Can farms produce enough food to feed us while still leaving space for wildlife? A new proposal says they can.



By setting aside one-fifth of farmland for nature, and tweaking everyday practices on the rest, we can help wildlife recover without sacrificing the food on our tables.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farming-with-wildlife-in-mind">Farming with wildlife in mind</h2>



The plan comes from ecologists at the <a href="https://www.ceh.ac.uk/">UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology</a> and the University of Alcalá in Spain. Study co-author Professor James Bullock elaborated on the importance of the research.



“Reversing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-calls-for-global-change-to-stop-biodiversity-loss/">biodiversity loss</a> and degradation of ecosystems is essential both for nature as well as long-term global food security. But there is no single silver bullet for nature recovery and so far it has been unclear how to integrate rewilding into agricultural landscapes," said Professor Bullock. 



“Our proposed approach moves beyond land sparing versus land sharing. We believe rewilding can be interwoven into agricultural landscapes and could be key to maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/">food production</a> in a way that is sustainable in the long term for people and the planet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dedicating-land-to-nature-recovery">Dedicating land to nature recovery</h2>



According to the study, fostering rewilding approaches alongside farming could create agroecological landscapes that accommodate biodiversity while remaining resilient and functionally connected. Certain incentives would encourage farmers to adopt this approach.



“While setting aside land for nature recovery could potentially be made a legal requirement for farmers and landowners, there is more likely to be acceptance and success of rewilding if there are incentives in the form of payments for ecosystem services and tax deductions,” noted Professor José María Rey Benayas, lead author on the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-farming-needs-wildlife">Why farming needs wildlife</h2>



Modern farming has greatly increased food production since the 1940s. But this has often come at the expense of nature. 



Clearing land, using heavy fertilizers and pesticides, and removing natural features like hedgerows have pushed many plant and animal species to the edge.



This loss doesn’t just affect wildlife - it disrupts vital services that farms depend on, such as healthy soil, natural pest control, and water retention. As these services decline, the long-term productivity and resilience of farming systems are put at risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cost-of-declining-wildlife">The cost of declining wildlife</h2>



Across Europe and beyond, once-common species are disappearing from farmland. For example, the U.K. has lost over 40 million birds since 1970, and wild bee populations have declined in more than half of European countries, according to multiple long-term surveys.



These animals aren’t just part of the scenery - they’re key to food production. Birds eat crop pests. Bees and other insects pollinate the flowers that develop into fruits and vegetables. Their loss means greater reliance on artificial fertilisers, pesticides, and expensive manual labour.



Bringing wildlife back isn’t just a conservation goal - it’s a practical step toward more affordable and reliable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-cover-crops-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-farming/">farming</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steps-to-farming-alongside-wildlife">Steps to farming alongside wildlife </h2>



The researchers suggest a four-part plan that links nature conservation with everyday farming. 



First, they recommend reserving at least 20% of farmland for nature. This space would include large patches of woodland, wetlands, and species-rich grassland to form strong core habitats. 



Second, these patches should be connected by green corridors - such as hedgerows, ponds, and strips of scrubland - that allow wildlife to move, feed, and reproduce.



Third, they propose protecting small hotspots within working fields. This would involve setting aside about 10% of cropped land for flower strips, beetle banks, and bird perches, bringing the total to the 30% global restoration goal. 



Finally, they call for small changes in daily farming practices, like reducing chemical use, planting flowers for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/">pollinators</a>, and letting livestock graze more freely to help spread seeds and support healthy soil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewilding-has-benefits-for-farmers">Rewilding has benefits for farmers</h2>



Many European regions cannot host bears or bison. However, smaller species such as lynx, wildcat, or European hare can still boost ecosystem health. Choosing the right mix depends on local conditions.



Helping wildlife can pay off in more ways than one. When farms support natural habitats, they often see practical benefits in return. 



Better soil retains more water and nutrients, which supports stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-can-help-make-crops-more-resilient/">crops</a>. Pollinators and natural predators of pests can help increase yields in nearby fields. 



Farmers may also spend less on fertilizers and pesticides, lowering overall input costs. In some places, governments might provide payments or tax breaks to reward efforts that support biodiversity and ecosystem services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-room-for-wildlife">Making room for wildlife</h2>



Reaching the 20% target may be challenging for small farms, but collective action can make it achievable. At the same time, each region will need to adapt the plan to fit its local conditions. 



Areas with heavily degraded farmland have the most to gain, while places with traditional, low-impact farming may require fewer changes. 



The researchers emphasize that this is just a starting point - but the message is clear: making room for wildlife alongside farming can help secure both indigenous species and food for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2860">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>.



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Farming for wildlife: How traditional practices can protect nature

Can farms produce enough food to feed us while still leaving space for wildlife? A new proposal says they can. By setting aside one-fifth of farmland for nature, and tweaking everyday practices on the rest, we can help wildlife recover without sacrificing the food on our tables. Farming with wildlife in mind The plan comes from ecologists at the UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology and the University of Alcalá in Spain. Study co-author Professor James Bullock elaborated on the importance of the research. “Reversing biodiversity loss...

The deep Arctic Ocean holds vast reserves of oil and natural gas, along with valuable rare earth elements and metals.



With climate change accelerating the melting of ice, these resources are becoming increasingly accessible. Mining in the Arctic will present significant economic opportunities but will also pose major ecological risks.



A recent study published in the journal Elementa highlights the urgent need to protect this sensitive ecosystem as human activity in the region intensifies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-deep-arctic-and-its-untapped-resources">The deep Arctic and its untapped resources </h2>



According to estimates, the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-ice-free-day-in-the-arctic-may-arrive-in-2027/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> Ocean could contain up to 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves and 30% of its natural gas reserves.



Additionally, the region offers a wealth of rare earth elements and metals essential for building modern technologies. 



The potential economic benefits of these resources have drawn increasing political and commercial attention, further fueled by the opening of new shipping routes and increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-permafrost-melt-devastating-role-accelerating-global-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> tourism.



"Climate change and the melting of sea ice are increasingly facilitating the exploration of the Arctic Ocean, but this also entails major ecological risks," warned Dr. Angelika Brandt from the <a href="https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-research-institute-natural-history-museum-frankfurt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Senckenberg Research Institute</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-and-little-known-habitats">Diverse and little-known habitats</h2>



The Arctic Ocean’s deep-sea habitats host a remarkable variety of life forms, many of which remain poorly studied. 



An international team of researchers analyzed 75,404 datasets covering 2,637 deep-sea species. The findings highlight the need for more intensive research and international collaboration to fill existing knowledge gaps.



"Although we have made considerable progress in understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-alters-the-atmosphere-in-the-remote-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> ecosystem with the aid of new technologies and infrastructures, there are still major gaps in our knowledge of the deep-sea communities living on the sea floor - as clearly demonstrated by our new study," said Dr. Brandt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-the-arctic">Characteristics of the Arctic</h2>



The researchers examined data from freely accessible databases, non-digitized scientific literature, and information facilities, focusing on samples from areas north of 66 degrees latitude and deeper than 500 meters. Their analysis revealed the following findings.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>



The phylum Arthropoda - that includes isopods and copepods - had the most individual records (21,405). Other prevalent groups included annelids, sponges, and mollusks, with the latter showing the greatest species richness.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-species-in-deep-arctic-ocean">Unique species in deep Arctic Ocean</h3>



The brittle star&nbsp;Ophiocten gracilis&nbsp;was found at depths exceeding 1,000 meters during a Polarstern expedition between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geomorphological-diversity">Geomorphological diversity</h3>



The Arctic features diverse geological structures such as submarine canyons, continental slopes, seamounts, and biologically generated formations like cold-water coral reefs.



