In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp;



Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-heart-with-light">Controlling the heart with light</h2>



The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest.



The external controller detects abnormal rhythms and sends light through the body to activate the pacemaker and restore heartbeat. The study demonstrates the device’s effectiveness across animal and human donor hearts.&nbsp;



The development of the pacemaker was led by John A. Rogers, a professor of material science, biomedical engineering, and neurological surgery at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>.&nbsp;



“We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the world’s smallest pacemaker,” said Professor Rogers.



“There’s a crucial need for temporary pacemakers in the context of pediatric heart surgeries, and that’s a use case where size miniaturization is incredibly important. In terms of the device load on the body - the smaller, the better.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solution-designed-for-newborns">Solution designed for newborns</h2>



Though the light-activated pacemaker can function in patients of all sizes, its miniaturized design was motivated by the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-speech-is-driven-by-heart-rate-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Igor Efimov is a co-leader of the study and experimental cardiologist at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“About 1% of children are born with congenital heart defects. The good news is that these children only need temporary pacing after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-robot-could-transform-minimally-invasive-surgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surgery</a>. In about seven days or so, most patients’ hearts will self-repair. But those seven days are absolutely critical," said Efimov.



Traditional pacemakers require surgery and have wires sticking out of the chest to connect to an external device. When they are no longer needed, the wires are removed - risking bleeding, tissue damage, or even death.



“Wires literally protrude from the body, attached to a pacemaker outside the body,” Efimov explained. “When the pacemaker is no longer needed, a physician pulls it out. The wires can become enveloped in scar tissue. That’s actually how Neil Armstrong died.”



The new injectable pacemaker addresses these risks. All of its components are biocompatible and bioresorbable, meaning they safely dissolve in the body’s fluids without needing surgical removal. Once the device has served its purpose, it simply disappears.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-light-activated-pacemaker">Refining the light-activated pacemaker</h2>



This innovation builds on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00948-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> by Rogers and Efimov, who developed a quarter-sized dissolvable pacemaker in 2021. Surgeons asked for a smaller version to allow easier placement and suit the smallest patients.&nbsp;



The original device used near-field communication (NFC), but its antenna limited how small the device could be made. To overcome this, the team replaced the NFC system with a novel light-based mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1s.webp" alt="The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University" class="wp-image-1964846"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Click image to enlarge. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University</figcaption></figure>



“Instead of using the radio frequency scheme for wireless control, we developed a light-based scheme for turning the pacemaker on and delivering stimulation pulses to the surface of the heart. This is one feature that allowed us to dramatically reduce the size,” said Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powered-by-the-body-s-own-fluids">Powered by the body’s own fluids</h2>



The engineers also reimagined how to power the tiny pacemaker. Rather than requiring a battery or external power source, the device uses a simple galvanic cell - a chemical battery formed by two different metals as electrodes.&nbsp;



When the device is inside the body, surrounding biofluids act as the electrolyte, allowing electrical current to flow and stimulate the heart.



“A very tiny light-activated switch on the opposite side from the battery allows us to turn the device from its ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state upon delivery of light that passes through the patient’s body from the skin-mounted patch,” explained Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-trauma-and-risk">Reducing trauma and risk</h2>



Using infrared light, which can safely penetrate deep into the body, the wearable controller detects when a patient’s heart rate falls too low. It then triggers a light-emitting diode (LED) to flash on and off at the desired pacing rhythm.&nbsp;



“Infrared light penetrates very well through the body,” Efimov said. “If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.”



Despite its microscopic size - just 1.8 mm wide, 3.5 mm long, and 1 mm thick - the pacemaker delivers stimulation on par with traditional devices. “The heart requires a tiny amount of electrical stimulation,” Rogers said.&nbsp;



“By minimizing the size, we dramatically simplify the implantation procedures, we reduce trauma and risk to the patient, and, with the dissolvable nature of the device, we eliminate any need for secondary surgical extraction procedures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-heart-care">A new era of heart care</h2>



Because these light-activated pacemakers are so small and wireless, doctors could one day deploy multiple units on different parts of the heart to create more advanced pacing systems. 



Each device could be controlled independently using different light wavelengths, enabling personalized and precisely timed stimulation across the heart’s surface.



“We can deploy a number of such small pacemakers onto the outside of the heart and control each one,” Efimov said. “Then we can achieve improved synchronized functional care.”



Professor Rogers noted that because it’s so small, the pacemaker can be integrated with almost any kind of implantable device.



