<p>Dragonflies outlasted the dinosaurs and even endured asteroid strikes. But now they face a survival threat unlike any before. Rising heat and wildfires are reshaping the very traits they depend on to attract mates.</p>



<p>A study from the <a href="https://www.ucdenver.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Denver</a> shows how this shift could push some species toward local extinction. Traits that once drew partners are now putting dragonflies at risk.</p>



<p>“Dragonflies have survived asteroids, but now climate change and wildfires are threatening them in ways evolution can’t keep up with,” said lead author Sarah Nalley, a PhD student in CU Denver’s Integrative Biology program. </p>



<p>“Our findings suggest that adaptation alone may not be fast enough to protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonfly-larvae-expose-climates-hidden-influence-on-biology/">species</a> in a rapidly changing climate.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-ornaments-backfire">When ornaments backfire</h2>



<p>Many dragonflies have dark spots on their wings. These patterns attract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-hunt-perfectly-even-in-extreme-temperatures/">mates</a>. They also absorb heat. In hotter regions and burned habitats, that heat builds too quickly. Males tire, rest, and lose chances to compete for females.</p>



<p>Thermal imaging confirmed the problem. Dark spots made wings hotter, faster. Unlike the peppered moth, where wing color affected survival through camouflage, dragonflies face a different pressure. Here, color weakens reproductive success. Survival is not enough if mating fails.</p>



<p>This twist highlights a blind spot in conservation. Scientists usually check if species survive hotter, drier habitats. But if mating collapses, the population vanishes regardless of survival, leaving ecosystems weaker and biodiversity loss far greater.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dragonfly-survival-amid-wildfires">Dragonfly survival amid wildfires</h2>



<p>“This changes how we think about vulnerability,” said Professor Michael Moore. “It’s not just about whether animals can survive after wildfire - it’s about whether they can reproduce in those modified environments. That’s the key to long-term survival.”</p>



<p>If reproduction falters, decline accelerates. And dragonflies matter. They eat mosquitoes, keeping insect numbers in check. They also feed birds, fish, and amphibians. Lose them, and entire food webs shift, unraveling in unpredictable ways.</p>



<p>Dragonflies have always seemed resilient. But this study suggests they may not keep pace with today’s rapid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-developed-dark-wing-spots-for-survival/">changes</a>, showing how climate and fire pressures can overwhelm even long-lasting species once thought secure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-data-reveal-worrying-trends">Wildfire data reveal worrying trends</h2>



<p>The project began as a class assignment in Professor Moore’s course. Students worked with open datasets: wildfire maps from the U.S. Geological Survey, climate records, and citizen science observations spanning 40 years. No external funding backed the research.</p>



<p>Despite the simple beginnings, the analysis uncovered a serious trend. Dragonflies with ornamental wings are disappearing from fire-damaged and hotter regions. The data gave a broad view of how climate and wildfires interact with reproductive traits.</p>



<p>Nalley brought personal motivation. She lost her home in Superior, Colorado, during the 2021 Marshall Fire. That experience shaped her focus.</p>



<p>“I knew I wanted to study animals - and after the fire, I knew I wanted to study wildfires too,” said Nalley. “That experience pushed me to ask how animals are affected not just by surviving a fire, but by whether they can still reproduce and carry on the species afterward.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-conservation">Lessons for conservation</h2>



<p>The findings stretch beyond dragonflies. If ancient predators that once ruled the skies falter, what about other species? The research shows conservationists must look past survival rates. Reproduction matters just as much.</p>



<p>“Working with Sarah pushed me to think about my own research in a new way,” said Moore. “She came in with great questions about wildfires and reproduction that made me reconsider how I approach these big ecological issues.”</p>



<p>The study’s message is clear: ecosystems don’t just need species to live, they need them to breed. Dragonflies warn us of what happens when natural signals of attraction turn into liabilities, threatening stability, biodiversity, and long-term ecological resilience everywhere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dragonfly-decline-from-wildfires">Dragonfly decline from wildfires</h2>



<p>Dragonflies have been here for hundreds of millions of years. Their decline would mark a profound loss. More than that, it would unsettle the balance of ecosystems that depend on them.</p>



<p>The CU Denver research shows how quickly environmental pressures reach into the smallest details of life - courtship displays, wing patterns, mating chances. Those details decide whether a species thrives or disappears, shaping both present ecosystems and future biodiversity.</p>



<p>Dragonflies are not just survivors from deep time. They are indicators of how even the most resilient animals can stumble in a warming, fire-prone world.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02417-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.</em></p>



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Dragonflies lived with dinosaurs, now they face their toughest fight for survival

Dragonflies outlasted the dinosaurs and even endured asteroid strikes. But now they face a survival threat unlike any before. Rising heat and wildfires are reshaping the very traits they depend on to attract mates. A study from the University of Colorado Denver shows how this shift could push some species toward local extinction. Traits that once drew partners are now putting dragonflies at risk. “Dragonflies have survived asteroids, but now climate change and wildfires are threatening them in ways evolution can’t keep up with,” said lead author...

<p>The <a href="https://www.akc.org/">American Kennel Club</a> (AKC) recently revealed the top ten naughtiest dog breeds. The naughty list represents dogs that are the most likely to engage in mischievous behavior. The experts also shared insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-behavior-provides-new-insights-into-human-evolution/">behavior</a> patterns of our beloved pets.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-labrador-retriever-takes-the-crown">Labrador Retriever takes the crown</h2>



<p>The Labrador Retriever earned the crown as the "naughtiest" breed. Traditionally, people know this popular dog for its friendly and outgoing nature. Yet, it seems that the breed's strength and energetic spirit could sometimes steer them into less desirable behaviors. </p>



<p>Following closely on the heels of the Labrador, the Beagle, Welsh Pembroke Corgi, and Shiba Inu rounded out the top four naughtiest breeds. They demonstrate that small dogs also have their share of mischievous antics.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-mischievous-dogs">More mischievous dogs</h2>



<p>A blend of breeds made up the rest of the top ten list. These include the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Jack Russell Terrier, Dachshund, Border Collie, and Cocker Spaniel. </p>



<p>To the surprise of many, the list concluded with the Golden Retriever. People typically know this breed for its loyal and gentle demeanor.</p>



<p>"Anyone with a dog knows they can have a mischievous streak which will often manifest itself in chewing furniture, excessively barking and becoming aggressive with other canines," said a representative for the American Kennel Club.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This statement rings true for many pet owners who have experienced the mischievous side of their dogs. However, this also highlights the idea that some breeds may naturally exhibit these behaviors.</p>



<h2 id="h-even-naughty-dogs-can-he-trained">Even naughty dogs can he trained</h2>



<p>Despite the seemingly inevitable naughtiness of these breeds, the experts reassure us that all is not lost. With the right approach, even the most mischievous dogs can be trained. The trick, it seems, lies in establishing household boundaries and rules from the moment the dog becomes part of your home.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As one expert explains, "The key is to manage the environment by setting limitations, which include restricting the rooms they have access to and removing anything that gets them unnecessarily excited."</p>



<h2 id="h-treat-dogs-like-toddlers">Treat dogs like toddlers&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To visualize this, it might be helpful to treat dogs, regardless of their age, as you would treat a toddler. This viewpoint can guide pet owners to manage their pet's environment similarly to how they would for a young child. You should keep cleaning supplies, cords, tools, and other potentially hazardous items out of reach.</p>



<p>Furthermore, it may not be the best idea to leave mischievous dogs unattended to wander the house. Instead, the experts recommend crate training.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Instead of viewing the crate as a punitive measure, make it as comfortable as possible. Be sure your dog's crate is complete with pillows, blankets, treats, and favorite toys. This can help the dog associate the crate with a safe, comfortable space, reducing anxiety and potentially destructive behaviors.</p>



<h2 id="h-help-dogs-release-their-energy">Help dogs release their energy</h2>



<p>Finally, pet owners need to understand that often, destructive behavior is a manifestation of pent-up energy. Dogs, particularly those of the "naughtier" breeds, need an outlet to release this surplus energy.</p>



<p>Regular physical activities such as walks or runs, playing catch, and swimming are recommended. Mental stimulation is also essential, with activities such as teaching new tricks, providing chew toys, setting up food puzzles, scatter feeding, and organizing doggy playdates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Mischievous dogs: Experts reveal the top ten "naughtiest" breeds

The American Kennel Club (AKC) recently revealed the top ten...

