In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp;



Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-heart-with-light">Controlling the heart with light</h2>



The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest.



The external controller detects abnormal rhythms and sends light through the body to activate the pacemaker and restore heartbeat. The study demonstrates the device’s effectiveness across animal and human donor hearts.&nbsp;



The development of the pacemaker was led by John A. Rogers, a professor of material science, biomedical engineering, and neurological surgery at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>.&nbsp;



“We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the world’s smallest pacemaker,” said Professor Rogers.



“There’s a crucial need for temporary pacemakers in the context of pediatric heart surgeries, and that’s a use case where size miniaturization is incredibly important. In terms of the device load on the body - the smaller, the better.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solution-designed-for-newborns">Solution designed for newborns</h2>



Though the light-activated pacemaker can function in patients of all sizes, its miniaturized design was motivated by the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-speech-is-driven-by-heart-rate-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Igor Efimov is a co-leader of the study and experimental cardiologist at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“About 1% of children are born with congenital heart defects. The good news is that these children only need temporary pacing after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-robot-could-transform-minimally-invasive-surgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surgery</a>. In about seven days or so, most patients’ hearts will self-repair. But those seven days are absolutely critical," said Efimov.



Traditional pacemakers require surgery and have wires sticking out of the chest to connect to an external device. When they are no longer needed, the wires are removed - risking bleeding, tissue damage, or even death.



“Wires literally protrude from the body, attached to a pacemaker outside the body,” Efimov explained. “When the pacemaker is no longer needed, a physician pulls it out. The wires can become enveloped in scar tissue. That’s actually how Neil Armstrong died.”



The new injectable pacemaker addresses these risks. All of its components are biocompatible and bioresorbable, meaning they safely dissolve in the body’s fluids without needing surgical removal. Once the device has served its purpose, it simply disappears.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-light-activated-pacemaker">Refining the light-activated pacemaker</h2>



This innovation builds on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00948-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> by Rogers and Efimov, who developed a quarter-sized dissolvable pacemaker in 2021. Surgeons asked for a smaller version to allow easier placement and suit the smallest patients.&nbsp;



The original device used near-field communication (NFC), but its antenna limited how small the device could be made. To overcome this, the team replaced the NFC system with a novel light-based mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1s.webp" alt="The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University" class="wp-image-1964846"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Click image to enlarge. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University</figcaption></figure>



“Instead of using the radio frequency scheme for wireless control, we developed a light-based scheme for turning the pacemaker on and delivering stimulation pulses to the surface of the heart. This is one feature that allowed us to dramatically reduce the size,” said Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powered-by-the-body-s-own-fluids">Powered by the body’s own fluids</h2>



The engineers also reimagined how to power the tiny pacemaker. Rather than requiring a battery or external power source, the device uses a simple galvanic cell - a chemical battery formed by two different metals as electrodes.&nbsp;



When the device is inside the body, surrounding biofluids act as the electrolyte, allowing electrical current to flow and stimulate the heart.



“A very tiny light-activated switch on the opposite side from the battery allows us to turn the device from its ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state upon delivery of light that passes through the patient’s body from the skin-mounted patch,” explained Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-trauma-and-risk">Reducing trauma and risk</h2>



Using infrared light, which can safely penetrate deep into the body, the wearable controller detects when a patient’s heart rate falls too low. It then triggers a light-emitting diode (LED) to flash on and off at the desired pacing rhythm.&nbsp;



“Infrared light penetrates very well through the body,” Efimov said. “If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.”



Despite its microscopic size - just 1.8 mm wide, 3.5 mm long, and 1 mm thick - the pacemaker delivers stimulation on par with traditional devices. “The heart requires a tiny amount of electrical stimulation,” Rogers said.&nbsp;



“By minimizing the size, we dramatically simplify the implantation procedures, we reduce trauma and risk to the patient, and, with the dissolvable nature of the device, we eliminate any need for secondary surgical extraction procedures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-heart-care">A new era of heart care</h2>



Because these light-activated pacemakers are so small and wireless, doctors could one day deploy multiple units on different parts of the heart to create more advanced pacing systems. 



Each device could be controlled independently using different light wavelengths, enabling personalized and precisely timed stimulation across the heart’s surface.



“We can deploy a number of such small pacemakers onto the outside of the heart and control each one,” Efimov said. “Then we can achieve improved synchronized functional care.”



Professor Rogers noted that because it’s so small, the pacemaker can be integrated with almost any kind of implantable device.



“We also demonstrated integration of collections of these devices across the frameworks that serve as transcatheter aortic valve replacements to address complications that can occur during a patient’s recovery process," said Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-bioelectronic-medicine">Future of bioelectronic medicine</h2>



While this breakthrough has clear implications for pediatric heart care, the technology could pave the way for a new generation of bioelectronic medicine.&nbsp;



These tiny, dissolvable devices could one day be adapted to promote nerve and bone regeneration, manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a>, support wound healing, and more.



Northwestern engineers shrank the device and removed risks by making it dissolve after use. In doing so, they’ve created a tool that could reshape how doctors care for the heart - from the tiniest patients to adults.



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Click here to <a href="https://youtu.be/j_0hZ8cUwgo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watch a video interview...</a>



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08726-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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World's smallest pacemaker is set to revolutionize heart health

In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp; Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries. Controlling the heart with light The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest. The external controller detects...

Have you ever felt stuck in a loop, repeating the same sequence of events over and over again? Like Bill Murray in the movie&nbsp;Groundhog Day, bacteria in Wisconsin’s Lake Mendota appear stuck in a perpetual cycle - but in this case, it’s more aptly described as a "Groundhog Year."



According to a study published in the journal Nature Microbiology, scientists observed that most bacterial species in the lake undergo rapid genetic changes over a year, only to return to near-identical genetic states the next year.



This cyclical evolution offers new insights into microbial ecology and how organisms adapt to their environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-cycles-of-lake-bacteria">Evolutionary cycles of lake bacteria</h2>



Lake Mendota’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-walking-ecosystems-and-microbes-rule-their-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacterial species</a> evolve rapidly in response to the lake’s dramatic seasonal changes. Winters cover the lake in ice, while summers foster algal blooms.



These environmental shifts allow specific bacterial strains to dominate during one season - only to give way to others that are better suited for different conditions at another time of year. This seasonal loop plays out year after year, and creates a pattern akin to rewinding and replaying a movie.



“I was surprised that such a large portion of the bacterial community was undergoing this type of change,” said Robin Rohwer, the study’s lead researcher and a postdoctoral scientist at <a href="https://www.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Texas Austin</a>.



“I was hoping to observe just a couple of cool examples, but there were literally hundreds.”



Rohwer began this work during her doctoral studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison under Trina McMahon, and continued the research at UT Austin. The study marks a breakthrough in understanding the adaptations of Lake Mendota's bacteria under natural, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamic conditions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-archive-of-bacterial-dna">Unique archive of bacterial DNA</h2>



The researchers used an unprecedented dataset: 471 water samples collected over 20 years by <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UW-Madison</a> scientists as part of <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>-funded monitoring projects. 



These samples provided the longest metagenome time series ever collected from a natural system. By reconstructing bacterial genomes from fragmented DNA, the team mapped genetic changes across generations.



“This study is a total game changer in our understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-could-cause-a-health-crisis-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial communities</a> change over time,” said Brett Baker, a co-author and researcher at UT Austin. “This is just the beginning of what these data will tell us about microbial ecology and evolution in nature.”



The work revealed not just seasonal cycles but also longer-lasting genetic shifts. For example, during 2012’s unusually hot and dry summer, when algal levels were low, many bacterial species underwent significant changes in genes related to nitrogen metabolism.



This suggests that environmental extremes can drive sustained evolutionary adaptations in lake bacteria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-climate-change">Implications for climate change</h2>



Climate models predict more frequent extreme weather events for the Midwestern U.S., similar to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-use-biological-clocks-to-predict-and-survive-cold-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a> seen at Lake Mendota in 2012 .



