<p>Two iconic dinosaurs - <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> and <em>Brachylophosaurus canadensis</em> - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. </p>



<p>In new work, researchers at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals.</p>



<p>The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form.</p>



<p>Researchers have debated and re-examined soft, stretchy tissues from these same specimens for nearly two decades. </p>



<p>Teams have used high-resolution imaging, antibodies, and protein sequencing to argue that the materials are genuine remnants of dinosaur biology rather than modern contaminants. The latest study adds another tool - and another confirmation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-unlocks-dinosaur-chemistry">Light unlocks dinosaur chemistry</h2>



<p>The team turned to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/resonance-raman-spectroscopy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy</a>. In this method, laser light is tuned to a molecule’s electronic transitions. This causes only that molecule to “sing” back with a strong signal.</p>



<p>“Raman spectroscopy essentially uses light waves to identify a molecule’s energetic ‘fingerprint,’” said physicist Hans Hallen, the study’s corresponding author. </p>



<p>“Resonance Raman, which we use here, takes that process one step further by using light already tuned to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-the-origins-of-the-molecule-that-made-the-universe/">molecule</a> of interest - so only that type of molecule will resonate.”</p>



<p>That resonance dramatically boosts the signal from specific bonds - crucial when your targets are rare, damaged molecules embedded in a complex fossil matrix.</p>



<p>“This strong signal allows us to find the needle (hemoglobin remnants) in the haystack (messy fossil) to see how this molecule has changed from the functional living state, revealing the chemical changes molecules undergo in deep time,” Hallen added.</p>



<p>RR spectra from <em>T. rex</em> and <em>Brachylophosaurus</em> extracts showed signatures consistent with heme still bound to globin proteins. In addition, they indicated heme bound to goethite, an iron oxide mineral linked to oxidized iron.</p>



<p>The researchers cross-checked those signals against demineralized modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-of-a-cretaceous-ostrich-mexidracon-longimanus-with-extremely-long-arms/">ostrich</a> bone and human blood to anchor their interpretations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-molecules-traced-to-dinosaurs">Blood molecules traced to dinosaurs</h2>



<p>Because Raman detects bonds rather than whole molecules, skeptics often point out that generic signals could arise from modern microbes or other contaminants. </p>



<p>That’s where the extra selectivity of RR - and the structural information in the spectra - matters.</p>



<p>“RR identifies both bonds and structure," said paleobiologist Mary Schweitzer, a co-author on the work. </p>



<p>"We know that heme is there and that it is still bound to hemoglobin protein - contaminants like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reusable-water-bottles-are-breeding-ground-for-strep-and-fecal-bacteria/">bacteria</a> don’t have those specific bonds, so we can say that the molecules are from the animal, or in this case, the dinosaur,”</p>



<p>The team also mapped how those spectral fingerprints shift as hemoglobin decays. After death, the protein breaks down, damaging the heme ring and oxidizing the iron inside it. </p>



<p>RR data show that goethite forms on that iron, and the heme can bind to the mineral surface.</p>



<p>Tellingly, the researchers observed the early stages of the same degradation pathway in modern samples, suggesting that key steps happen relatively quickly and then stabilize.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-blood-survived-fossilization">Dinosaur blood survived fossilization</h2>



<p>Beyond confirming what the molecules are, the spectral changes reveal a plausible route for how they survived. </p>



<p>Goethite is a bio-related mineral - it often forms in association with biological activity - and the new data hint that it doesn’t just grow near proteins; it can latch onto and stabilize fragments. "We didn’t know that it could bind to and stabilize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/">protein</a> fragments,” Hallen said.</p>



<p>That matters because it shows a mechanism that locks delicate organics in place and protects them during fossilization. </p>



<p>Researchers already know that heme persists in sediments far older than the age of dinosaurs, but the path from fresh blood to ancient rock has remained murky.</p>



<p>Pinning down the chemistry helps explain why hemoglobin, in particular, shows up as a survivor - and why some fossils preserve molecular vestiges while others do not.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-view-of-fossil-preservation">A new view of fossil preservation</h2>



<p>The study reinforces a shift in paleontology: under the right conditions, original biochemistry can endure deep time, and modern tools can detect and interpret it. </p>



<p>Instead of a binary “preserved or not,” researchers are piecing together degradation pathways, mineral partnerships, and microenvironments that favor survival.</p>



<p>For dinosaur biology, that means more than just curiosity. Hemoglobin and heme in blood play key roles in metabolism, oxygen transport, and overall physiology. </p>



<p>Their presence, and the way they degrade, defines how tissues fossilize and what information we can still extract.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1s.webp" alt="Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Credit: NC State University" class="wp-image-1985867"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NC State University</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-chemistry-spans-eons">Blood chemistry spans eons</h2>



<p>For dinosaur fossil science, mineral–organic interactions like heme–goethite may help preserve blood proteins and molecular fragments throughout Earth’s history.</p>



<p>“Heme has been identified in sediments that are much, much older than dinosaurs, so we know that it persists,” Schweitzer noted. </p>



<p>“Understanding why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-human-genetics-could-optimize-medical-care/">hemoglobin</a> preserves, and the role that heme plays in the process, is really important if we want to know how these ancient molecules survive through time.”</p>



<p>The upshot is both practical and provocative. Resonance Raman pinpoints specific ancient molecules within messy fossils, and the chemistry it reveals also serves as a preservation roadmap. </p>



<p>That’s a powerful combination for anyone trying to read life’s oldest diaries written in stone.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2025.0175" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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Hemoglobin and other blood molecules found preserved in dinosaur fossils

Two iconic dinosaurs - Tyrannosaurus rex and Brachylophosaurus canadensis - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. In new work, researchers at North Carolina State University identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals. The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form. Researchers...

Big,Male,Wild,Boar,With,Tusks,At,Summer,Scenery

<p>The invasion of "super pigs" in Canada presents a looming ecological and agricultural threat to the United States. These animals, a crossbreed of wild Eurasian boar and domestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-passed-swine-flu-to-pigs-370-times-since-2009/">swine</a>, exhibit enhanced survival skills, adaptability, and high fertility, earning them the title of "super pigs."&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are a product of an initiative in the 1980s when Canadian farmers were encouraged to raise wild boar. However, after the market crashed in 2001, some farmers released these pigs into the wild.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-pigs-are-spreading-like-a-virus">Super pigs are spreading like a virus</h2>



<p>The super pigs are remarkably adept at surviving in harsh conditions, including Canadian winters. They are omnivorous, consuming crops and wildlife, and are capable of causing significant land damage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, they pose a risk to hog farms by potentially spreading diseases like African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-passed-swine-flu-to-pigs-370-times-since-2009/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swine fever</a>. Their high reproductive rate exacerbates the problem; a single sow can produce up to 12 piglets annually.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ryan Brook, a leading authority on this issue from the <a href="https://www.usask.ca/">University of Saskatchewan</a>, referred to feral pigs as “the most invasive animal on the planet” and “an ecological train wreck.” Brook said that even if 65% of this population is culled annually, their numbers would continue to rise.</p>



<p>Hunting these pigs has proven ineffective and counterproductive, as it tends to make them more cautious and nocturnal, making eradication efforts even more challenging.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-detection-is-needed">Early detection is needed</h2>



<p>In the United States, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-population-growth-of-wild-pigs-slowed-by-conservation-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild pigs</a> are already responsible for approximately $2.5 billion in crop damage annually, mainly in southern states like Texas. They also pose a direct threat to human safety, as evidenced by a fatal wild pig attack in Texas in 2019.</p>



<p>Eradication of wild pigs is no longer possible in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, said Brook, but the situation isn’t hopeless everywhere and a few U.S. states have eliminated them. The key, he said, is having a detection system that finds them early and fast, and then responding quickly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventive-measures-nbsp">Preventive measures&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brook and his team have documented 62,000 wild pig sightings in Canada. Using aerial surveys, they have spotted the pigs on both sides of the Canada-North Dakota border.</p>



