flapping. 



Understanding these fringes better could pave the way for quieter fluid machinery. However, the specifics of how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/owls_silent-flight_microfrings-on-wings_credit-Hao-Liu_Chiba-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fringes</a> interact with other wing features in actual owl wings remained a mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-silent-flight-of-owls">Studying the silent flight of owls</h2>



Aiming to demystify the silent flight of owls, Professor Hao Liu and his team, including Dr. Jaixin Rong from Chiba University's <a href="https://www.se.chiba-u.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Graduate School of Engineering</a> and Dr. Yajun Jiang and Dr. Masashi Murakami from the Graduate School of Science, explored the influence of TE fringes on owl wings' sound and aerodynamics. 



Prof. Liu explained the motivation for their research, stating, “Despite many efforts by many researchers, exactly how owls achieve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owl-wings-inspire-noise-reduction-in-wind-turbines-and-aircraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silent flight</a> is still an open question. Understanding the precise role of TE fringes in their silent flight will enable us to apply them in developing practical low-noise fluid machinery.”



The team created two detailed three-dimensional models of a real owl wing, one with TE fringes and the other without, to conduct their study. 



They performed fluid flow simulations using these models, combining large eddy simulations and the Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings analogy, at the speed of a gliding owl's approach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-findings-and-implications">Findings and implications</h2>



Their findings were revealing. The TE fringes significantly reduced noise levels in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-restoration-could-protect-spotted-owls-in-the-long-term/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owl</a> wings, especially at steep angles of attack, without compromising aerodynamic performance. 



The team discovered two key ways TE fringes affect airflow. First, they disrupt the trailing edge vortices, thereby reducing interactions between feathers at the wingtips. 



This mechanism, in turn, diminishes the shedding of wingtip vortices. These systems work together to improve both aerodynamic force and noise reduction in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/barn-owls-construct-mental-maps-during-flight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a>.



Prof. Liu highlighted the importance of their findings, explaining, “Our findings demonstrate the effect of complex interactions between the TE fringes and the various wing features, highlighting the validity of using these fringes for reducing noise in practical applications such as drones, wind turbines, propellers and even flying cars.”



In summary, this study not only deepens our understanding of owls' silent flight but also opens up new avenues for biomimetic designs in creating quieter fluid machinery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-owls-and-silent-flight">More about owls and silent flight</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-screech-owls-are-already-critically-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a> are mysterious and captivating birds of prey, dominating the night sky with their remarkable abilities and unique characteristics. 



These nocturnal creatures have fascinated humans for centuries, not only because of their haunting hoots and striking appearance but also due to their incredible hunting skills and adaptability across various habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exceptional-hunters-with-silent-flight">Exceptional hunters with silent flight</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/barn-owls-improve-navigational-devices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Owls</a> stand out as exceptional hunters. Their ability to fly almost silently gives them a significant advantage over their prey. 



The specialized design of their feathers allows air to pass through without creating noise, enabling them to swoop down on unsuspecting prey. 



This silent flight, coupled with their sharp talons and beaks, makes owls formidable predators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-superior-vision-and-hearing">Superior vision and hearing</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-great-grey-owls-capture-prey-beneath-snow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Owls</a> possess extraordinary night vision, allowing them to see prey in low light conditions. Their large, forward-facing eyes provide a wide field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owls-humans-visual/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vision</a> and depth perception, crucial for pinpointing prey from a distance. 



Moreover, owls have a highly developed sense of hearing, with ears that are not symmetrical. This asymmetry lets them accurately locate sounds in different planes, an essential skill for hunting in the dark.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-owl-species-and-flight-adaptations">Diverse owl species and flight adaptations</h3>



There are over 200 species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-owls-decline-drastically/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a>, each adapted to its environment. From the tiny Elf Owl, which nests in cacti in the desert, to the imposing Snowy Owl, which thrives in the Arctic tundra, these birds have developed unique adaptations to survive in various ecosystems. 



Owls can camouflage themselves against tree bark or snow, making them nearly invisible to both prey and predators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-in-ecosystems">Significance in ecosystems</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-barn-owls-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Owls</a> play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. As predators, they control the population of rodents and other small animals, preventing overpopulation and the spread of disease. 



Their presence indicates a healthy environment, making them vital indicators of ecological health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-impact-of-owls">Cultural impact of owls</h3>



Throughout history, owls have held a place in mythology and folklore. Seen as symbols of wisdom in some cultures and omens of death in others, they have always stirred human imagination and curiosity.



In summary, owls, with their silent wings, remarkable hunting abilities, and diverse adaptations, continue to captivate and intrigue us. 



As we learn more about these magnificent birds, we gain a deeper appreciation for their role in nature and our shared environment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/ad0aa9">Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics</a>.



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The silent flight of owls is one of nature’s great mysteries

Owls, known for their silent flight through tranquil environments, owe...

Giant,Isopod,Up,Close

In the vast and mysterious world of marine biology, a recent crustacean discovery has sparked excitement and opened doors to further understanding of our planet's oceans. 



A team of international marine biologists, including <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/somas/people/_profiles/oliver-shipley.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Oliver Shipley</a> from Stony Brook University's School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (<a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/somas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SoMAS</a>), has identified a new species of isopod, a type of crustacean, in the deep waters of The Bahamas.