"Not only did we comprehensively digitize important deep-sea data and publish it in freely accessible databases, but we also collected, checked, and comprehensively analyzed new deep-sea data. This enabled us to show that, contrary to popular belief, the Arctic Ocean actually has a very rich diversity of organisms," explained Dr. Hanieh Saeedi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gaps-in-data-from-the-deep-arctic">Gaps in data from the deep Arctic</h2>



Despite these advances, significant gaps in knowledge persist, particularly regarding benthic biodiversity in the central Arctic’s deep basins. The study’s habitat maps link faunal groups to specific geomorphological areas, identifying regions with limited data.



"The intergenerational collaboration within the framework of the UN Ocean Decade and the international cooperation with deep-sea experts and the AWI were crucial for this study," stated Dr. Saskia Brix, highlighting the importance of collaboration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-arctic-ecosystem-from-mining">Protecting the Arctic ecosystem from mining</h2>



The Arctic deep sea is far from the lifeless environment early explorers imagined. However, intensified international cooperation and active monitoring of environmental parameters and faunal compositions are critical. 



"This is the only way for us to better understand the structure and function of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-industrialization-how-will-it-impact-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic ecosystem</a> and to ensure that measures are taken to preserve this unique ecosystem, which is of such importance to the northern hemisphere," said Dr. Brix.



"Especially in view of the increasing economic and political interests, the lack of data on benthic biodiversity - particularly in the deep basins of the central Arctic Ocean - poses a significant problem for robust management and conservation measures," noted Dr. Saeedi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-mining-and-conservation-measures">Arctic mining and conservation measures </h2>



The untapped resources of the Arctic Ocean offer undeniable economic opportunities, but the stakes for its fragile ecosystem are immense.



As global interest in the region grows, prioritizing ecological preservation through research, international collaboration, and robust conservation policies becomes ever more critical. 



Only by understanding the Arctic’s deep-sea biodiversity can humanity ensure that economic ambitions do not come at the expense of this vital and unique environment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/12/1/00140/203384/The-emerging-picture-of-a-diverse-deep-Arctic" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elementa</a>.



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Mining the Arctic seabed threatens fragile ecosystems

The deep Arctic Ocean holds vast reserves of oil and...

The connection between early life experiences and mental health has long been a focus of psychological research. Central to these early experiences is the bond between children and their parents, a core concept in attachment theory and various other psychological frameworks.&nbsp;



Research has consistently shown that the quality of these relationships significantly influences subjective well-being into adulthood. However, most studies to date have been limited to small, localized samples, often confined to a single country.



In a recent study published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s44271-024-00161-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Psychology</a>, Jonathan T. Rothwell and Telli Davoodi, two researchers at <a href="https://www.gallup.com/home.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gallup</a>, investigated this relationship on a much larger and more diverse scale, analyzing data from 21 countries.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that the quality of parent-child relationships universally predicts adult <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-broader-perspective-on-parenting-and-well-being">A broader perspective on parenting and well-being</h2>



“I worked in psychiatric treatment facilities and clinics during college and saw many examples of the profound effect that family conflict has on the mental health of adolescents and adults,” Rothwell said.&nbsp;



This experience, combined with concerns over rising mental health issues among adolescents in the United States, inspired Rothwell to explore the role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-often-feel-lonely-burnt-out-parenting-demands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parenting</a> practices over generations.



Rothwell and Davoodi initially conducted a U.S.-based study that linked parenting practices, parent-child relationship quality, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-classes-improve-childrens-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">youth mental health</a>.&nbsp;



Building on these findings, the experts expanded their research to include a global perspective, analyzing 200,000 interviews and surveys collected from adults in 21 countries.&nbsp;



The goal was to examine the connection between childhood parenting experiences and adult well-being while accounting for cultural, religious, and socioeconomic diversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quality-of-parent-child-relationships">Quality of parent-child relationships </h2>



Participants were asked about their childhood relationships with their parents, including whether they felt loved by their mother or father, the overall quality of these relationships, and whether they ever felt like outsiders in their families.&nbsp;



These responses were compiled into an index measuring the quality of parent-child relationships.



To assess adult well-being, the researchers used 19 questions focusing on participants’ levels of hope, gratitude, and satisfaction with health and virtue.&nbsp;



Examples of these statements included: “Despite challenges, I always remain hopeful about the future,” and “If I had to list everything that I am grateful for, it would be a long list.” 



Additionally, the study included seven mental health indicators, primarily focusing on clinical symptoms such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/">anxiety</a> and sadness.



The researchers also collected data on socioeconomic factors, parental religiosity, and participants' current economic and family contexts to understand how these variables interacted with parenting experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parent-child-relationships-and-adult-flourishing">Parent-child relationships and adult flourishing</h2>



The study revealed a strong, universal link between positive parent-child relationships and adult well-being.&nbsp;



“We found a substantial effect of parent-child relationships on both flourishing and mental health,” Rothwell said.&nbsp;



This effect was larger than any other variable tested, including socioeconomic status, education level, income, gender, and financial security.



Remarkably, the positive association between parent-child relationships and adult flourishing was observed across all countries in the sample.&nbsp;



Only one country failed to meet conventional levels of statistical significance, which the researchers attributed to the younger population surveyed there. After adjusting for age distribution, even this outlier conformed to the overall trend.



The researchers also found that the influence of parent-child relationships on well-being was more pronounced in higher-income and secular countries.&nbsp;



In these regions, where basic needs like food and shelter are typically met, the quality of family relationships appears to play a larger role in determining individual happiness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-religion-nbsp">The role of religion&nbsp;</h2>



An intriguing finding was the role of parental religiosity. “Our main secondary finding is that more religious parents tend to have better relationships with their children in every country in our sample,” Rothwell noted.&nbsp;



This may explain why lower-income, more religious countries scored higher on flourishing indexes despite facing greater economic challenges.



This observation raises critical cultural questions. As societies develop and become more secular, there is a risk of losing traditional parenting wisdom that fosters strong family bonds.&nbsp;



Rothwell emphasized the importance of preserving these practices while navigating societal change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



The findings underscore the profound and lasting impact of childhood experiences on adult well-being and mental health. They also highlight the need for global, culturally inclusive research to further understand this relationship.



“In early 2025, my colleagues and I at Gallup are fielding a new U.S. survey on parenting to further improve the measurement of parenting practices that lead to the highest quality relationships and best long-term mental health outcomes,” said Rothwell.&nbsp;



His future work aims to explore how parenting shapes character traits and virtues, as well as to disentangle the effects of genetics from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-resolutions-better-parenting-and-family-health-are-top-priorities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parenting practices</a>.



Ultimately, Rothwell plans to compile these insights into a book, shedding light on how parenting influences human flourishing and offering guidance for future generations.



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Parent-children relationships are key to lifelong well-being

The connection between early life experiences and mental health has...

Weather shapes our daily lives, influencing decisions about safety, travel, and work. As climate change drives more extreme events, accurate forecasts become indispensable. However, predicting weather patterns beyond the next few days remains challenging.



Probabilistic ensemble forecasts have emerged as an essential prediction tool, offering a range of possible scenarios to inform decisions. Now, a new AI model, GenCast, aims to redefine weather forecasting with unmatched precision and speed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-gencast-unique">What makes GenCast unique?</h2>



Developed by researchers and recently featured in the journal&nbsp;Nature, GenCast is a high-resolution AI ensemble model that is capable of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-of-extremes-how-will-la-nina-affect-weather-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasting weather</a> for up to 15 days ahead.



Compared to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ (ECMWF) ENS system, GenCast consistently delivers more accurate predictions. 



The model is not only faster but also highly reliable in predicting both daily <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-of-extremes-how-will-la-nina-affect-weather-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather patterns</a> and extreme events like cyclones and heat waves.



GenCast represents a significant leap from its predecessor - a deterministic model that offered a single best estimate. Instead, GenCast uses an ensemble of 50 or more predictions, each representing a potential weather trajectory.



This approach provides a nuanced view of possible outcomes that is crucial for effective decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leap-in-ai-technology">Leap in AI technology</h2>



GenCast utilizes diffusion models, a type of generative AI previously used in creating images, videos, and music. Adapted for Earth’s spherical geometry, the model accurately simulates complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auroras-and-severe-solar-storms-will-continue-through-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather patterns</a>. 