<p>“Nobody should be surprised when pigs start walking across that border if they haven’t already,” said Brook. “The question is: What will be done about it?”</p>



<p>Montana has taken significant preventive measures, including banning the raising and transportation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-study-on-wild-pigs-reveals-when-they-move-and-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild pigs</a> within the state.</p>



<p>“The only path forward is you have to be really aggressive and you have to use all the tools in the toolbox,” Brook said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eradicating-super-pigs">Eradicating super pigs</h2>



<p>Various methods are being considered for controlling these populations, ranging from large ground traps to more innovative approaches like net guns from helicopters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Crowdsourced tracking programs and potential use of poisons like sodium nitrite are also under consideration, though the latter poses risks to other wildlife species.</p>



<p>The U.S. is ramping up its efforts to combat this issue. The <a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a> is preparing a report to identify gaps in their management plan and propose new preventive measures.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-surveillance-nbsp">Increased surveillance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The U.S. Department of Agriculture (<a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>) has increased surveillance along the northern border using aircraft and drones. Despite successful eradication in Minnesota in 2016, vigilance remains high.</p>



<p>Feral swine have been reported in at least 35 U.S. states, with an estimated population of 6 million. The USDA's National Feral Swine Management Program, initiated in 2014, has provided funding to 33 states, focusing on eradication in areas with emerging populations and damage control in states with established populations.</p>



<p>While significant progress has been made in some states, complete eradication is not anticipated in the near future. The situation calls for a concerted effort and utilization of a variety of strategies to mitigate the threat posed by these super pigs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact-of-super-pigs">Economic impact of super pigs</h2>



<p>The economic impact of super pigs" can be significant and multifaceted. These impacts primarily stem from their destructive behaviors and the challenges in controlling their populations. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-damage">Agricultural damage</h3>



<p>Super pigs are known for their voracious appetites and can cause extensive damage to crops and farmlands. They uproot and consume a wide variety of crops, leading to significant yield losses for farmers. The cost of such damage can run into millions of dollars annually in affected regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-livestock-threat-from-super-pigs">Livestock threat from super pigs</h3>



<p>Besides crop damage, these animals can also pose a threat to livestock. They compete with domestic animals for food and can transmit diseases to livestock, which can result in additional costs for veterinary care and, in severe cases, loss of livestock.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-property-and-infrastructure-damage">Property and infrastructure damage</h3>



<p>Super pigs can cause physical damage to property and infrastructure. This includes damage to fencing, irrigation systems, and other farm structures, leading to costly repairs and maintenance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-control-and-eradication-costs">Control and eradication costs</h3>



<p>The cost of controlling and attempting to eradicate super pig populations can be substantial. This includes expenses related to hunting, trapping, fencing, and employing other management strategies. Government agencies and private landowners spend significant amounts on these efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-management">Environmental management</h3>



<p>The environmental impact of super pigs, such as soil erosion and destruction of native habitats, can necessitate costly environmental management and restoration efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-tourism-and-recreation">Impact on tourism and recreation</h3>



<p>In areas where outdoor recreation and tourism are economically important, the presence of super pigs can deter these activities. They can destroy natural areas used for hiking, camping, and hunting, thereby indirectly affecting revenue from tourism.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-and-safety-costs">Health and safety costs</h3>



<p>There can be health and safety concerns associated with super pigs, including the risk of vehicle collisions and the spread of diseases to humans. These issues can lead to healthcare costs and necessitate public safety measures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-pigs-impact-on-financial-markets">Super pigs' impact on financial markets</h3>



<p>In regions heavily affected by super pigs, there can be indirect market impacts. For example, the cost of crop insurance might increase, or there might be changes in the prices of certain commodities due to fluctuations in supply caused by crop damages.</p>



<p>In summary, the economic impact of super pigs is complex and involves direct costs such as crop and property damage, as well as indirect costs related to control efforts, environmental management, and public health and safety. The total economic burden can be significant, especially in areas where these animals are prevalent and not effectively managed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-feral-pigs">More about feral pigs</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, Feral pigs, also known as wild boars or hogs, are a species that have become a significant ecological and agricultural concern worldwide. These animals, originating from domestic pigs that have escaped or been released into the wild, are highly adaptable and prolific breeders.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-and-spread">Origin and spread</h3>



<p>Feral pigs trace their lineage back to domesticated pigs. Over centuries, some of these pigs escaped human control and adapted to life in the wild. Their remarkable adaptability has enabled them to thrive in diverse environments, from forests to grasslands.</p>



<p>Originally native to Eurasia, feral pigs have spread across the globe, largely due to human activities. They were introduced to new regions both accidentally and intentionally, for hunting and agricultural purposes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impact">Ecological impact</h3>



<p>Feral pigs are notorious for their destructive feeding habits. They root up large areas of land in search of food, leading to soil erosion, damage to plant life, and disruption of native ecosystems.</p>



<p>These animals pose a significant threat to native wildlife. They compete for resources, prey on smaller animals and bird eggs, and can spread diseases to other species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-and-economic-effects">Agricultural and economic effects</h3>



<p>Farmers often bear the brunt of the feral pig problem. These animals can cause extensive damage to crops and property, leading to significant financial losses.</p>



<p>Efforts to control feral pig populations include trapping, hunting, and fencing. However, these methods are often costly and only partially effective, making the management of these animals a challenging task.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feral-pig-management-strategies">Feral pig management strategies</h3>



<p>Effective management of feral pigs requires an integrated approach. This includes habitat modification, public education, and the implementation of more effective trapping and hunting techniques.</p>



<p>Ongoing research and monitoring are crucial for understanding the behavior and impact of feral pigs. This information aids in developing more effective management strategies.</p>



<p>In summary, feral pigs are a complex ecological and agricultural problem. Their ability to adapt and reproduce quickly makes them a challenging species to manage. However, with continued research and integrated management strategies, it is possible to mitigate their impact on the environment and agriculture.</p>



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Ecological train wreck: "Super pigs" from Canada pose a growing threat to the U.S.

The invasion of "super pigs" in Canada presents a looming...

<p>Thanksgiving is a time of indulgence and celebration, but it's important to remember that our dogs have different dietary needs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a recent report from the <a href="https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/thanksgiving-foods-to-share-with-your-dog-or-avoid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Kennel Club</a>, veterinary experts highlight the importance of being mindful about what we share with our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-live-longer-and-happier-lives-when-they-get-to-socialize-often/">dogs</a> during this festive season.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-points">Key Points</h2>



<ul>
<li>Turkey meat, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin are all safe, healthy foods to share with your dog.<br></li>



<li>Bones, sweets, alcohol, and fatty foods are all things that you should avoid giving dogs.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweet-potatoes-nbsp">Sweet potatoes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Gary Richter, author of <em>The Ultimate Pet Health Guide: Breakthrough Nutrition and Integrative Care for Dogs and Cats</em>, pointed out that sweet potatoes are a great source of dietary fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. “Sweet potato treats can be as simple as a dehydrated sweet potato chew.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts noted that you should not give your pet sweet potatoes loaded up with added ingredients like brown sugar, marshmallows, or maple syrup. Plain mashed sweet potatoes are also an option.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apples">Apples</h2>



<p>“Apples are full of vitamins A and C and contain lots of great fiber, making them a healthy Thanksgiving treat for your pet,” said Dr. Richter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, if you’re sharing an apple with your pooch, be sure to cut around the core, as large amounts of apple seeds can be toxic.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turkey-meat">Turkey meat</h2>



<p>Plain, cooked turkey meat is a great source of protein for dogs. Dr. Sarah Ochoa said that it's okay to give your dog turkey meat as long as it has not been prepared with any seasoning.</p>