This finding of the new species, named <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Booralana_deep-sea-crustacean_discovered-Bahamas_credit-Oliver-Shipley_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Booralana nickorum</a>, emphasizes how much we have yet to learn about oceanic life. 



This discovery furthers our understanding of the integral role these creatures play in the deep-sea ecosystem and their contribution to overall ocean biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-isopod-diversity">Glimpse into isopod diversity</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-isopod/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Isopods</a>, often only a few centimeters long, are a diverse group of crustaceans found in all major ecosystems on Earth. 



Dating back over 300 million years, they have adapted to various environments. In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-pressure-preserves-food-for-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea habitats</a>, they primarily act as scavengers, playing a crucial role in recycling energy. 



Remarkably, some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-pollination-discovered-between-red-seaweed-and-crustaceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">isopods</a> can survive years without food, a trait Booralana nickorum seems to share.



Dr. Shipley highlights the importance of this discovery, saying, “This work sheds light on the hidden diversity of these species and reveals how little we know about deep-sea ecosystems in The Bahamas."



He also suggests that these waters might hold a “potentially hidden ‘treasure chest’ of unrecognized biodiversity.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-crustaceans">Discovering new crustaceans</h2>



The journey to this discovery began back in 2013, with Dr. Shipley’s focus on the Exuma Sound for his MS research. 



In 2019, in collaboration with <a href="https://oceanx.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OceanX</a> and the <a href="https://islandschool.org/cape-eleuthera-institute/about-us-cei/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cape Eleuthera Institute</a>, he led an expedition into the Exuma Sound's deep waters. 



This expedition, part of a series aimed at documenting <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/seven-surprising-secrets-of-the-deepest-sea-creatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea biodiversity</a> in previously unexplored areas, led to the recovery of specimens for genetic sequencing and, ultimately, to the discovery of Booralana nickorum.



This is not the team's first significant find in The Bahamas’ Exuma Sound. In 2016, they described another new isopod species, Bathynomus maxeyorum. 



These discoveries are part of a larger project exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-surveys-identify-over-5000-species-in-future-mining-hotspot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity patterns</a> and food web structures in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinguishing-new-booralana-species">Distinguishing new Booralana species</h2>



Interestingly, before these findings, only a single Booralana species, Booralana tricarinata, was known to exist in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. 



The new species, Booralana nickorum, is distinguished by unique morphological features, particularly in its pleotelson or ‘tail.’



The discovery was made possible through a collaboration that included experts from the <a href="https://www.umass.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>, like Professor Duncan Irschick.



Professor Irschick employed novel technologies to create <a href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/model-103a-deep-sea-booralana-isopod-d033ca11dc94474aabd45a723fc5d707" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3D models of the specimen</a> that are quite impressive.



Dr. Shipley also points out the broader implications of these discoveries. 



“The Caribbean houses many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-shows-giant-sea-spiders-mating-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea ecosystems</a> that could be considered pristine, mostly hidden from anthropogenic exploitation, such as deep-sea fisheries and mining,” explains Shipley. 



“Therefore, they provide a baseline from which to compare exploitation effects occurring in less pristine regions. However, these systems are not immune from the increasing impacts of climate changes and pollution, so it is critical that we understand the full extent of the biodiversity supported by these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea environments</a>.”



However, he warns that these ecosystems are not immune to the broader impacts of climate change and pollution, making it crucial to understand the biodiversity these environments support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educational-impact-and-student-involvement">Educational impact and student involvement</h2>



At <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stony Brook University</a>, Dr. Shipley extends his passion for marine discovery to the classroom. He conducts an annual field course at the Cape Eleuthera Institute, where students, both undergraduate and graduate, engage directly in active discovery alongside Bahamian scientists. 



This environment enriches the educational experience of Stony Brook students and contributes to the ongoing exploration of subtropical ecosystems, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-life-disappear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep sea</a>.



In summary, the discovery of Booralana nickorum represents a window into the largely unexplored marine life of The Bahamas, and underscores the importance of continued research in these critical ecosystems. 



As we delve deeper into the ocean's mysteries, we expand our scientific knowledge while enhancing our ability to protect these vital habitats for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5399.3.4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zootaxa</a>.



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New deep-sea crustacean species discovered

In the vast and mysterious world of marine biology, a...

In a fascinating exploration of the bond between humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-humans-close/">dogs</a>, scientists from the <a href="https://www.mpi.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</a> have delved into the reasons behind dogs' distinctive tail wagging behavior. The relationship between humans and dogs, a bond that dates back to the dawn of civilization, has always included the enigmatic aspect of why dogs wag their tails more than other canines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-preferences">Human preferences</h2>



The researchers, in an opinion piece in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0407">Biology Letters</a>, propose a theory linking human enjoyment of rhythmic movements to the evolution of dogs' tail wagging behavior. They suggest that early humans might have unconsciously preferred dogs that exhibited more rhythmic movements. 