<p>The mystifying world of rattlesnake behavior has come under the spotlight with a breakthrough finding by scientists at <a href="https://llu.edu/">Loma Linda University</a>. The study, marking a first in the field, demonstrates that the stress response in rattlesnakes can be subdued when in the company of another snake.</p>



<p>This surprising behavior, known as social buffering, is comparable to how humans find solace in each other during moments of heightened tension.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The discovery of this activity among solitary creatures hints at a depth of social behavior that has been previously unexplored in the world of reptiles.</p>



<h2 id="h-social-buffering">Social buffering&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Social buffering is a phenomenon wherein the presence of a companion leads to a decrease in an individual's stress levels. Even though this behavior has been studied extensively in highly sociable animals such as mammals and birds, its manifestation in rattlesnakes is a newfound revelation. </p>



<p>The researchers found that disturbances led to a significant reduction in the change in heart rates of rattlesnakes when another snake was in the vicinity.</p>



<p>Stress triggers the production of hormones in animals, causing shifts in their nervous system, immune response, and behavior. Some animals have the capability to modulate this stress response when in the company of another member of their species, effectively buffering the stress.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-overcoming-stress-together">Overcoming stress together&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team from Loma Linda University was intrigued by the lack of studies on social buffering in reptiles and solitary animals. The experts set out to investigate the potential for such behavior among rattlesnakes in Southern California.</p>



<p>Chelsea Martin is a PhD student at Loma Linda University and the lead author of the study, which was published in Frontiers in Ethology.</p>



<p>"We showed that when two snakes were together and experienced a stressful situation, they could buffer each other's stress response, much like what happens to humans when they endure a stressful event together. This dampening of the stress response has not been reported previously in any reptile species," said Martin.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers used 25 wild-caught southern Pacific rattlesnakes and created three scenarios for the experiment: when the snakes were alone, when a rope was present as an inanimate control object, and when a same-sex companion was nearby.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To gauge the snakes' stress levels and potential social buffering, the researchers used electrodes affixed near their hearts and connected to a heart rate monitor. The experimental setup was designed as a dark and enclosed space resembling a bucket.</p>



<p>Following a 20-minute period of adjustment, the snakes were intentionally disturbed. The team recorded the increase in heart rate, the time it took for the heart rate to return to normal, and the duration of rattling.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-results-of-the-study">Results of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers were able to determine that social buffering likely occurs in nature and can persist in captivity. The study found no discrepancies in the phenomenon among snakes that overwintered individually and those that overwintered communally, nor any differences between male and female snakes.</p>



<p>The team also considered the differences between montane rattlesnakes, which tend to hibernate communally, and their lowland counterparts who usually overwinter alone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Females were noted to gather during pregnancy and stay with their newborns. These factors were taken into account and the results revealed an equal propensity for stress buffering among different populations and sexes.</p>



<p>"Our results provide insights into social behavior patterns of snakes and might also improve rattlesnakes' image. In the public eye, they are often maligned. These findings could help to change that," said Martin.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-study-limitations">Study limitations</h2>



<p>Despite these insights, the researchers acknowledge certain limitations. The confined space in which the snake pairs were kept did not allow for investigation of stress buffering response when snakes were close but not in physical contact.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team hopes to address this in their future studies, and also plans to look at how familiarity between two snakes impacts their social buffering response.</p>



<p>Still yet, the research has unlocked new possibilities for understanding the complexities of snake behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our understanding of the social dynamics in reptiles has been enriched by what we observed," said Martin. "This study challenges negative perceptions of rattlesnakes, potentially leading to a more balanced and informed perspective on these remarkable creatures."</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-rattlesnakes">More about rattlesnakes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes that are native to the Americas. They are a part of the subfamily Crotalinae, also known as pit vipers. The name "rattlesnake" comes from the distinctive rattle at the end of their tails, which they use as a warning signal when they feel threatened.</p>



<p>There are several species of rattlesnakes, and they vary in size, color, and habitat. Some of the more well-known species include the Eastern Diamondback, Western Diamondback, Timber Rattlesnake, and Mojave Rattlesnake.</p>



<p>Rattlesnakes can be found in a wide range of habitats, including deserts, forests, grasslands, and swamps. They are ambush predators, meaning they typically lie in wait for their prey to come close, rather than actively hunting. They primarily feed on small mammals, but their diet can also include birds and reptiles.</p>



<p>When a rattlesnake bites, it injects venom into its victim. The venom contains a mix of toxins that can cause symptoms like pain, swelling, and sometimes more severe effects like tissue damage or even systemic effects on the circulatory system. It's important to seek immediate medical attention if you are bitten by a rattlesnake.</p>



<p>Rattlesnakes are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young rather than laying eggs.</p>



<p>Despite their fearsome reputation, rattlesnakes prefer to avoid confrontation with humans when possible. They only usually bite when cornered or threatened. Many states have laws protecting rattlesnakes due to their role in controlling rodent populations.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Social buffering: Rattlesnakes need company to relieve stress

The mystifying world of rattlesnake behavior has come under the...

<p>A recent study conducted by the <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/">University of York</a> challenges the assumption that pet ownership is beneficial for individuals living with serious mental illness. The results of the study indicate that the nature of human-animal interactions is more complex than previously thought.</p>



<p>For many people, companion animals such as dogs, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/domestic-cats-do-not-usually-roam-too-far-from-home/">cats</a>, birds, and fish have been seen as pillars of emotional support, providing consistency and companionship in life. This belief has become more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, as people turned to their pets during periods of isolation and lockdown.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the current study suggests that for those suffering from serious mental illnesses like schizophrenia, the benefits of pet ownership may not be as significant as initially believed.</p>



<p>For the investigation, the researchers surveyed 170 UK-based participants diagnosed with severe mental health conditions, among whom 81 reported owning at least one pet.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-no-significant-improvements-in-mental-health">No significant improvements in mental health</h2>



<p>Despite the majority of pet owners reporting strong bonds with their animals and citing them as significant sources of companionship and love, the study did not show any statistically significant improvements in mental health and feelings of loneliness in comparison to those without pets.</p>



<p>The study followed up on an earlier survey conducted in 2021 during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, which examined the potential effects of pet ownership on mental health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Curiously, those previous findings suggested that people with serious mental illness reported a decline in mental health when they had an animal. The stress of caring for their pet during lockdown most likely exacerbated their mental impairments.</p>



<p>“It is now increasingly assumed that companion animals are beneficial for all owners’ mental health in most or all circumstances, but this may not be the case," said Dr. Emily Shoesmith from the University of York’s Department of Health Sciences.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The pandemic provided a unique opportunity in which to look more closely at this question, and we found that whilst many participants with serious mental illness reported that their animal was a ‘lifeline’ during this time, the benefits may have been outweighed by the additional stress and anxiety caused by caring for an animal in the lockdown context.”</p>



<p>In the current survey, which was conducted post-pandemic, no significant association between pet ownership and enhanced well-being, depression, anxiety, or loneliness was found.</p>



<h2 id="h-complex-relationships">Complex relationships</h2>



<p>However, it is important to note that the participants still valued their bonds with their pets highly. This suggests that a variety of external factors might influence a complex relationship between pet ownership and mental health.</p>



<p>For instance, stressors associated with pet ownership, such as food and veterinary costs, uncertainty over housing, or even the type of pet owned, may all contribute to the overall impact of pet ownership on mental health.</p>



<p>“One possible explanation for our current findings could be that the added responsibility of animal ownership may still exacerbate other potential stressors experienced by people living with severe mental illness," said Dr. Elena Ratschen, also from the University of York’s Department of Health Sciences.</p>



<p>"The findings suggest that the nature of human-animal interactions is complex. The bond between owners and animals was perceived to be high in this study and is undoubtedly very important in people’s lives. It is not necessarily reasonable, however, to assume that it is a means to improve symptoms of serious mental illness or disperse feelings of loneliness in a highly disadvantaged population of people with these illnesses.”</p>



<h2 id="h-advantages-of-pet-ownership">Advantages of pet ownership&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Pet ownership offers numerous benefits, both psychological and physiological, for individuals and families. Here are some of the main advantages:</p>



<h3 id="h-companionship">Companionship</h3>



<p>Pets provide companionship, comfort, and emotional support. Often treated as part of the family, pets can reduce feelings of loneliness and isolation.</p>



<h3 id="h-physical-health-benefits">Physical health benefits</h3>



<p>Regular physical activity such as walking or playing with a pet can help maintain or improve cardiovascular health. The American Heart Association has associated pet ownership, particularly dog ownership, with a reduced risk for heart disease and greater longevity.</p>



<h3 id="h-mental-health-benefits">Mental health benefits</h3>



<p>Interacting with pets can reduce stress and anxiety levels. The simple act of petting an animal can release an automatic relaxation response. Pets can also distract from negative thoughts and provide a sense of purpose and routine.</p>



<h3 id="h-social-interaction">Social interaction</h3>



<p>Pets, particularly dogs, can help their owners to meet other people, fostering new friendships and encouraging social interaction in places like parks.</p>



<h3 id="h-teaching-responsibility">Teaching responsibility</h3>



<p>For children, having a pet can teach them about responsibility, empathy, and caring for others. It helps to instill a sense of nurturing at a young age.</p>



<h3 id="h-improving-immunity">Improving immunity</h3>



<p>There is some evidence suggesting that children growing up in a home with "furred animals" will have less risk of allergies and asthma.</p>



<h3 id="h-therapeutic-benefits">Therapeutic benefits</h3>



<p>Therapists often use pets in various forms of animal-assisted therapy because they can help people relax, reduce fear, and relieve anxiety.</p>



<h3 id="h-routine">Routine</h3>



<p>Pets require a regular feeding and exercise schedule. Having a consistent routine can keep pets calm and balanced, and their human counterparts can benefit from this routine as well.</p>



<h3 id="h-unconditional-love">Unconditional love</h3>



<p>Pets offer unconditional love, which can be very comforting, provide emotional security, and improve the mood of their owners.</p>



<h3 id="h-safety">Safety</h3>



<p>Some pets, like dogs, can provide a sense of safety and even serve as home protectors.</p>



<p>It is important to note that pet ownership is not for everyone and it's crucial to consider the responsibilities involved before getting a pet. It involves a long-term commitment, financial resources, and time for proper care and attention.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, potential pet owners should always consider adopting from a shelter where many animals are in need of a loving home.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Despite strong bonds, pet ownership may not improve severe mental illness

A recent study conducted by the University of York challenges...