<p>Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, advises owners to skip the turkey bones, as well as the turkey’s skin.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Skin itself can be fatty, and the outer layer of the turkey’s skin was likely slathered in butter or oil before cooking, all of which can add up to triggering a bout of painful and dangerous pancreatitis or other digestive issues for your dog," the experts wrote.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"If you’d like to share turkey with your dog without worrying about preparing a separate, dog-safe portion, you can look for Thanksgiving-themed canned dog food that did the work for you."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-beans-nbsp">Green beans&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“With ample amounts of plant fiber, manganese, and vitamins C and K, plain green beans are great for dogs,” said Dr. Richter. The green beans should be prepared and served plain, without added ingredients like butter or salt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts noted that plain peas make a good addition to a dog’s diet in moderation, but creamed peas are a no-go, just like creamy mashed potatoes. They say that any fatty food or casserole can cause digestive issues. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pumpkin">Pumpkin</h2>



<p>“Pumpkin itself is a very healthy snack,” explained Dr. Richter. “Pumpkin helps with digestive health and it’s great for a dog’s skin and coat. Also, if feeding canned pumpkin, make sure it’s just pure pumpkin puree and not the pre-spiced or sugary pie mix.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plain-yogurt">Plain yogurt</h2>



<p>Plain frozen yogurt is okay for dogs, but make sure to read the label and look for xylitol, which can be fatal to dogs. The calcium, protein, and probiotics in plain yogurt are good for a dog's digestive system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Klein warned that Thanksgiving coincides with an uptick in emergency vet visits across the U.S. because of the unsafe “human” food that dogs end up consuming at this time of year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Due to the potential for unsafe or unhealthy ingredients, the following foods should not be shared with dogs at Thanksgiving:&nbsp;</p>



<ul>
<li>Turkey bones, skin, and gravy<br></li>



<li>Stuffing<br></li>



<li>Casseroles<br></li>



<li>Mashed potatoes<br></li>



<li>Creamed peas<br></li>



<li>Chocolate, cookies, pies, and sweets (as well as anything “sugar-free” or containing xylitol, which can be fatal for dogs)<br></li>



<li>Alcoholic beverages<br></li>



<li>Raisins and grapes<br></li>



<li>Onions, scallions, and garlic<br></li>



<li>Ham<br></li>



<li>Yeast dough<br></li>



<li>Fatty foods<br></li>



<li>Foods containing spices</li>
</ul>



<p>In summary, as we gather around the Thanksgiving table, it's important to remember that what's a treat for us can be dangerous for our pets. </p>



<p>By avoiding risky foods and opting for safer alternatives, we can ensure that our dogs enjoy the holiday just as much as we do, without any health complications. Moderation is key, and when in doubt, it's always best to stick to your dog's regular diet.</p>



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Which Thanksgiving leftovers are safe to give your dog?

Thanksgiving is a time of indulgence and celebration, but it's...

<p>A recent study by the <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Plymouth</a> and Blue Marine Foundation reveals a significant ecological benefit of shipwrecks around the UK's coastline.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These shipwreck sites, estimated at around 50,000, have been acting as refuges for marine life, particularly in areas that are still open to destructive bottom towed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-is-wiping-out-large-bodied-fish-in-the-amazon/">fishing</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



<p>The research shows that shipwrecks, many of which have been on the seabed for over a century, are deterring bottom towed trawling, a method commonly used by fishers to secure catches.</p>



<p>This deterrent effect has preserved the seabed in and around shipwreck sites from the damage typically seen in heavily fished areas. The study found a striking contrast in marine life density between wreck sites and areas actively used for bottom towed fishing.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protected-areas">Protected areas</h2>



<p>On average, marine life density was 240% greater within wreck sites compared to actively trawled areas. This difference was even more pronounced within a 50m radius of the wrecks, where marine life density was 340% greater than control sites.</p>



<p>By contrast, in areas closed to trawling, the abundance of marine life was 149% greater than on wreck sites and 85% greater than the seabed surrounding the wrecks. This indicates that while shipwrecks offer significant protection, fully protected areas show even greater ecological benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trawling-pressure-nbsp">Trawling pressure&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Jenny Hickman, who completed this research as part of her MSc Marine Conservation program at the University of Plymouth, emphasized the lack of trawling pressure at the shipwreck sites.</p>



<p>"The industrial use of bottom towed fishing gear has been commonplace since the 1800s, and has significantly altered marine communities and ecosystem services. Outside of legal protection, only areas inaccessible to trawlers are offered any protection, which is why shipwreck sites are rarely subject to trawling pressure," explained Hickman.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As many have been in situ for more than 100 years, they offer a baseline of ecological potential when trawling pressure is reduced or removed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The research was conducted around five shipwreck sites off the Berwickshire coast, believed to have sunk in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team gathered video footage from these wrecks, the surrounding areas, and control locations, assessing the diversity and abundance of marine species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-recovery-nbsp">Ecosystem recovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Joe Richards, Scotland Project Manager for Blue Marine Foundation and co-author of the study, expressed his excitement about the findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It has long been thought that shipwrecks could be playing an important role in providing sanctuary for marine species to utilize. It is brilliant to see this proven in this study," said Richards.</p>



<p>"The research provides an insight into what might be possible if bottom towed fishing activity is reduced. This feeds into our wider understanding of shipwrecks potential to contribute to ecosystem recovery and enhancement, given the sheer number found on the seabed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The University of Plymouth and Blue Marine Foundation have a long-standing collaboration, studying the benefits of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Their research, including studies in the Lyme Bay MPA, has informed the UK Government’s approach to MPA management.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers say the latest study demonstrates the importance of factoring wreck sites into future conservation plans, but also the benefits of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) status.</p>



<p>“In recent years, the UK has made significant strides in terms of measures to protect the marine environment. There is still much to be done to reach the goal of having 30% of the ocean protected by 2030, but if we are to get close to that we need detailed evidence about what makes our ocean so special and any existing initiatives that are working well," said study senior author Dr. Emma Sheehan.</p>



<p>"This study builds on our existing work in that regard, and highlights an impact of past human activity that is actually having a positive impact on the seabed today. It is unquestionably something that should be factored into future marine management plans.”</p>



<p>Image Credit: marcusrose.gue</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/maec.12782" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Marine Ecology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Hidden havens: Shipwreck sites provide a sanctuary for marine life

A recent study by the University of Plymouth and Blue...

<p>A recent study by <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a> and international collaborators provides a comprehensive understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-variability-endangers-bird-nestlings/">temperature extremes</a> influence the distribution of species, particularly cold-blooded animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study, which is critical in the context of climate change, reveals intricate patterns in the role temperature plays in determining species habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Understanding how temperature determines the distribution of life is necessary to assess species’ sensitivities to contemporary climate change," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"Here, we test the importance of temperature in limiting the geographic ranges of ectotherms by comparing the temperatures and areas that species occupy to the temperatures and areas species could potentially occupy on the basis of their physiological thermal tolerances."</p>



<p>This method offered insights into how species' distribution is influenced by temperature and other factors. The research was focused on 60 cold-blooded species from different geographic realms.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-changes-nbsp">Environmental changes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A key finding is the differential impact of temperature on terrestrial and marine species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While temperature directly impacts species in oceans, land animals like reptiles, amphibians, and insects show a lesser direct correlation with temperature for their habitat range.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This distinction underscores the complex dynamics in how different species adapt to environmental changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-choices">Habitat choices</h2>



<p>The experts also observed a notable pattern concerning species' latitude and their distribution. Species higher in latitudes tend to avoid equatorial regions, even if the temperatures there are within their tolerance range.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This suggests that factors other than temperature, such as negative interactions with other species, might be influencing their habitat choices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-patterns-nbsp">Surprising patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study lead author Nikki A. Moore, a PhD student in the Department of Biology at McGill, highlighted the unexpected patterns linked to temperature across species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It was not surprising to find that temperature doesn’t always limit species ranges, but what was surprising was that, despite the complexity, we found general patterns in the role that temperature plays across species,” said Moore.</p>