“We also demonstrated integration of collections of these devices across the frameworks that serve as transcatheter aortic valve replacements to address complications that can occur during a patient’s recovery process," said Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-bioelectronic-medicine">Future of bioelectronic medicine</h2>



While this breakthrough has clear implications for pediatric heart care, the technology could pave the way for a new generation of bioelectronic medicine.&nbsp;



These tiny, dissolvable devices could one day be adapted to promote nerve and bone regeneration, manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a>, support wound healing, and more.



Northwestern engineers shrank the device and removed risks by making it dissolve after use. In doing so, they’ve created a tool that could reshape how doctors care for the heart - from the tiniest patients to adults.



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Click here to <a href="https://youtu.be/j_0hZ8cUwgo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watch a video interview...</a>



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08726-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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World's smallest pacemaker is set to revolutionize heart health

In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp; Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries. Controlling the heart with light The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest. The external controller detects...

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and spontaneous abortions in horses during the first two months of pregnancy are caused by triploidy, a condition involving an extra set of chromosomes.&nbsp;



This finding is significant because horses share many chromosomal and pregnancy-related similarities with humans, making them a valuable model for studying reproductive issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-cause-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Primary cause of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



Mandi de Mestre, a professor of equine medicine at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>, noted the rarity of reported triploidy in mammals other than humans during early pregnancy. “Over that embryonic period (up to eight weeks from conception), triploidy had rarely been reported in mammals outside of women,” she said. 



“The study tells us that over the first six weeks of gestation, this will likely be the primary cause of pregnancy loss following natural conception.”&nbsp;



De Mestre is the corresponding author of the study titled “Naturally Occurring Horse Model of Miscarriage Reveals Temporal Relationship Between Chromosomal Aberration Type and Point of Lethality,” set to be published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405636121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</a>s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-horses-as-a-model-for-human-miscarriages-nbsp">Horses as a model for human miscarriages&nbsp;</h2>



Human miscarriages, occurring in 10-20% of pregnancies, are often linked to chromosomal errors. However, finding a suitable animal model that mirrors the human condition has been challenging.&nbsp;



This study not only sheds light on the causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-may-speed-up-aging-in-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy</a> loss in horses but also highlights their potential as a model for understanding human miscarriage.



“We were able to study the impact of chromosome errors across the entire pregnancy in the horse,” de Mestre said. “We found that triploidy is only associated with losses in early pregnancy.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-loss-in-horses">Pregnancy loss in horses</h2>



The research involved examining 256 fetus and placenta samples collected over ten years from veterinarians treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-origin-of-horse-domestication-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a> with failed pregnancies. The samples were analyzed to determine the prevalence of various chromosomal abnormalities associated with pregnancy loss.



The findings showed that chromosomal errors were present in 57.9% of pregnancy losses up to day 55 of gestation, 57.2% of losses between days 56 and 110, and only 1.4% of losses from day 111 to the end of pregnancy.&nbsp;



The study also revealed that aneuploidy, involving the loss or gain of a whole chromosome, was primarily associated with miscarriages in the first 10 weeks, while partial chromosome deletions or duplications were linked to miscarriages occurring after 110 days.&nbsp;



These results closely parallel findings from large studies on human pregnancies, reinforcing the relevance of horses as a model for human chromosomal errors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-miscarriage-in-humans-nbsp">Early miscarriage in humans&nbsp;</h2>



Horses are particularly suitable for studying human pregnancies due to their similar gestation periods - 11 months in horses compared to nine months in humans - and the comparable rate of early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-grow-models-of-human-embryos-in-the-lab-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">embryo development</a>. 



Additionally, horse chromosomes contain genetic content similar to that of human chromosomes, making them relevant for research on chromosomal anomalies.



Determining the causes of early miscarriage in humans has been challenging due to the loss of most fetuses during this period at home, which leaves scientists without necessary material and data for study.&nbsp;



This research provides crucial insights into the frequency of chromosomal errors during the equivalent of the first six weeks of human gestation.



Horses, often highly valued and receiving extensive care, provide a wealth of data through routine pregnancy tracking, unlike other animal models such as mice.&nbsp;



Mice, with a gestation period of about three weeks and a low rate of natural pregnancy loss, are not comparable to human pregnancies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-causes-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Genetic causes of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



The study's findings have practical implications for equine health, particularly in the clinical management of pregnancies. For instance, if a significant chromosomal error is detected, clinicians might reconsider using hormones to prolong the pregnancy, a common practice in managing pregnant mares.&nbsp;



The research also paves the way for developing new diagnostic tests for chromosomal abnormalities in horse fetuses and further investigation into the molecular mechanisms behind these abnormalities.