<p>Interesting new research from a team of ecologists at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> has highlighted how the physical characteristics of tropical butterflies directly affect their resilience to rising temperatures. Namely, their wing length and color are direct indicators of their risk from climate change.</p>



<p>With climate change presenting an increasing threat to survival for many species, the findings could prove pivotal in identifying those most at risk.</p>



<p>In a world where temperature is steadily increasing due to global warming, certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-butterflies-have-no-trouble-breeding-despite-shortage-of-males/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> find themselves at a disadvantage. The research discovered that butterflies possessing smaller or lighter-colored wings could be the unfortunate 'losers' in the climate change game.</p>



<p>One example is the Lycaenidae family. This beautiful sect of butterflies consists of over 6,000 species primarily living in the tropics.</p>



<p>On the other hand, the study found that butterflies with larger or darker-colored wings are likely to withstand the rising heat better. Albeit, within limits.</p>



<p>Even these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-when-butterflies-evolved-and-what-plants-they-used-for-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> could still face substantial declines if they were to encounter sudden heatwaves. They could also be impacted if cool microclimates, which they heavily rely on, disappeared due to deforestation.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-scientists-studied-tropical-butterflies">How scientists studied tropical butterflies</h2>



<p>To reach these conclusions, published in the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.13970" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Animal Ecology</a>, the research team carried out extensive fieldwork. They joined forces with the <a href="https://stri.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI)</a> to examine the thermal buffering and thermal tolerance strategies of tropical butterflies across various habitats in Panama.</p>



<p>Thermal buffering refers to a butterfly's ability to maintain a stable body temperature amidst fluctuating air temperatures, often through adaptive behaviors like seeking shade or angling wings away from the sun.</p>



<p>On the other hand, thermal tolerance is a physiological mechanism, involving the production of heat shock proteins, allowing butterflies to endure extreme heat when adaptive behaviors aren't sufficient. Butterflies need both these strategies to cope with climate change.</p>



<h2>Recording the temperatures of 1000 tropical butterflies</h2>



<p>Armed with handheld nets and a small thermometer-like probe, the team recorded the temperatures of over 1,000 butterflies. They compared this to the temperature of the surrounding air or the vegetation the butterfly was resting on, measuring the thermal buffering capacity of each butterfly.</p>



<p>Next, at STRI's Gamboa facilities, the researchers tested the butterflies' thermal tolerance. They captured a subset of butterflies, placing them in glass jars within a water bath and gradually increased the temperature. The temperature at which the butterflies could no longer function provided an assessment of their thermal tolerance.</p>



<h2>What the data revealed about heat extremes</h2>



<p>The data suggested that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boring-tropical-butterflies-have-a-fascinating-family-tree/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> with larger wings tend to have better thermal buffering abilities, but lesser thermal tolerance, compared to their smaller counterparts. Further reinforcing this, another study conducted by the same research team found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monarch-butterflies-may-not-be-threatened-as-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> with larger, longer, and narrower wings were superior at thermal buffering.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study found a trade-off in these cooling strategies. Butterflies that were good at thermal buffering were not as proficient in thermal tolerance and vice versa.</p>



<p>Researchers believe this suggests that over the course of evolution, butterflies have developed to handle temperature changes using one strategy over the other. This is likely due to selective pressures.</p>



<p>Lead author Esme Ashe-Jepson, a PhD student at Cambridge's Department of Zoology, explains, "Butterflies with physical characteristics that may help them to avoid the sun's heat, like having large wings that enable them to fly quickly into shade, rarely experience high temperatures, and so have not evolved to cope with them. On the other hand, species which can cope with higher temperatures physiologically have experienced less selective pressure to evolve heat-avoiding behaviors."</p>



<h2>Adaptation will be very difficult for tropical butterflies</h2>



<p>As Ashe-Jepson warns, with rising temperatures and escalating deforestation, butterflies relying on their surroundings to evade high temperatures might not be able to traverse between dwindling forest fragments or cope with increasingly frequent heatwaves.</p>



<p>The study also suggests that species with large dark wings, adept at thermal buffering, may initially remain unaffected by warming temperatures. They can continue to thermoregulate effectively using behavior and microclimates.</p>



<p>However, their survival could be at risk if sudden heatwaves occur. This could also happen if cool vegetation retreats.</p>



<p>"Butterflies, and all insects globally, are likely to be impacted by climate change," Ashe-Jepson points out. "Adaptation to climate change is complex and can be impacted by other factors such as habitat destruction. We need to address these two global challenges together."</p>



<h2>Research team calls for more research</h2>



<p>Further research is needed to explore how warming climates might affect other life stages of butterflies. For instance, how will it impact them at different life stages, such as caterpillars and eggs. Also, how will it impact other insect groups?</p>



<p>Senior author Greg Lamarre is from the Czech Academy of Science and Research Associate at STRI. He added, "Worldwide, most entomologists are observing drastic declines in insect biodiversity. Understanding the causes and consequences of insect decline has become an important goal in ecology, particularly in the tropics, where most of terrestrial diversity occurs."</p>



<p>This research was supported by the GACR Czech Science Foundation, an ERC Starting Grant, a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute short-term fellowship, and the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SENACYT), Panama.</p>



<h2>More about impact of climate change on butterflies</h2>



<p>Climate change, characterized by global warming, erratic weather patterns, and changes in precipitation, has a profound impact on various species, including butterflies. Here are some ways in which climate change affects these delicate insects:</p>



<h3>Shift in geographic range</h3>



<p>As temperatures rise, butterflies that prefer cooler climates may start moving poleward or to higher altitudes to find suitable habitats. Conversely, species that thrive in warmer climates may expand their range.</p>



<p>This change in distribution can result in new interactions with other species (like predators, prey, or competitors). It may also influence ecosystem dynamics.</p>



<h3>Altered lifecycles of tropical butterflies</h3>



<p>Butterflies are ectothermic organisms. This means that their body temperature and metabolic processes are influenced by external temperatures.</p>



<p>Warmer conditions could speed up developmental rates, leading to earlier emergence of adults. This shift might not align with the availability of resources like food plants. It would impact their survival and reproduction.</p>



<h3>Mismatch with food resources</h3>



<p>Many butterflies have evolved to synchronize their lifecycle with specific host plants. If climate change causes the timing of leaf-out or flowering in these plants to shift, it could result in a phenological mismatch. This is where butterflies emerge at times when their food resources are scarce.</p>



<h3>Increased mortality due to extreme weather events</h3>



<p>Extreme weather events such as storms, heavy rainfall, or heatwaves, which are projected to increase due to climate change, can directly cause butterfly mortality.</p>



<p>Drought conditions can also reduce the availability of nectar. This is a primary food source for many adult butterflies.</p>



<h3>Impacts on overwintering populations</h3>



<p>Some butterfly species, like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-forecast-the-future-of-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monarch</a>, migrate long distances to overwinter in a more favorable climate. Changes in temperature and precipitation can influence the survival of these overwintering populations. For instance, warmer winters may cause butterflies to emerge from their overwintering state too early.</p>



<h3>Reduced genetic diversity</h3>



<p>As suitable habitats for butterflies shrink or become fragmented due to climate change, some populations may become isolated. This can result in inbreeding and a reduction in genetic diversity.</p>



<p>The outcome would make these populations more vulnerable to other threats. It would also reduce their capacity to adapt to future changes.</p>



<h3>Thermal stress and physiology</h3>



<p>Butterflies require certain temperatures for activities like feeding, mating, and flying. As temperatures rise beyond their optimal range, they can experience thermal stress. This can impact their physiology and behavior.</p>



<p>For instance, increased temperature can cause heat shock proteins to be produced. This might help them survive in the short term but could have negative impacts in the long run.</p>



<h3>Predation and parasitism in smaller-winged butterflies</h3>



<p>Changes in climate can also impact the relationship between butterflies and their predators or parasites. If warming conditions are more favorable for these predators or parasites, it could lead to increased rates of predation or parasitism.</p>



<p>Scientists are working hard to understand the complex interactions between butterflies and changing climates. They are using various tools such as ecological models, long-term monitoring, and experiments.</p>



<p>This research will help in developing effective conservation strategies to protect these beautiful and ecologically important creatures.</p>

Lighter-colored and smaller-winged tropical butterflies are at greater climate change risk

Interesting new research from a team of ecologists at the...