Researchers trained GenCast using four decades of historical data from ECMWF’s ERA5 archive, which includes variables such as temperature, wind speed, and pressure at multiple altitudes.



The result is a model with an unparalleled understanding of global weather dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-performance-benchmarks-of-gencast">Performance benchmarks of GenCast</h2>



The researchers evaluated GenCast using data from 2019, testing it on 1,320 combinations of variables and lead times. 



GenCast outperformed the ENS in 97.2% of these cases and excelled in 99.8% of scenarios at lead times beyond 36 hours. These results demonstrate GenCast’s superior skill in predicting both standard weather conditions and extreme events.



For example, in forecasting extreme heat or high winds, GenCast consistently provided higher economic value. Its ensemble <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-surge-in-global-warming-may-have-an-unexpected-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasts</a> balance confidence and uncertainty, offering actionable insights for scenarios like cyclone paths. 



One striking example was Typhoon Hagibis. Seven days before landfall, GenCast forecasted a wide range of possible paths, which narrowed into a precise and accurate cluster as the storm approached Japan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficiency-and-scalability">Efficiency and scalability</h2>



GenCast’s efficiency is another standout feature. While traditional models require hours on supercomputers, GenCast generates a 15-day forecast in just eight minutes using a single Google Cloud TPU v5. 



This speed and scalability make it an ideal tool for real-time applications and broader accessibility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-beyond-weather">Applications beyond weather</h2>



The potential applications of GenCast extend far beyond weather forecasting. Accurate predictions of extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-data-could-revolutionize-weather-forecasts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather</a> risks can save lives, prevent damage, and reduce costs. 



For instance, improved forecasts of tropical cyclones enable better disaster preparedness, while enhanced wind power predictions can boost renewable energy reliability. 



GenCast’s precision in forecasting renewable energy outputs gives it immense societal value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaboration-and-open-access">Collaboration and open access</h2>



Google emphasizes collaboration and transparency by making GenCast’s code and weights openly available. This initiative aims to accelerate research and innovation in weather forecasting and climate science. 



The model’s real-time and historical forecasts will soon be accessible to researchers, meteorologists, and industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integration-with-google-s-ecosystem">Integration with Google’s ecosystem</h2>



The AI model complements Google’s suite of AI-based weather models, including NeuralGCM, SEEDS, and flood prediction systems. 



These models already enhance user experiences on platforms like Google Search and Maps. By combining AI and traditional meteorology, Google aims to refine forecasts and address challenges posed by climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-prospects-of-gencast">Future prospects of GenCast</h2>



Looking ahead, GenCast’s impact could extend to sectors like food security and disaster response. Partnerships with renewable energy companies and organizations focused on humanitarian efforts offer opportunities for significant societal benefits. 



As GenCast continues to evolve, it exemplifies how AI can bridge the gap between data and actionable insights, thereby addressing critical challenges in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-severe-solar-storm-expected-to-reach-earth-tomorrow-october-10-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather</a> prediction and beyond.



GenCast stands at the forefront of a new era in weather forecasting that merges advanced AI with traditional methods to serve society better in a changing climate.



The paper is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08252-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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GenCast: New AI model is redefining weather forecasting

Weather shapes our daily lives, influencing decisions about safety, travel,...

Vinegar has been part of human life for a very long time. It appears in kitchens, pops up in home remedies, and gets passed around as a so-called cure-all.



Vinegar’s reputation stretches far and wide. People say it can soothe a scratchy throat or help clean a cut. Others claim it helps the belly handle food a little better.



Folk tales and family traditions often link vinegar, especially apple cider varieties, to dozens of health benefits. 



Some call it a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxytocin-cuddle-hormone-fosters-love-boosts-memory-and-may-cure-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wonder drug</a>, while others remain skeptical. And now, there is scientific proof that vinegar can even play a role in curing depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vinegar-and-depression">Vinegar and depression</h2>



According to research led by <a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona State University</a> dietician Haley Barrong and colleagues, a daily portion of vinegar might have more to offer than expected. 



Recent work suggests that it may play a role in easing depression symptoms, an idea that takes vinegar from the kitchen cabinet into conversations about everyday wellbeing.



Vinegar’s main ingredient is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientifically-proven-tips-for-better-kombucha-brewing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">acetic acid</a>. It is what gives this sour liquid its sharp taste. Centuries ago, people thought that vinegar’s bite held the key to better health. 



Nowadays, modern research looks deeper. One recent study took a closer look at vinegar’s effects on mood. 



The team took steps to connect vinegar intake not just to self-reported feelings, but also to shifts in metabolic activity. Metabolism turns food into energy and other vital <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-diets-of-infants-provide-the-building-blocks-of-human-vision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks in the body</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlled-experiment-on-mood">Controlled experiment on mood</h2>



The research involved 28 overweight but otherwise healthy adults. They were divided into two groups. 



One group took two tablespoons of red wine vinegar twice each day, while the other took a daily pill that contained a very small amount of vinegar.



During the four-week period, participants answered questions about their mental health, using surveys that health professionals know well. 



They completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (<a href="https://www.apa.org/pi/about/publications/caregivers/practice-settings/assessment/tools/depression-scale" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CES-D</a>) questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire (<a href="https://med.stanford.edu/fastlab/research/imapp/msrs/_jcr_content/main/accordion/accordion_content3/download_256324296/file.res/PHQ9%20id%20date%2008.03.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PHQ-9</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boosting-vitamin-b3-levels">Boosting vitamin B3 levels</h2>



A noticeable increase in the levels of nicotinamide, a form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecule-in-coffee-trigonelline-keeps-muscles-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vitamin B3</a>, appeared in the group consuming vinegar daily. 



This group showed an 86 percent boost in that nutrient, which researchers previously linked to anti-inflammatory effects. 



The published paper states, “This data provides additional support that daily vinegar ingestion over four weeks can improve self-reported depression symptomology in generally healthy adults and that alterations in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vitamin-b-paradox-supplement-linked-to-heart-disease-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">[vitamin B3] metabolism</a> may factor into this improvement.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-depression-the-basics">Understanding depression -- the basics</h2>



For many, depression affects mood, energy, concentration, appetite, and sleep. It often makes life feel heavy. 



Some people might feel hopeless, while others lose interest in things they once enjoyed. Some struggle to get out of bed, while others find themselves awake all night. 



Depression varies, and it does not follow a single pattern. It is not a sign of weakness. It may develop from a mix of factors, such as shifts in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-or-exercise-a-chemical-in-the-brain-helps-us-decide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain chemistry</a>, family history, health conditions, or life events. It lingers, often making everyday tasks feel harder than they should.



Some individuals might not show obvious signs. They could manage a smile for friends or get their work done without hinting at the weight they carry inside. 



Identifying depression early matters because there are many ways to find support. Information about new approaches to treat depression, such as a daily dose of vinegar, draws attention because depression is not a one-size-fits-all fix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vinegar-s-impact-on-depression-symptoms">Vinegar's impact on depression symptoms</h2>



The results from the recent study were interesting. There was no significant difference between the groups on the CES-D. 



However, on the PHQ-9, the group consuming a higher level of vinegar saw an average drop of 42 percent in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressive symptoms</a>, while the control group that took the vinegar pill saw an 18 percent drop. 



The findings were based on self-reported symptoms over the month-long trial.



Depression involves many moving parts. Even a small shift in mood might open a door for improving quality of life. 



Smaller pilot studies like this one can sometimes spark interest in following up with larger groups of people, different durations, or other forms of vinegar. 



The size of this study was small, and participants only had mild symptoms, but the differences the team found have attracted attention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-research-on-vinegar-and-depression">More research on vinegar and depression</h2>



The authors acknowledge that bigger, longer-term research would be ideal to get a better grasp on exactly how vinegar is able to ease depression symptoms in many people. 