However, they acknowledge that this is just one theory and that the behavior could also be a byproduct of dogs becoming more sociable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tail-wagging-behavior-nbsp">Tail wagging behavior&nbsp;</h2>



Despite the mutual enjoyment derived from tail wagging, there's been limited research into its evolutionary origins. Unlike domesticated dogs, undomesticated canines like wolves wag their tails less frequently and primarily for communication.&nbsp;



The researchers point out that tail wagging in dogs seems innate rather than learned, as evidenced by the behavior of wolf and dog pups raised by humans, with dog pups beginning to wag their tails much more frequently as early as three weeks old.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domesticated-rhythmic-wagging-nbsp">Domesticated rhythmic wagging&nbsp;</h2>



The scientists propose two theories. The first, termed "domesticated rhythmic wagging," suggests that humans may have selectively bred dogs for more frequent and rhythmic tail wagging.&nbsp;



"Humans have remarkable abilities to perceive and produce rhythmic sequences, particularly isochronous patterns where events are evenly spaced in time," the authors wrote. The preference for rhythmic stimuli, ingrained in human cognitive neuroscience and linked to pleasurable responses and reward system engagement, could have influenced this selection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domestication-syndrome-hypothesis-nbsp">Domestication syndrome hypothesis&nbsp;</h2>



The second theory, known as the "domestication syndrome" hypothesis, posits that tail wagging could be an incidental result of breeding for friendliness. This idea is supported by a study on silver foxes selectively bred for tameness, which showed that friendlier foxes in later generations exhibited more dog-like tail wagging, even though this trait wasn't specifically selected for.



The researchers also discuss the variation in tail wagging behavior across different dog breeds, noting that selection may not have been uniform; for instance, hunting-type dogs wag their tails more than shepherd-type dogs.



Ultimately, the scientists acknowledge that further experiments are necessary to conclusively determine the true reason behind dogs' tail-wagging behavior. Their insights provide a thought-provoking look at how human preferences and evolutionary processes might have shaped one of our closest animal companions' most endearing traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-tail-wagging-nbsp">More about tail wagging&nbsp;</h2>



Tail wagging in dogs is a form of canine communication that can express a variety of emotions and intentions. Contrary to popular belief, tail wagging doesn't always mean a dog is happy. The nature of the tail wag can convey different messages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speed">Speed</h3>



The speed of the wag is significant. A rapid wag is generally a sign of excitement or happiness. If a dog wags its tail slowly, it might be unsure or assessing a situation.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-height">Height</h3>



The height at which a dog holds its tail while wagging can also be telling. A high tail often indicates confidence or aggression, while a lower tail might signify fear, submission, or anxiety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-direction">Direction</h3>



The direction of the tail wag also plays a role. Recent studies suggest that a tail wagging more to the right might be associated with positive feelings, while a left-biased wag could indicate negative emotions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-language-nbsp">Body language&nbsp;</h3>



It's important to consider the whole body language of the dog, not just the tail. Other cues like ear position, posture, and facial expression provide context to the meaning of a tail wag.&nbsp;



For instance, a wagging tail combined with relaxed body language and a playful stance often means the dog is happy and inviting interaction. Conversely, a wagging tail with stiff body posture or bared teeth could signal aggression.



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Study explores the mystery of why dogs wag their tails

In a fascinating exploration of the bond between humans and...

In a recent comprehensive review, experts have brought attention to a lesser-known but increasingly significant issue in public health: reverse zoonoses. 



This phenomenon, where diseases are transmitted from humans to animals (particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pets-did-not-improve-emotional-well-being-during-the-pandemic/">pets</a>), is more common than previously thought.



The research raises concerns about the health of both domestic and wild animals, and the potential implications for human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zoonotic-diseases-nbsp">Zoonotic diseases&nbsp;</h2>



Historically, the focus has been on zoonoses, diseases that jump from animals to humans. However, Dr. Benjamin Anderson from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a> says people should also pay attention to disease transmission in the opposite direction.&nbsp;



Dr. Anderson notes that pets sharing close quarters with humans are at a heightened risk of contracting diseases from their owners. “We’re starting to see a lot of examples of reverse zoonosis. Pets are more susceptible than, maybe, we previously thought "



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cross-species-transmission-nbsp">Cross-species transmission&nbsp;</h2>



Reverse zoonoses occur when a pathogen in humans mutates and adapts to a new animal host. Dr. Anderson noted that differences in the biology of animals and humans usually make it difficult for <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-terrifying-biology-of-zoonotic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infectious diseases</a> to spread between species. 



“Typically, the viruses that I will have as a human are not going to fit into the receptors that a dog or cat has,” he explained.



On the other hand, viruses like influenza and coronaviruses are prime candidates for cross-species transmission due to their RNA-based genetic material, which is more prone to replication errors and subsequent mutations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pets-at-risk-from-reverse-zoonoses">Pets at risk from reverse zoonoses</h2>



Dr. Anderson mentioned <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exploding-population-of-macaque-monkeys-and-wild-pigs-poses-risk-of-another-global-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several diseases</a> that have been transmitted from humans to their pets, including swine flu, human norovirus, dengue, COVID-19 and tuberculosis, as well as several lesser-known viral, fungal, parasitic and bacterial infections. 



Mammals, due to their genetic similarity to humans, are more susceptible to catching diseases from their owners. This includes pets like dogs, cats, horses, and ferrets.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disease-reservoirs-nbsp">Disease reservoirs&nbsp;</h2>



Reverse zoonoses not only affect household pets but also have wider implications. Livestock and wildlife can contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-animal-viruses-will-cause-future-pandemics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spread of diseases</a> - and to the risk of new outbreaks among humans. 



Dr. Anderson pointed out that domestic animals can become reservoirs for pathogens, potentially leading to pandemics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



“We have to first ask how the pathogen gets into those animals in the first place,” said Dr. Anderson. “The pathogen doesn’t develop out of thin air in animals before suddenly spilling over into humans."