Rohwer believes this study offers a window into how microbial communities might respond to both gradual and abrupt climate changes.



“Climate change is slowly shifting the seasons and average temperatures, but also causing more abrupt, extreme weather events,” said Rohwer. “Our study suggests they will evolve in response to both these gradual and abrupt changes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-innovations-in-genomic-research">Technological innovations in genomic research</h2>



The team relied on the <a href="https://tacc.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Advanced Computing Center</a>’s supercomputing resources to reconstruct over 30,000 genomes from roughly 2,800 species. Without such technology, the analysis of the Lake's bacteria would have taken 34 years on a standard laptop.



“Imagine each species’ genome is a book, and each little DNA fragment is a sentence,” Rohwer explained. 



“Each sample has hundreds of books, all cut up into these sentences. To reassemble each book, you have to figure out which book each sentence came from and put them back together in order.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lake-bacteria-reveal-nature-s-complexity"> Lake bacteria reveal nature’s complexity</h2>



The study on the evolution of Lake Mendota bacteria highlights the intricate and resilient nature of microbial communities. 



While their short lifespans allow for rapid evolution, these bacteria also demonstrate remarkable stability, repeatedly returning to near-original states despite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-microbes-discovered-in-2-billion-year-old-rocks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental pressures</a>. 



This discovery highlights the complexity of microbial ecology and its role in broader environmental systems.



As climate change continues to alter ecosystems, studies like this provide vital insights into how life adapts. They also emphasize the importance of long-term monitoring and advanced computational tools in uncovering the secrets of the natural world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-024-01888-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Microbiology</a>.



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Bacteria in Lake Mendota keep evolving but never change

Have you ever felt stuck in a loop, repeating the...

Nanopore technology represents humanity's latest weapon in the ongoing battle against diseases. From ancient herbal remedies to modern medical breakthroughs, our efforts to conquer illness have been relentless.



This small but mighty innovation, developed by researchers at the University of California, Riverside, promises faster and more accurate diagnostics and paves the way for a new era in healthcare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-diagnostics">A new era of diagnostics</h2>



The researchers at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> have meticulously crafted a diagnostic tool based on nanopore technology. This innovation uses electrical signals from individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-molecule-discovery-will-force-textbooks-to-be-rewritten/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecules</a> to identify diseases.



The delicacy of this operation lies in the minute size of these molecules, which are generally certain DNA or protein molecules, approximately one-billionth of a meter wide.



The breakthrough, according to Kevin Freedman, assistant professor of bioengineering at UCR, is the ability to "get useful data from just a single molecule."



“This level of sensitivity could make a real difference in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-diagnose-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease diagnostics</a>,” he added. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-gateway-for-molecules-to-pass">A gateway for molecules to pass</h2>



To capture the faint whispers of these minute molecules, Freedman's lab designed electronic detectors that emulate neurons in the brain by retaining "memories" of molecules that had previously passed through.



A nanopore, which is an extremely tiny opening, is the circuit's star player. It serves as a gateway for the molecules to pass, one at a time.



The sophisticated detector registers the reduction in the flow of ions due to the passage of a protein or DNA molecule.



This is not merely a detection process. The special feature of this model is the role of the nanopore not just as a sensor but also as an inherent filter. 



It reduces the background noise from other molecules, thus enhancing the signal clarity and maintaining the accuracy of diagnosis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-early-detection">The promise of early detection</h2>



Imagine a small diagnostic kit, no larger than a USB drive, that could help detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotics-for-childhood-infections-are-becoming-ineffective/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infections</a> in their budding stage. This reality isn't far off.



Freedman projects that nanopore sensors could detect infections within 24 to 48 hours, in contrast to today's tests that often require several days. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-blood-test-diagnoses-heart-attacks-in-minutes-not-hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early detection</a> could be pivotal, especially in rapidly spreading diseases, and enable timely intervention and treatment.



“Nanopores offer a way to catch infections sooner - before symptoms appear and before the disease spreads,” said Freedman.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-detection-the-footprints-of-proteins">Beyond detection: The footprints of proteins</h2>



The tool's potential isn't limited to diagnostics. Proteins, the building blocks of life, sometimes exhibit minute changes in their structure, which can have significant implications for health.



By measuring these subtle differences, the nanopore device could help doctors tailor more personalized treatments for patients.



This nanopore technology also brings researchers a step closer to a biology holy grail: single molecule protein <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complete-sequencing-of-the-human-genome-reveals-new-findings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sequencing</a>. 



Unlike DNA sequencing, which reveals genetic instructions, protein sequencing provides a more profound understanding of how those instructions are expressed and modified in real time. 



"There's a lot of momentum toward developing protein sequencing because it will give us insights we can’t get from DNA alone," Freedman said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nanopores-the-future-is-here">Nanopores: The future is here</h2>



The evolution of this technology doesn't stop here. Freedman sees this as a signpost to how the future of biological research and diagnostics may look. 



He is optimistic that nanopore technology will soon become a standard feature in both research and healthcare tools, potentially even in home diagnostic kits.



In the quest for personalized medicine, this tool propels us one step closer. “I’m confident that nanopores will become part of everyday life,” Freedman said. “This discovery could change how we’ll use them moving forward.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-nanopore-technology">Scaling nanopore technology</h2>



While nanopore technology currently thrives in laboratory settings, its real-world applications are also expanding rapidly.



Researchers are exploring ways to miniaturize and mass-produce these devices, making them more accessible for clinics, fieldwork, and even at-home diagnostics. 



A future where patients could self-test for infections or monitor chronic conditions using a pocket-sized device is within reach.



The versatility of nanopore technology also extends to resource-limited settings. In areas lacking advanced laboratory infrastructure, portable diagnostic kits could transform healthcare delivery by providing quick and reliable results without the need for extensive equipment. 



This could revolutionize the management of infectious diseases, particularly in outbreak-prone regions.



As advances continue, nanopores are set to bridge the gap between cutting-edge research and practical, lifesaving solutions, and will potentially bring precision diagnostics to a global audience.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-024-01829-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Nanotechnology</a>.



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Nanopores: A game-changer in early disease detection

Nanopore technology represents humanity's latest weapon in the ongoing battle...

Many of the foods we enjoy, such as apples, almonds, and pumpkin spices, rely on pollinators like bees and butterflies. These organisms play a critical role in producing one-third of our food supply and significantly impact the quality, flavor, and market value of crops.



A recent study&nbsp;by researchers from the University of Göttingen sheds light on this underexplored yet critical aspect of agriculture.



Pollinators influence crop quality through their movement across plantations and the variety of plants they visit. However, current strategies tend to focus heavily on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollen-wars-plants-compete-for-space-on-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supporting pollinators</a> while neglecting the importance of plant quality.



The researchers argue that understanding species-specific pollinator behavior and strategic crop variety distribution can significantly enhance fruit quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollination-s-impact-on-global-agriculture">Pollination’s impact on global agriculture</h2>



Animal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-honey-bee-day-protecting-our-vital-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a> plays a vital role in global agriculture, contributing to two-thirds of the world's most important crops. 



These crops - such as fruits, nuts, and pulses - rely on pollinators like bees and are valued at hundreds of billions of US dollars annually. Beyond supporting food production, animal pollination ensures the supply of essential nutrients.



For instance, pollinator-dependent crops provide over 90% of the dietary vitamin C we consume, along with substantial levels of carotenoids and antioxidants, which are crucial for human health.



Pollinators, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-2024-bee-engaged-with-youth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a>, directly enhance the nutritional and commercial value of crops. In the case of rapeseed, bees increase its polyunsaturated fatty acid and total oil content, making the crop healthier and more valuable. 