<p>In the lush heartland of the Chocó Biogeographic Region, known as the Colombian Pacific region, scientists have discovered four new tarantula species.</p>



<p>They unearthed a treasure trove of biological wonders during a recent expedition, illuminating our understanding of one of the world's most intriguing biodiversity hotspots.</p>



<p>Despite its rich biodiversity, this region has remained relatively unexplored. This is especially true when it comes to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spiders-turn-to-cannibalism-when-food-sources-are-limited/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider species</a> living in the region. But that's changing thanks to an extraordinary biological expedition at the Jardín Botánico del Pacífico (JBP) in Bahía Solano.</p>



<p>A team of devoted researchers led this bold expedition, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1166.101069" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">focusing their efforts</a> on the fascinating and diverse group of Mygalomorphae spiders.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-types-of-spiders-discovered">The types of spiders discovered</h2>



<p>This mysterious group of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interesting-fact-hungry-spiders-lose-their-eyesight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiders</a> includes tarantulas, trapdoor spiders, funnel-web spiders, tiny spiders that barely use silk, and bald-legged spiders that can attach substrates to their bodies. Predatory, mostly terrestrial, these spiders often have very specific geographic distributions and are frequently endemic.</p>



<p>The exploration resulted in the discovery of four incredible tarantula species. Among them is the Ummidia solana, a unique trapdoor spider, and three species of tarantulas: Euthycaelus cunampia, Neischnocolus mecana, and Melloina pacifica.</p>



<p>"These taxonomic breakthroughs mark the first time these genera have been recorded in the region, extending their known geographical distribution," the researchers explained.</p>



<p>"Each species was carefully illustrated, described, and scientifically discussed, providing valuable insights into their morphological characteristics, taxonomy, and biogeography. Our study significantly contributes to the understanding of the region's biological diversity, which is renowned for its extraordinary species richness and endemism."</p>



<h2>Details about the new tarantula species</h2>



<p>Now, let's dive into the discoveries in more detail. Reflecting the beautiful landscapes and dense vegetation of the Colombian Pacific coast, researchers named the newly found entity Ummidia solana after the municipality where they discovered it. This marks the first record of the Ummidia genus within the Chocó Biogeographic Region.</p>



<p>The researchers named the entity Melloina pacifica after the Colombian Pacific region it inhabits. This is the first described species of the Melloina genus in Colombia. </p>



<p>Despite this genus's tendency to thrive in diverse ecosystems, including caves, this particular discovery expands the known distribution of Melloina. It was previously only recorded in Venezuela and Panama.</p>



<p>Euthycaelus cunampia owes its name to Don José and Don Antonio, members of the Emberá indigenous community from Mecaná, Chocó. These individuals transitioned from hunters to guides. They inspired tourists and academics at the JBP, hence the naming of this species. </p>



<p>Remarkably, this marks the first published record of the Euthycaelus genus and the subfamily Schismatothelinae outside the Andean Region and Eastern Cordillera for Colombia.</p>



<p>Finally, the researchers named the entity Neischnocolus mecana after a township in Bahía Solano. It reflects the dedication of the Jardín Botánico del Pacífico community to preserving the region's vibrant biodiversity. This species is the fourth described Neischnocolus in Colombia. Its discovery expands the known geographic range of the genus.</p>



<p>In conclusion, the researchers stated, "This groundbreaking study serves as a testament to the potential existence of undiscovered species and the need for comprehensive taxonomic research."</p>



<p>This discovery boldly reminds us that diverse ecosystems of our world still hold biological mysteries waiting for us to uncover.</p>



<h2>More about tarantula species</h2>



<p>Tarantulas are a type of spider belonging to the family Theraphosidae. There are over 1,000 known species of tarantulas. </p>



<p>They are native to many warm climates across the world, including South America, Central America, the southwestern United States, Africa, southern Europe, Australia, and some parts of Asia.</p>



<p>Tarantulas prefer to live in dry, well-drained soils and are especially prevalent in desert and grassland environments.</p>



<p>Tarantulas are among the largest spiders, with body lengths that range from 2.5 cm to 10 cm or more. They have leg spans that can reach up to 30 cm in some species.</p>



<p>Despite their often-fearsome appearance, most species of tarantulas are not dangerous to humans. Their bites, while painful, are generally no more harmful than a typical bee sting.</p>



<p>Here are some key features and behaviors of tarantulas:</p>



<h3>Appearance</h3>



<p>Tarantulas are usually hairy and have eight legs, like all spiders. They also have two additional appendages called pedipalps near their mouth, which they use for sensing their environment, capturing prey, and mating.</p>



<p>Tarantulas have two body sections. At the top is a combined head and midsection (cephalothorax), with an abdomen below. Their colors vary widely by species and can include black, brown, tan, or even more alluring colors.</p>



<h3>Hunting and Diet</h3>



<p>Tarantulas are carnivorous predators and primarily feed on insects. However, larger tarantulas eat small lizards, mice, birds, and other small animals.</p>



<p>They do not spin webs to catch prey. Instead, they are ambush predators who pounce on their prey when it comes near.</p>



<h3>Tarantula venom</h3>



<p>All tarantulas are venomous. However, the venom of most species is not harmful to humans.</p>



<p>Tarantulas use their venom to paralyze their prey before consuming it. They inject their venom through their fangs, which are large and strong enough to break the skin of a human.</p>



<h3>Defense mechanisms</h3>



<p>In addition to their venom, tarantulas have other defense mechanisms. Many New World tarantulas (species found in the Americas) have urticating hairs on their abdomen, which they can kick off when threatened. These tiny, barbed hairs can cause irritation and discomfort to potential predators.</p>



<h3>Reproduction</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-spiders-transfer-more-sperm-when-mating-with-cannibals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Male tarantulas</a> are typically smaller than females and have a shorter lifespan. After reaching sexual maturity, males will go in search of a female to mate with.</p>



<p>After mating, a female tarantula will lay anywhere from 50 to 2,000 eggs. She then encases her eggs in a silken egg sac. Depending on the species, the eggs will hatch in two to ten weeks.</p>



<h3>Lifespan and molting</h3>



<p>Tarantulas have a relatively long lifespan compared to other spiders. Female tarantulas can live up to 30 years in captivity. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-spiders-catapult-away-from-sex-partners-to-avoid-being-eaten/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Males</a> usually live between 5 to 10 years.</p>



<p>Tarantulas periodically shed their exoskeleton. This is a process called molting, which allows them to grow and repair any damage. This can occur annually or more frequently, depending on the tarantula's age and species.</p>



<p>While tarantulas are often feared due to their large size and venom, they are increasingly kept as peculiar pets, as they are typically docile towards humans.</p>



<p>As always with pets, it's essential to fully understand and meet the needs of the particular species to keep them healthy and safe.</p>

Four new tarantula species discovered in Colombia

In the lush heartland of the Chocó Biogeographic Region, known...

Pterosaur,Scene,3d,Illustration

<p>A new species of prehistoric flying reptile, or pterosaur, has been officially named Petrodactyle wellnhoferi. It was discovered by an international team of researchers hailing from Britain, America, and Germany.</p>



<p>The creature, initially nicknamed "Elvis" because of a massive pompadour-like bony crest adorning its skull, was found as a fossil in Bavaria, Germany.</p>



<p>The pterosaur's name, Petrodactyle wellnhoferi, is a tribute to renowned German paleontologist Peter Wellnhofer. Known for his extensive research on German pterosaurs, the creature's name translates to "Wellnhofer's stone-finger."</p>



<p>This new find is a member of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-pterosaur-bones-found-in-australia-date-back-107-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ctenochasmatids</a>, a group of pterosaurs known primarily as small filter feeders. This species is special because of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Petrodactyle-wellnhoferi-Elvis_fossil-skeleton_Credit-Rene-Lauer-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraordinarily complete skeleton</a>, which is almost entirely intact and detailed.</p>



<h2 id="h-petrodactyle-wellnhoferi-had-the-largest-crest-yet-discovered">Petrodactyle wellnhoferi had the largest crest yet discovered</h2>



<p>Crests are a known feature among many pterosaurs, often used as a form of communication for mating, but the Petrodactyle has the largest crest ever discovered in a ctenochasmatid, <a href="https://doi.org/10.26879/1251" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">according to the research team</a>.</p>



<p>Dr. David Hone, the lead author of the study from Queen Mary University of London, explained, "Big though this crest is, we know that these pterosaurs had skin-like extensions attached to it, so in life, Petrodactyle would have had an even larger crest".</p>



<p>Upon inspection under UV light, the specimen’s details are remarkably visible, effectively distinguishing the bones from the rock surrounding them. This method has proven especially beneficial as the bones and rock share a similar coloration in natural light.</p>



<p>"The use of UV Induced Fluorescence digital photography provided the ability to discern fine structures small bones and provided additional information regarding the structures of the bony crest which aided in the interpretations and conclusions of this unique new species," said René Lauer of the Lauer Foundation, a collaborator on the study.</p>



<h2>Unusually large for a pterosaur</h2>



<p>With a wingspan measuring around 2 meters, the Petrodactyle was an unusually large creature. However, this measurement was from when it was just an older 'teenager' in pterosaur terms.</p>



<p>This suggests it would have grown even larger had it reached maturity. Consequently, many consider it one of the largest pterosaurs known from the Late Jurassic period.</p>



<p>"The specimen was located in a quarry which is producing scientifically important fossils that provide additional insights into Late Jurassic Pterosaurs," said Bruce Lauer of the Lauer Foundation.</p>



<p>"This research is a great example of the benefits of cooperation between amateur collectors, commercial fossil dealers, our Foundation, and research scientists to advance science."</p>