“This research has provided a foundation for understanding the genetic causes of pregnancy loss in horses, often referred to as pregnancy loss of unknown cause,” said Shebl Salem, a postdoctoral researcher in de Mestre’s Equine Pregnancy Lab and co-first author of the study.



The study not only enhances the understanding of equine pregnancy but also offers valuable insights into human reproductive health, highlighting the potential for horses to serve as a key model in studying pregnancy loss due to chromosomal abnormalities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Horse miscarriages offer insights into human pregnancy loss

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and...

There's an astounding sight to behold in the west of Eifel, a region synonymous with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activities</a>. Nestled within the sediment of the Kyll River are diminutive blue wonders - sapphires. But there's more to these 0.9 mm diameter gemstones than their sheer beauty. 



They are indeed the missing pieces of a captivating geological conundrum - how could they take shape amidst such tumultuous, fiery conditions, a scenario far detached from our perception of tranquil gemstone genesis?



Stepping in to solve the mystery are the seasoned researchers from <a href="https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heidelberg University</a>. The scientific sleuths have been delving deep into the phenomenon of these blue marvels that formed among the fiery crucible of volcanic activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demystifying-eifel-sapphires">Demystifying Eifel sapphires</h2>



Let's take a sidebar here. What are sapphires? These treasured stones are essentially 'contaminated' aluminum oxide or corundum. 



The term "contamination" alludes to a few impurities that present sapphires with their iconic blue shade. Intriguingly, most sapphires are discovered in regions boasting silicon-poor volcanic rocks.



Are these gemstones, found on Earth's surface, a tell-tale sign of having originated deep within the crust, ushered to the surface by the ascending magma?



Dr. Axel Schmitt, a researcher at <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curtin University</a>, Australia, and an honorary professor at Heidelberg University, Germany, is grappling with this very question.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eifel-scenario-sapphire-central">Eifel scenario: Sapphire central</h2>



Our sapphire narrative unravels in Eifel, a volcanic hotspot tucked in Europe's heart. For about 700,000 years, magma from Earth's mantle has been inching its way up through the crust in this region, bringing forth an intriguing enigma. 



The puzzling link between the silicon-deficient, sodium and potassium-abundant magma found here and the prevalence of sapphires has left geologists in a quandary. The Heidelberg team scrutinized 223 sapphires from the Eifel region.



"Like gold, sapphire is very weathering-resistant compared to other minerals. Over protracted time periods, the grains are washed out of the rock and deposited in rivers. Because of their high density, they are easy to separate from lighter sediment components using a gold pan," explained Sebastian Schmidt, who conducted the research as part of his master's degree.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-eifel-s-sapphires">Origin of Eifel's sapphires</h2>



To trace the roots of these sapphires, the investigators determined their age by deploying the uranium-lead method on mineral inclusions found within the sapphires themselves. This approach can also uncover the composition of oxygen isotopes in the sapphires.



The findings were remarkable. Sapphires in Eifel took shape simultaneously with the region's volcanism. 



Some gemstones bore the isotopic signature of mantle melts that had been tainted with the heat and partially liquefied crustal rock, at a depth of approximately 5-7 kilometers, while others seemed to have crystallized when subterranean melts permeated the adjacent rock, catalyzing their crystallization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-the-crucial-catalyst">Water: The crucial catalyst </h2>



Water plays an instrumental role in the exceptional process of sapphire formation in volcanic settings. Magma ascending through Earth's crust commonly encounters water-rich zones, propelling a phenomenon known as metasomatism. 



During this occurrence, element-laden fluids intermingle with the surrounding rock, spurring the migration of aluminum and other vital components necessary for sapphire crystallization. 



This interplay not only precipitates the growth of sapphires but also enhances their unique chemical composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



The unearthing of sapphires in Eifel doesn't just shed light on gem genesis, but it also enriches our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-tremors-can-now-be-detected-to-forecast-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehension of volcanic activities</a>. 



By examining these precious stones and the conditions under which they originated, geologists can gain insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sun-affects-magma-formation-deep-within-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamics of magma</a> movement and the interactions between variant geological materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piecing-together-the-puzzle">Piecing together the puzzle</h2>



"In the Eifel, both magmatic and metamorphic processes, in which temperature changed the original rock, played a role in the crystallization of sapphire," noted Schmidt.



So, as it emerges, sapphires aren't just a pretty sight; they are a testament to Earth's might, a gateway to understanding our planet's inner mechanics. 