Similarly, they improve avocado production by boosting the oil content and increasing the fruit's weight, leading to better quality and higher market value. This highlights the indispensable role of animal pollination not just in crop yields but also in enhancing food quality and nutritional benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinators-and-fruit-quality">Pollinators and fruit quality</h2>



The research highlights that not all pollinators or crops are the same when it comes to improving fruit quality. The type of pollinator species, the variety of the crop, and the quality of the pollen they transfer all play crucial roles in determining the final quality of the fruit.



If there are changes in how pollinators behave or in the arrangement of plants within a field, cross-pollination between different plant varieties might not happen effectively. This can lead to reduced fruit quality or failed pollination altogether.



Therefore, it is not just about having enough pollinators present, but also ensuring the right types of pollinators <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-plants-generate-heat-to-attract-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interact with crops</a> in the right ways and at the right times. 



The spatial movement of pollinators and how they engage with different plant varieties in the field are key factors in producing high-quality crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-quality-oriented-research">The need for quality-oriented research</h2>



The study was conducted by Professor Teja Tscharntke, Dr. Carolina Ocampo-Ariza, and Dr. Wiebke Kämper from the Functional Agrobiodiversity and Agroecology Group at the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a>.



“The results of our review show that future research should not only focus on the quantity but also more on the quality of the crops. After all, a better nutrient composition benefits the health of consumers,” noted the researchers.



They advocate for the following: promoting cross-pollination by considering crop variety and pollen quality; comparing the quality of self-pollinated and cross-pollinated varieties; and designing cultivated areas and landscapes to maximize pollinator mobility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-crop-improvement-with-pollinators">Sustainable crop improvement with pollinators</h2>



By applying these recommendations, agriculture can achieve more than just higher yields - crops can be produced with superior nutritional value. This calls for a detailed understanding of how pollinator behavior, crop variety, and pollen quality interact to influence fruit quality.



An effective strategy ensures that pollinators are not only present but also appropriately paired with the right crop varieties. This targeted approach boosts nutrient content, enhances sensory appeal, and raises the commercial value of crops.



Such practices directly benefit farmers through better harvests and profits, while consumers gain access to healthier, more nutritious food.



Additionally, this approach supports <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable agriculture</a> by promoting biodiversity and optimizing pollinator movement. It promotes a balanced system where the needs of the environment, farmers, and consumers are met, contributing to long-term agricultural success.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/fulltext/S1360-1385(24)00272-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Plant Science</a>.



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How pollinators boost the nutritional value of crops

Many of the foods we enjoy, such as apples, almonds,...

Without a doubt, aging is a complex process. It's a journey that each cell in the body undertakes.



Along the way, aging can lead to the development of serious health conditions in humans such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-cellular-aging">The mystery of cellular aging</h2>



Could there be a way to delay the onset of age-related ailments by looking at them from a different perspective? There might be more to the story than meets the eye.



As we age, our cells age too. This means that decoding the mystery of cellular aging could be the ultimate secret to unlocking a longer human lifespan. 



The journey of a scientific team from <a href="https://weill.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weill Cornell Medicine</a> takes us through the complex world of cell aging, specifically focusing on a dense part of the cell nucleus called the nucleolus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-the-nucleolus">The role of the nucleolus</h2>



What is the nucleolus and why is it important?



The nucleolus is a dense, spherical region found in a cell's nucleus. It houses the ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which is a segment of DNA that codes for the core parts of ribosomes. 



Ribosomes are tiny organelles, found inside cells, that help to make proteins. Ribosomal DNA is one of the most vulnerable parts of the genome due to its repetitive composition, which makes it complicated to maintain or repair when damaged.



In the course of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-transfer-longevity-gene-hoping-to-extend-human-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a>, organisms ranging from yeast to humans undergo an expansion in the size of their nucleoli.



One fascinating observation is that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging</a> strategies, such as consuming fewer calories, result in the presence of smaller nucleoli in cells.



This begs the question - could keeping the nucleolus small be the key to delaying aging?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resetting-the-aging-clock">Resetting the aging clock</h2>



Dr. J. Ignacio Gutierrez and Dr. Jessica Tyler, the study's lead investigators, suggested that deliberately keeping nucleoli small might help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">slow down aging</a>.



The experts tested this idea by engineering a method to attach the rDNA to the membrane of yeast cell nuclei. This innovative system gave them the ability to control the size of the nucleolus.



The result? Keeping the nucleolus compact appeared to delay aging to a similar extent as the calorie restriction strategy. 



This discovery hints at the possibility that the nucleolus could indeed play a significant role in manipulating the aging process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-counting-down-the-cellular-lifespan">Counting down: The cellular lifespan</h2>



Another intriguing observation was that nucleoli did not expand at a uniform rate throughout a cell's lifespan. 



Instead, the nucleoli remained small for most of the cell's life until they suddenly began growing rapidly at a specific size threshold. Cells only persisted for an average of about five more divisions after crossing this threshold.



Deterioration and damage to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-bakers-yeast-have-similar-dna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> occur as part of the aging process. In testing, the research team discovered that the larger nucleoli had less stable rDNA than the smaller ones.



Furthermore, when the nucleolus grew, it started allowing in proteins and other factors that could potentially harm the fragile rDNA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-insights-from-yeast-to-humans">Aging insights from yeast to humans</h2>



The next step for the researchers is to investigate these fascinating nucleolar effects on aging in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blood-stem-cells-grown-in-the-lab-for-first-time-ever-leukemia-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human stem cells</a>. 



Unlike most other cells, stem cells hold the unique potential to replace other cell types as they perish. The findings from this project could be key to achieving the goal of prolonging their longevity.



The connection of the nucleolus structure with the DNA repair process in a way that is conserved in all organisms, from yeast to humans, is indeed a breakthrough.



Our cellular clock may tick a bit slower in the future, thanks to this monumental stride in understanding the intricate process of aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-nucleolus-exploring-aging-pathways">Beyond the nucleolus: Exploring aging pathways</h2>



While the nucleolus presents a compelling target for understanding and potentially slowing aging, it is just one piece of a complex puzzle. 



Aging is influenced by a network of cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, telomere shortening, and epigenetic changes. These processes interact in intricate ways, shaping how cells age and respond to damage over time.



One area of interest lies in the interplay between nucleolar dynamics and other cellular aging pathways. 



For example, recent studies suggest that changes in nucleolar size could influence protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and stress responses - all of which are key factors that affect an organism's lifespan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-aging-process">Understanding the aging process </h2>



By integrating these findings with insights into mitochondrial health and DNA repair mechanisms, scientists aim to develop a more holistic understanding of the aging process.



The researchers from Weill Cornell Medicine are hopeful that combining knowledge of nucleolar manipulation with these broader pathways could unlock new therapeutic strategies. 



These approaches might not only delay the onset of age-related diseases but could also improve overall health and resilience as we grow older.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00754-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a>.



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Cellular "mortality timer" discovered that dictates aging

Without a doubt, aging is a complex process. It's a...

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (HPAI H5N1) remains a low risk to the general public. U.S. public health experts believe available treatments and vaccines, along with those in development, can prevent severe disease. 



Despite this reassurance, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) continues to monitor the virus closely, evaluating potential changes.



In a commentary published in the&nbsp;New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Jeanne M. Marrazzo and Dr. Michael G. Ison from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) emphasize the importance of balancing vigilance with normalcy regarding HPAI H5N1. 



"People should find a balance between enhanced vigilance and ‘business as usual’ with respect to HPAI H5N1," the experts stated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-spread-of-bird-flu-virus">Global spread of bird flu virus</h2>



Since 1996, HPAI H5N1 has circulated across at least 23 countries. By late 2021, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-mutations-found-in-first-severe-u-s-human-case/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> spread from Europe to North America, infecting wild birds and poultry farms. 