"While pathogens certainly can move from animals to other animals and can be picked up from the environment, exposures to humans also plays an important role. It’s this constant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tools-are-needed-to-control-infectious-animal-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">back and forth exchange</a> that happens over time, increasing the probability of a mutation taking place that allows the pathogen to infect a new host.”



Dr. Anderson noted the difficulty in tracking reverse zoonoses, given the challenge in linking animal illnesses to human cases. This has led to a lack of attention towards this issue in both research and media.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-reverse-zoonoses-nbsp">Combating reverse zoonoses&nbsp;</h2>



To combat reverse zoonoses, Dr. Anderson advises caution around pets, especially when the owner is sick with communicable diseases like the flu or COVID-19. He suggests limiting contact and maintaining hygiene to prevent transmission.&nbsp;



Dr. Anderson also calls for more integrated research, combining human and animal health data, to better understand and manage these diseases.



“We have the diagnostic tools to track many different pathogens in both human and veterinary medicine, but not always the resources to see them used as broadly as is necessary to understand all of the epidemiological trends. In particular, we need greater testing among animals."



“I think it’s important to know not just about the human health issues, but also have a more complete picture as to what’s actually happening out in the environment."



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Reverse zoonoses: Humans are getting their pets sick

In a recent comprehensive review, experts have brought attention to...

A team of researchers from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> and various institutions in Western Australia have made intriguing discoveries in two newly identified species of the Urodacus genus of burrowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indiana-jones-was-right-small-scorpions-are-more-deadly/">scorpions</a>. These findings include a uniquely shaped tail tip and distinctive reproductive anatomy.



“By also looking at their internal genitalia, rather than only the external morphology, we discovered what we initially thought was one strange species – quite distinctive from other known Urodacus species – was actually two new unusual species,” said lead author Bruno Buzatto, an evolutionary biologist at Flinders University.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-notable-features">Notable features</h2>



The two new species, Urodacus uncinus and Urodacus lunatus, exhibit notable differences in their tails. “One novel feature of these two new species... is that the males have noticeable enlargement in their sting or telson where the venom glands are located,” Buzatto explained.&nbsp;



“[Moreover,] the tip of their ‘tails’ features a swollen vesicle and an aculeus that is more strongly curved than other known species of Urodacus.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urodacus-scorpions">Urodacus scorpions</h2>



This research adds to the existing knowledge of the 21 known Urodacus scorpions, with an estimation that over 100 more species could still be discovered. U. uncinus derives its name from the hooked shape of its sting, and U. lunatus is named after a moon-shaped structure in its hemispermatophore.



“It’s important to study and understand the biodiversity of these burrowing scorpions and list species of conservation significance because a lot haven’t been discovered or properly described yet,” Buzzato said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemispermatophore-morphology">Hemispermatophore morphology</h2>



“What we did discover is that these two species are quite distinctive in their hemispermatophores, which are structures that occupy the full length of their abdomen and fuse together to produce the spermatophore,” said senior author Erich Volschenk, highlighting the lack of comprehensive knowledge about these species' behavior, ecology, and physiology.



“This is the first time in Urodacus research that we have used hemispermatophore morphology to diagnose two different species, however, we can still only speculate about how these structures work during mating. After mating, the male scorpions will regrow hemispermatophores and can mate again within two weeks.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-threats-nbsp">Potential threats&nbsp;</h2>



The study identified threats from the pet trade and mining industry to burrowing scorpions, which are adapted to arid ecosystems. 



For instance, three of the known Urodacus species are currently featured in the top ten most popular invertebrate species in online pet trade, an aspect calling for more research on the impact of such activities on biodiversity and biosecurity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specific-habitat-nbsp">Specific habitat&nbsp;</h2>



Finally, Buzatto discusses the specific habitat of these new species: “So far, we only know these two new species have a narrow range in the Pilbara, restricted to creeks and drainage lines.”&nbsp;



Dr. Volschenk added that while some Urodacus species can live up to 20 years in the wild, in captivity, their lifespan is much shorter, while their venom is less harmful to humans than that of other Australian scorpions.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ZO23018" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Journal of Zoology</a>.



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Two new species of burrowing scorpions discovered

A team of researchers from Flinders University and various institutions...

Recent research has unveiled surprising details about the Megalodon, a colossal shark species that became extinct approximately 3.6 million years ago. Contrary to earlier beliefs, this study reveals that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megalodon-was-a-truly-vicious-killer-but-not-a-cold-blooded-one/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a> was much thinner than previously thought. 



This new understanding significantly alters our perception of Megalodon behavior, its role in ancient ocean ecosystems, and the factors contributing to its extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-megalodon-in-popular-culture">Megalodon in popular culture</h2>



In popular culture, notably in sci-fi films like “The Meg” (2018) and “Meg 2: The Trench” (2023), the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megalodon-shark-was-a-very-slow-swimmer-with-an-enormous-appetite/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a> is often depicted as a gargantuan and bulky creature. 



Previous scientific studies, largely based on its teeth and vertebrae fossils, supported this portrayal, estimating the shark's length to range from 50 feet to a staggering 65 feet. 



However, this new study challenges these assumptions and reshapes our understanding of this ancient predator.