Hence, the next time you lay eyes on a sapphire, remember to honor this blue marvel for its remarkable voyage from the scorching depths of Earth's crust right up to the sun-soaked surface.



Moreover, the interdisciplinary collaboration between geologists and gemologists is pivotal in unraveling the complex narrative encapsulated within these gemstones. 



Such synergy not only illuminates the geological history of the Eifel but also propels future research in gem formation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-magma-traced-to-melting-in-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a>. The implications extend far beyond sapphires, inviting a broader exploration of earth science.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00410-024-02136-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology</a>.



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How blue sapphires form amidst fiery volcanic activity

There's an astounding sight to behold in the west of...

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed houses, damaged wood, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-the-hidden-power-of-aloe-vera-peels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pest control</a> might be the first things that pop into your mind. 



Many associate these creatures with the necessity of spending money on costly repairs. However, there's much more to these tiny critters than meets the eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-white-ants">The mystery of white ants</h2>



Ironically, despite the name "white ant," these creatures are not ants at all. They're actually specialized, social cockroaches known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termites-are-natures-architects-building-well-ventilated-nests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a>. 



Living in extensive colonies that can house well over a million individuals, these insects have incredibly complex social lives and construct amazingly elaborate habitats.



Mathematical equations have even been developed by researchers to understand their complicated behaviors, such as how they dig and forage. 



Termites' abilities to build intricate nests are so astounding that they've been hailed as "one of the architectural wonders of the living world." 



These can be found everywhere, from trees and soil to power poles and towering mounds two meters high. Some of these awe-inspiring constructs are believed to be over <a href="https://apnews.com/article/oldest-termite-mounds-africa-climate-eb9b49dbbbb770c739398cef894a99a8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">30,000 years old</a> and still inhabited today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-white-ants-in-nature">The role of white ants in nature</h2>



Among the approximately 300 Australian species of white ants, only a few are recognized as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cockroaches-became-global-pests-cleverly-hitching-rides-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>. In tropical forests, they are major invertebrate decomposers.



White ants are pivotal organisms that work closely with other microorganisms to cycle nutrients back into the environment. By doing so, they support the survival of both plants and animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-white-ants">Diversity of white ants</h2>



With more than 2,000 termite species worldwide and multiple feeding/nesting groups, white ants' appearances vary dramatically. 



Even within the same species, depending on their roles as king, queen, worker, soldier, or alate, they can look strikingly different. White ants usually have soft, pale-colored bodies with straight antennae and broad waist.



Not all white ants can fly. Only the sexually mature termites, known as alates, are capable of flight. Their mission is to fly out of the nest to establish a new one where they'll become the reigning kings or queens.



This occurrence, referred to as "social swarming," typically happens on warm and humid spring or summer evenings. After the swarm, the alates lose their wings and start burrowing to become the newly appointed termite royalty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-signs-of-termite-invasion">Warning signs of termite invasion</h2>



The presence of alates around a home or property is a clear signal that a mature nest is close and expanding. It's even advised to have annual termite inspections by a registered pest control company. 



Visible wood and structural damage, hollow-sounding wood, and termite droppings can indicate an invasion. 



White ants might also construct small mud tunnels and patches on both interior and exterior house walls for protection and airflow mitigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-termite-control">Effective termite control</h2>



The methods to control termites differ based on the type of termite present. Determining the kind of termite, locating their nests, and selecting the appropriate eradication method is a complex process. 



It's recommended to consult with a registered pest control company, and not just solely rely on preventive measures like using termite-resistant wood or adding chemical and physical barriers in the soil around buildings.



White ants, despite their notoriety as pests, play an essential role in the natural world. Their vital ecosystem services underscore their significance, yet their potential for destruction necessitates vigilant management and control. 



Fully understanding the nature of termites is crucial to both preserving natural ecosystems and protecting human infrastructure and investments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-white-ants">Fascinating facts about white ants</h2>



While white ants may often be viewed through the lens of destruction, they possess some truly fascinating traits that are worth exploring. 



For instance, termites have been around for over 250 million years, making them one of the oldest social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-study-insects-are-also-declining-in-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> on the planet. Their resilience and adaptability have allowed them to thrive in diverse environments, from rainforests to arid deserts.



One interesting aspect of termite behavior is their communication methods. Termites use pheromones, vibrations, and even touch to convey messages within the colony. This complex system enables them to coordinate tasks such as foraging, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-could-inspire-living-and-breathing-buildings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nest building</a>, and defense against threats.



Additionally, some species of termites are known to exhibit a unique form of mutualism with certain fungi. They cultivate these fungi in specialized chambers within their nests, providing a sustainable food source for the colony. This relationship not only benefits the termites but also contributes to nutrient cycling within their environment.