<p>“This research helps us to understand general patterns in how sensitive the distributions of different cold-blooded animal species might be to changes in temperature, which will help us to predict how the global distribution of species will change because of climate change.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-distribution-nbsp">Species distribution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study sheds light on two conflicting hypotheses about species distribution.</p>



<p>“While it had long been thought that species ranges are less limited by temperature and more limited by species interactions in the tropics, the new work shows that higher-latitude species are increasingly excluded from their potential ranges in the tropics, supporting the idea of a trade-off between broad thermal tolerances and performance in the tropics,” said Moore.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to the researchers, predicting and testing how species distributions respond to temperature requires good observations of where species live.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team noted that anyone can get involved in contributing to our knowledge of species distributions through citizen science, using applications such as iNaturalist.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02239-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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How temperature extremes change the distribution of species

A recent study by McGill University and international collaborators provides...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://www.geomar.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel</a> has uncovered significant insights into the impact of seafloor mining and ocean warming on deep pelagic jellyfish, particularly the helmet jellyfish.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research is crucial in understanding the stress responses of midwater organisms, a largely unexplored area in marine biology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-pressures-nbsp">Human pressures&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The deep sea, one of the largest habitats on Earth, is facing increasing environmental pressures from human activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>One such activity, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/">deep-sea mining</a>, aims to extract seafloor minerals but inadvertently creates suspended sediment clouds, or plumes, that can spread far beyond the mining sites.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-midwater-ecosystems-nbsp">Midwater ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These plumes, which can travel for hundreds of kilometers, pose a significant threat to midwater ecosystems, which typically have low sediment levels and are thus highly sensitive to such disturbances.</p>



<p>Dr. Helena Hauss, co-first author of the study and Research Director Marine Ecology at Norwegian Research Centre (NORCE), expressed her concern about the consequences of deep sea mining.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The midwater is crucial for the global ocean’s capacity to store carbon, but also its inhabitants are the main food source for many fish, squid, and marine mammal species and therefore resemble a critical link in the marine food web," said Dr. Hauss.</p>



<p>"They have evolved under much more stable conditions compared to surface dwelling animals, under a constant scarcity of food, and are therefore potentially more susceptible to changing conditions in their environment.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragile-organisms-nbsp">Fragile organisms&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Midwater species are often fragile, gelatinous and sometimes giant organisms, with low metabolic rates that are difficult to observe in their natural environment and to perform experiments on," added Dr. Henk-Jan Hoving, senior author and group leader of the Deep Sea Ecology group at GEOMAR.</p>



<p>"Their physical fragility may make them particularly vulnerable to environmental disturbance. At the same we have only scratched the surface when it comes to exploring the midwater and most biodiversity still remains unknown, as well as their function in the ecosystem, and their tolerance to change.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research</h2>



<p>For the first time, the researchers have investigated the stress response of a midwater organism - the helmet jellyfish - to simulated sediment plumes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Since determining ‘stress’ in a jellyfish is not a straightforward process, we investigated their response from multiple angles and combined insights gained from their physiology, gene expression and the microbial symbionts on the jellyfish’s exterior," explained Vanessa Stenvers, co-first author of the study and doctoral candidate at GEOMAR and the Smithsonian Institution.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results">Alarming results</h2>



<p>After approximately 1.5 hours of exposure, the jellyfish accumulated sediment particles and produced excess mucus in response.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While mucus helped jellyfish maintain a stable microbiome, continuous mucus production is an energetically costly response and can demand a substantial portion of the total energy budget of an animal," said Stenvers.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the highest sediment treatments triggered a marked expression of genes linked to respiration, innate immunity, and wound repair, indicating a stress response.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-waters">Warming waters</h2>



<p>Notably, the experts found that sediment-induced stress was more severe than a four-degree increase in sea water temperature, a scenario projected in extreme global warming cases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Current climate models predict a one-degree rise over the next 84 years, suggesting that sediment plumes are a more immediate threat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers expressed concern that the increased energy expenditure observed in the helmet jellyfish, due to stress responses, might lead to increased food requirements. Given the scarcity of food in deep-sea environments, this could potentially result in starvation.</p>



<p>Gelatinous animals, like the helmet jellyfish, are abundant in deep-sea ecosystems and play a crucial role in these environments. The stress responses observed in the helmet jellyfish may be indicative of broader impacts on similar species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-threat">Understanding the threat</h2>



<p>“With deep-sea mining possibly starting in the next decade, which has the potential to disturb nearby water column habitats as well as the seafloor, understanding the combined effects of mining and ocean warming is essential," concluded study co-author Professor Andrew K. Sweetman from the Scottish Association for Marine Science.</p>



<p>The team hopes that their study, which provides a first glimpse into what some of the possible impacts may be in the midwater zone, will be taken into account by mining companies and the International Seabed Authority (ISA) to develop mining strategies that reduce the environmental damage as much as possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helmet-jellyfish-nbsp">Helmet jellyfish&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The helmet jellyfish, named for its distinct hat-like shape, is a fascinating organism residing in the midwater regions of the deep sea. This environment, characterized by its minimal light and immense pressures, is home to a diverse array of species, many of which remain largely unknown to science.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The helmet jellyfish is an integral part of this ecosystem, and its study offers vital insights into the broader ecological dynamics of deep-sea environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-food-webs">Deep-sea food webs</h3>



<p>The helmet jellyfish also plays an essential role in deep-sea food webs. Like other gelatinous creatures in the ocean's depths, it contributes to the cycling of nutrients and serves as both predator and prey within its ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This dual role underscores the importance of ensuring the health and stability of species like the helmet jellyfish, as disruptions to their populations could have cascading effects throughout the deep-sea community.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptive-mechanisms-nbsp">Adaptive mechanisms&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, the genetic responses of the helmet jellyfish to environmental stress, such as changes in genes related to respiration, immunity, and wound repair, provide a window into the adaptive mechanisms of deep-sea life.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These adaptations are not just vital for the survival of individual species like the helmet jellyfish but are also key to maintaining the resilience of the broader deep-sea ecosystem in the face of global environmental changes.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43023-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Deep impacts: Helmet jellyfish foretell the dangers of seafloor mining

A new study led by the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for...

Striped,Skunk,(mephitis,Mephitis),Turns,Left,Tail,Up,Autumn,-

<p>New research has shed light on the coloration of striped skunks. The study reveals that the iconic black and white stripe markings of skunks are less prevalent in areas with fewer mammalian predators.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spotted-skunk-dna-helps-identify-new-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Skunks</a> are widely recognized for their distinct black and white coloration, which acts as a warning signal for their toxic anal spray. Interestingly, there is considerable variation in their fur color across the North American continent, ranging from all-black to various patterns of black and white stripes and even all-white individuals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iconic-skunk-stripes">Iconic skunk stripes</h2>



<p>The study's findings point towards "relaxed selection" as a key factor in this variation. Relaxed selection occurs when environmental changes reduce the need for a certain trait, in this case, the skunks' black and white pelage.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/people/person/Tim-Caro-d795dfe6-b3f7-4d2f-9d6c-506da26408f2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Tim Caro</a> from the University of Bristol's <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/biology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Biological Sciences</a> explains, “Warning coloration is an antipredator defense... Yet some warningly colored prey show rather different advertisements even within the same species.”</p>



<p>Researcher Hannah Walker from the <a href="https://www.umt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montana</a> documented the distribution of skunk pelage colors across North America using museum specimens and analyzed various environmental variables. </p>



<p>The study found that in areas with fewer mammalian predators, there was greater variation in fur color. This occurred even within the same litter. Conversely, in regions with a higher predator presence, skunks displayed less color variation.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study also examined the role of birds of prey, such as owls and raptors. While these predators influenced skunk coloration, the effect was less pronounced, possibly due to their inferior sense of smell and lower deterrence by the skunks' smell-based defenses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skunk-stripes-and-future-implications">Skunk stripes and future implications</h2>