“Our team reexamined the fossil record, and discovered the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megalodon-devoured-huge-prey-up-to-eight-meters-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a> was more slender and possibly even longer than we thought. Therefore, a better model might be the modern mako shark,” said <a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCR</a> biologist and paper first author <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Megalodon-shark_tooth_Douglas-Long_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phillip Sternes</a>.



“It still would have been a formidable predator at the top of the ancient marine food chain, but it would have behaved differently based on this new understanding of its body.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-thinner-megalodon-surmised">A thinner Megalodon surmised</h2>



This revelation suggests that while still a formidable apex predator, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-white-sharks-may-have-sped-up-megalodon-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a>'s hunting and feeding behavior might have been different than previously imagined.



The research involved an international team of 26 scientists, co-led by Sternes and Kenshu Shimada, a paleobiology professor at <a href="https://www.depaul.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DePaul University</a>. 



The team's 'eureka moment' occurred when they noticed discrepancies in the estimated body lengths for the same <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-white-sharks-may-have-sped-up-megalodon-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a> specimen. This inconsistency prompted a deeper investigation.



“We measured the whole vertebral skeleton of a living great white shark with a CT scanner and compared that to the previous reconstruction of the Megalodon vertebral column,” Sternes elaborated. 



The findings indicated that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megalodons-appearance-still-remains-a-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a> was not just a larger version of the modern great white shark.



This revised understanding of the Megalodon's body type has far-reaching implications. 



“The remarkably simple evidence that O. megalodon had a more slender body than the great white shark was hidden in plain sight,” said Kenshu Shimada, a co-leader and the senior author of the new study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-and-ecological-implications">Evolutionary and ecological implications</h2>



This stunning discovery alters our view of not only the giant shark itself, but also its impact on the evolution and ecology of marine ecosystems that have shaped today's oceans. 



A thinner, more <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Megalodon-shark_body-form_graphic_credit-Depaul-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elongated Megalodon body</a> suggests a longer digestive canal, implying enhanced nutrient absorption and potentially less frequent feeding needs.



Sternes added, “With increased ability to digest its food, it could have gone for longer without needing to hunt. This means less predation pressure on other marine creatures.” 



This insight offers a new perspective on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-a-giant-megalodon-tooth-to-split/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a>'s ecological role and its interactions with other marine life.



While some scientists believe a natural decrease in prey led to the Megalodon's extinction, Sternes proposes a different theory, influenced by the new understanding of its shape. 



“I believe there were a combination of factors that led to the extinction, but one of them may have been the emergence of the great white shark, which was possibly more agile, making it an even better predator than the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megalodons-grew-larger-in-cold-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a>,” he suggested. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle-and-extinction-of-a-thinner-megalodon">Lifestyle and extinction of a thinner Megalodon</h2>



This competitive dynamic might have been a significant factor in the decline and ultimate extinction of a thinner <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megalodons-feasted-on-sperm-whales-enormous-noses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a>.



The international team of researchers from countries including the U.S., UK, Austria, France, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia agree that this new understanding of the Megalodon necessitates a reevaluation of ancient marine life. 



“Now that we know it was a thinner shark, we need to reinvestigate its lifestyle, how it really lived, and what caused it to die,” Sternes concluded. 



“Despite the major scientific advancement in our new study, the fact that we still don’t know exactly how O. megalodon looked keeps our imagination going,” Shimada said. 



“The continued mystery like this makes paleontology, the study of prehistoric life, a fascinating and exciting scientific field.”



In summary, this study challenges existing beliefs about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-megatooth-sharks-were-apex-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Megalodon</a> sharks and proves the need for more research in the future. 



Concurrently, Shimada and Sternes' new research offers exciting opportunities to unravel the mysteries of ancient marine life and its enduring influence on our oceans.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5079-megalodon-body-form" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Palaeontologia Electronica</a>.



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Megalodon sharks were much thinner than previously believed

Recent research has unveiled surprising details about the Megalodon, a...

Woolly,Mammoth,,Prehistoric,Animal,In,Frozen,Ice,Age,Landscape,(3d

Scientists have traced the journey of a 14,000-year-old woolly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-made-woolly-mammoths-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammoth</a>, named Élmayųujey'eh, tying its movements directly to the oldest human settlements in Alaska. 



This revelation offers a fascinating glimpse into the lives of some of the earliest people to traverse the Bering Land Bridge, and their interactions with these iconic creatures.



The study was led by Audrey Rowe, a PhD student at the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a> (UAF). The researchers used isotope analysis to delve into the life of Élmayųujey'eh -- affectionately known as <a href="https://media.uaf.edu/media/t/1_90y53m1b" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elma</a>. 



The discovery of her tusk at the Swan Point archaeological site in interior Alaska marked a significant milestone in understanding the coexistence of mammoths and early human settlers in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-woolly-mammoths-and-humans">Woolly mammoths and humans </h2>



The researchers found that isotopic data from Elma's tusk, along with DNA from other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/woolly-mammoths-had-testosterone-driven-aggression-during-mating-season/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammoths</a> and archaeological evidence from the site, suggested that early Alaskan settlers strategically positioned their settlements in areas frequented by mammoths. 



“She wandered around the densest region of archaeological sites in Alaska,” said Rowe. “It looks like these early people were establishing hunting camps in areas that were frequented by mammoths.”



This indicates a symbiotic relationship between the mammoths and human hunter-gatherers, with humans likely relying on these mammoth-populated areas for sustenance.



Elma's journey, covering approximately 1,000 kilometers through Alaska and northwestern Canada, was not a solitary one. 