Understanding these fascinating characteristics can shift our perspective on white ants from mere pests to remarkable organisms that contribute significantly to the balance of nature. By appreciating their role in ecosystems, we can better navigate the challenges they present in our homes and communities.



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White ants have dual roles as builders and decomposers

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed...

Opponents of deep sea mining faced a significant setback on Friday when efforts to initiate an international moratorium on the practice did not advance. 



This outcome marks a crucial point in the ongoing debate over deep sea mining, which could yield essential minerals for the green transition but poses considerable environmental risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-mining-debate">Deep sea mining debate</h2>



Until now, proponents of deep sea mining have managed to prevent the <a href="https://www.isa.org.jm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Seabed Authority</a> (ISA) from discussing the issue. 



However, a recent debate did take place, although a draft calling for a “dialogue” towards “the development of a general policy for the protection and preservation of the marine environment” failed to move forward after a week of discussions in Kingston, Jamaica.



Delegations from several countries, including China, Saudi Arabia, and the African group of member states, argued that the draft lacked clarity and that the full assembly of 168 members was not the appropriate forum to make decisions on protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-forms-dust-clouds-that-devastate-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. 



Instead, these countries suggested that the ISA's Council, comprised of 36 states, should make such decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discussions-have-been-delayed">Discussions have been delayed</h2>



Facing consistent opposition, Chile withdrew the draft measure as the assembly's annual session, which makes decisions by consensus, drew to a close.&nbsp;



“We are somewhat disappointed,” said Chilean representative Salvador Vega Telias. Although he believed he had majority support, he decided to delay the discussions until July 2025, a proposal that was also not approved.



Deep sea mining in international waters involves extracting minerals like nickel, cobalt, and copper from the ocean floor. These minerals are crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> technology. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-deep-sea-environment-nbsp">Protecting the deep sea environment&nbsp;</h2>



Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the ISA is responsible for both protecting the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdictions and overseeing exploration or exploitation of resources in those zones. So far, deep sea mining has not progressed beyond the experimental and exploratory stage.



The ISA's Council, which currently only grants exploration contracts, has been working on commercial exploitation rules for over a decade, aiming to adopt a mining code in 2025.&nbsp;



Non-governmental organizations and scientists warn that deep sea mining could damage habitats and harm species that are not well understood but are potentially crucial to the food chain. They also highlight the risks of disrupting the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon emissions and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-marine-noise-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a> that could disturb species like whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploratory-contracts-have-been-secured">Exploratory contracts have been secured</h2>



Despite these concerns, many countries have secured exploratory contracts and conducted tests. Nauru, a small Pacific island nation, has pushed the ISA to allow exploitation applications even without a mining code.&nbsp;



Canada's <a href="https://metals.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Metals Company</a> (TMC) and its subsidiary Nauru Ocean Resources Inc (NORI) are preparing to submit an application to start commercial mining operations in the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (CCZ) in the Pacific.



Nauru President David Adeang emphasized the necessity of responsible deep sea mineral development for the survival of Nauru and other small island developing states in a rapidly changing world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-demand-to-prohibit-deep-sea-mining-nbsp">Public demand to prohibit deep sea mining&nbsp;</h2>



Over 30 countries, including France, Canada, Chile, Brazil, and the United Kingdom, have called for a moratorium on deep sea mining. A recent study showed that the mineral-rich nodules targeted by mining companies produce oxygen, marking the first instance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/it-took-200-million-years-for-earth-to-get-its-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen</a> production by non-living sources without sunlight.



“Public demand and political support for stopping deep sea mining from harming the oceans has never been stronger,” said Louisa Casson, a campaigner with <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org/global/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenpeace</a>. 



“With the threat of a company applying to mine the oceans hanging over us all, it's clear that we need far greater urgency from governments at the ISA to turn these words into action.”



In this context, NGOs welcomed the election of Brazil's Leticia Carvalho to replace Michael Lodge of Britain as the ISA's secretary general in January 2025. Lodge had faced criticism for his pro-business stances and allegations of fund misuse by the ISA's leadership, which the ISA Secretariat has denied.



“This is a new chapter,” the<a href="https://deep-sea-conservation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Deep Sea Conservation Coalition</a> said. “Reforming the ISA to protect and manage the deep sea for the benefit of humankind is crucial.”



The recent developments highlight the intense global debate over deep sea mining and the urgent need for effective governance to balance economic interests with environmental protection.