In 2022, it devastated birds and marine mammals in South America. Alarmingly, in March 2024, U.S. Department of Agriculture (<a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>) scientists detected HPAI H5N1 in dairy cows, spreading to herds across 16 states. Over the past 30 days, the virus has been identified in dairy herds in three U.S. states.



Human infections remain rare but concerning. In 2024, 66 confirmed and 7 probable cases were reported in the U.S., along with one case in Canada. 



These cases were linked to two types of the virus - one circulating in birds (D1.1) and another in dairy cows (B3.13).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keys-to-controlling-bird-flu-virus-outbreak">Keys to controlling bird flu virus outbreak</h2>



Drs. <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marrazzo</a> and <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tcA1nDcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ison</a> outline four essential strategies to manage the current HPAI H5N1 outbreak:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promote-collaboration-across-disciplines">Promote collaboration across disciplines</h3>



Effective control requires timely collaboration among experts in human and veterinary medicine, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/efforts-to-control-bird-flu-are-not-working-are-humans-next/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health</a>, health care, and occupational safety. 



Building trust with communities and ensuring individuals seek care for symptoms, such as conjunctivitis, are equally critical. Fortunately, most U.S. cases have been mild, resolving without treatment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhance-disease-surveillance">Enhance disease surveillance</h3>



The Canadian HPAI H5N1 patient who developed respiratory failure highlights the urgency of vigilant disease surveillance. Genetic mutations in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-outbreak-in-domestic-cats-raises-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> found in this patient highlight the need for complete genomic sequencing of viral samples. 



Dr. Marrazzo and Dr. Ison emphasize that this data should be shared quickly to identify and track viral changes, which might signal an increased risk of human-to-human transmission.



"Without information pertaining to where and when isolates were collected, the data cannot be linked phylogenetically to other reported sequences," the authors noted. This early detection helps pinpoint mutations that may enhance the virus’s ability to infect human respiratory systems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advance-medical-countermeasures">Advance medical countermeasures</h3>



Developing and testing vaccines and therapies remain vital. Fortunately, current vaccine candidates effectively neutralize circulating virus strains, and antivirals have shown promise in mitigating transmission and illness severity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-bird-flu-virus-exposure">Minimizing bird flu virus exposure</h3>



Reducing contact with the bird flu virus is essential to limit its spread and protect individuals, especially those at higher risk of exposure. 



Workers who handle poultry or cows, such as farmers or animal handlers, are particularly vulnerable because the virus can spread through infected animals or their environments.



To stay safe, these workers should follow guidelines from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a> (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and USDA. This includes wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, and protective clothing, to create a barrier against the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seal-colony-lost-95-of-its-pups-to-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a>.



Additionally, understanding occupational risks is vital. Workers should learn how the virus spreads, recognize potential symptoms of infection, and follow safe handling practices. 



These precautions not only protect individual workers but also help prevent the virus from spreading further, potentially affecting others or reaching broader populations. By taking these steps, the risk of infection can be significantly reduced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-challenges-of-bird-flu">Ongoing challenges of bird flu</h2>



The four strategies outlined by Dr. Marrazzo and Dr. Ison aim to enhance our understanding of the H5N1 virus's spread, evolution, and impact.



By integrating robust collaborations, effective surveillance, medical advancements, and preventive practices, public health experts hope to control the virus and answer key questions about its behavior.



While HPAI H5N1 presents ongoing challenges, the collective effort of scientists, health officials, and communities ensures we remain prepared for any future developments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe2416323" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New England Journal of Medicine</a>.



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Bird flu virus: Preparing for tomorrow despite minimal risk today

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (HPAI H5N1) remains...

Ever wondered if what you eat could be the secret to a sharper memory and better cognitive performance? A recent study from Tulane University School of Medicine has given us food for thought. The researchers propose that the brain-boosting benefits of the Mediterranean diet may be linked to changes in our gut's bacterial balance.



The study, published in the journal Gut Microbes Reports, reveals a striking connection between dietary choices, gut bacteria, and brain function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-mediterranean-diet">What is the Mediterranean diet?</h2>



The Mediterranean diet draws inspiration from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-may-be-a-fountain-of-youth-for-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional cuisines</a> of Mediterranean countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain. It focuses on whole, nutrient-rich foods and prioritizes healthy fats, with olive oil serving as the main source.



The diet includes abundant vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, along with lean proteins like fish and seafood, and moderate amounts of poultry, eggs, and dairy. 



Red meat and processed foods are consumed sparingly, while meals are rich in fiber from plant-based sources such as legumes and whole grains. Herbs and spices are used to flavor dishes, reducing the reliance on salt. 



This balanced and varied approach to eating has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-a-delicious-way-to-manage-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">numerous health benefits</a>, including improved heart and brain health, reduced inflammation, and a lower risk of chronic diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-diet-influences-the-brain">How diet influences the brain</h2>



The study, led by Dr. Rebecca Solch-Ottaiano, found that the Mediterranean diet alters gut bacteria patterns in ways that boost memory and cognitive skills.



“We’ve known that what we eat affects brain function, but this study explores how that could be happening,” Dr. Solch-Ottaiano explained. “Our findings suggest that dietary choices can influence cognitive performance by reshaping the gut microbiome.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-shifts-gut-bacteria">Mediterranean diet shifts gut bacteria</h2>



Using young rats as subjects, the researchers compared the effects of a Mediterranean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> to a typical Western diet over 14 weeks. 



The Mediterranean diet, rich in olive oil, fish, and fiber, led to significant shifts in gut bacteria. Four types of beneficial bacteria increased, while five types linked to poorer memory declined. 



These shifts in gut bacteria correlated with key cognitive and health improvements in the Mediterranean diet group:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Better memory and learning: The rats performed better on tests designed to measure memory and problem-solving abilities.</li>



<li>Improved cognitive flexibility: They adapted more easily to new information or changes in their environment.</li>



<li>Enhanced working memory: Their ability to retain and use short-term information was stronger.</li>



<li>Lower bad cholesterol: They exhibited reduced levels of LDL cholesterol, which is often linked to poor health outcomes.</li>
</ul>



The study pinpointed specific bacteria - such as higher levels of Candidatus Saccharimonas - that correlated with better cognitive outcomes. Conversely, higher levels of Bifidobacterium were linked to poorer memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-young-brains">Implications for young brains</h2>



This research is the first to examine the Mediterranean diet’s impact on gut microbiota and cognitive function relative to the Western diet in a rodent model. 



By using young rats, equivalent to 18-year-old humans, the study highlights how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary choices</a> during critical developmental periods can influence long-term brain health.



“Our findings suggest that the Mediterranean diet or its biological effects could be harnessed to improve scholastic performance in adolescents, or work performance in young adults,” said Dr. Demetrius M. Maraganore. 



“While these findings are based on animal models, they echo human studies linking the Mediterranean diet to improved memory and reduced dementia risk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-mediterranean-diet">Building a Mediterranean diet</h2>



Adopting a Mediterranean eating pattern involves simple yet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impactful changes</a>:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Use olive oil as the primary fat source.</li>



<li>Eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.</li>



<li>Include fish and lean proteins in your meals.</li>



<li>Limit red meat and saturated fats.</li>



<li>Increase fiber intake with diverse plant-based foods.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-for-brain-and-gut-health">Mediterranean diet for brain and gut health</h2>



Though these findings are promising, the researchers emphasize the need for larger human studies to confirm the effects. 



Understanding the intricate links between diet, gut bacteria, and brain function could unlock new strategies for enhancing cognitive health.



For now, incorporating Mediterranean diet principles into your meals might be a simple step toward better brain and gut health. As science delves deeper, the promise of harnessing dietary power for cognitive benefits continues to grow.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/29933935.2024.2439490" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gut Microbes Reports</a>.



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Mediterranean diet boosts brain power by altering the gut

Ever wondered if what you eat could be the secret...

Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have made breakthrough discoveries about human migration patterns across Europe during the first millennium AD.&nbsp;



Using advanced DNA analysis techniques, they traced the movement of populations across the continent, offering new insights into how ancient groups interacted and reshaped the genetic landscape of Europe.&nbsp;



The findings, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08275-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>, highlight a dynamic era of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-first-arrived-in-europe-1-3-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> and cultural evolution that shaped the foundation of modern European societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-lens-for-genetic-analysis">A new lens for genetic analysis</h2>



At the heart of the research is Twigstats, a new analytical method that allows scientists to identify subtle genetic differences between populations that are otherwise very similar.&nbsp;



Traditional tools have been effective in studying major population shifts, such as those between hunter-gatherers and early farmers, but they often miss finer-scale changes. 



Twigstats overcomes this limitation, offering a sharper lens to examine the genetic complexities of historical migrations.



Leo Speidel, the study’s first author, emphasized the significance of this innovation. “Twigstats allows us to see what we couldn’t before, in this case migrations all across Europe originating in the north of Europe in the Iron Age, and then back into Scandinavia before the Viking Age.”



By applying this tool to over 1,500 genomes from individuals who lived between the years 1 and 1000 AD, the researchers reconstructed migration patterns spanning key historical periods, including the Iron Age, the fall of the Roman Empire, the early medieval Migration Period, and the Viking Age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-migrations-into-southern-europe-nbsp">Human migrations into Southern Europe&nbsp;</h2>



Historical records from the Roman Empire mention conflicts with Germanic groups beyond its borders. 



The genetic evidence uncovered by Twigstats supports these accounts, revealing waves of migration from Northern Germany and Scandinavia into Southern Europe during the early first millennium.



This migration left its mark on the genetic makeup of regions such as southern Germany, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, and southern Britain.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/early-human-migration_through-europe_3-waves_credit-Francis-Crick-Institute_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/early-human-migration_through-europe_3-waves_credit-Francis-Crick-Institute_1s.webp" alt="Three waves of migrations across Europe were identified in the paper. Credit: Leo Speidel, The Francis Crick Institute" class="wp-image-1955656"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Three waves of migrations across Europe were identified in the paper. Credit: Leo Speidel, The Francis Crick Institute</figcaption></figure>



In some cases, individuals carried exclusively Scandinavian-like ancestry, indicating significant movement of people from the north.&nbsp;



These findings align with the linguistic evolution of Germanic languages, with one branch remaining in Scandinavia, another becoming extinct, and the third forming the basis of modern German and English.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scandinavian-influence-in-pre-viking-britain">Scandinavian influence in pre-Viking Britain</h2>



An unexpected discovery was the presence of Scandinavian ancestry in Britain centuries before the Viking Age.&nbsp;



The researchers identified a second-to-fourth-century individual from York who exhibited 25% early Iron Age Scandinavian ancestry.&nbsp;



This predates the Anglo-Saxon and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vikings-landed-in-the-americas-500-years-before-columbus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Viking</a> migrations traditionally associated with Scandinavian influence in Britain. The finding highlights the long-standing connections between Scandinavia and the British Isles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-migrations-into-scandinavia">Human migrations into Scandinavia</h2>



The study also uncovered a later migration wave into Scandinavia between 300 and 800 AD, preceding the Viking Age. 



Genetic evidence shows that many individuals from this period carried ancestry from Central Europe. This influx likely reflects sustained population movements rather than isolated events.



On the Swedish island of Öland, individuals with Central European ancestry were found to have grown up locally, based on biomolecular analysis of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-teeth-discovery-highlight-the-evolution-of-the-human-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">teeth</a>. This suggests a lasting integration of migrants into Scandinavian communities.&nbsp;



Archaeological evidence points to periods of conflict in Scandinavia during this time, which may have influenced these movements, though more research is needed to understand the underlying causes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-viking-age-and-genetic-mixing">The Viking Age and genetic mixing</h2>



The Viking Age, known for its raiding and settlement activities, left a significant genetic footprint across Europe. The research confirmed that many individuals in Viking-controlled territories carried mixed local and Scandinavian ancestries.&nbsp;



For example, Viking remains in present-day Ukraine and Russia were linked to Sweden, while those in Britain traced ancestry to Denmark.



Mass graves in Britain containing Viking warriors who died violently further support historical accounts of raiding parties and battles. These findings illustrate the profound impact of Viking expansion on the genetic and cultural landscape of Europe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-richer-understanding-of-human-migrations">A richer understanding of human migrations </h2>



These discoveries add depth to historical narratives of human migration patterns during the first millennium AD.&nbsp;



Peter Heather, co-author and professor of Medieval History at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King’s College London</a>, emphasized the significance of Twigstats.&nbsp;



“Historical sources indicate that migration played some role in the massive restructuring of the human landscape of western Eurasia. Twigstats opens up the exciting possibility of finally resolving these crucial questions,” said Professor Heather. 



The study not only validates historical accounts but also offers new perspectives on the scale and trajectories of these migrations.&nbsp;



By integrating genetic data with archaeological and historical records, researchers can build a more comprehensive understanding of how human populations evolved during this transformative period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-research">Implications for future research</h2>



The success of Twigstats marks a turning point in the study of ancient migrations.&nbsp;



“The goal was a data analysis method that would provide a sharper lens for fine-scale genetic history,” said senior author Pontus Skoglund, group leader of the Ancient Genomics Laboratory at the <a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Francis Crick Institute</a>.



The team plans to expand the record of ancient genomes to apply Twigstats to other regions and populations worldwide. This could reveal previously unknown migration patterns and deepen our understanding of how human societies have interacted and adapted over millennia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-intersection-of-genetics-and-history">The intersection of genetics and history</h2>



As researchers continue to refine genetic analysis techniques, studies like this offer valuable insights into the complex interplay of migration, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-sets-human-culture-apart-from-other-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a>, and genetics.&nbsp;



By tracing the movements of ancient populations, scientists not only uncover the roots of modern societies but also provide a framework for understanding the enduring impact of human mobility on the world today.&nbsp;



The discoveries made possible by Twigstats represent a significant step forward in unraveling the mysteries of human history.



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Ancient DNA reveals human migration patterns in the first millennium AD

Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have made breakthrough discoveries...

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are extraordinary, fleeting explosions of radio waves. These signals, often originating from neutron stars or black holes, last for just a millisecond but carry immense energy, briefly surpassing the brightness of entire galaxies. 



Since their first detection in 2007, astronomers have identified thousands of these bursts, originating from distances as vast as 8 billion light-years away. However, their exact sources have remained an enigma.



A breakthrough study by MIT researchers, published in the journal Nature, sheds new light on this cosmic puzzle. 



By examining FRB 20221022A, a signal detected 200 million light-years away, the team pinpointed its origin near a highly magnetized neutron star.



The findings provide the first concrete evidence that some FRBs emerge from the magnetosphere - the chaotic, magnetic region surrounding such stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-neutron-stars-the-basics">Understanding neutron stars -- the basics</h2>



When a massive star runs out of fuel and goes supernova, the core that’s left behind can collapse into a super-dense ball called a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neutron-star-collisions-push-the-limits-of-extreme-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron star</a>. 



These stars are so dense that a teaspoon of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-jets-cannibals-neutron-stars-explosions-contain-life-elements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron star</a> material could weigh about as much as Mount Everest. 



What makes them even more fascinating is that they're mostly made up of neutrons - subatomic particles that normally hang out inside the nucleus of atoms. 



The incredible pressure from the collapsing star pushes electrons and protons together to form these neutrons, making the star ridiculously dense and compact.



Neutron stars can spin incredibly fast, sometimes up to several hundred times per second. And they have intense magnetic fields, which can generate beams of radiation that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/garden-sprinkler-s-shaped-jet-found-distant-neutron-star-circinus-x1/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shoot out from their poles</a>. 