They note that their secondary analysis, which adjusted for initial survey differences, was not significant. Still, they believe the link between daily vinegar intake and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/confirmed-magic-mushrooms-can-effectively-treat-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reported mood changes</a> deserves more focus. 



“Depressive disorders are the most prevalent mental health conditions in the world," the authors explained. 



“The commonly prescribed antidepressant medications can have serious side effects, and their efficacy varies widely. Thus, simple, effective adjunct therapies are needed.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-all-of-this-mean">What does all of this mean?</h2>



Studies often look beyond a single variable. Factors like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-color-of-light-impacts-our-internal-clocks-and-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep patterns</a>, body temperature, and overall lifestyle might matter. 



This work hints at a different angle. It might prompt questions about whether vinegar or its components could work alongside other treatments. 



The researchers say, “Future research examining the effects of vinegar administration in clinically depressed or at-risk populations, and those on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-antidepressants-could-help-treat-brain-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antidepressant medications</a>, is warranted.”



They add, “A focus on mechanisms and large patient samples will strengthen the science and provide the evidence to more firmly demonstrate vinegar’s role in health promotion.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vinegar-depression-and-human-health">Vinegar, depression, and human health</h2>



It remains to be seen if vinegar will ever become a regular part of a care plan for depression or depressive symptoms. 



Although initial results are encouraging, the current information does not prove it is better than other approaches. 



Still, the exploration of vinegar as an everyday element that might influence mood feels notable. 



Individuals who deal with depression often seek a variety of options. Having extra tools makes sense, given that what works for one person may not help another. 



Human health involves many complex processes, and adding many small steps into a routine can often prove beneficial. This research gives another hint that everyday items might be worth a second look.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/14/2305" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrients</a>.



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Vinegar adds another surprising health benefit to its long list of perks

Vinegar has been part of human life for a very...

Since 1970, over half of all sharks and rays have vanished from our oceans, according to a new study. This alarming decline in sharks and rays stems primarily from overfishing, which has pushed these ancient and ecologically critical species to the brink. 



However, researchers offer hope with clear strategies to halt further losses and support recovery efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-scale-of-decline">The scale of decline</h2>



The research highlights that overfishing has caused a 50% decline in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepwater-desperation-the-race-to-save-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chondrichthyan fishes</a> - a group comprising sharks, rays, and chimeras. This diverse group of over 1,199 different species faces increasing threats despite advances in our understanding of these creatures.



"In addition to intentional targeting and bycatch, the threat to sharks is compounded by habitat degradation, climate change, and pollution," noted Professor Colin Simpfendorfer from <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> in Australia.



"The result is over one-third of chondrichthyans now face the threat of extinction."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sharks-and-rays-guardians-of-aquatic-ecosystems">Sharks and rays: Guardians of aquatic ecosystems</h2>



The disappearance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-discovery-large-sharks-are-hunting-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a> and rays threatens the balance of aquatic ecosystems worldwide. 



Lead author Professor Nicholas Dulvy from <a href="https://www.sfu.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Fraser University</a> in Canada notes that population declines began in rivers, estuaries, and coastal waters before spreading to open oceans and deep seas. These marine creatures play vital roles in their environments. 



"Sharks and rays are important predators, and their decline disrupts food webs throughout the ocean," said Dr. Nathan Pacoureau from the European Institute for Marine Studies at <a href="https://brest-universite.fr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brest University</a>, France.



"Larger wide-ranging species connect ecosystems. For example, reef sharks transfer nutrients from deeper waters to coral reefs, helping to sustain those ecosystems. Rays are important foraging animals that mix and oxygenate sediments, influencing marine productivity and carbon storage," explained Pacoureau.



Without these keystone species, aquatic ecosystems could face severe disruption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-overfishing-on-sharks">Impacts of overfishing on sharks</h2>



Overfishing - the practice of catching fish faster than they can reproduce - remains the leading driver of shark and ray declines.



The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (<a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNFAO</a>) reports that one-third of the world’s fisheries are operating beyond sustainable limits, and the number of overfished stocks has tripled in the last 50 years.



Bycatch, the unintended capture of non-target species, exacerbates the crisis. Sharks and rays frequently end up as unintended victims in nets meant for other fish, which compounds their population losses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recovery-from-overfishing">Recovery from overfishing</h2>



Despite these challenges, the solutions for addressing the decline are straightforward. 



"Nations can reduce the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-sharks-are-abandoning-their-homes-due-to-ocean-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction risk</a> by lowering fishing pressure to sustainable levels, strengthening fisheries governance, and eliminating harmful subsidies," said Professor Simpfendorfer.



Some regions have already made progress. Countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and parts of Europe and South Africa have implemented science-based limits on fishing catches. 



These measures include efforts to reduce bycatch and protect critical habitats, thus offering a glimmer of hope for chondrichthyan recovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-sharks-and-rays-from-overfishing">Protecting sharks and rays from overfishing</h2>



The study highlights the urgency of collective action to safeguard these ancient species. Science-driven policies and international cooperation are vital to ensuring sharks and rays do not slip further toward extinction. 



By addressing overfishing and habitat degradation for sharks, humanity can help restore balance to marine ecosystems and protect these vital guardians of the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-sharks-and-rays">More about sharks and rays</h2>



Sharks and rays belong to the group of cartilaginous fishes, known scientifically as Chondrichthyes. 



Unlike bony fishes, their skeletons consist entirely of cartilage, making them lighter and more flexible. This evolutionary adaptation has helped them dominate aquatic ecosystems for over 400 million years.



Sharks, ranging from the tiny dwarf lantern shark to the massive whale shark, exhibit incredible diversity. Rays, their flat-bodied relatives, thrive in environments from shallow waters to the deep ocean floors.



Their unique physiology, including electrosensory systems, allows them to detect prey hidden under sand or at great distances from them.



Reproductive strategies among these species are equally fascinating. Some, like the great white shark, give birth to live young, while others, such as skates, lay egg cases commonly called "mermaids' purses." These long gestation periods and low offspring numbers make them highly vulnerable to overfishing and habitat changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-in-coastal-communities">Cultural significance in coastal communities </h2>



Beyond their ecological importance, sharks and rays hold significant cultural importance in many coastal communities around the world, often symbolizing power, protection, and the balance of nature.



Sharks and rays are also a major component of traditional diets in these communities, highlighting the need to balance conservation with livelihoods that are dependent on sustainable fishing.



The research was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn1477">Science</a>.



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Overfishing has caused a 50% decline in sharks and rays

Since 1970, over half of all sharks and rays have...

Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have added a new layer of understanding to the enigma of why the universe is expanding more quickly now than it did billions of years ago.&nbsp;



Known as the Hubble tension, this discrepancy in measurements of the universe's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universes-expansion-rate-hubble-tension-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expansion rate</a> has baffled scientists for over a decade.&nbsp;



The latest data confirms the accuracy of the Hubble Space Telescope's measurements, ruling out significant errors in its observations and suggesting that the answer lies in unexplored aspects of the universe’s physics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-and-predictions-of-the-expansion-rate">Observations and predictions of the expansion rate </h2>



The research was led by Nobel laureate Adam Riess of <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a>. “The discrepancy between the observed expansion rate of the universe and the predictions of the standard model suggests that our understanding of the universe may be incomplete,” Riess said.&nbsp;



“With two NASA flagship telescopes now confirming each other’s findings, we must take this [Hubble tension] problem very seriously - it’s a challenge but also an incredible opportunity to learn more about our universe.”



Riess and his team used data from the James Webb telescope to cross-verify Hubble’s measure of the Hubble constant, a value describing the universe’s rate of expansion.&nbsp;



The team focused on distances to galaxies hosting supernovae that had previously been measured by Hubble, using three independent methods to confirm the precision of Hubble’s results.&nbsp;



The findings showed that Webb’s measurements aligned closely with those of Hubble, ruling out any observational inaccuracies large enough to account for the tension.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-persistent-hubble-tension">The persistent Hubble tension</h2>



The Hubble constant measured through telescope observations consistently yields a value of 70 to 76 kilometers per second per megaparsec, with a mean of 73 km/s/Mpc.&nbsp;



In contrast, the standard cosmological model predicts a lower value of about 67-68 km/s/Mpc. This 5-6 km/s/Mpc difference has puzzled cosmologists, as it is too significant to attribute to simple measurement errors.