<h2>Spent most of its time near the water</h2>



<p>Like its relatives, the Petrodactyle likely spent its time along the shore of shallow seas. However, it could have also ventured into estuaries or lakes. Pterodactyle wellnhoferi had a long jaw and many small teeth, making it perfect for catching small fish, shrimp, and other aquatic prey.</p>



<p>Yet, it also had unique traits. Unlike most other ctenochasmatids, it had an expansion at the back of its skull. This feature accommodated larger jaw muscles, granting it a more powerful bite than its contemporaries.</p>



<p>"It is amazing to document an increasingly wide range of adaptations. Pterosaurs were a fundamental part of the Jurassic ecology", stated Frederik Spindler from the Dinosaurier Museum in Germany, who also worked on the study.</p>



<p>Reflecting on the importance of the discovery, Dr. Hone stated, "Peter Wellnhofer is long overdue having a species of German pterosaur named after him to honor his lifelong contribution to the study of these amazing animals".</p>



<p>The Lauer Foundation, a significant contributor to the study, acquires, curates, and provides access to a collection of scientifically important Palaeontological specimens. The scientific community can access these collections for research, publication, exhibition, and educational outreach.</p>



<h2>More about pterodactyls</h2>



<p>People often use the term "Pterodactyl" to refer to all pterosaurs, a group of flying reptiles that coexisted with dinosaurs. However, the term "pterodactyl" technically refers to a specific genus of pterosaurs known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fascinating-pterosaur-had-hundreds-of-tiny-hooked-teeth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pterodactylus</a>.</p>



<p>Here's what we know about Pterodactylus and pterosaurs in general:</p>



<h3>Pterodactylus</h3>



<h3>Time period</h3>



<p>Pterodactylus lived during the late Jurassic Period, around 150.8-148.5 million years ago.</p>



<h4>Size</h4>



<p>The size of Pterodactylus individuals varied, with wingspans ranging from about 1.25 to 1.4 meters (4.1 to 4.6 feet).</p>



<h4>Fossil records</h4>



<p>Researchers have found most fossils of Pterodactylus in present-day Germany, but they have also discovered them in other parts of Europe and Africa.</p>



<h4>Diet</h4>



<p>They were likely carnivorous, feeding on fish and other small animals.</p>



<h4>Features</h4>



<p>Pterodactylus had a relatively small body, a long tail, and long, narrow wings covered in a membranous material. Like all pterosaurs, Pterodactylus had hollow bones, a characteristic that made it lightweight and adapted for flight. They also had very <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-pterosaurs-had-colorful-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorful feathers</a>.</p>



<h3>Pterosaurs in general</h3>



<h4>Time period</h4>



<p>Pterosaurs lived from the late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous Period (228 to 66 million years ago).</p>



<h4>Variety</h4>



<p>Over <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-pterosaur-species-found-on-the-coast-of-angola/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">100 species of pterosaurs</a> have been identified, ranging in size from those as small as a bird to others with a wingspan comparable to a small airplane.</p>



<h4>Diet</h4>



<p>Many pterosaurs were carnivorous, feeding on fish, invertebrates, and possibly carrion. Some smaller species may have eaten insects.</p>



<h4>Flight</h4>



<p>Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve powered flight. Unlike birds and bats, which have arms and hands separate from their wings, the wings of pterosaurs were formed by a membrane of skin and muscle stretching from the ankles or tail to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger.</p>



<h4>Pterosaur and dinosaur differences</h4>



<p>Pterosaurs were not dinosaurs but did share a common ancestor with them. One key difference is in the hip structure. Dinosaurs have either a bird-like or lizard-like hip structure, while pterosaurs have a unique hip structure.</p>



<h4>Extinction</h4>



<p>Pterosaurs went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period, along with the dinosaurs, in an event often attributed to a massive asteroid or comet impact.</p>



<p>Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve powered flight. Their wings formed from a membrane stretching from their ankles or tail to a dramatically elongated fourth finger.</p>



<p>Pterosaurs weren't dinosaurs but shared a common ancestor. They differed in hip structure, with pterosaurs having a unique hip structure.</p>

New extinct species of flying reptile, nicknamed Elvis, is officially named Petrodactyle wellnhoferi

A new species of prehistoric flying reptile, or pterosaur, has...

<p><a href="https://worldchimpanzeeday.org/">World Chimpanzee Day</a> is dedicated to raising awareness about our closest living relatives in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-animal-conflicts-large-weapons-may-be-designed-for-deception/">animal</a> kingdom, with whom we share about 98 percent of our DNA. It is held on the 14th of July each year and was established by the <a href="https://janegoodall.org/">Jane Goodall Institute</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Jane Goodall is a world-renowned primatologist, ethologist, and anthropologist, known for her long-term research on wild chimpanzees in Tanzania.</p>



<p>World Chimpanzee Day is an opportunity to celebrate the profound scientific and cultural significance of chimpanzees. It is also a day to advocate for worldwide participation in their care, protection, and conservation in the wild and in captivity.</p>



<p>On World Chimpanzee Day, people around the globe engage in activities that raise awareness about the threats to the survival of chimpanzees, such as habitat loss, disease, and illegal wildlife trafficking. They may also learn more about these remarkable animals, participate in conservation efforts, and share information to help inspire others to take action.</p>



<h2 id="h-remarkable-creatures">Remarkable creatures</h2>



<p>"Through the groundbreaking research of Dr. Jane Goodall and the scientists who followed her, we now know so much more about the many behaviors, traits, and ecologies that make chimpanzees one-of-a-kind," says World Chimpanzee Day's official <a href="https://worldchimpanzeeday.org/">website</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Dr. Goodall was one of the first to share her observations that chimpanzees make and use tools, have a complex communication system and social structures, and can be altruistic. The more we learn, the more we realize how important it is that we celebrate our connection to these complex and intelligent beings."</p>



<h2 id="h-highly-endangered-animals">Highly endangered animals</h2>



<p>"Chimpanzees are highly endangered. One hundred years ago, there were an estimated 1-2 million chimpanzees across twenty-five countries in Africa. Today, there are as few as 350,000 wild (high estimate) chimpanzees across the continent of Africa."</p>



<p>"We must each do our part to turn those numbers around. Together, by providing holistic solutions to end habitat loss, illegal wildlife crime, and disease transmission, we can give chimpanzees a fighting chance."</p>



<h2 id="h-variety-of-threats">Variety of threats</h2>



<h3 id="h-habitat-loss-and-fragmentation">Habitat loss and fragmentation</h3>



<p>Much of the chimpanzee's natural habitat in Africa has been destroyed due to human activities such as logging, mining, and agriculture. As forests shrink, chimps are forced into smaller and smaller areas. Habitat fragmentation can also lead to isolated populations that may struggle to maintain genetic diversity.</p>



<h3 id="h-poaching-and-bushmeat-trade">Poaching and bushmeat trade</h3>



<p>In some regions, chimps are hunted for their meat, which is sold on the black market as "bushmeat." Infants are also sometimes captured and sold into the illegal pet trade, often after their mothers are killed.</p>



<h3 id="h-disease">Disease</h3>



<p>Chimpanzees share about 98% of their DNA with humans, which makes them susceptible to many of the same diseases we are. Diseases can spread rapidly and have devastating effects on chimp populations. The transmission of diseases is facilitated by increased contact with humans as their habitats shrink.</p>



<h3 id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Changes in climate patterns can affect the availability and distribution of food resources, causing further strain on populations.</p>



<p>Efforts are ongoing worldwide to protect and conserve chimpanzees, through habitat preservation, legal protection, and educating people about the plight of these intelligent and complex creatures.</p>



<h2 id="h-key-characteristics">Key characteristics&nbsp;</h2>



<h3 id="h-tool-use-and-culture">Tool use and culture</h3>



<p>Chimpanzees are known for their sophisticated use of tools, which is a behavior previously thought to be exclusive to humans. They use sticks to "fish" for termites, rocks to crack open nuts, and leaves as sponges or spoons to drink water. Furthermore, different groups of chimpanzees have different tool use behaviors and social practices, which is considered a form of culture.</p>



<h3 id="h-complex-social-structures">Complex social structures</h3>



<p>Chimpanzees live in communities of 20 to 150 individuals. Their social structure is a fission-fusion society where sub-groups change in composition, splitting and recombining based on factors like food availability and social interactions.</p>



<h3 id="h-communication-skills">Communication skills&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Chimpanzees have a rich array of communication methods. They use a wide variety of vocalizations, facial expressions, postures, and gestures to communicate with each other. Some chimpanzees have also been taught to use human sign language.</p>



<h3 id="h-emotional-depth">Emotional depth</h3>



<p>Chimpanzees show a wide range of emotions that are similar to human emotions, including joy, anger, grief, and empathy. They are capable of strong bonds between family members and friends, and they comfort and reassure each other in times of stress.</p>



<h3 id="h-problem-solving">Problem solving</h3>



<p>Chimpanzees exhibit a remarkable ability to solve problems. This is often demonstrated in their foraging strategies and their use of tools to obtain</p>



<p>Use the hashtag #WorldChimpanzeeDay on social media to tell the world why you are passionate about chimpanzees.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

World Chimpanzee Day: Celebrating our closest cousins

World Chimpanzee Day is dedicated to raising awareness about our...