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Deep sea mining debate intensifies as opponents face a setback

Opponents of deep sea mining faced a significant setback on...

In the world of astrophysics, the complex dynamics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black holes</a> and their role in galaxy formation continue to present fascinating puzzles for scientists.



A significant breakthrough in understanding these celestial giants has been made by an international team of astronomers in collaboration with scientists at the <a href="https://public.nrao.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (NSF NRAO).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-cosmic-mechanism-unveiled">A new cosmic mechanism unveiled</h2>



The experts have identified a previously unknown cosmic mechanism linked to the growth dynamics of supermassive black holes.



This new discovery may be the key to unraveling the age-old mystery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rotating-wind-fuels-growth-of-a-supermassive-black-hole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole growth</a> and could potentially present a fresh perspective on our understanding of galaxy formation.



At the forefront of this investigation was the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). 



Using ALMA's high-resolution imaging, the researchers were able to uncover unique gas movement patterns that were suggestive of a spiraling, magnetic wind flowing from the supermassive black hole at the center of an active neighboring galaxy.



This observation led scientists to hypothesize that similar to the magnetic winds assisting in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation of stars</a>, this wind might also play a crucial role in increasing the mass of black holes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-winds-and-spinning-holes">Magnetic winds and spinning holes </h2>



Joe Pesce, NSF program officer for NRAO, emphasized the significance of the discovery. "Supermassive black holes play an integral, but yet to be fully understood, role in their host galaxy's formation and evolution. Results such as these are helping astrophysicists understand better that connection and the black holes themselves."



Indeed, the insights gained from this research could be instrumental in reshaping our understanding of these cosmic giants and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-shaped-the-universe-before-galaxies-existed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">role in shaping galaxies</a>.



The researchers utilized ALMA's imaging capabilities to trace light wavelengths from hydrogen cyanide molecules back to their source at the center of the galaxy ESO320-G030. 



In doing so, they managed to delineate the outflow pattern of the magnetic winds believed to slow the black hole's rate of spin, allowing a more consistent inflow of matter towards the center.



Mark Gorski, an astronomer and lead author of the research findings, made an interesting comparison. 



"It is well-established that stars, in the first stages of their evolution, grow with the help of rotating winds accelerated by magnetic fields, just like the wind in this galaxy," said Gorski.



"Our observations show that supermassive black holes and tiny stars can grow by similar processes but on very different scales."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-growth-patterns-of-black-holes">Universal growth patterns of black holes </h2>



The next step for the researchers is to investigate whether this phenomenon is isolated or if it represents a standard growth stage in black holes.



This could potentially provide an explanation for how some supermassive black holes grow to be as massive as billions of stars. 



A deeper understanding of these cosmic life cycles may shed light on the very nature of the universe and the enigmatic supermassive black holes that reside at the heart of most galaxies, including our Milky Way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-evolution-and-star-formation">Galaxy evolution and star formation </h2>



Recent studies suggest that black holes not only influence their immediate surroundings but also play a pivotal role in the broader context of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>. 



As supermassive black holes grow and interact with their host galaxies, they can significantly affect star formation rates and the overall structure of galaxies. 



This interaction often occurs through a process known as "feedback," where the energy output from the black hole can either trigger new star formation or suppress it by dispersing surrounding gas.



For instance, when a supermassive black hole actively consumes material, it releases vast amounts of energy in the form of jets and radiation. 



This energy can heat up the surrounding gas, preventing it from collapsing to form new stars. Conversely, in some cases, the energy may compress the gas and trigger bursts of star formation in specific regions of the galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-black-holes">Mysteries of black holes </h2>



Understanding the feedback mechanisms linked to black holes is crucial for astrophysicists as they seek to construct accurate models of galaxy formation and evolution. 



The interplay between black holes and their host galaxies may also shed light on why some galaxies appear to be "quenched" or have lower star formation rates compared to others. 



As researchers continue to unravel these complex relationships, the mysteries of black holes will undoubtedly offer deeper insights into the fundamental processes that shape our universe.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/04/aa48821-23/aa48821-23.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



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Magnetic winds fuel the growth of black holes

In the world of astrophysics, the complex dynamics of supermassive...

The beauty of dragonflies goes far <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-develop-waxy-coating-to-withstand-warmer-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond mere aesthetics</a>. Those resplendent wings flashing in the sunlight may actually be the dragonfly's passport to survival, according to a recent study. 