“The Webb data is like looking at the universe in high definition for the first time and really improves the signal-to-noise of the measurements,’’ said study co-author Siyang Li, a graduate student at Johns Hopkins University.&nbsp;



The new observations covered roughly a third of Hubble’s full galaxy sample, providing results with an impressive precision difference of under 2% - far smaller than the Hubble tension discrepancy, which stands at around 8-9%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-expansion-of-the-universe-nbsp">Measuring the expansion of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



The study employed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/expansion-rate-of-the-universe-confirmed-by-jwst/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>’s advanced technology to measure distances using Cepheid variables, a gold-standard method for gauging cosmic distances. The experts also incorporated measurements of carbon-rich stars and the brightest red giants. 



Combined observations of these galaxies and their supernovae produced a Hubble constant of 72.6 km/s/Mpc, closely matching Hubble’s previous finding of 72.8 km/s/Mpc for the same galaxies.



These findings further confirm that the Hubble tension is unlikely to stem from flaws in measurement techniques. Instead, the discrepancy hints at new, unknown factors influencing the universe’s behavior.&nbsp;



As the researchers noted, this might indicate gaps in the current understanding of fundamental physics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-explanations-for-the-hubble-tension">Possible explanations for the Hubble tension</h2>



Marc Kamionkowski, a cosmologist at Johns Hopkins who was not involved in the study, speculated on what might account for the Hubble tension.&nbsp;



“One possible explanation for the Hubble tension would be if there was something missing in our understanding of the early universe, such as a new component of matter - early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-is-ripping-the-universe-apart-but-we-arent-sure-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark energy</a> - that gave the universe an unexpected kick after the Big Bang,” said Kamionkowski.&nbsp;



He also suggested other possibilities, including “funny dark matter properties, exotic particles, changing electron mass, or primordial magnetic fields that may do the trick.”



Although the standard model of cosmology has successfully explained many aspects of the universe, including the cosmic microwave background and the evolution of galaxies, it does not fully account for the nature of dark matter and dark energy. These mysterious components make up approximately 96% of the universe and drive its accelerated expansion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-structure-and-history-of-the-universe">The structure and history of the universe </h2>



The Hubble constant may not have practical implications for everyday life on Earth, but it plays a vital role in mapping the structure and history of the universe. It helps cosmologists trace the universe’s state 13-14 billion years after the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-the-big-bang-theory-is-correct-what-exactly-happened/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Bang</a> and refine models of its large-scale behavior.



Resolving the Hubble tension could unlock new insights into other inconsistencies in the standard cosmological model that have come to light in recent years.&nbsp;



Riess and his team emphasized the importance of this challenge, noting that continued investigation could yield groundbreaking discoveries about the cosmos.



“The Webb data is providing unprecedented clarity, and as we delve deeper, we have the opportunity to reveal fundamental truths about the universe. The Hubble tension isn’t just a problem to solve - it’s a doorway to deeper understanding,” Riess concluded.



The study is published in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.11770">The Astrophysical Journal</a>,



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Unknown factors are accelerating the expansion of the universe

Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have added...

Even as catastrophic floods and storms intensify in parts of the world, more than three-quarters of Earth’s land has become permanently drier in recent decades, according to a stark new analysis released by UN scientists.&nbsp;



Released by the <a href="https://www.unccd.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Convention to Combat Desertification</a>, the report reveals that about 77.6% of Earth’s land experienced drier conditions over the three decades leading up to 2020 compared to the previous 30-year period.



Over the same three decades, drylands expanded by about 4.3 million km² - an area nearly a third larger than India - and now encompass 40.6% of all land on Earth, excluding Antarctica.&nbsp;



Within this timeframe, some 7.6% of global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-degradation-severely-threatens-planetary-boundaries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lands</a> - an area larger than Canada - surpassed aridity thresholds. Most transitioned from humid landscapes to drylands, setting off profound repercussions for agriculture, ecosystems, and the communities that depend on them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-emissions-scenarios-and-dryland-expansion">High-emissions scenarios and dryland expansion</h2>



The report warns that if the world does not curb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, an additional 3% of today’s humid areas could become drylands by the end of this century.&nbsp;



Under high emissions scenarios, drylands are projected to spread across regions including the Midwestern United States, central Mexico, northern Venezuela, north-eastern Brazil, south-eastern Argentina, the entire Mediterranean region, the Black Sea coast, large parts of southern Africa, and southern Australia.



The study, titled The Global Threat of Drying Lands: Regional and Global Aridity Trends and Future Projections, was presented at the <a href="https://www.unccdcop16.org/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">16th UNCCD conference (COP16)</a> in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.



This was the largest UN land conference to date and the first in the Middle East - a region profoundly affected by aridity’s impacts.&nbsp;



“This analysis finally dispels an uncertainty that has long surrounded global drying trends,” said Ibrahim Thiaw, UNCCD Executive Secretary. “For the first time, the aridity crisis has been documented with scientific clarity, revealing an existential threat affecting billions around the globe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-drier-land">Climate change and drier land</h2>



According to the UNCCD Science-Policy Interface, which authored the report, human-caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> is the primary driver of this shift.&nbsp;



Emissions from electricity generation, transportation, industry, and land-use changes are heating the planet and altering rainfall patterns, evaporation rates, and plant life - conditions that underpin increasing aridity.



Data from global aridity indexes, which monitor long-term environmental shifts, reveal extensive drying trends.&nbsp;



Areas most affected include almost all of Europe (95.9% of its land), parts of the western United States, Brazil, parts of Asia (notably eastern Asia), and central Africa.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, less than a quarter of the planet’s land (22.4%) became wetter, with some positive trends observed in the central United States, Angola’s Atlantic coast, and parts of Southeast Asia.&nbsp;



Overall, drylands are expanding globally, pushing ecosystems and societies into life-threatening challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-impacts-on-human-communities">Growing impacts on human communities</h2>



The report identifies South Sudan and Tanzania as countries with the largest percentage of land turning into drylands, and China as having the greatest total area shifting from non-drylands into drylands.&nbsp;



As of 2020, 2.3 billion people - well over a quarter of the global population - live in these expanding drylands. Aridity-related land degradation, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>, poses a dire threat to human well-being and ecological stability.



The future could be even more bleak without action. Under worst-case emissions scenarios, up to five billion people might inhabit drylands by the century’s end. Such a scenario would mean depleted soils, scarce water resources, and collapsing ecosystems for large swaths of humanity.



Forced migration, already visible in some of the world’s driest regions, is one of the most immediate consequences. As land becomes inhospitable and farming fails, families and communities often have no choice but to relocate, intensifying social and political challenges globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascading-effects-of-drier-land">Cascading effects of drier land</h2>



The cascading effects of rising aridity extend well beyond agriculture and water scarcity.&nbsp;



The report warns that one-fifth of all land could undergo abrupt ecosystem transformations - forests turning into grasslands and other dramatic changes - leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-predict-how-and-when-humans-and-mammals-will-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinctions</a> among many of the world’s plant and animal species.&nbsp;



Aridity also drives a host of other problems, from declining GDP (notably in Africa) to intensifying wildfires and even public health crises, especially for children and women.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-drying-trend-nbsp">The global drying trend&nbsp;</h2>



Addressing the threat of aridity demands more than just acknowledging the science - it requires concerted policy action and comprehensive adaptation measures.&nbsp;



The report calls for improving aridity monitoring and integrating these metrics into drought monitoring systems, incentivizing sustainable land use, investing in water-efficient technologies, and building resilience in vulnerable communities.&nbsp;



The experts also emphasize the need for international frameworks and collaboration, emphasizing that human rights, social justice, and responsible governance must guide this collective effort.