<p><a href="https://www.worldorcaday.org/">World Orca Day</a> is a globally recognized event dedicated to honoring orcas, highlighting their significance in marine ecosystems, and advocating for their protection. Celebrated annually on July 14, this day provides an opportunity for scientists, conservationists, and the general public to unite in their shared interest and appreciation for these incredible creatures.</p>



<p>The central aim of World Orca Day is to raise awareness about the essential role that orcas play in the marine environment and why their conservation matters. These distinctive black and white dolphins hold an essential position as apex predators in the vast expanse of our world's oceans.</p>



<h2 id="h-keystone-species">Keystone species</h2>



<p>Orcas are known as a "keystone" species, which means they are critically important for maintaining the health of marine ecosystems. Their existence has a profound and pervasive impact on the balance and functioning of the ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Adding to their ecological significance, orcas are classified as an "indicator" species. This means that their well-being can provide insightful information about the overall health of the ocean and its biodiversity.</p>



<h2 id="h-umbrella-species">Umbrella species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Intriguingly, orcas also bear the tag of "umbrella species," which signifies that conservation efforts aimed at protecting them will indirectly shield a multitude of species and habitats that are intertwined with the life of orcas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In other words, ensuring the survival and prosperity of orcas can inadvertently set up a protective barrier for the environment and its inhabitants. Therefore, a targeted, effective strategy to safeguard orcas can ripple out to envelop the broader marine life.</p>



<p>The fascinating diversity of orca habitats cannot be overstated. Orcas, belonging to the family of cetaceans - which includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises - are found inhabiting waters from the icy edges of the poles to the warm tropics across both hemispheres.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-orcinus-orca">Orcinus orca</h2>



<p>Orcas are known by many names across cultures and languages, such as killer whale, asesina ballenas, and kasatka. They are universally recognized in the scientific community by their Latin name - Orcinus orca, which roughly translates to "god of the underworld" or "demon dolphin."</p>



<p>Despite being known as "killer whales," orcas are actually the largest member of the dolphin family, classified under the category of Odontocetes, meaning "toothed cetacean."&nbsp;</p>



<p>This classification acknowledges their unique characteristics, including the shape of their teeth. These giant dolphins bear a distinctive appearance with their robust bodies, striking black and white pattern, and a towering dorsal fin.</p>



<h2 id="h-ecotypes">Ecotypes</h2>



<p>An interesting aspect of orca biology is the existence of various "ecotypes," essentially distinct populations within the species. These ecotypes are typically characterized by differences in body shape, size, behavior, hunting strategies, and even social structure. Unique dialects of vocalizations are also observed among different ecotype populations.</p>



<p>While it's challenging to accurately number the existing ecotypes due to a lack of comprehensive knowledge and recognition, some scientists have suggested as many as 22. However, there's consensus that numerous others remain unexplored or unidentified.</p>



<h2 id="h-diverse-diet">Diverse diet</h2>



<p>Another captivating facet of orcas is their diverse diet. Documented evidence shows that orcas feed on more than 100 different prey species. But in an intriguing display of specialization, each ecotype tends to have a particular dietary preference, feeding in a defined way on a select group of prey species. This habit makes them susceptible and sensitive to changes in their habitat, such as shifts in prey populations or alterations in the ecosystem structure.</p>



<p>Regardless of their diversity in habitat, diet, and behavior, one point remains undisputed – orcas are indeed remarkable animals, deserving of our respect and protection. Their importance in maintaining the health of marine ecosystems and their vulnerable status to habitat changes underline the pressing need for concerted conservation efforts.</p>



<p>To help fulfill the Mission of World Orca Day, you are encouraged to <a href="https://www.worldorcaday.org/take-action/">take action</a>. </p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

World Orca Day: The crucial role of the ocean's apex predator

World Orca Day is a globally recognized event dedicated to...

<p>Biological invasions, a prominent threat to natural ecosystems, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/">biodiversity</a>, and human health, are known for wreaking havoc on the environment. Invasive species lead to ecosystem degradation and incur substantial economic costs, often measured in multi-trillions of euros globally. </p>



<p>Now, a study led by <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/">McGill University</a> is highlighting the severe economic burden these biological invasions are likely to place on the European Union (EU) if left unchecked.</p>



<h2 id="h-thousands-of-invasive-species">Thousands of invasive species</h2>



<p>The EU is at an increased risk of invasions by alien species - harmful species that are introduced by humans from outside their natural habitats. Thousands of such invasive alien species pose a constant threat to the EU.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The risk is further amplified due to the region’s high volume of economic activities such as trade and transportation of goods, which inadvertently increase the opportunities for biological invasions. This pivotal finding comes from the study, which was recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-023-00750-3"><em>Environmental Sciences Europe</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-costs-are-underestimated">Costs are underestimated&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A key issue identified by the researchers is that most of these invasive alien species are not sufficiently evaluated for their actual and potential economic impacts. Consequently, the resulting cost estimates are often substantially underestimated.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To investigate, the researchers set out to quantify the economic fallout of biological invasions in the European Union. Utilizing predictive models, they estimated the future costs of these invasions.</p>



<h2 id="h-alarming-results">Alarming results</h2>



<p>The experts found that out of approximately 13,000 invasive alien species known to have established populations in the EU, reported costs exist for a mere 259 species, a small fraction constituting around one percent. This highlights the substantial knowledge gap in regional cost assessments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers’ predictive models projected unreported costs to be potentially 501 percent higher than the currently recorded costs, amounting to a staggering €26.64 billion (US$28.0 billion). The burden of these costs appears to be heaviest on countries such as Lithuania, Malta, and the Czech Republic.</p>



<p>Even more concerning are the study's future cost projections. The research predicts a significant surge in costs, with estimates potentially soaring to more than €142.73 billion (US$150 billion) by 2040 in the absence of effective management measures.</p>



<p>“Our study reveals a shocking underestimation of the economic costs of biological invasions in the European Union. These costs are not only a huge burden for the European Union’s economy but also jeopardize the ecological balance and well-being of societies,” said study lead author Morgane Henry, a PhD student under the guidance of Professor Brian Leung at McGill University.</p>



<h2 id="h-action-is-urgently-needed">Action is urgently needed</h2>



<p>Henry further emphasizes the urgent need for action: “It is imperative that we take immediate action to enhance cost reporting, identify the most concerning economic impacts, and work together on a global scale to address the threat posed by invasive alien species.”</p>



<p>The research sounds a strong warning to policymakers, scientists, and stakeholders alike, urging them to recognize the implications of their findings. The experts stress that without collaborative efforts to protect ecosystems, preserve biodiversity, and secure the well-being of communities, biological invasions could potentially create an overwhelming financial burden. To prevent the devastating ecological impacts, the EU and its governments must take swift action.</p>



<p>“The costs are potentially huge, but in most cases we just don’t know. Notably, our fivefold increase in cost estimates included only 1% of species with existing data, by extrapolating to other countries where they are known to have invaded, but where costs have not been estimated yet. We don’t know about the other 99% of the species,” said Professor Leung, emphasizing the vast unknown associated with these invasive species.</p>



<h2 id="h-invasive-species-in-the-eu">Invasive species in the EU</h2>



<p>The European Union (EU) has had its share of invasive species, which have established themselves in new environments, often to the detriment of native ecosystems. Here are a few examples:</p>



<h3 id="h-american-mink">American mink</h3>



<p>Introduced for fur farming, escapees quickly established wild populations across Europe. They have had a profound impact on local fauna, contributing to the decline of the European mink and certain bird species.</p>



<h3 id="h-grey-squirrel">Grey squirrel&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Introduced to the United Kingdom and Italy from North America, the grey squirrel has been displacing the native red squirrel due in part to competition for food resources and the spread of the deadly squirrel pox virus.</p>



<h3 id="h-zebra-mussel">Zebra mussel&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Originally from Eastern Europe, zebra mussels have spread across Europe's freshwater bodies, attaching themselves in large numbers to hard surfaces. They significantly alter the ecosystems they invade by outcompeting native species for food and habitat.</p>



<h3 id="h-signal-crayfish">Signal crayfish</h3>



<p>This North American species was introduced to Europe for aquaculture in the 1960s. It has been spreading rapidly and outcompeting native crayfish, additionally spreading the crayfish plague, a disease deadly to native crayfish.</p>



<h3 id="h-giant-hogweed">Giant hogweed&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This plant, native to Central Asia, is now found across Europe. It grows rapidly and outcompetes native vegetation. Its sap can cause severe burns on human skin.</p>



<h3 id="h-harlequin-ladybird">Harlequin ladybird&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Originally from Asia, this ladybird has become one of the most invasive species in Europe, outcompeting native ladybirds and influencing the whole ecosystem by altering the distribution of resources.</p>



<h3 id="h-asian-hornet">Asian hornet</h3>



<p>This invasive species from Asia preys on honeybees, causing significant damage to bee populations and potentially impacting pollination.</p>



<h3 id="h-water-hyacinth">Water hyacinth&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This fast-growing plant from South America can completely cover waterways, blocking light and oxygen and causing declines in fish and other aquatic species.</p>



<h3 id="h-eastern-grey-squirrel">Eastern grey squirrel&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Imported from North America, this squirrel has displaced the native red squirrel in many parts of the United Kingdom and Italy.</p>



<h3 id="h-coypu">Coypu</h3>



<p>Originally from South America and brought to Europe for fur farming, this rodent damages aquatic ecosystems and contributes to soil erosion by burrowing.</p>



<p>These are just a few examples; unfortunately, the list of invasive species in the EU is much longer and continues to grow. Each of these species poses unique challenges to ecosystems and often requires unique strategies for management and control.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Economic time bomb: Costs of invasive species are greatly underestimated

Biological invasions, a prominent threat to natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and...