Kim Medley, a contributing author and director of the <a href="https://tyson.wustl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyson Research Lab</a>, offers key insights into this phenomenon. The experts found that dragonflies with dark wing markings have a lower extinction risk. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-dragonfly">Survival of the dragonfly </h2>



Ever notice how some dragonflies seem to sport extra bling? It takes the form of dark, alluring wing markings that set them apart from their brethren. 



These embellishments are not just there for show, they are apparently part of a survival strategy. Medley and her fellow researchers found that these ornamented dragonflies have a significant advantage when it comes to facing human threats and habitat destruction.



"We think ornamentation comes into play when populations become more isolated," Medley said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-shine">Science behind the shine</h2>



Study lead author Michael Moore is a former postdoctoral researcher at the Living Earth Collaborative and currently serves as an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a>, Denver.



For the investigation, the team examined records of 19 dragonfly species in California, covering a period from 1900 onwards. 



Remarkably, the researchers found that the ornamented species had a much higher survival rate over the long term with eight out of ten increasing their population over that time frame.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-tactics-of-dragonflies">Survival tactics of dragonflies</h2>



Further investigation of 311 species across North America revealed that 301 out of these 311 species were at minimal or no risk of extinction. That is good news for conservationists and dragonfly aficionados. Interestingly, the remaining 10 species, which were at risk, all lacked ornamentation.



To better understand the dynamics of dragonfly species, the researchers also analyzed data provided by amateur naturalists who had collectively gathered 90,000 observations.



Comparing the species distribution across different landscapes, they found that a greater proportion of ornamented dragonflies were able to thrive in urban and agricultural areas.



So, why does this ornamentation matter so much? One theory is that the markings make it easier for females to select mates, and for males to spot rivals. This becomes particularly crucial when habitat loss leads to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-flight-is-powered-by-an-extraordinary-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fragmented populations</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-color-in-communication">Role of color in communication</h2>



The vivid colors of dragonflies do not merely serve aesthetic purposes; they are integral to the complex communication strategies these insects employ. Vibrant hues can indicate various states, from mating readiness to territorial claims.



For instance, male dragonflies often display brighter colors when vying for the attention of females or defending their territories from rivals. This visual signaling is particularly important in environments where such interactions are key to survival and reproductive success.



Furthermore, studies suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-change-their-colors-throughout-the-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color patterns</a> may evolve differently in response to environmental pressures, illustrating the adaptability and resilience of dragonfly populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-c-onservation-implications">Conservation implications</h2>



The findings from Medley's research hold significant implications for conservation efforts aimed at maintaining healthy ecosystems. Recognizing the association between ornamentation and survival could guide prioritization in conservation strategies, especially for species at risk. 



Future research may delve deeper into the ecological roles of various morphological traits and their influence on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interspecies interactions</a>. 



As urbanization and habitat destruction continue to challenge wildlife, understanding the intricacies of dragonfly adaptation and survival will be crucial in formulating effective conservation policies. 



Encouraging citizen science initiatives, like those gathering observational data, could enhance our understanding and support for these captivating creatures in their natural habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fine-line-between-flashy-and-foolhardy">Fine line between flashy and foolhardy</h2>



However, these ornamental features come with their set of challenges. The eye-catching spots could attract unwanted attention from predators or absorb extra heat on a sweltering summer day. "There's a trade-off," Medley said.



From this fascinating study, we learn that there's more to a dragonfly's beauty than meets the eye. As they flit about, dazzling under the sun, dragonflies are working hard on their survival, bearing their ornaments as badges of resilience.



Let's take a moment to admire these splendid creatures and the lessons they offer us about adapting to an ever-changing world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.14455" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



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Dragonflies developed dark wing spots for survival

The beauty of dragonflies goes far beyond mere aesthetics. Those...

Every now and then, a discovery comes along that takes our breath away – much like the stunning Aurora Australis that paints the Southern Hemisphere sky with dazzling natural light. Now, there's more to the story. Meet the space hurricanes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swirling spectacles</a> high above Earth that could even cause a little earthly trouble.



Dr. Rebecca Dzombak of the <a href="https://www.agu.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union</a> has recently reported new details about this phenomenon. 



The mysteries of the universe are often unfathomable to us earthlings, but with each revelation, we're getting a little closer to understanding the cosmos' infinite expanses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-a-space-hurricane">What exactly is a space hurricane?</h2>



In simple terms, a space hurricane is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-severe-geomagnetic-storm-watch-first-time-since-2005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic phenomenon</a> where plasma interacts with Earth's magnetosphere – the space owned by Earth's magnetic field. 