<p>“Our results indicate that relaxed predation pressure is key to warning signal variation in this species, whereas stronger pressure leads to signal conformity and stronger signals,” Professor Caro stated. This study not only explains the color variation in skunks but also opens doors to understanding coloration evolution in other species.</p>



<p>The research team plans to extend their study to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-science-behind-the-smell-of-a-skunk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skunk</a> species in North America to see if similar patterns of relaxed selection and color variation are evident. Prof Caro adds, “If relaxed selection operates within species, it should do so across prey species too. More broadly, this study provides another brick in the wall of explaining the evolution of coloration in nature.”</p>



<p>In summary, this study is a significant step in understanding how environmental factors influence the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-warning-coloration-evolve-in-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warning signals in animals</a>. It highlights the complex interplay between predation pressure and physical traits like coloration, offering valuable insights into the adaptive strategies of species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-skunks">More about skunks</h2>



<p>Skunks, members of the Mephitidae family, stand out in the animal kingdom for their distinctive appearance and notorious defense mechanism. These small to medium-sized mammals are native to the Americas and are most famous for their ability to spray a foul-smelling liquid as a form of self-defense.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skunks-stripes-and-features">Skunks' stripes and features</h3>



<p>As mentioned previously, skunks typically feature a striking black and white coat, which varies greatly in pattern among species. Their fur serves as a warning to potential predators of their defensive capabilities. They have relatively short, stocky legs and elongated bodies, with a prominent, fluffy tail that they often use to communicate through specific postures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-distribution">Habitat and distribution</h3>



<p>Skunks inhabit a diverse range of environments, from urban areas to remote woodlands. They are adaptable creatures, thriving in habitats that provide adequate food sources and shelter. </p>



<p>The most common species, the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), is widespread across North America, while other species have more limited ranges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skunk-diet-and-foraging">Skunk diet and foraging</h3>



<p>Skunks are omnivorous, feeding on a varied diet that includes insects, small mammals, fruits, and plants. They are particularly beneficial for controlling insect and rodent populations. Skunks are known for their excellent digging ability, which aids in their search for grubs and larvae.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-lifecycle">Reproduction and lifecycle</h3>



<p>Skunks typically mate in early spring, with females giving birth to a litter of four to seven kits after a gestation period of about two months. The young are born blind and defenseless, relying entirely on their mother for care. They develop the ability to spray at a very young age, usually within several weeks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skunk-defense-mechanism">Skunk defense mechanism</h3>



<p>The skunk's most notable feature is its powerful defense mechanism. Skunks possess specialized anal scent glands that can spray a potent and pungent liquid up to several feet. This spray is an effective deterrent against predators, causing irritation and temporary blindness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-interaction-and-conservation">Human interaction and conservation</h3>



<p>Skunks often interact with humans, particularly in urban and suburban areas. While generally non-aggressive, they can become nuisances when they forage in gardens or become trapped in human structures. Conservation efforts for skunks mainly focus on habitat preservation and managing human-skunk conflicts.</p>



<p>In summary, skunks are fascinating creatures, playing an important role in their ecosystems. Their unique defense mechanism, distinctive appearance, and adaptable nature make them a notable subject in the study of wildlife behavior and conservation. Understanding skunks better helps us appreciate the diversity and complexity of the animal kingdom.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/evolut/article/77/11/2492/7268823" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolution</a></em>.</p>



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Skunks' stripes have different patterns depending on where they live

New research has shed light on the coloration of striped...

<p>A new study of wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peregrine-falcons-have-a-unique-and-successful-hunting-strategy/">falcons</a>’ problem-solving abilities led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/en/messerli/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Messerli Research Institute</a> has revealed remarkable insights into avian intelligence.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These birds, particularly the striated caracaras in the Falkland Islands, showcased their adeptness at solving food puzzles, challenging common perceptions of their cognitive abilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-level-of-intelligence-nbsp">Unexpected level of intelligence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Lead author Katie Harrington expressed her team’s surprise at the falcons’ proficiency in these tasks. “They were ace! We were really blown away by how quickly they set to the tasks and solved them. This is unlike anything we’ve seen before in wild birds of prey.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Harrington's enthusiasm highlights the unexpected level of intelligence displayed by these birds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wild-falcons-are-naturally-curious">Wild falcons are naturally curious</h2>



<p>The study’s design involved a transparent plastic puzzle box placed on the grass, offering the caracaras a chance to interact and solve it. Each bird was limited to one attempt per day, allowing the researchers to track their learning curve.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Harrington described the birds’ keen engagement with the puzzles. “The caracaras were so eager to solve the puzzles that some even started running toward the box as soon as we set it on the ground,” she reported. This eagerness exemplified their natural curiosity and desire to interact with new challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategic-problem-solving-nbsp">Strategic problem-solving&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, the caracaras’ methodical approach to the puzzles was noteworthy. “They’d then energetically kick and pull at different functional parts the same way we would grab something to learn how it works. They’d also move to look at the box from different angles, crouching down to look from below or jumping on top to look from above,” she explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This detailed exploration underlines the birds’ strategic and comprehensive problem-solving methods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Senior author Megan Lambert emphasized the broader implications of these findings for understanding avian intelligence.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Much of what we know about avian intelligence comes from parrots and corvids,” she said, pointing out the gap in research concerning birds of prey like caracaras. “These caracaras face a lot of the same pressures and offer a really great opportunity to study cognition in the wild.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Lambert's insights suggest that these findings could reshape how scientists view the intellectual capabilities of various bird species. This is especially true for those in the wild.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study-nbsp">Significance of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers’ discovery that caracaras are “just as capable as parrots” in problem-solving adds a new dimension to the study of avian intelligence.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vanishing-falcons-the-mysterious-decline-of-the-american-kestrel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falcons</a> are often thought of as less cognitively advanced. The fact that they are likely as intelligent as parrots opens up new avenues for exploring how problem-solving abilities have evolved in birds. </p>



<p>Thus, this study -- published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.061" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em> -- </em>not only enriches the understanding of caracaras but also contributes significantly to the broader field of animal cognition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caracaras-of-the-falkland-islands">Caracaras of the Falkland Islands</h2>



<p>Caracaras in the Falkland Islands are fascinating and unique birds of prey, playing a significant role in the archipelago's ecosystem. The most commonly found species there is the striated caracara, also known locally as the Johnny Rook.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These wild falcons are distinguished by their bold and curious nature. They often approach humans without hesitation, a trait unusual for birds of prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caracaras-diet">Caracaras' diet</h3>



<p>Adapted to the island's environment, caracaras in the Falklands exhibit a diverse diet. They are known to be opportunistic feeders, consuming everything from insects and carrion to stealing eggs and preying on small birds. This adaptability is crucial in the harsh and variable conditions of the islands.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>The Falkland Islands provide an ideal habitat for caracaras, with vast open spaces and a lack of natural predators. This has led to a stable and healthy population of these birds on the islands, unlike in other regions where their numbers have declined due to human activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iconic-symbol-nbsp">Iconic symbol&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Interestingly, the caracaras have become an iconic symbol of the Falkland Islands' wildlife. Ornithologists and tourists alike love observing these unique birds in their natural habitat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-nbsp">Significance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Their role in the island's ecosystem is vital. As scavengers, caracaras help in cleaning the environment by consuming carrion. They are also an integral part of the local culture and heritage. Caracaras' presence is deeply intertwined with the history and natural landscape of the Falklands.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-wild-falcons">More about wild falcons</h2>



<p>As discussed above, falcons are a group of birds of prey, belonging to the genus <em>Falco</em>. These birds are known for their incredible speed, sharp talons, and keen eyesight. They inhabit a wide range of environments, from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests, showcasing their adaptability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics and behavior</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-only-nocturnal-hawk-may-not-see-well-in-the-dark/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Falcons</a> have tapered wings and a robust body structure. This helps in their ability to dive at high speeds to catch prey. This diving behavior, known as a stoop, allows them to reach speeds over 200 mph, making them among the fastest creatures on the planet. </p>