<p>In a recent study, experts at <a href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/water-research-institute">Cardiff University's Water Research Institute</a> quantified the carbon footprint and environmental impact of pet fish. The study revealed that tropical fish aquariums contribute to a significant proportion of annual household CO2 emissions and water usage.</p>



<p>There are approximately four million households in the UK alone with pet fish. Of these, it is estimated that a staggering 70 percent maintain tropical freshwater aquariums, according to Dr. William Perry, a research associate at the Institute.</p>



<h2 id="h-carbon-footprint-of-pet-fish">Carbon footprint of pet fish</h2>



<p>Traditionally, environmental studies have focused on the ecological footprint of domestic mammals, such as cats and dogs. However, this latest research shifts the spotlight to the previously overlooked tropical fish pet industry.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The carbon footprint of owning pets such as dogs and cats has been previously calculated, but we have provided the first estimates of carbon dioxide emissions produced from running a tropical aquarium, as well as estimated water consumption," Dr. Perry explained.</p>



<p>Dr. Perry's groundbreaking research examined the environmental implications of fish keeping in several Northern European countries, including France, Poland, and the UK. He analyzed both freshwater and marine aquariums, with aquarium sizes varying from 50, 200, to 400 liters.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-results-of-the-study">Results of the study</h2>



<p>Based on the UK data, Dr. Perry's research suggests that a tropical aquarium could produce a significant 85.3 to 635.2 kg of CO2 per year, depending on size and operational conditions. This equates to a considerable 1.6 to 12.4 percent of the UK annual average household CO2 emissions.</p>



<p>Moreover, the study revealed that tropical aquariums could consume anywhere from 156 to 31,200 liters of water per year. This consumption level translates to between 0.2 and 30.1 percent of the UK annual average household water usage, hinging heavily on the size of the aquarium and the maintenance routines employed.</p>



<p>The study identified two primary factors contributing to these environmental impacts: the energy required to heat the water - particularly in larger aquariums - and the varying levels of decarbonization in the electricity grids of different countries.</p>



<h2 id="h-environmentally-conscious-choices">Environmentally conscious choices&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, Dr. Perry stated, "Ornamental fish keeping can be a more environmentally conscious pet choice than owning an average-sized dog or cat, which are likely to produce considerably more emissions through their consumption of meat."</p>



<p>At the same time, he cautioned that the environmental impacts of fish keeping could be substantial, varying with the aquarium size, operational methods, and even the country it's housed in. "There are still improvements that can be made to ensure the environmental sustainability of the hobby."</p>



<p>According to Dr. Perry, as national energy grids start to decarbonize, the environmental impact from the energy needs of keeping fish will improve. However, he warned that mitigating the environmental impact of high water consumption is a formidable challenge that requires individual-level ingenuity.</p>



<p>Dr. Perry's research sounds an important environmental alarm, calling for greater awareness of our pet choices' ecological consequences. "These are important considerations as we face a climate emergency linked with our demands for energy, as well as water insecurity linked with our demands for water," he concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10958649"><em>Journal of Fish Biology</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-pet-fish">More about pet fish</h2>



<p>Fish have been a popular choice of pet for centuries. They offer companionship and a sense of tranquility, and their diverse colors, shapes, and behaviors can be mesmerizing. Fishkeeping can also provide a fascinating insight into aquatic life, and maintaining a balanced, healthy aquarium can be a rewarding hobby.</p>



<p>There are many types of pet fish, but they are typically divided into two categories: freshwater and saltwater fish. Freshwater fish are often seen as a good choice for beginners as they tend to be more adaptable and require less complex equipment than their saltwater counterparts. Common types of freshwater fish include bettas, guppies, goldfish, tetras, and cichlids.</p>



<p>Saltwater fish, while generally more demanding to keep, offer a unique range of species, many of which are brightly colored and known for their interesting behaviors. Some popular saltwater fish species include clownfish, angelfish, butterfly fish, and tangs.</p>



<p>Fish come in all shapes and sizes, from the tiny neon tetra to the considerably larger Oscar fish. Their lifespan can also vary significantly. While some species like goldfish can live for decades under the right conditions, others may only have a lifespan of a few years.</p>



<p>Fishkeeping involves more than just feeding your fish and changing the water occasionally. It requires understanding the specific needs of the species you're keeping. Factors such as diet, water temperature, pH levels, and compatible species for cohabitation must all be considered.</p>



<p>As evidenced by Dr. William Perry's research, fishkeeping is linked to environmental impacts such as high water consumption. Making conscious choices about the size of the aquarium, the number and species of fish, and maintenance routines can make a difference in mitigating these environmental effects.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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The hidden environmental impacts of tropical fish aquariums

In a recent study, experts at Cardiff University's Water Research...

<p>Ocean temperatures are reaching a boiling point with marine heatwaves wreaking havoc across the Pacific. This phenomenon spells disaster for marine ecosystems, according to a recent study from the <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> (UCSB).&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652486"><em>Global Change Biology</em></a>, demonstrates that despite the many social and ecological benefits provided by marine protected areas (MPAs), these parts of the ocean are not immune to the pressures of global warming.</p>



<h2 id="h-marine-heatwaves">Marine heatwaves</h2>



<p>Across the world, marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-are-fueling-more-extreme-heatwaves/">heatwaves</a>, characterized by extended periods of anomalously warm sea surface temperatures, are generating mass species mortality and displacement events, triggering economic downfalls, and causing extensive habitat loss. The researchers' findings challenge the notion that areas of the ocean protected from human activities such as fishing are safe from the impacts of climate change.</p>



<p>Marine heatwaves are a burgeoning global issue, and unlike their terrestrial counterparts, these sweltering oceanic periods can persist for months or even years. This phenomenon has taken center stage in marine biology, as even the protective shields of MPAs prove ineffective against these heatwaves.</p>



<p>“MPAs in California and around the world have many benefits, such as increased fish abundance, biomass and diversity,” stated Joshua Smith, the study's lead researcher. Smith is a former postdoctoral researcher at UCSB's National Center for Ecological Analysis &amp; Synthesis (NCEAS). He continued, “But they were never designed to buffer the impacts of climate change or marine heatwaves.”</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>As part of a broader review of California’s MPA network, the UCSB team compiled data spanning several decades to assess the long-term effects of marine heatwaves on a variety of habitats in the Pacific Ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the research was to equip California's policymakers and natural resource managers with actionable data on climate change’s impact on marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>Jenn Caselle co-led the team. She is a researcher with UCSB’s Marine Science Institute, and Kerry Nickols, a professor from California State University Northridge now affiliated with non-profit Ocean Visions.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-blob">The Blob</h2>



<p>The analysis coincided with the largest marine heatwave ever recorded, which surged across the Pacific Ocean from 2014-2016. Unprecedented ocean warming - colloquially dubbed "The Blob" - coupled with a subsequent major El Niño event, resulted in a prolonged period of abnormally high sea temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The heatwave spanned the entirety of the West Coast, causing significant alterations to food webs, the collapse of fisheries, and a shift in marine life populations, among other consequential disruptions.</p>



<p>As MPA managers worldwide grapple with an escalating number of climate shocks, they must question how protected areas can withstand these events. In light of the severe marine heatwave that lasted several years, the research group set out to determine how the ecological communities within California's MPAs would fare.</p>



<h2 id="h-little-to-no-resistance">Little to no resistance</h2>



<p>The team analyzed over a decade's worth of data from 13 MPAs, each located within diverse ecosystems along the Central Coast, to understand how the marine heatwave affected various species populations within these areas. Their study revealed that the MPAs provided little to no resistance to the marine heatwave’s effects.</p>



<p>“The MPAs did not facilitate resistance or recovery across habitats or across communities,” noted Caselle. “In the face of this unprecedented marine heatwave, communities did change dramatically in most habitats. But, with one exception, the changes occurred similarly both inside and outside the MPAs."</p>



<p>“MPAs are effective in many of the ways they were designed, but our findings suggest that MPAs alone are not sufficient to buffer the effects of climate change," said Smith.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-ocean-under-siege">Ocean under siege</h2>



<p>The results underscore the grim reality that the entire ocean is under siege from climate change. Post-heatwave, many ecological communities experienced a "pronounced decline in the relative proportion of cold-water species and an increase in warm water species."&nbsp;</p>



<p>An increase in subtropical species like the señorita fish, previously rare in central California, notably influenced the shift in marine communities. Whether these species will continue to thrive in their newfound habitats remains uncertain.</p>



<h2 id="h-continued-monitoring-of-ocean-heatwaves">Continued monitoring of ocean heatwaves</h2>