If one of these beams happens to point toward Earth, we get a glimpse of a phenomenon called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-guitar-nebula-a-pulsars-dazzling-performance-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a pulsar</a>. This makes the neutron star appear to "pulse" as it spins, like a cosmic lighthouse. 



Despite being small in size, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-sun-like-stars-with-secret-companions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neutron stars</a> pack a punch with their gravitational pull, and they can even warp space-time around them, causing weird effects like time dilation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-twinkle-of-fast-radio-bursts">Decoding the twinkle of fast radio bursts</h2>



To trace the origins of FRB 20221022A, the researchers employed a technique called scintillation. This phenomenon, which is akin to the twinkling of stars, occurs when light from a small, bright source passes through gas, causing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-space-radio-signal-reaches-earth-after-8-billion-years-frb-20220610a/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">variations in brightness</a>.



The team analyzed the FRB’s brightness fluctuations and discovered that the burst originated from an extremely compact region, no more than 10,000 kilometers wide.



“This means that the FRB is probably within hundreds of thousands of kilometers from the source,” explained study lead author Kenzie Nimmo.



“That’s very close. For comparison, we would expect the signal to be tens of millions of kilometers away if it originated from a shockwave.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-released-from-magnetic-fields">Energy released from magnetic fields</h2>



The team’s analysis revealed that FRB 20221022A likely exploded from a region just 10,000 kilometers away from a neutron star - a distance comparable to the span between New York and Singapore. This proximity strongly suggests that the burst emerged from the neutron star’s magnetosphere.



“In these environments of neutron stars, the magnetic fields are really at the limits of what the universe can produce,” said Nimmo. “There’s been a lot of debate about whether this bright <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farthest-known-fast-radio-burst-traced-to-rare-cluster-of-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radio emission</a> could even escape from that extreme plasma.”



“The exciting thing here is, we find that the energy stored in those magnetic fields, close to the source, is twisting and reconfiguring such that it can be released as radio waves that we can see halfway across the universe,” noted Kiyoshi Masui, an <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> associate professor of physics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elusive-origins-of-fast-radio-bursts">Elusive origins of fast radio bursts</h2>



The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (<a href="https://chime-experiment.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CHIME</a>) has significantly advanced our understanding of FRBs. Since 2020, this unique radio telescope array has detected thousands of bursts. 



However, the origins of these bursts have remained elusive due to competing theories. Some suggest FRBs arise from the turbulent magnetosphere near compact objects, while others propose they originate from far-out shockwaves.



The scintillation analysis by the MIT team rules out the latter possibility for FRB 20221022A. Instead, their findings confirm the burst’s origin within a magnetically chaotic environment, reinforcing the role of neutron stars as central players in producing FRBs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polarization-another-key-insight">Polarization: Another key insight</h2>



In a companion study, researchers from <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a> observed a highly polarized signal from FRB 20221022A.



This polarization traced a smooth S-shaped curve, reminiscent of signals from pulsars, which are magnetized, rotating neutron stars.



“To see a similar polarization in fast radio bursts was a first,” the McGill team reported. This evidence supported the MIT team’s scintillation-based conclusion that the burst’s origin was in the immediate vicinity of the neutron star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milestone-in-understanding-fast-radio-bursts">Milestone in understanding fast radio bursts</h2>



The precision of this study is staggering. The team successfully traced the FRB’s origin to a region just 10,000 kilometers wide - a feat akin to measuring the width of a DNA helix from the moon.



“There’s an amazing range of scales involved,” said Masui.



These findings mark a milestone in understanding FRBs. By combining scintillation techniques with CHIME’s vast dataset, scientists can now pinpoint the origins of other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-energy-flash-brighter-than-a-galaxy-traveled-8-billion-light-years-to-reach-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bursts</a> with unprecedented accuracy.



“These bursts are always happening, and CHIME detects several a day,” noted Masui. “There may be a lot of diversity in how and where they occur, and this scintillation technique will be really useful in helping to disentangle the various physics that drive these bursts.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-physics-and-magnetic-fields">Extreme physics and magnetic fields</h2>



The research was made possible by support from numerous institutions, including the <a href="https://www.innovation.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canada Foundation for Innovation</a>, the <a href="https://www.dunlap.utoronto.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dunlap Institute</a> for Astronomy and Astrophysics, and the <a href="https://tsi.mcgill.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trottier Space Institute</a>.



The study’s MIT co-authors, along with collaborators from multiple institutions, have paved the way for deeper insights into the enigmatic world of fast radio bursts.



As scientists continue to unravel these cosmic phenomena, the universe's most brilliant radio <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-radio-burst-traveled-through-space-for-8-billion-years-to-reach-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flares</a> may hold the key to understanding extreme physics and magnetic fields at the edge of what the cosmos can produce.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08297-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Deep space radio waves originated from a surprising source

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are extraordinary, fleeting explosions of radio...

Our brain is the organ that most distinguishes us from other primates. Its large size, complexity and capabilities exceed those of any other species on our planet. 



However, we share up to 95% of our genome with chimpanzees, our closest living relatives. So how can such closely related species - at the genomic level - exhibit such stark differences in brain function?&nbsp;



It turns out, certain brain cell types may hold the key, according to a study led by Professor Soojin Yi at the <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Barbara</a>. The research was conducted with collaborators at the <a href="https://www.imim.cat/en_index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona</a>.



The findings show that while humans and chimpanzees share many of the same genes, alterations in gene activity may account for distinctive features of the human brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-the-focus-to-gene-expression">Shifting the focus to gene expression</h2>



Researchers have long known that genes serve as a blueprint for an organism, but actual biological processes hinge on how, when, and to what extent these genes are turned on or off.&nbsp;



Scientists quantify this by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA), the molecule that relays a gene’s instructions to cellular machinery.&nbsp;



As they compared the human genome to that of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-feel-the-pressure-to-perform-with-an-audience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimpanzees</a>, scholars once believed the differences resided in the genes themselves.&nbsp;



However, with well over 90% genetic similarity, that explanation alone appeared insufficient. Instead, gene expression - the amount of mRNA produced - seems to be the crucial factor in explaining why the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-human-brain-processes-visual-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a> diverges so markedly from primate relatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gene-expression-and-brain-evolution">Gene expression and brain evolution</h2>



There is growing evidence that even tiny alterations in how genes are regulated can lead to significant changes in anatomy and behavior. “Differential gene expression is really how human brains evolved,” Yi said.



The researchers set out to identify precisely which genes in specific types of brain cells might exhibit notable differences in expression among humans, chimpanzees, and other primates.



Until recently, scientists typically studied gene expression by taking tissue samples that contained mixtures of cell types. This approach made it difficult to pinpoint the unique activity patterns within different classes of brain cells.&nbsp;



In the new study, the team tackled this challenge by using modern techniques capable of analyzing single-cell nuclei. By isolating and sequencing the genetic content of individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-develop-faster-in-space-than-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain cells</a>, the researchers could categorize them according to cell type before measuring gene expression levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varying-cell-types-among-primates-nbsp">Varying cell types among primates&nbsp;</h2>



This focus on specific cell populations yielded a wealth of detail about how gene activity in individual regions and cell types varies among primates.&nbsp;



Data from humans, chimpanzees, and macaques revealed that many genes exhibit shared expression patterns, but humans often display enhanced expression.&nbsp;



Certain cell types, such as those linked to vital cognitive processes, show particularly strong upregulation in humans when compared to other primates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glial-cells-and-brain-expansion">Glial cells and brain expansion</h2>



Neurons attract much of the attention in discussions of the human brain’s capabilities. But the study highlights that glial cells - non-neuronal cells that provide structural support, insulation, and other vital functions - may also play a critical part in distinguishing the human brain from its primate cousins.&nbsp;



Human brains generally have a higher ratio of glial cells to neurons than chimpanzee brains, hinting at how these support cells could contribute to advanced cognitive abilities.