The tusk and remains of two related juvenile mammoths were excavated in 2009 by Charles Holmes, a research professor at UAF, and François Lanoë, a research associate at the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/museum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Museum of the North</a>. 



Accompanying these remains were signs of human activity, including campfires, stone tools, and butchered game remains. 



Ben Potter, an archaeologist and professor of anthropology at UAF, said these findings indicate a pattern consistent with human hunting of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/woolly-mammoths-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammoths</a>.



“Climate change at the end of the ice age fragmented mammoths’ preferred open habitat, potentially decreasing movement and making them more vulnerable to human predation,” Potter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-elma-s-life">Reconstructing Elma's life</h2>



The meticulous analysis of thousands of samples from Elma's tusk at UAF’s Alaska Stable Isotope Facility allowed the researchers to reconstruct her life story.&nbsp;



Isotopes, acting as chemical markers, provided insights into her diet and geographical movements, preserved in the layers of her tusk. 



The study of these isotopes revealed a chronological record of her life, capturing the essence of a woolly mammoth's existence in prehistoric times.



Intriguingly, Elma's path overlapped with that of a male <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/company-creates-meatballs-from-extinct-woolly-mammoth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammoth</a> who lived 3,000 years earlier, hinting at long-term movement patterns among mammoths across millennia. The isotopes indicated that Elma was a healthy, 20-year-old female.



“She was a young adult in the prime of life. Her isotopes showed she was not malnourished and that she died in the same season as the seasonal hunting camp at Swan Point where her tusk was found,” said senior author Matthew Wooller, who is director of the <a href="https://ine.uaf.edu/werc/asif/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska Stable Isotope Facility</a> and a professor at UAF’s College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-end-of-an-era">The end of an era</h2>



In summary, this research marks a significant step in understanding the dynamic interactions between early humans and woolly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammoths-were-wiped-out-by-climate-change-not-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammoths</a> in Alaska. 



By meticulously analyzing Elma's tusk, scientists traced the mammoth's extensive journey and revealed the strategic settlement patterns of early Alaskans, highlighting a symbiotic relationship between these ancient people and the iconic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-drove-woolly-mammoths-to-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammoths</a>. 



This study, a collaborative effort among various universities and research institutions, highlights the survival strategies of early humans in response to changing climates and landscapes, offering a deeper understanding of our ancestral past and the natural world they inhabited.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-woolly-mammoths">More about woolly mammoths</h2>



As discussed above, woolly mammoths, the iconic behemoths of the Ice Age, once roamed the vast, cold landscapes of Earth, symbolizing the raw beauty and harshness of prehistoric times. 



These magnificent creatures, close relatives of today’s elephants, played a pivotal role in their ecosystems and have captivated the human imagination for centuries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics-and-habitat">Physical characteristics and habitat</h3>



Woolly mammoths stood up to 4 meters tall and weighed as much as 6 tons, with males generally larger than females. 



Their most distinctive feature, a thick coat of fur, protected them from the bitter cold of the ice age environment. 



This fur comprised a dense undercoat beneath longer, coarser outer hairs, effectively insulating these giants against freezing temperatures. 



Woolly mammoths also possessed large, curved tusks, sometimes extending up to 5 meters, which they used for foraging under snow, fighting, and attracting mates.



These animals inhabited a vast range stretching across northern Eurasia and North America, thriving in the grasslands known as the mammoth steppe. 



This biome presented a rich array of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, catering to the mammoths’ herbivorous diet.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-woolly-mammoth-behavior-and-social-structure">Woolly mammoth behavior and social structure</h3>



Woolly mammoths exhibited complex social behaviors, living in matriarchal herds led by an experienced female. 



These herds primarily consisted of females and their young, while adult males often led solitary lives or formed smaller, bachelor groups. 



Communication within these groups was crucial, and mammoths likely used a range of vocalizations and physical gestures, much like modern elephants.



As keystone species, woolly mammoths significantly influenced their environment. They helped maintain the grasslands by trampling down trees and shrubs, thus preventing the spread of forests and encouraging the growth of grasses. 



Their foraging habits also dispersed plant seeds, contributing to the health and diversity of the Ice Age flora.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinction-and-scientific-significance">Extinction and scientific significance</h3>



Woolly mammoths began to disappear around 10,000 years ago, with their extinction likely caused by a combination of climate change and human hunting. 



As the ice age concluded, their grassland habitats gave way to forests and tundras, reducing suitable living spaces. Concurrently, human expansion led to increased hunting pressures.



Today, woolly mammoths continue to intrigue scientists. Discoveries of well-preserved specimens in permafrost have provided invaluable insights into Ice Age ecosystems and mammoth biology. 



Studies of their DNA are expanding our understanding of prehistoric life and even raising the possibility, albeit controversial, of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resurrecting-ancient-animals-de-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">de-extinction efforts</a>.



In summary, the woolly mammoth, a symbol of the Ice Age's grandeur, remains a subject of fascination and study, offering a window into a lost world where these gentle giants once roamed. 



Their legacy endures, reminding us of the ever-changing nature of our planet and the intricate web of life that has existed long before human history began.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk0818" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.&nbsp;



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Woolly mammoth named "Elma" has an intriguing story to tell

Scientists have traced the journey of a 14,000-year-old woolly mammoth,...