<p>They primarily feed on other birds, small mammals, and insects. Their sharp beak, characterized by a notable 'tooth' on the upper mandible, helps them kill and dismember their prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Breeding and nesting habits</h3>



<p>Falcons typically nest on high cliffs or, in urban areas, tall buildings. They do not build traditional nests; instead, they lay eggs in a scrape, a small depression in soil or gravel. </p>



<p>During breeding season, both male and female falcons participate in raising the young. Males are primarily responsible for hunting and providing food.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation status of wild falcons</h3>



<p>While some falcon species, like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peregrine-falcons-have-a-unique-and-successful-hunting-strategy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Peregrine Falcon</a>, have rebounded from the brink of extinction thanks to conservation efforts, other species remain endangered. </p>



<p>Threats to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-of-peregrine-falcons-suggests-birds-have-a-migration-gene/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falcons</a> include habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Conservation initiatives often focus on habitat preservation, reducing pesticide use, and protecting nesting sites.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Falcons in Culture and Falconry</h3>



<p>Falcons hold a significant place in many cultures, symbolizing speed, focus, and freedom. Falconry, the practice of training falcons to hunt, dates back thousands of years and continues to be a popular sport in many parts of the world. This ancient tradition has also played a role in falcon conservation, as it raises awareness about these majestic birds and their importance in the ecosystem.</p>



<p>In summary, wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peregrine-falcons-mercury/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falcons</a>, with their unmatched speed and agility, are fascinating creatures. Their survival and thriving in the wild are vital not only for biodiversity but also for the cultural heritage associated with these majestic birds. Conservation efforts and sustainable practices are essential to ensure that future generations continue to witness the awe-inspiring flight of the wild falcons.</p>



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Wild falcons are as smart as parrots and eager to show it

A new study of wild falcons’ problem-solving abilities led by...

Cyclone,Idai,Heading,Towards,Mozambique,And,Zimbabwe,In,2019,-

<p>In May 2019, Cyclone Idai, one of nature's most formidable forces, unleashed its fury on Mozambique's <a href="https://gorongosa.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gorongosa National Park</a>. This event set the stage for a fascinating study, merging the unstoppable force of natural disasters with cutting-edge wildlife research technology. </p>



<p>An international team of researchers, spearheaded by <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University</a>, documented the cyclone's impact in unprecedented detail, providing new insights into how large-mammal communities respond to natural disasters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unmatched-technological-arena">Unmatched technological arena</h2>



<p>Gorongosa National Park, renowned for its technological sophistication, was equipped with an extensive network of trail cameras, GPS collars, and other instruments. </p>



<p>This setup, as Hallie Brown, a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton’s Department of Ecology and Environmental Biology, noted, offered an "unprecedented opportunity" to observe the cyclone's effects in real-time. </p>



<p>The resulting study was authored by Brown and her colleagues, including <a href="https://environmenthalfcentury.princeton.edu/experts/robert-pringle" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robert Pringle</a>, an EEB professor, and Ryan Long, an associate professor of wildlife sciences at the <a href="https://www.uidaho.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Idaho</a>.</p>



<p>“This is the first study that has ever been able to track the real-time responses of a large-mammal community to a natural disaster,” said Pringle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-the-midst-of-a-natural-disaster">Wildlife in the midst of a natural disaster</h2>



<p>The researchers meticulously observed the animal behavior before, during, and after Cyclone Idai. Brown recollects the harrowing experience. </p>



<p>“We watched the waters rise,” Brown recalled. “We watched the animals’ reactions in the hours, days, weeks after the cyclone: how some of them escaped the floodwaters, and some of them didn’t. Our team used the data we had from before, during and after the storm to create, not just a description of this one event, but a broader set of expectations, so managers can better anticipate the effects of increasingly severe weather events.” </p>



<p>Their observations revealed that animal size was a critical survival factor. Smaller species like oribi and reedbuck suffered significant losses, while larger herbivores like nyala, kudu, sable, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> recorded no fatalities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-cyclones-and-wildlife-collide">When cyclones and wildlife collide</h2>



<p>The survival strategies of these animals were diverse. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carnivores-healthy-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bushbucks</a>, for example, sought refuge on termite mounds, using these natural hillocks as islands amid the flood. GPS data showed their desperate attempts to find higher ground, emphasizing the importance of topography in such natural disasters. </p>



<p>In contrast, smaller animals not only struggled to escape the rising waters but also faced post-storm nutritional challenges, as the flood destroyed much of the low-lying vegetation they depended on.</p>



<p>Interestingly, this study mirrors findings from previous hurricane impact research on island populations, like lizards and spiders in the Bahamas, highlighting consistent survival patterns across different species and ecosystems. </p>



<p>The research team advises wildlife managers to prioritize the evacuation of smaller and ecologically vulnerable species before storms and provide supplemental feeding post-disaster to mitigate the effects of lost vegetation.</p>



<p>Carnivores in Gorongosa, such as wild dogs, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-leopards-have-surprisingly-high-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">leopards</a>, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-lion-day-celebrating-the-king-of-the-jungle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lions</a>, fared well during the cyclone. Their prey were concentrated in upland areas, simplifying hunting. Remarkably, lions’ primary prey, warthogs, remained largely unaffected, staying in uplands for several months post-cyclone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-collaboration">Power of collaboration</h2>



<p>Hallie Brown lauds the collaborative nature of this study, which brought together experts from various fields like hydrology and large animal ecology. This multidisciplinary approach was key to understanding the complex interactions between the cyclone's impact and the park's wildlife.</p>



<p>In summary, Cyclone Idai's sweep through Gorongosa National Park offered a rare glimpse into how wildlife responds to natural disasters. </p>



<p>This study not only underscores the resilience of nature but also the importance of technological advancements and collaborative research in understanding and mitigating the effects of such catastrophic events. </p>



<p>The insights gained are invaluable for wildlife management and conservation strategies in the face of increasingly severe weather patterns.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06722-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



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How wildlife survives hurricanes and other natural disasters

In May 2019, Cyclone Idai, one of nature's most formidable...

<p>Scientists have discovered a unique mating behavior in serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus). Unlike typical mammalian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-moths-use-an-aphrodisiac-during-mating-to-feel-macho/">mating</a> practices that involve penetration, serotine bats engage in a rare form of non-penetrative sex. This study marks the first instance where such behavior has been documented in mammals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strange-anatomy-nbsp">Strange anatomy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The peculiar anatomy of serotine bats plays a crucial role in their mating process. The researchers observed that the bats' penises are about seven times longer than the females' vaginas and possess a "heart-shaped" head that is seven times wider than the vaginal opening.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Such dimensions make penetration post-erection unfeasible. Instead, the bats utilize their oversized penises, not for penetration but as an extra limb to maneuver the female's tail sheath, facilitating contact mating. This behavior closely resembles "cloacal kissing" seen in birds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oversized-penises-nbsp">Oversized penises&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Nicolas Fasel, the first author of the study from the <a href="https://www.unil.ch/central/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Lausanne</a>, shared their initial curiosity about the bats' disproportionately long penises. “By chance, we had observed that these bats have disproportionately long penises, and we were always wondering ‘how does that work?’"</p>



<p>"We thought maybe it's like in the dog where the penis engorges after penetration so that they are locked together, or alternatively maybe they just couldn't put it inside, but that type of copulation hasn’t been reported in mammals until now.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-evidence">Clear evidence</h2>



<p>The researchers collaborated with a Ukrainian bat rehabilitation center and Dutch citizen scientist Jan Jeucken. The team analyzed 97 mating events captured through video recordings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The recordings provided clear evidence of the non-penetrative nature of the bats' mating, with no penetration observed during any of the mating events.</p>