In essence, the global drying trend forces a new narrative: as we confront climate change, we must recognize the irreversible transformation of once-fertile lands into dry regions.&nbsp;



Successfully adapting to this reality will determine whether we can secure a sustainable and equitable future in a world defined increasingly by the absence of water and the presence of ever-expanding drylands.



The full report can be found <a href="https://www.unccd.int/resources/reports/global-threat-drying-lands-regional-and-global-aridity-trends-and-future" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



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40 percent of Earth's land has became permanently drier 

Even as catastrophic floods and storms intensify in parts of...

Researchers have recently revealed new insights into how brittle stars can reversibly adjust the pliability of their tissues. This discovery could ultimately pave the way for innovative biomaterials with applications in human health.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-materials-for-regenerative-medicine-nbsp">New materials for regenerative medicine&nbsp;</h2>



The study, led by Denis Jacob Machado, an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>, and Vladimir Mashanov, staff scientist at the <a href="https://school.wakehealth.edu/research/institutes-and-centers/wake-forest-institute-for-regenerative-medicine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine</a>, focuses on mutable collagenous tissue (MCT) and the molecular mechanisms enabling these transformations.



The findings, detailed in an article published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-024-10926-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Genomics</a>, reveal 16 potential MCT modulator genes.&nbsp;



This work marks a significant step toward understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-stars-may-actually-be-walking-heads-with-no-bodies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">echinoderms</a> rapidly and dramatically modify their collagenous tissue, a process that could inspire new materials for regenerative medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-brittle-stars-respond-to-threats">How brittle stars respond to threats</h2>



The researchers utilized cutting-edge methods, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and RNA sequencing, to study Ophiomastix wendtii, a brittle star known for its remarkable ability to alter its tissue properties.&nbsp;



“We’re uncovering the precise instructions that DNA sends to the cell - what it’s saying, when it’s saying it, and in what quantities,” said Machado. He compared this process to decoding commands from a ship’s captain that direct the crew to accomplish specific tasks.



This advanced analysis provides insights into how echinoderms such as brittle stars adapt their tissues to environmental stressors.&nbsp;



These animals can shed body parts or modify tissue rigidity in response to threats, offering a fascinating model for studying MCT and its potential biomedical applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brittle-stars-and-tissue-adaptation">Brittle stars and tissue adaptation</h2>



Echinoderms like brittle stars and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea cucumbers</a> possess a unique ability to rapidly adapt their collagenous tissues. This capability allows them to detach limbs to escape predators or withstand environmental changes.&nbsp;



The research team focused on juxtaligamental cells (JLCs), which play a critical role in controlling MCT. By comparing tissue regions rich in JLCs to areas without them, the experts identified key genomic relationships and isolated the role of these cells in regulating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dinosaur-collagen-survived-the-test-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collagen</a> transformations.



The study highlights how brittle stars, as non-model organisms, present unique challenges for research. They lack the standardized protocols available for mice and other common model organisms, requiring researchers to develop innovative approaches.&nbsp;



Despite these hurdles, their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brittle-stars-have-no-brain-but-still-manage-to-learn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique biology</a> makes them an ideal subject for studying tissue adaptability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paving-the-way-for-smart-biomaterials">Paving the way for smart biomaterials</h2>



One of the study’s most exciting outcomes is its potential to inspire the development of dynamic biomaterials.&nbsp;



The researchers have already filed a provisional patent for a collagen-based biomaterial capable of changing its pliability. Machado envisions this material as a “collagen matrix that can change its pliability to become as soft or rigid as we want.”&nbsp;



Such a material could revolutionize medicine, serving as a rapid-response surgical adhesive or even “gelatinous origami” to replace traditional stents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The research revealed 16 candidate genes that regulate MCT, offering a roadmap for future investigations.&nbsp;



Using advanced techniques like in situ hybridization (ISH) and RNA interference (RNAi), the team plans to explore how turning off these genes affects tissue pliability.&nbsp;



“Confirming the role of the identified candidate genes in controlling MCT tensile strength will open up a wide range of new possibilities for both fundamental biology and biomedicine,” the researchers said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gene-expression-in-various-tissues">Gene expression in various tissues</h2>



The study represents a fusion of disciplines, combining bioinformatics, advanced microscopy, and biological experimentation.&nbsp;



The team, which includes experts from UNC Charlotte and Wake Forest, worked collaboratively to design experiments and analyze data. First author Reyhaneh Nouri, a Ph.D. student in UNC Charlotte's Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, played a key role in the project.



The researchers examined gene expression in different tissue regions of the brittle star, focusing on the inner arm core, which is rich in JLCs. They compared these findings to regions like the stomach, which lacks JLCs, providing a detailed map of how specific genes influence tissue adaptation.&nbsp;



The study offers the first attempt to identify echinoderm-specific MCT genes using advanced sequencing and gene expression analysis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-medicine-with-biomaterials">Transforming medicine with biomaterials</h2>



The implications of this research extend far beyond brittle star biology. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind MCT could lead to transformative advancements in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.&nbsp;



The potential applications include faster <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healing-chronic-wounds-with-gold-and-red-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wound healing</a>, advanced surgical adhesives, and innovative materials for organ repair.



The researchers emphasized the importance of their findings for future innovation.&nbsp;



They noted that the evolution and molecular mechanisms of the echinoderm MCT could inform the design of new collagen-based biomaterials with dynamic, tunable mechanical properties for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-vision-for-the-future">A vision for the future</h2>



This study lays the groundwork for future research into MCT and its regulation. By identifying the genes responsible for tissue pliability, the team aims to develop biomaterials that can adapt to different conditions, offering unprecedented flexibility and functionality in medical applications.



“It starts with you daring to look into something completely new without knowing if it’s going to work or not,” said Machado, highlighting the innovative spirit driving their work.&nbsp;



With continued research and collaboration, these findings could revolutionize medicine, unlocking new possibilities for treating injuries, repairing tissues, and advancing human health.



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Secrets of brittle star tissue could transform regenerative medicine

Researchers have recently revealed new insights into how brittle stars...

"Man's best friend" takes on a new meaning in the field of medicine. Recent research findings suggest that dogs can effectively sniff out bladder cancer in other canines.



This discovery comes from a study conducted by researchers at the University of Bristol.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-training-dogs-for-cancer-detection">Training dogs for cancer detection</h2>



Three specially trained dogs - Kizzy, a chocolate working cocker spaniel; Jobi, a black cocker spaniel; and Marlow, a black Labrador - played a central role in the study.



The dogs had prior experience detecting human bladder and prostate cancers and were retrained by Medical Detection Dogs (MDD) to identify canine urothelial carcinoma (UC), a common type of bladder cancer in dogs.



The training process involved teaching the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-honoring-mans-best-friend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> to sniff urine samples attached to metal stands in MDD’s training room. The dogs displayed indication behaviors - such as sitting, staring, or standing - to signal cancer-positive samples.



Rewards included food and play, which kept the training engaging for these canines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-sniffing-out-cancer">Dogs sniffing out cancer</h2>



The findings reveal that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-dogs-were-bonding-much-earlier-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine</a> bladder cancer emits a distinct smell that trained dogs can detect non-invasively. 



The detection rate reached up to 90% sensitivity (the rate at which the dogs correctly identified cancer-positive samples), and up to 95% specificity, meaning they accurately ignored cancer-free samples. 



These results highlight the remarkable accuracy of this method.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-traditional-diagnosis">Challenges of traditional diagnosis</h2>



Bladder cancer accounts for nearly 2% of all reported canine cancers, with about one in four dogs developing cancer in their lifetime. 



Urothelial carcinoma often mimics symptoms of other urinary tract disorders, like infections or bladder stones, making diagnosis challenging. 



Additionally, traditional diagnostic methods like urine sampling via cystocentesis carry risks, such as tumor seeding, and definitive diagnosis requires invasive biopsy procedures. 