Recent research has unveiled a concerning trend: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-waters-have-an-unexpected-impact-on-fish-size/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> is stealthily undermining the ocean's capacity to sustain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-may-flip-plankton-into-carbon-emitters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a>, resulting in the rapid decline of fish populations. 



This revelation is crucial as even minor reductions in plankton, the ocean's primary food source, lead to significant decreases in fish stocks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceans-and-fish-rely-on-phytoplankton">Oceans and fish rely on phytoplankton</h2>



Leading this investigation are <a href="https://www.pml.ac.uk/people/Dr-Angus-Atkinson" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Angus Atkinson</a> from the <a href="https://www.pml.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plymouth Marine Laboratory</a> and <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/sbbs/staff/axelrossberg.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Axel Rossberg</a> of <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University</a> of London. 



Their study illuminates a previously unnoticed amplifying effect within the ocean's food chain. They found that a 16-26% decrease in plankton, as predicted in areas like the North Atlantic, could result in a staggering 38-55% drop in the ocean's capacity to support fish.



This phenomenon is largely attributed to the decline in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-plankton-hold-a-long-record-of-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> in various latitudes, a result of warmer waters and nutrient insulation from deeper layers. 



Interestingly, while the North Atlantic has seen a decline in plankton over the past 50 years, the impact on fish populations remains uncertain, with models showing varied projections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



Departing from traditional global-scale computer models, the team adopted a unique, data-driven approach. 



By examining the size structure of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-super-swimmers-fueled-the-red-tide-event-of-2020/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a> and compiling a comprehensive global database, they could better understand how energy is transferred from microscopic phytoplankton to larger fish species.



Contrary to common beliefs, the study reveals that temperature plays a secondary role in disrupting food webs. 



The primary factor is the abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/spirals-plankton-indian-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a>, which dictates energy transfer efficiency. 



"Our global analysis sheds light on a hidden vulnerability," says Dr Atkinson. "We were surprised to find temperature didn't directly affect food web efficiency. Instead, we see ecosystems adapting to warming by changing plankton size." 



Warmer oceans reduce the nutrient supply from deeper waters, leading to smaller <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/spiral-plankton-off-australian-coast/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a> and less efficient energy flow.



Atkinson continued, "This suggests the main threat comes from reduced nutrient supply, leading to smaller plankton, longer food chains, and inefficient foraging." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-ocean-fish-stocks">Implications for ocean fish stocks</h2>



While this finding may seem counterintuitive, Dr. Rossberg explains the broader context, saying, "Close to shore or in lakes, excess nutrients from land can cause imbalances like harmful algal blooms." 



"But at the vast scales relevant to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, it's the lack of nutrients from deeper waters that becomes the major bottleneck," Dr. Rossberg expounded.



This research underscores the need to integrate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-threatens-the-global-fish-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> considerations into fisheries management. 



Dr. Atkinson points out that global averages can obscure significant declines in fish populations, especially in heavily fished areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-action-needed">Urgent action needed</h2>



The study underlines the urgency of factoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-fishes-will-get-smaller-as-the-ocean-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> into fisheries management. 



"Global averages can mask the true picture," explains Dr Atkinson. "Some of the most significant projected declines are in areas with concentrated fishing activities." 



Recognizing the urgency, Dr. Rossberg emphasizes a multi-faceted approach for sustainable fisheries in the era of climate change. 



"A combination of data on <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/colorful-phytoplankton-blooms-off-argentina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a> size structure and advanced computer models is essential for developing effective, climate-smart ocean protection strategies," he asserts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-our-oceans-plankton-and-fish-stocks">Safeguarding our oceans, plankton, and fish stocks</h2>



The study highlights a hidden aspect of climate change, calling for a deeper understanding of the ocean's food webs, namely the importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydrothermal-vents-phytoplankton-blooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a>. 



By recognizing these hidden amplifiers, we can better protect our oceans and the critical resources they provide, ensuring a sustainable future for marine life.



"We need a combination of data on plankton size structure and sophisticated computer simulation models to design truly 'climate-smart' ocean protection strategies," concludes Dr Rossberg. 



"By understanding the hidden amplifiers within the food web, we can better safeguard the future of our oceans and the vital resources they provide." 



In summary, this eye-opening research by Drs. Atkinson and Rossberg offers a new perspective on the ocean's vulnerability to climate change. 



It paves the way for innovative strategies in marine conservation, emphasizing the importance of understanding the intricate dynamics of oceanic ecosystems in the face of global warming.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44406-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Our oceans are quickly losing their ability to support fish populations

Recent research has unveiled a concerning trend: climate change is...

A study from <a href="https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> has shed light on the pivotal role played by southern sea otters in preserving and enhancing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-kelp-forests-existed-32-million-years-ago/">kelp forests</a> of California.&nbsp;



The research offers profound insights into the dynamics between a keystone species and its environment, providing a hopeful narrative in the face of environmental adversities.



According to the study, southern sea otters have prevented the widespread decline of California's kelp forests over the past century. The research was focused on the period from 1910 to 2016.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-century-of-support-from-sea-otters">A century of support from sea otters</h2>



Once on the brink of extinction due to rampant hunting in the 1800s, the southern sea otter has made a remarkable comeback along California's central coast. 



This resurgence has had a big impact on the kelp forests in the region. 



"Our study showed that kelp forests are more extensive and resilient to climate change where sea otters have reoccupied the California coastline during the last century," explained study lead author Teri Nicholson, senior research biologist with the Monterey Bay Aquarium Sea Otter Program.