<p>Remarkably, the male bats were seen grasping their partners by the nape and positioning their pelvises and fully erect penises in a probing manner until contact was made with the female's vulva.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These interactions, sometimes lasting up to 12.7 hours, ended with the female bats' abdomens appearing wet. This hints at the possibility of semen transfer, but further research is needed for confirmation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genital-morphology-nbsp">Genital morphology&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Additionally, the researchers conducted detailed studies of the bats' genital morphology. They measured the erect penises of live serotine bats and performed necropsies on deceased bats, confirming the significant size disparity between the male and female genitalia.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts also noted the unusual length of the female bats' cervixes, which could play a role in sperm selection and storage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mating-strategies-nbsp">Mating strategies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study suggests that the evolution of the serotine bats' oversized penises might be a mechanism to bypass the females' tail membranes, which are typically used for protection against males. This finding sheds light on the complex and diverse mating strategies in the animal kingdom</p>



<p>“Bats use their tail membranes for flying and to capture the insects, and female bats also use them to cover their lower parts and protect themselves from males, but the males can then use these big penises to overcome the tail membrane and reach the vulva," explained Fasel.</p>



<p>Looking ahead, the researchers aim to explore bat mating behaviors in more natural settings and examine penis morphology and mating habits in other bat species. “We are trying to develop a bat porn box, which will be like an aquarium with cameras everywhere,” said Fasel.</p>



<p>Image Credit: Alona Shulenko</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.054"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Peculiar anatomy: Serotine bats have oversized penises that are not used for penetration 

Scientists have discovered a unique mating behavior in serotine bats...

<p>Bivalve mollusks, often overlooked in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-anti-aging-drugs-using-ai-technology/">aging</a> research, may hold clues to longevity, according to a new study led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.unibo.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bologna</a>.</p>



<p>The study has revealed a network of genes that evolve differently in long-lived and short-lived bivalves, many of which are associated with longevity in other animals.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The team explored the long lifespans of bivalve mollusks, including clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops.</p>



<p>Remarkably, these creatures have lifespans ranging from a single year to over 500 years, offering a unique window into the secrets of longevity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-damage">Cellular damage</h2>



<p>Historically, research on aging and longevity has primarily focused on humans and certain model animals, examining the accumulation of cellular damage over time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cellular damage manifests at the genomic level as mutations in nucleic acids, changes in nuclear architecture, and telomere shortening. At the proteomic level,  cellular damage is associated with the loss of proteases and errors affecting protein folding. These types of damage have been the primary culprits in aging. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exceptional-longevity-nbsp">Exceptional longevity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"It always fascinated me that some bivalve species live extremely long lives," said co-first author Mariangela Iannello.</p>



<p>"When I realized that nobody had ever investigated this exceptional longevity within a molecular evolution framework, I knew that we had to start studying longevity in these animals."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-molecular-framework-for-longevity">Molecular framework for longevity</h2>



<p>The researchers used transcriptomic resources from 33 bivalve species, focusing on four with exceptionally long lifespans: Arctica islandica, Margaritifera margaritifera, Elliptio complanata, and Lampsilis siliquoidea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team discovered that genes related to DNA damage response, cell death regulation, responses to abiotic stimuli, and hypoxia tolerance showed convergent patterns of evolution in long-lived species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings suggest that there is a shared molecular framework for longevity across various animal lineages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity-genes">Longevity genes</h2>



<p>“What I find the most exciting is that many genes in this network had been previously associated with longevity in other species," said Iannello.</p>



<p>"An important implication of this finding is that an extension of lifespan may involve common genetic factors in very distantly related species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exciting-possibilities-nbsp">Exciting possibilities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study not only highlights known longevity genes but also uncovers new candidates - particularly those involved in proteostasis. This indicates a link between efficient handling of damaged or misfolded proteins and extended lifespans. </p>



<p>"We believe that these genes are new and exciting candidates to be tested for a role in increasing lifespan, not only in bivalves, but also in other species," said Iannello.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-aging-research-nbsp">Advancing aging research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers plan to expand their investigations to explore longevity in more species. </p>



<p>Despite the challenges posed by the complexity of longevity, the increasing availability of genomics data promises new opportunities to study previously unconsidered species, potentially revolutionizing aging research.</p>



<p>"The results obtained in this work made us thrilled to explore longevity in more species. In particular, we would like to investigate if the evolutionary signals in genes with a potential role in longevity are somehow shared across long-lived species from different taxonomic groups,” said Iannello.</p>



<p>“A complex and multifactorial process such as longevity is definitely challenging to analyze, requiring deep manipulation of big data and multiple complementary, integrative approaches."</p>



<p>“On the other hand, the increasing availability of omics data will allow us to explore species that have never been considered in this context before, and that would greatly help advance aging research.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-the-natural-world">Learning from the natural world</h2>



<p>In a related study from Genome Biology and Evolution, researchers at University College Dublin analyzed genes associated with human longevity across various placental mammals, finding a correlation between longer lifespans and the duplication of longevity genes. </p>



<p>While some may question the relevance of findings across such diverse species, Iannello emphasized the broader significance.</p>



<p>"Science has a long history of research focused on the most disparate taxa that has profoundly impacted our understanding of human biology," said Iannello. "I think that, particularly in the aging field, we have a lot to learn from the natural world around us.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evad159" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Genome Biology and Evolution</em></a>.</p>



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Bivalve mollusks may hold the secrets of longevity

Bivalve mollusks, often overlooked in aging research, may hold clues...

<p>Researchers from the Department of Ethology at <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> have made a significant breakthrough in understanding how dogs perceive and process information. Their recent study delves into the phenomenon of spatial bias, comparing the reactions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-celebrating-all-the-ways-that-dogs-make-life-better/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> to that of toddlers in response to gestures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phenomenon-of-spatial-bias">Phenomenon of spatial bias</h2>



<p>Spatial bias refers to interpreting information based on location, space, or distance, often overlooking the object's characteristics. </p>



<p>Ivaylo Iotchev, the first author of the study, elaborates on this concept. He said, ""This is manifested, for example, in the way <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-live-longer-and-happier-lives-when-they-get-to-socialize-often/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> and children react to gestures when we show them the position of an object. Very early on, children interpret the gesture as pointing to the object, while dogs take the pointing as a directional cue."</p>



<p>Lotchev continues, "In other words, regardless of the intention of the person giving the cue, the meaning for children and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer-than-large-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> is different. This phenomenon has previously been observed in dogs using a variety of behavioral tests, ranging from simple associative learning to imitation, but it had never been studied per se."</p>



<p>This difference in interpretation between dogs and children is at the heart of the research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>In their investigation into spatial bias, the researchers conducted two separate behavioral experiments with a group of 82 dogs. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dog-learning-new-space_credit-Eniko-Kubinyi_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first experiment</a> required dogs to react and determine, across up to 50 attempts, if a treat was consistently placed on a plate either to their right or left, thus focusing on location learning. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dog-learning-new-space_credit-Eniko-Kubinyi_2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">second experiment</a> involved two distinct plates: one white and round, the other black and square, both centrally placed. </p>



<p>Each dog was consistently fed from only one type of plate but encountered both types in a semi-random order, teaching them to recognize plate characteristics. The speed at which a dog reacted and identified and ran to the correct plate was used as a measure of learning. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-and-spatial-bias">Dogs and spatial bias</h2>



<p>The results showed a clear preference in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-new-evidence-that-dogs-have-self-awareness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> for spatial bias, choosing information over object characteristics. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petting-dogs-and-cats-dramatically-reduces-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dogs</a> reacted and learned faster when the task involved spatial cues (left or right) compared to discerning between the two types of plates. This 'spatial bias' was measured by the speed difference in learning about place versus object features.</p>



<p>The research also investigated whether spatial bias is a sensory or cognitive phenomenon. Zsófia Bognár, a co-author, explains, "The visual abilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dog-breeds-are-better-at-learning-by-observing-humans-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog breeds</a> differ from each other, which indirectly results from their head shape. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-dogs-have-larger-brains-than-ancient-dog-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dogs</a> with shorter heads - scientifically known as brachycephalic - develop human-like vision."</p>