These factors can delay treatment, leaving the disease to progress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research">Broader implications of the research </h2>



"We are delighted that [the dogs] were so successful at finding the odor of bladder cancer as it is a difficult disease to diagnose using traditional methods and unpleasant and intrusive for canine patients," noted Claire Guest, CEO and Co-Founder of Medical Detection Dogs.



 "There is great potential value in a new, early, cheap, rapid, and non-invasive diagnostic test which could lead to opportunities for earlier intervention."



The study also suggests that these trained <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chernobyl-dogs-are-rapidly-evolving-in-strange-ways-due-to-nuclear-radiation-exposure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> could provide a faster, more comfortable alternative to traditional diagnostics. 



This could enable earlier treatment for affected dogs, improving outcomes and quality of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-are-highly-effective-for-cancer-diagnosis">Dogs are highly effective for cancer diagnosis</h2>



"This study adds to the growing body of evidence which shows dogs are highly effective at detecting odors from changes linked to health in both humans and canines," noted Dr. Nicola Rooney from <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/vet-school/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol Veterinary School</a>.



"The dogs involved with the study demonstrated a sensitivity superior to cytology of a free catch sample and similar to the BRAF test," added Isabelle Desmas-Bazelle, who led the study at <a href="https://www.vetspecialists.co.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Davies Veterinary Specialists</a>.



It suggests cancer cells have a unique odor pattern, possibly via secretion of volatile organic chemicals. 



"This exciting research could lead to the development of an electronic nose as an additional diagnostic test for UC," added Desmas-Bazelle, highlighting the potential for technological advancements. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-invasive-cancer-detection">Non-invasive cancer detection</h2>



This study identifies the potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-feel-our-emotions-through-our-heart-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> as more than companions. Their exceptional olfactory abilities could transform veterinary diagnostics.



While traditional methods remain crucial, integrating canine detection and advancements like electronic noses could revolutionize how we diagnose and treat diseases like urothelial carcinoma in dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-and-disease-detection">Dogs and disease detection</h2>



Dogs have shown incredible potential in detecting various diseases apart from cancer.



For instance, trained dogs can identify diabetes by sensing hypoglycemic episodes through changes in a person’s scent. Similarly, they can detect the presence of malaria by sniffing worn socks from infected individuals. 



Dogs have also demonstrated the ability to identify neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and certain bacterial infections like Clostridium difficile.



These skills rely on their acute olfactory senses, which can detect volatile organic compounds associated with different diseases. 



Their application in real-world medical diagnostics is growing, and provides a non-invasive and rapid method to detect conditions that often require complex testing.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://veterinaryoncology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s44356-024-00012-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veterinary Oncology</a>.



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Trained dogs can detect cancer in other dogs, as well as in people

"Man's best friend" takes on a new meaning in the...

Memory, a phenomenon that has fascinated scientists and psychologists for generations, remains a puzzle with many unanswered questions. 



A recently published review paper provides fresh insights into why certain experiences are retained, and explores the factors that shape what people remember.



Authored by Fernanda Morales-Calva, a graduate student in psychological sciences, and Stephanie Leal, an adjunct assistant professor at <a href="https://www.rice.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rice University</a>, the review appears in a special issue of the journal Cognitive, Affective &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience.



The researchers investigated the "three Ws" of memory - what, where, and when - while addressing the vital question of why certain experiences become memorable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiences-that-we-remember">Experiences that we remember </h2>



The researchers examined existing studies to develop a comprehensive understanding of how emotional significance, personal relevance, and individual differences shape <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-brain-decides-which-memories-to-remember/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory retention</a>. They emphasized that memory is deeply subjective.



“Memory is not a one-size-fits-all phenomenon. What’s memorable for one person might be entirely forgettable for another, depending on their unique background and cognitive priorities,” explained Morales-Calva. 



The researchers categorized the study into three core domains: what, where, and when we remember.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-memory-how-we-remember-traumatic-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emotionally significant events</a>, personally relevant experiences, and focused attention emerged as critical factors shaping recall. 



For example, individuals are more likely to remember events that are imbued with emotional resonance or details they consciously focus on.



Moreover, individual circumstances such as cultural, cognitive, and personal differences further highlight the fluidity of how experiences are retained.



“This review highlights the importance of considering subjectivity and context in memory research. By accounting for these variables, we can develop more accurate diagnostic tools and effective interventions,” noted Leal, stressing the importance of this variability. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spatial-memory-and-timing">Spatial memory and timing</h2>



The researchers also emphasized the importance of where events occur. The concept of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-remarkable-spatial-memory-and-sense-of-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial memory</a>, often studied in animals, is highly relevant to human experiences as well.



According to Morales-Calva and Leal, new environments demand more attention and leave stronger imprints on memory compared to routine, familiar settings.



Additionally, the timing - or the when - of an event impacts memory retention. Humans tend to sequence events and recognize transitions, which aids in recall.



“Specific events are often compartmentalized into distinct episodes, making them easier to remember,” the researchers explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-implications-of-the-research">Clinical implications of the research </h2>



The researchers highlighted the critical implications of their findings for clinical and real-world applications, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of memory that takes into account individual variability.



Assessments often rely on standardized tests that may overlook individual differences, particularly in culturally and cognitively diverse populations. 



This limitation can lead to skewed results and inadequate diagnoses that fail to address the unique needs of these groups.



By incorporating subjectivity and context into experimental designs, researchers can create more accurate diagnostic tools and personalized interventions. This could lead to more effective treatments for memory-related impairments such as dementia and cognitive decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-remember-certain-experiences">Why we remember certain experiences </h2>



The review also stresses how memory influences decision-making, particularly through the "why" of memory retention.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memory-is-shaped-by-both-past-and-future-experience-and-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memorable experiences</a> often serve as cognitive reference points that guide individuals when they encounter similar situations.



For example, emotionally significant memories can shape decision-making in areas such as relationships, professional settings, and even high-stakes scenarios like healthcare choices.



The researchers suggest that understanding these connections can lead to practical applications, such as improving decision-making frameworks or designing targeted interventions that help individuals make more informed choices based on their unique patterns of recall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emerging-technologies-to-study-human-cognition">Emerging technologies to study human cognition </h2>



Advancements in neuroscience and technology are providing researchers with new tools to study human recall.



Techniques like functional MRI (fMRI) and machine learning are helping visualize how memories are encoded, stored, and retrieved. 



These tools are enabling researchers to identify patterns in memory retention and recall with unprecedented precision.



The integration of these technologies into studies of human cognition could lead to significant advancements in diagnosing and treating conditions such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-disease-attacks-the-brain-in-two-separate-phases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a>.



Additionally, personalized cognitive training programs that leverage these insights could enhance retention strategies, particularly for aging populations or individuals with cognitive challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13415-024-01234-4#:~:text=The%20why%20of%20episodic%20memory,-Whereas%20extensive%20research&amp;text=We%20speculate%20that%20the%20why,together%20the%20other%20three%20Ws." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cognitive Affective &amp; Behavioral Neuroscience</a>.



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Memory mystery: Why we remember some experiences but not others

Memory, a phenomenon that has fascinated scientists and psychologists for...

As the Earth gets warmer, the assumption that elderly individuals have the highest risk of succumbing to heat is being challenged.



The findings from a recent study in Mexico show a contrasting reality: three-quarters of heat-related mortalities are happening among individuals who are under the age of 35, with a significant proportion being between 18 and 35.



This is an unexpected outcome, considering this age group is thought to be most resilient to heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mortality-rates-and-wet-bulb-temperatures">Mortality rates and wet-bulb temperatures</h2>



Jeffrey Shrader is a key expert behind the study, which was conducted by researchers from the Center for Environmental Economics and Policy affiliated with <a href="https://www.climate.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University's Climate School</a>.



“It's a surprise. These are physiologically the most robust people in the population. I would love to know why this is so,” said Shrader.



Mexico, with its comprehensive geographical data on both daily temperatures and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hot-nights-could-increase-the-mortality-rate-by-60-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mortality</a>, proved to be an ideal place for this exploratory study.