One especially noteworthy subset of glia, known as oligodendrocytes, appears to demonstrate significant differences in gene expression. These cells form myelin sheaths that protect neurons and speed up the transmission of signals.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered that humans maintain a higher proportion of precursor oligodendrocytes than chimpanzees do, a difference that may underlie extended development times and heightened plasticity in the human brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Though the study examined only certain brain regions, its insights suggest that gene expression in additional areas of the brain might also differ substantially among primates.&nbsp;



Yi and her collaborators plan to investigate these questions and delve into the molecular mechanisms that power these evolutionary shifts.&nbsp;



The experts also intend to explore more distantly related species to reconstruct the broader evolutionary history and to assess how archaic humans, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-neanderthals-may-belong-to-the-same-species/">Neanderthals</a> and Denisovans, fit into the narrative.



In the larger context, gene expression research holds promise for explaining how relatively minor genomic differences yield large functional disparities. It shows that evolution can occur via subtle adjustments in the regulation of existing genes rather than the wholesale creation of new genes.&nbsp;



By refining our understanding of these regulatory networks in the brain, scientists are one step closer to explaining how humans achieved their exceptional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-games-do-not-harm-childrens-cognitive-abilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive abilities</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2411918121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>,



Image Credit: Matt Perko



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From genes to genius: What makes the human brain unique?

Our brain is the organ that most distinguishes us from...

Hula hooping, often considered a playful pastime, raises intriguing scientific questions. What keeps a hula hoop up against gravity? Are some body types better for hula hooping than others?”



A team of mathematicians from New York University (NYU) sought answers to these questions, and uncovered findings that extend beyond hula hooping to potential engineering applications.



The study, published in the&nbsp;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the first to investigate the physics and mathematics of hula hooping.



Study senior author Leif Ristroph is an associate professor at NYU’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.



“We were specifically interested in what kinds of body motions and shapes could successfully hold the hoop up and what physical requirements and restrictions are involved,” explained Ristroph.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-the-physics-of-hula-hooping">Testing the physics of hula hooping</h2>



To investigate, the researchers created miniature robotic hula hoopers at <a href="https://math.nyu.edu/aml/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU’s Applied Mathematics Laboratory</a>. 



Using 3D-printed shapes representing human forms - such as cylinders, cones, and hourglass shapes - the team tested gyrating motions that were powered by motors.



These shapes were scaled to one-tenth human size, and hoops of about six inches in diameter were set into motion. High-speed video captured the dynamics of the hoop movements.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="OCk5PM2663-4185363-12187" type="single"]</div>



The experiments revealed surprising results. The specific gyration motion or the body’s cross-sectional shape (e.g., circular or elliptical) didn’t significantly impact the hoop’s ability to twirl. 



“In all cases, good twirling motions of the hoop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-can-bend-way-more-than-your-brain-lets-you-believe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">around the body</a> could be set up without any special effort,” Ristroph explained.



However, maintaining the hula hoop’s elevation against gravity required specific body features. A sloping surface, akin to hips, helped push the hoop upward, while a curvy waist provided stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-some-excel-at-hula-hooping">Why some excel at hula hooping</h2>



The findings shed light on why some individuals naturally excel at hula hooping while others struggle. 



“People come in many different body types - some who have these slope and curvature traits in their hips and waist and some who don’t,” noted Ristroph. “Our results might explain why some people are natural hoopers and others seem to have to work extra hard.”



This insight ties body mechanics to hula hooping ability, and offers a mathematical explanation for what many have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-we-see-the-world-based-on-what-we-expect-to-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">observed anecdotally</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-applications-of-the-research">Practical applications of the research</h2>



The study went beyond analyzing the mechanics of hula hooping by creating mathematical models that captured the dynamics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-in-a-pill-is-now-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>. 



These models provided formulas to explain how motion, body shape, and forces interact to keep the hoop in motion. While they were developed to understand hula hooping, these equations have practical applications in other fields, particularly in engineering and industrial design.



“We were surprised that an activity as popular, fun, and healthy as hula hooping wasn’t understood even at a basic physics level,” said Ristroph. 



“As we made progress on the research, we realized that the math and physics involved are very subtle, and the knowledge gained could be useful in inspiring engineering innovations, harvesting energy from vibrations, and improving in robotic positioners and movers used in industrial processing and manufacturing.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-hula-hoops-to-high-tech">From hula hoops to high-tech</h2>



The study initially aimed to explore the seemingly straightforward mechanics of hula hooping. However, it uncovered principles that have significant applications beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sitting-too-much-can-cause-premature-aging-even-if-you-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a> itself. 



By analyzing how energy transfers and movements keep the hoop in motion, researchers identified ways to harness similar energy from vibrations. These insights could optimize energy usage in various devices.



Moreover, the findings offer potential improvements in robotic designs, particularly in enhancing the precision and efficiency of robotic movers and positioners used in manufacturing and industrial processes. This means that understanding hula hooping could help develop more effective machines and systems.



In essence, the research shows how studying a playful activity like hula hooping can lead to advances in science and technology. It demonstrates how fundamental physics can drive innovative solutions in unexpected areas, and bridge the gap between recreation and engineering progress.



The research was a collaborative effort by Ristroph, NYU doctoral student Olivia Pomerenk, and former undergraduate student Xintong Zhu.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2411588121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



Video Credit: NYU’s Applied Mathematics Lab



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How hula hooping inspires robotics and energy efficiency

Hula hooping, often considered a playful pastime, raises intriguing scientific...

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered the world. Masks, lockdowns, travel bans, and public health mandates became the norm in 2020, as virus cases surged.



The World Health Organization estimates that over three million lives were lost to the virus in its first year alone, marking a profound impact on health systems and economies worldwide.



Now, half a decade later, researchers continue to explore how we can better prepare for future respiratory diseases. 



A study from the <a href="https://www.surrey.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Surrey</a>, led by Dr. Richard Sear, sheds light on the effectiveness of combined public health measures in mitigating airborne viral transmission.



These findings offer valuable insights for managing not just future pandemics but also seasonal illnesses like flu and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-viruses-the-basics">Understanding viruses -- the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-use-gps-to-move-precisely-within-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Viruses are tiny invaders</a> that can wreak havoc on all living organisms. They’re not alive in the traditional sense because they can't function on their own. 



Instead, they hijack the machinery of living cells to make copies of themselves. Think of them as little hackers. 



Once they break into a cell, they insert their genetic material, tricking the cell into making more viruses. This process can damage the host, sometimes causing illness or disease in the process.



What’s wild is how viruses evolve. They’re masters of survival, constantly mutating to adapt and outsmart our immune systems. 



Some viruses, like the common cold or the flu, come and go with seasons, while others, like HIV or COVID-19, have made a much longer-lasting impact. 



Despite all their troublemaking, viruses can also play a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-on-arctic-ice-may-help-fight-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial role in ecosystems</a>, sometimes even helping in processes like gene transfer or controlling the population of other microorganisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-viral-transmission">Fighting viral transmission</h2>



Dr. Sear, an associate professor at Surrey’s School of Mathematics and Physics, examined how COVID-19 spreads through airborne transmission.



His work combined data modeling with information from the UK’s NHS COVID-19 app to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies like mask-wearing and improved ventilation.



“I’ve tried to measure how effective strategies, such as mask-wearing, are for the transmission of airborne viruses. This is both for any future pandemic, and for seasonal flu,“ said Dr. Sear.



“I combined modeling with data from the UK’s NHS COVID-19 app. While these estimates are highly approximate, they provide guidance on the value of measures such as face masks, social distancing and improved indoor air quality, which could be tested in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-quality-face-masks">High quality face masks</h2>



Among the protective measures studied, high-quality face masks stood out as particularly effective. Masks like N95/FFP2 reduced the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/virus-lifespan-and-transmission-boosted-by-high-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 transmission</a> rate by approximately ninefold when worn universally. 