<p>Bognár continues, "The structure of their retina implies sharper and more focused vision than their longer-headed counterparts. This has allowed us to use a measure of head shape (the so-called "cephalic index") as an approximate measure of the quality of vision in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>. It is calculated by dividing the width of the skull by the length of the skull. The shorter the head, the higher the number." </p>



<p>Additionally, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-and-humans-process-social-information-in-surprisingly-similar-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> underwent cognitive tests to assess memory, attention, and perseverance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conclusions-and-future-study">Conclusions and future study</h2>



<p>The study concludes that spatial bias in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-dogs-prefer-food-or-toys-scientists-conducted-a-study-to-find-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> is not merely sensory but also cognitive. Eniko Kubinyi is the head of the <a href="https://mta.hu/english/mta-lendulet-momentum-programme-20192024-109327" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MTA- ’Lendület’</a> Momentum Companion Animal Research Group. He adds, "We found that dogs with better cognitive performance linked information to objects as easily as to places." </p>



<p>The research suggests that 'smarter' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-facial-markings-influence-how-they-bond-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>, those with better visual acuity and cognitive abilities, show a smaller spatial bias and can overcome learning challenges more resiliently.</p>



<p>This eye-opening research opens up new avenues for understanding canine cognition and perception. It provides valuable insights into the differences and similarities between human and canine information processing. The findings have implications for dog training, welfare, and our broader understanding of animal intelligence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spatial-bias">More about spatial bias</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, spatial bias is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals interpret information primarily in relation to space, location, or distance, often at the expense of other relevant details. This concept is crucial in understanding how different species, including humans, process and respond to environmental cues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-spatial-bias">Role of spatial bias</h3>



<p>Spatial bias plays a significant role in learning and perception. It influences how individuals navigate their environment, remember locations, and interact with objects around them. This bias is not just about preferring spatial information; it's about how the brain prioritizes and processes these cues over other types of information.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spatial-bias-in-different-species">Spatial bias in different species</h3>



<p>Research shows that spatial bias varies across species. For instance, dogs often demonstrate a strong spatial bias, responding more to location cues than to the specific features of an object. In contrast, humans, especially as they develop from infancy, tend to focus more on the attributes of the object rather than just its location.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-spatial-bias">Implications of spatial bias</h3>



<p>Understanding spatial bias has significant implications. In animals, it affects training and behavior modification strategies. For humans, it influences how we design learning environments and aids in understanding developmental and cognitive disorders where spatial processing might be affected.</p>



<p>In summary, continued research into spatial bias can enhance our understanding of cognitive processing in both humans and animals. It holds the key to unlocking more effective learning techniques, improving animal training practices, and potentially aiding in the treatment of certain cognitive disorders.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.13423" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ethology</a></em>.</p>



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Seeing the world through the eyes of a dog

Researchers from the Department of Ethology at Eötvös Loránd University...

<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> and Arizona State University have made a significant breakthrough in increasing adoption rates for shelter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-behavioral-journey-of-recently-adopted-shelter-dogs/">dogs</a>. Supported by a $1.7 million grant from Maddie’s Fund, the study reveals that short-term fostering programs greatly enhance the chances of shelter dog adoption.</p>



<p>Time spent out of the kennel and in a foster caregiver’s home can reduce physiological measures of stress in shelter dogs. The research team, led by Erica Feuerbacher and Lisa Gunter, explored the impact of brief outings and overnight fostering on adoption outcomes.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results showed that brief outings increased the likelihood of adoption by five times, while temporary fostering boosted the chances of adoption by more than 14 times.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the researchers, these programs were more successful when a greater proportion of community members were providing outings and stays to the shelters’ dogs as well as when these programs were carried out by shelters with more resources.</p>



<p>“Our data show that these programs can help the dogs not only have an improved experience in the shelter, but also dramatically increase their likelihood of adoption, and for the shelters that get their communities involved in brief outings and temporary fostering stays, better performing programs,” said Gunter.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Over the course of four years, 85 shelter partners helped the research team carry out studies on brief outings, temporary stays, foster caregiving during the pandemic, weeklong fostering, and safety net fostering for pets whose owners were experiencing hardship.</p>



<p>The team analyzed data from 51 animal shelters across the United States, involving 1,955 dogs in fostering interventions and 25,946 control dogs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The data revealed that four percent of people involved in foster outings adopted the dog, and this number jumped to about 12 percent for overnight stays.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-engagement-nbsp">Community engagement&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Significantly, the majority of adopters were not the foster caregivers, indicating the broader community engagement fostered by these programs.</p>



<p>“We saw that the majority of people adopting the dogs weren’t the caregivers that were taking the dogs on outings or letting them stay in their homes. These dogs were being seen in the community, meeting new people, and caregivers were sharing their stories,” Gunter said. “This increased exposure likely helped the dogs find their adopters.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-benefits">Dual benefits</h2>



<p>Feuerbacher noted the dual benefits of fostering programs: reducing stress and increasing adoption rates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It’s a really exciting finding. Our prior work showed how beneficial sleepovers were for reducing dogs’ stress,” said Feuerbacher. “It’s wonderful to know that it also helps them get adopted.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-welfare">Dog welfare</h2>



<p>The research also suggests that these programs are especially beneficial for dogs that require more assistance in finding homes. Clive Wynne, who led the project at Arizona State University, highlighted the ease of implementation for shelters and the significant impact on dog welfare and adoption rates.</p>



<p>“It’s great news that even short-term fostering has positive impacts on shelter dogs’ welfare and helps them get adopted because there are so many dogs in shelters in the United States and even the best shelters are not good places for dogs to be living,” said Wynne.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings emphasize the need for resources and education for shelters to effectively implement fostering programs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These kinds of fostering programs can save the lives of dogs in shelters,” said Gunter. “Currently, shelters are struggling with dog adoptions, and we have evidence that these programs support placement into homes, which in turn can help shelters help more dogs.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shelter-dogs">Shelter dogs&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Shelter dogs come from a variety of backgrounds, each with a unique story. Many are strays or lost pets, discovered wandering or brought in by concerned citizens.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Others are surrendered by their owners due to personal or financial hardships, lifestyle changes, or health issues. In some cases, these dogs are rescued from situations of neglect or abuse, requiring special care and rehabilitation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-and-behavior-nbsp">Health and behavior&nbsp;</h3>



<p>When it comes to their health and behavior, shelter dogs often face several challenges. Many arrive with medical problems, ranging from minor concerns like fleas and ticks to more serious health conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Behavioral challenges are also common, as past traumas or a lack of socialization can lead to a range of issues. Shelters work diligently to address these problems, often providing medical treatment and behavioral training to prepare dogs for adoption.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Shelters are home to dogs of all ages, from playful puppies to serene seniors, each with its own specific needs and charms. The life in a shelter can be stressful for dogs due to the unfamiliar environment, the presence of many other animals, and the lack of consistent human companionship.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite these challenges, shelter staff and volunteers work tirelessly to provide care, love, and attention, helping these dogs become ready for their forever homes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-awareness-nbsp">Public awareness&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The role of shelters is not just to house these animals but to rehabilitate and rehome them. This includes conducting assessments to understand each dog's personality and needs, ensuring a good match with potential adopters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Public awareness and adoption campaigns are critical in finding these dogs new homes, as is community support through volunteering, donations, and fostering programs.</p>



<p>Shelter dogs often come with a story of resilience and hope. With the right support and strategies, they can find loving homes and enrich the lives of their adopters. By adopting a shelter dog, people not only save a life but often find a loyal and grateful companion.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <em>Animals</em>.</p>



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Fostering programs greatly enhance shelter dog adoptions

Researchers at Virginia Tech and Arizona State University have made...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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