The researchers scrutinized the correlation between excessive mortality rates and wet-bulb temperatures - a scale measuring the amplified effects of heat when combined with humidity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-adults-and-heat-related-deaths">Young adults and heat-related deaths </h2>



According to the analysis, Mexico averaged around 3,300 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-70000-deaths-in-europe-were-heat-related-in-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat-related deaths</a> each year from 1998 to 2019. 



A shocking third of these deaths were observed among 18 to 35-year-olds, a figure that is wildly disproportionate to the representation of this age group in the population size.



Infants and children under 5 were found to be highly vulnerable as well. On the other hand, people aged 50 to 70 suffered the least heat-related mortality.



“We project, as the climate warms, heat-related deaths are going to go up, and the young will suffer the most,” explained R. Daniel Bressler, the study's co-lead author and a Ph.D. candidate in Columbia's Sustainable Development Program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-that-influence-heat-vulnerability">Factors that influence heat vulnerability</h2>



Several factors could be contributing to this unexpected trend. Young adults are more likely to be engaged in outdoor labor, such as farming and construction, which may expose them to dehydration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeling-the-heat-rising-temperatures-push-the-limits-of-the-human-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat stroke</a>.



This vulnerability is also applicable to indoor manufacturing in spaces that lack air conditioning. 



The researchers highlighted that younger, less experienced workers face greater heat risks due to their low position and strenuous work. Participation in rigorous outdoor sports was another risk factor linked to young adults.



The susceptibility of infants and small children may be attributed to the fact that their smaller bodies absorb heat more quickly and their underdeveloped sweat glands limit their ability to cool off.



The still-developing immune systems of these children also put them at risk to illnesses that are more prevalent in humid heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-heat-mortality-trends">Surprising heat mortality trends</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-temperature-threshold-can-the-human-body-handle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wet bulb temperatures</a>, often converted into Fahrenheit "real-feel" heat indexes by the media, play a crucial role in understanding this mortality pattern.



Young people experience the least mortality at wet-bulb temperatures around 13o C (71o F with 40% humidity).



However, the researchers found that the highest number of deaths occurred at somewhat lower wet-bulb temperatures, primarily due to the higher frequency of these temperatures - which expose more people to harmful conditions.



The experts also found a surprising trend in the among older adults, who mainly died not from heat but from modest cold.



Elderly individuals have lower core temperatures that make them sensitive to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-shattered-extreme-cold-records-during-global-heat-wave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cold</a> and they consequently stay indoors, increasing their exposure to infectious diseases.



Although global warming receives extensive attention, cold weather is currently the leading cause of temperature-related death globally, including in Mexico.



However, the proportion of heat-related deaths has been steadily increasing since 2000, and this trend is likely to persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-implications-of-rising-temperatures">Global implications of rising temperatures</h2>



The implications of the research extend far beyond Mexico, shedding light on a global issue with potentially devastating consequences.



Countries in Africa and Asia that are predominantly hotter, poorer, and with youth that engage in manual labor could see massive heat-related mortality rates in the future.



The researchers plan to validate their findings by extending the research to other countries, including the United States and Brazil. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of this alarming trend.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq3367" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Rising heat is disproportionately killing young adults

As the Earth gets warmer, the assumption that elderly individuals...

In the pursuit of innovation, a group of scientists has achieved something remarkable: they've found a way to create "real" diamonds at normal room temperature and pressure.



This breakthrough not only eliminates the need for a starter gem but also drastically simplifies the process of producing lab-grown diamonds, making it more efficient and potentially more accessible. 



By challenging conventional methods, this discovery paves the way for a new era in diamond synthesis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nature-makes-diamonds">How nature makes diamonds</h2>



Most diamonds start their journey about 90 to 150 miles beneath the surface, in a part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-hole-drilled-into-earths-mantle-scientific-goldmine-magma-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's mantle</a> where temperatures soar to around 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and pressures are mind-bogglingly high. 



Under these extreme conditions, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphite-in-2-5-billion-year-old-ruby-linked-to-early-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon atoms</a> bond together in a unique crystal structure, creating the hard, shiny gems we know and love.



But getting those diamonds to the surface is another story. Volcanic eruptions, millions of years ago, brought diamonds closer to the Earth’s crust in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-fountain-eruption-from-volcanoes-when-earth-continents-shift/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rocks called kimberlite</a> or lamproite. 



These eruptions were like express elevators, moving the diamonds upward quickly enough to keep them intact under lower-pressure conditions. 



Today, miners find these ancient gems in volcanic pipes or riverbeds where erosion has carried them. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicking-extreme-conditions-in-the-lab">Mimicking extreme conditions in the lab</h2>



To mimic these natural conditions in the lab, scientists have been using a method called high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) growth. 



With this method, they have been simulating the same extreme conditions in order to coerce dissolved carbon, in liquid metals like iron, to convert into diamond around a starter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-second-largest-diamond-found-in-botswana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gem</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-growing-diamonds">Challenges of growing diamonds</h2>



This approach has its limitations. Incredible pressure and heat aren't easy to achieve or maintain in a lab setting. And, the size of the lab-made gems leaves a bit to be desired.



The largest ones only reach about the size of a blueberry, and the process is time-consuming.



Alternative methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, attempt to eliminate some of HPHT's limitations, such as the need for high pressures, but the requirement for a starter diamond remains.



The new technique, developed by a team led by Rodney Ruoff, a physical chemist at the <a href="https://www.ibs.re.kr/eng.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Basic Science</a> in South Korea, eliminates some of the disadvantages of the above-mentioned synthesis processes. 



According to Ruoff, he has been pondering new ways to grow diamonds for over a decade now, challenging conventional thinking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-to-growing-diamonds">Secret to growing diamonds</h2>



The team's method began with electrically heated gallium with a little bit of silicon in a graphite crucible. 



While gallium may sound exotic, it was actually chosen based on a previous unrelated study that identified its ability to catalyze the formation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">graphene</a>, a carbon cousin to diamond.



The team also invented a special chamber containing a 2.4-gallon crucible where the gallium-silicon mix awaited. 



This crucible chamber, designed to be at sea-level atmospheric pressure, was ready to experiment in just 15 minutes. It allowed the experimental gas mixtures to be changed rapidly and easily to determine the optimal blend.



After numerous trials, the scientists found that an optimal mixture of gallium-nickel-iron, with a smattering of silicon, catalyzed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamonds-can-be-grown-in-a-lab-in-less-than-3-hours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth</a> of diamonds most efficiently.



Even more impressive was that diamonds appeared at the base of the crucible within 15 minutes, and a more complete diamond film formed within two and a half hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-diamond-formation">Mystery of diamond formation</h2>



The actual mechanism that leads to diamond formation deep within the Earth isn't yet completely understood.



However, the researchers believe that a decrease in temperature helps drive the carbon from the methane towards the center of the crucible, where it coalesces into a diamond.



The process seems reliant on silicon. Without it, no diamonds could be formed, indicating the crucial role it plays as a seed for the carbon to crystallize around.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-new-technique">Limitations of the new technique</h2>



Despite these thrilling advancements, the new technique isn't without its own limitations. 



The diamonds produced using this method are minuscule, hundreds of thousands of times smaller than those grown with the HPHT method. Hence, these diamonds are far too small for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-process-turns-carbon-emissions-into-diamonds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jewelry</a> applications.



However, their use in technological applications, such as drilling or polishing, is a possibility. Due to the low pressure involved in the new method, it might be feasible to significantly scale up diamond synthesis.



"In about a year or two, the world might have a clearer picture of things like possible commercial impact," Rodney Ruoff predicts optimistically. 



This breakthrough is a remarkable reflection of the unceasing quest for innovation that pushes the boundaries, and redefines the possible.



The intriguing discovery may even hint at an exciting new chapter in the evolving story of synthetic gems, one that could reshape their production and applications. Only time will tell how far this innovation will take us.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07339-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Diamonds can now be created from scratch in the lab in just 15 minutes

In the pursuit of innovation, a group of scientists has...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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