Even when used individually, these masks cut transmission risk by threefold, regardless of the contact duration. However, surgical and cloth masks were found to be much less effective by comparison.



The study highlights the importance of prioritizing high-quality masks in future public health strategies, not just for pandemics but also for managing seasonal respiratory illnesses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-indoor-ventilation-a-key-strategy">Improving indoor ventilation: A key strategy</h2>



Beyond high-quality masks, ventilation plays a crucial role in reducing virus <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-use-gps-to-move-precisely-within-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transmission</a>. Viral particles tend to accumulate in poorly ventilated spaces, especially during close-contact interactions, speaking, or coughing. 



Dr. Sear’s study found that doubling indoor air turnover rates - whether through open windows, increased airflow from air conditioning systems, or improved mechanical ventilation - can lower transmission risk by as much as 30%.



Coupling better ventilation with physical distancing further enhances protection, creating a multi-layered approach to airborne transmission prevention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-behavioral-factors">Environmental and behavioral factors</h2>



The variability in COVID-19 transmission rates can be influenced by multiple factors, including viral load, individual susceptibility, and environmental conditions. 



Some contacts pose a significantly higher risk than others, emphasizing the need for public health strategies that address both environmental and behavioral aspects.



“The COVID-19 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-covid-19-virus-travels-deep-inside-our-lungs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandemic</a> was terrible for many of us, which is why it’s important that we learn from our experiences. It also demonstrated how quickly we can develop and roll out vaccines when faced with a global health crisis,“ noted Dr. Sear.



“Moving forward, both we as individuals and our leaders have an opportunity to apply these lessons to better control respiratory diseases - not only to head off any future pandemics, but to also manage seasonal diseases such as flu and RSV.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-to-reduce-viral-transmission">Strategies to reduce viral transmission </h2>



The lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the value of preventive measures in controlling airborne diseases. 



Investing in high-quality masks, improving indoor air quality, and promoting behavioral changes like distancing and masking during outbreaks can significantly reduce viral transmission risks. 



These strategies will not only help in preventing future pandemics but also improve management of seasonal respiratory illnesses.



By understanding and applying these findings, society can better protect itself from the health and economic impacts of airborne <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-infection-equips-the-body-to-fight-off-the-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>. 



As Dr. Sear’s study demonstrates, simple yet effective measures like wearing N95 masks and enhancing ventilation can make a substantial difference in reducing virus transmission and saving lives.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.110.064302" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review E</a>.



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Preparing for the next pandemic: What scientists are doing to keep us safe

The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered the world. Masks, lockdowns, travel...

Researchers at the University of Iowa have called for a universal practice of surveying patients about their physical activity levels. The proposal is based on findings that highlight a powerful relationship between regular exercise and a lower risk of chronic diseases. 



The study, led by Lucas Carr, an associate professor in the Department of Health and Human Physiology, focused on more than 7,000 patients at the <a href="https://uihc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Iowa Health Care Medical Center</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-activity-and-chronic-disease">Physical activity and chronic disease</h2>



The research team compared self-reported <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/any-type-of-physical-activity-can-help-protect-the-brain/">physical activity</a> data with medical records. They found a significant connection between higher levels of physical activity and better health outcomes.&nbsp;



Moderate to vigorous exercise for at least 150 minutes a week was linked to a reduced risk of developing 19 chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-helps-the-body-fight-inflammation-and-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">illnesses</a>. These included cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, and various forms of cancer.



Those who reported doing little or no exercise were more prone to develop these chronic diseases, emphasizing the pressing need to address inactivity among patients. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-activity-surveys-and-exercise-prescriptions-nbsp">Physical activity surveys and exercise prescriptions&nbsp;</h2>



Drawing on these results, the Iowa researchers suggest that health care systems should incorporate physical activity surveys into patient visits and offer relevant health and wellness services to those at greatest risk.



“In our health care environment, there's no easy pathway for a doctor to be reimbursed for helping patients become more physically active,” said Professor Carr. 



“And so, for these patients, many of whom report insufficient activity, we need options to easily connect them with supportive services like exercise prescriptions and/or community health specialists.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lowering-the-risk-of-chronic-diseases-nbsp">Lowering the risk of chronic diseases&nbsp;</h2>



This study originated from a desire to better understand how physical activity might affect overall health outcomes.&nbsp;



Collaborating with Dr. Britt Marcussen, a family medicine physician at UI Health Care, Professor Carr introduced a physical activity questionnaire for patients visiting for annual wellness exams. 



Between November 2017 and December 2022, individuals answered two simple questions: how many days per week they performed moderate to vigorous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-in-a-pill-is-now-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>, and how many minutes in total they exercised at that intensity.



Data from more than 7,000 participants showed a significant gap between people who met the recommended thresholds for weekly exercise and those who were mostly sedentary.&nbsp;



The group of patients who exercised 150 minutes or more per week appeared to be at notably lower risk for the range of chronic illnesses examined. Meanwhile, those reporting limited or no exercise had a higher propensity to develop these diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-about-the-study-population">Observations about the study population</h2>



In addition to analyzing participants who took the survey, the research team also considered a group of 33,000 patients who did not receive the questionnaire.&nbsp;



The investigators found that those who responded to the survey tended to be younger and healthier than the non-responders, potentially reflecting a tendency for individuals who attend annual wellness exams to be more engaged in healthy behaviors overall.



Still, the central takeaway remains that reported physical activity levels correlated closely with the presence or absence of various chronic diseases, validating the essential role of regular exercise in promoting long-term health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a>.



“We believe this finding is a result of those patients who take the time to come in for annual wellness exams also are taking more time to engage in healthy behaviors, such as being physically active,” Carr said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promoting-physical-activity-in-medical-settings">Promoting physical activity in medical settings</h2>



Identifying patients who are largely sedentary is just one step, according to the researchers. They also propose that health care systems implement practical methods to help these individuals become more active, such as referrals to exercise programs, community health resources, or professional exercise prescriptions.&nbsp;



The experts point to a lack of structured pathways for physicians to be reimbursed for providing exercise guidance, which hinders widespread adoption of this type of support.



In a related investigation, published in the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39657641/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Physical Activity and Health</a>, Carr’s team discovered that insurance providers reimbursed almost 95 percent of claims for exercise counseling when health care providers billed for it.&nbsp;



“Our findings suggest the recommended physical activity billing codes are reimbursed at a high rate when providers submit them for reimbursement, which reinforces the idea to make physical activity surveys and counseling services available,” explained Professor Carr.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-toward-a-healthier-future">Moving toward a healthier future</h2>



This series of studies underscores the value of easily administered questionnaires for identifying patients who may be at elevated risk of chronic diseases, as well as the importance of follow-up measures that connect sedentary individuals with services to help them become more active.&nbsp;



The results are consistent with a broader body of evidence linking regular physical activity with reduced risks of many major health conditions.



By advocating for a simple, rapid, two-question survey, the researchers at the University of Iowa demonstrate how such a tool can fit seamlessly into routine medical appointments without overburdening patients or clinicians.&nbsp;



They believe this approach provides not only valuable data on patient health but also a means to intervene and lessen the impact of chronic conditions.



The authors argue that widespread integration of physical activity questions in clinical settings could bring noticeable public health benefits, particularly if paired with robust exercise counseling and resources for those who need it.&nbsp;



With the knowledge that insurance often reimburses exercise counseling, physicians and hospital administrators may find it easier to build these options into patient care, helping fight the epidemic of chronic disease and fostering healthier lifestyles overall.



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Fitness-focused medicine: Physical activity reduces chronic disease risk

Researchers at the University of Iowa have called for a...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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