"Where sea otters are absent, kelp forests have declined dramatically. In fact, we found sea otter population density as the strongest predictor of change in kelp canopy coverage across this hundred-year span."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-climate-trends-nbsp">Understanding climate trends&nbsp;</h2>



Utilizing historical surveys of kelp forests, the researchers performed detailed analyses of canopy extent, biomass, and carbon storage. 



The team accounted for annual variations and differences in survey methods to provide a comprehensive view of the trends over the last century. 



"The use of historical maps provided an important opportunity to help us examine long-term kelp forest trends," said Jess Fujii, scientific and operational leader of the <a href="https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/stories/sea-otter-rescue-and-research" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aquarium's Sea Otter Program</a>. 



"This broader view is important for understanding trends related to climate change, and developing effective science-based conservation strategies."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-on-sea-otters-and-kelp-forests">Insights on sea otters and kelp forests</h2>



The study highlighted a significant increase in kelp forest canopy along the central coast, with an estimated 56 percent rise in coverage.&nbsp;



By contrast, the northern and southern regions of California saw decreases of 63 and 52 percent, respectively. Remarkably, the overall decline in the state's kelp canopy was just six percent from 1910 to 2016.



Through machine learning frameworks, the researchers identified sea otter population density as the strongest predictor of change in kelp coverage. 



This finding underscores the otter's role as a keystone species, vital in maintaining the health and balance of kelp ecosystems. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



"Today, extreme heat in the ocean is intense and persistent. Beginning a decade ago, this threat now affects more than half the ocean's surface," said study senior author Kyle Van Houtan, a research scientist at Duke University.



"This is a major problem for kelp forests as chronic temperature stress undermines kelp growth and health. Ecosystems are complex, and to give them their best chance at surviving these extreme changes, they need all their component parts. Sea otters, of course, are hugely influential for Pacific kelp forests. Historical studies like this are a crucial demonstration of this dynamic over the long term."



The study not only reinforces the importance of conserving the southern sea otter but also highlights the potential of nature-based solutions in restoring kelp forests.&nbsp;



Healthy kelp forests provide numerous benefits, such as serving as nursery grounds for fisheries, mitigating coastal erosion, and aiding in carbon storage. 



The reintroduction of sea otters to their historical ranges could be pivotal in reviving these ecosystems along more stretches of the California coast.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000290" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Climate</a>.



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Sea otters have protected kelp forests for a century 

A study from Monterey Bay Aquarium has shed light on...

The complex puzzle of how one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/free-ranging-cats-are-one-of-the-most-problematic-invasive-species/">species</a> evolves into many has been a subject of fascination and study for evolutionary biologists for decades.&nbsp;



A recent study from <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a> has shed new light on this enigma through an extensive study of Darwin's finches in the Galápagos Islands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



Over nearly two decades, the team collected and analyzed data from more than 3,400 individual finches spanning four different species. 



The research has been pivotal in establishing a clear relationship between specific beak traits and the longevity of these birds. The study also offers new insights into the mechanisms of species adaptation and survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptive-radiation-nbsp">Adaptive radiation&nbsp;</h2>



Adaptive radiation is a process where a single species evolves into multiple descendant species, each adapted to a unique environment. While this is a fundamental theory in evolutionary biology, empirical evidence to support this theory has been challenging to obtain.&nbsp;



"The drivers of adaptive radiation have often been conceptualized through the concept of 'adaptive landscapes,' yet formal empirical estimates of adaptive landscapes for natural adaptive radiations have proven elusive," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-darwin-s-finches-nbsp">Darwin's finches&nbsp;</h2>



The McGill team focused on Darwin's finches, a classic example of adaptive radiation.&nbsp;



"Darwin’s finches started to radiate on the Galápagos about 1.5 million years ago; however, radiation of the ground finch (Geospiza) group was more rapid and recent, perhaps starting between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. The primary phenotypic driver of this radiation at all phylogenetic levels is thought to be variation in beak (and body) size and shape," wrote the study authors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beak-traits-nbsp">Beak traits&nbsp;</h2>



For their investigation, the researchers constructed a detailed "fitness landscape." This landscape helped predict an individual finch's longevity based on its beak traits.&nbsp;



"Biological species are diverse in their shape and functions mainly because individual traits, such as beaks, are selected by the environment in which the species are found," explained study lead author Marc-Olivier Beausoleil, a doctoral researcher at McGill.



The experts discovered that finches with beak traits typical of their species enjoyed higher survival rates, whereas those deviating from these traits had lower survival rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fitness-landscape-nbsp">Fitness landscape&nbsp;</h2>



According to the researchers, the traits of each species correspond to fitness peaks that can be compared to mountains on a topographic map separated from other mountains by valleys of lower fitness.



As a result, "the diversity of life is a product of the radiation of species to specialize on different environments; in the case of Darwin's finches, those environments are different food types," explained Professor Andrew Hendry, who has been a part of the project for more than 20 years.



An intriguing aspect of the study's findings is that the finch species have not yet reached the pinnacle of their fitness "mountains." This observation implies that these species are not perfectly adapted to their respective food types, leaving open the question of whether such perfection in adaptation is attainable.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpad160" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolution</a>.



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Darwin's finches: How one species becomes many

The complex puzzle of how one species evolves into many...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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