<p>Yet, MPAs retain value, even as they struggle under the weight of these climate-driven events. They are invaluable sites for ongoing research into the complex impacts of climate change, unencumbered by human fishing activities. Continued monitoring will show if future shifts in marine communities occur at different rates or to different base states in MPAs compared to fished areas.</p>



<p>“Some of these time series are longer than 25 years at this point and the data are critical to understanding and readying human communities for the changes occurring in our marine communities,” stressed Caselle. Despite the heatwave, Smith also points out, “the ecological communities in MPAs are still being protected, even if they are different as a result of the heatwave."</p>



<p>"With the devastating impacts of climate change already apparent, it is very important that we are upfront about climate solutions - as long as we are burning fossil fuels and warming the globe, marine ecosystems will be at risk, even if they are protected from fishing.”</p>



<p>This study is the first in a series led by the NCEAS working group, exploring human engagement with the California MPA network, the effect of MPAs on fish populations and fisheries, and a synthesis of marine protected areas that benefit both people and nature. </p>



<p>We must take swift climate action and implement nature-based solutions to safeguard the health of our oceans, as we expect marine heatwaves to increase in frequency and intensity.</p>



<h2>More about ocean heatwaves</h2>



<p>Ocean heatwaves, akin to their terrestrial counterparts, are characterized by prolonged periods of unusually high sea surface temperatures. These marine thermal anomalies last for at least five days, with temperatures exceeding the local 30-year maximum monthly mean by at least 0.5 degrees Celsius.</p>



<h3>Causes</h3>



<p>These intense oceanic temperature spikes are largely driven by global warming and natural climate variability. Greenhouse gas emissions, primarily due to human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels, amplify the warming of the Earth's atmosphere. This atmospheric heating then transfers to the oceans, as they act as a significant heat sink, absorbing approximately 93% of the Earth's excess heat.</p>



<h3>Effects on marine ecosystems</h3>



<p>The repercussions of ocean heatwaves are far-reaching and often devastating for marine ecosystems. Corals, for instance, experience bleaching—a condition where they expel symbiotic algae due to heat stress, leading to potential coral death. Ocean heatwaves also pose significant threats to marine species, disrupting their reproductive cycles and shifting their geographic distribution towards the poles. Additionally, heatwaves can damage kelp forests and seagrass meadows, essential carbon sinks, hence affecting their ability to mitigate climate change.</p>



<h3>Impact of ocean heatwaves on human communities</h3>



<p>Ocean heatwaves can heavily impact human communities that rely on marine resources. They can lead to economic hardships in industries such as fishing and tourism due to the reduction of marine biodiversity and the destruction of underwater landscapes. Also, the decrease in fish populations can disrupt food chains, leading to global food security issues.</p>



<h3>Scientific research and prediction tools</h3>



<p>Scientific communities are making continuous efforts to better understand, predict, and assess the impacts of ocean heatwaves. Predictive tools are being developed to provide early warnings, allowing for timely adaptation and mitigation efforts by marine resource managers and coastal communities.</p>



<h3>Mitigation and future directions</h3>



<p>Addressing ocean heatwaves requires global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adopt renewable energy, and promote sustainable practices. As ocean heatwaves continue to increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change, strategies for understanding, preventing, and preparing for these marine heat events will remain a critical focus in the years ahead.</p>



<h3>Conclusion</h3>



<p>In sum, ocean heatwaves pose a growing threat to marine ecosystems and human communities. The global community's task is to reduce the causes of these phenomena while enhancing our ability to predict and mitigate their impacts. As we move forward, protecting our oceans from the devastating effects of heatwaves will be a vital element of our climate action plans.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Marine protected areas are not immune to ocean heatwaves

Ocean temperatures are reaching a boiling point with marine heatwaves...

<p>New research on the reproductive behavior of the eastern wild turkey suggests that these birds may not significantly adjust the timing of their nesting cycles in response to changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=climate&amp;start=0">climate</a> patterns. A lack of flexibility could put wild turkeys at risk as shifts in climate threaten the availability of food resources and protective vegetation, among other factors.</p>



<p>Chris Moorman, a professor in <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/">North Carolina State University</a>’s Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology Program, underscored the implications of the findings. "There are implications here for turkey populations if individuals are inflexible in their ability to shift their reproductive activities, as resources are certainly going to change in the future."</p>



<p>This inflexibility could result in what scientists refer to as "phenological mismatch," which Professor Moorman described as the incongruity "where the timing of an animal’s natural history doesn’t match up with the food and cover resources that are critical for successful reproduction and survival.”</p>



<h2 id="h-past-challenges-for-wild-turkeys">Past challenges for wild turkeys</h2>



<p>Overhunting and habitat loss previously drove eastern wild turkeys to the brink of extinction, but the species has since rebounded and is now prevalent throughout North America. Nonetheless, a decline in the southeastern United States population since 2009 has prompted some concern.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While North Carolina maintains a stable population, measured by hunting harvests, other southern states have introduced hunting restrictions in an effort to halt or reverse the decline. Researchers continue to explore the role of various factors, such as weather, climate change, and emerging diseases, on turkey populations.</p>



<p>The resilience of turkeys, however, has allowed the species to recover from past challenges. “Turkeys are a highly adaptable species; this adaptability facilitated their ability to be restored,” said study lead author Wesley Boone, a postdoctoral research scholar at NC State.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Boone noted that they are conducting the research to understand if turkeys can persist in a future defined by a changing climate and altered landscapes.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-scientists-conducted-the-study">How scientists conducted the study</h2>



<p>To investigate the potential impact of climate change on turkey nesting, the researchers monitored the nesting patterns of eastern wild turkeys across five Southeastern states over a period of eight years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Employing GPS transmitters attached to captured female turkeys, the team could remotely track the birds' movements, providing insights into when the turkeys began incubating their nests.</p>



<p>The study incorporated weather data spanning 2014 to 2021 to determine whether variables like temperature, rainfall, and the timing of "spring green-up" (the time when vegetation begins to grow in the spring) had any bearing on when turkeys started incubation. They also projected whether turkey nest timing would shift by 2041-2060 under two climate change scenarios.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>Analyzing the data from 717 total nests and 186 "successful" nests that hatched at least one egg, the researchers found that temperature and rainfall were associated with only slight changes in nesting times. These changes were so minimal they could be measured in hours, not days.</p>



<p>Upon further analysis, the researchers discovered that climate change-related shifts in average precipitation and temperature changes could adjust the timing of successful nests by less than three hours. Surprisingly, they found no connection between turkey nest timing and spring green-up.</p>



<p>“We did find relationships between nest timing, rainfall, and temperature, but when we projected that into the future, there is no biological relevance in the shift in timing,” said Boone. Yet, he warned that this unresponsiveness to climate change could be problematic, as the crucial food and cover resources associated with spring green-up are likely to shift earlier in the future.</p>



<p>“We did not project drastic changes in the timing of when wild turkeys nest under climate change," said Moorman. "Turkeys seem relatively inflexible as to when they reproduce – nesting is initiated around the same time each year with only slight shifts in the timing, regardless of weather conditions.”</p>



<h2 id="h-future-studies-on-eastern-wild-turkeys">Future studies on eastern wild turkeys</h2>



<p>The research, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecochg.2023.100075"><em>Climate Change Ecology</em></a>, marks the first in a series of studies aiming to understand the impact of climate change on the reproduction of the eastern wild turkey.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Future studies will explore how temperature and precipitation affect the survival of turkey nests and the recently hatched young, called poults. The implications of these studies could influence long-term conservation strategies for turkeys, including the scheduling of hunting seasons.</p>



<p>“There could be a lot of factors interacting to cause declines, including timing of the hunting season, land-use change that impacts habitat, changes in predator populations, as well as weather, climate and diseases," said Boone. "We need to begin chipping away at the questions to build a comprehensive understanding of the current and future threats to wild turkey population sustainability.”</p>



<h2 id="h-eastern-wild-turkeys">Eastern wild turkeys</h2>



<p>The eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) is a subspecies of wild turkey that is native to the eastern half of North America. This includes regions from northern Florida to Canada.</p>



<h3 id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



<p>The eastern wild turkey is the largest subspecies of wild turkey, with males (also known as "toms" or "gobblers") typically weighing between 18 to 30 pounds and females (hens) usually weighing between 8 to 12 pounds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Adult males also have a "beard," which is a group of specialized feathers that protrude from the chest. This subspecies has dark metallic bronzing throughout its plumage, with a white-barred to chestnut-brown tail.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>Eastern wild turkeys can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, swamps, and grasslands. They prefer hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures, fields, orchards, and seasonal marshes.</p>



<h3 id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Turkeys are omnivores. They feed on a diverse diet of plant and animal matter, including seeds, leaves, berries, insects, and small vertebrates.</p>



<h3 id="h-behavior-and-reproduction">Behavior and reproduction</h3>



<p>During the spring breeding season, males will display for females by puffing out their feathers, spreading their tails, and dragging their wings, also making a distinctive gobbling sound. Females then lay a clutch of 10-12 eggs, which they incubate for about 28 days.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Wild turkeys struggle to shift their behavior in response to climate change

New research on the reproductive behavior of the eastern wild...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

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<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

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</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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