Imagine gusts of plasma creating massive spiral arms, whirling around a peaceful "eye," but in the sky! They're just like the terrestrial hurricanes that we know - and sometimes fear – but up in the ionosphere, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-strong-geomagnetic-solar-storms-auroras-continue-through-tuesday/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forming auroras</a> shaped like their namesakes.



The twist in this atmospheric tale is what these celestial hurricanes bring from space into our own upper atmosphere - electrons. These "rain" from the sky, potentially causing interference with our satellite communications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-space-hurricanes">Discovery of space hurricanes</h2>



The intriguing discovery of space hurricanes was made only recently. Scientists stumbled across these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-geomagnetic-storm-alert-issued-sun-begins-erupting-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space phenomena</a> while scanning satellite images. 



Initially, these cosmic cyclones were found swirling over the Northern Hemisphere, given that that’s where most of our scientific observation and instrumentation are concentrated. A rough estimate suggests that about 12 space hurricanes strike the Northern Hemisphere each year.



But while the North had its share of revelations, the Southern Hemisphere wasn't far behind. Scientists led by Sheng Lu uncovered how frequently space hurricanes occur in the Southern Hemisphere. 



This groundbreaking research dovetails with previous work, helping us better comprehend when, where, and why these space hurricanes strike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-hurricanes-in-the-southern-hemisphere">Space hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere</h2>



The research team examined satellite imagery from 2005 to 2016. What they found was phenomenal - 259 space hurricane events.



The Southern Hemisphere space hurricanes turned out to be "twins" of their northern counterparts in terms of their looks and behavior, suggesting they’re driven by the same mechanisms.



These celestial hurricanes strike the Southern Hemisphere most often during the summer, probably because of the planet's magnetic tilt and sunlight exposure levels. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-hurricanes">Impact of hurricanes</h2>



But don't worry, you won't have to duck for cover. Similar to the northern storms, these hurricanes mainly occur at latitudes above 80° (over Antarctica), so the chances of casually spotting one are pretty slim.



A startling discovery was the speed at which these events happen. The researchers found the average plasma velocity around space hurricanes to be approximately 1 kilometer per second. 



To put that into perspective, it's equivalent to a head-spinning 3,600 kilometers per hour, or 2,237 miles per hour – about ten times faster than the normal speed of plasma in the polar cap.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-technology-and-communication">Implications for technology and communication</h2>



Understanding space hurricanes not only satiates our curiosity about the cosmos but also carries significant implications for our technological infrastructure. 



As these phenomena can disrupt satellite communications and navigation systems, ongoing research will inform us about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunspot-region-ar3664-blasted-earth-mars-may-2024-still-very-active/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential hazards</a> and help develop strategies to mitigate their effects. 



This knowledge is paramount in an era where our dependence on satellite technology continues to grow. As we unravel the complexities of space storms, we pave the way for advancements that ensure safer and more reliable communication networks for all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This exploration of space hurricanes sets the groundwork for further studies. The scientists are keen on investigating these hurricanes' 3D characteristics and their impact on our lower atmosphere. Would you believe that they’re even looking at ways to forecast these events?



In the grand scheme of things, the discovery of space hurricanes is just another testament to how little we know about the universe. Every shimmer in the sky or reading on a satellite might be a step towards another phenomenal revelation. 



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JA032753" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>.



Image Credit: NASA



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Space hurricanes are much more common than we thought

Every now and then, a discovery comes along that takes...

The Gulf of Mexico's “dead zone” - an area with dangerously low oxygen levels - currently covers approximately 6,705 square miles. This makes it 12th largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-nutrients-are-creating-ocean-dead-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dead zone</a> in the 38 years of recorded measurements. 



This expanse, equivalent to over four million acres, represents significant loss of habitat for marine species. It particularly affects those living on the ocean floor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surveying-the-dead-zone-in-the-gulf-nbsp">Surveying the dead zone in the Gulf&nbsp;</h2>



The annual survey was conducted from July 21–26 by scientists from <a href="https://www.lsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Louisiana State University</a> and the <a href="https://lumcon.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium</a> (LUMCON) aboard research vessel Pelican. 



The research provides crucial data for the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force. This state and federal partnership aims to reduce the five-year average size of the dead zone to fewer than 1,900 square miles by 2035. The current five-year average however, stands at 4,298 square miles - more than double the target.



“It's critical that we measure this region's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypoxia</a> as an indicator of ocean health, particularly under a changing climate and potential intensification of storms and increases in precipitation and runoff,” said Nicole LeBoeuf, assistant administrator of NOAA's National Ocean Service.  



According to LeBoeuf, this long-term data set can help decision makers while they adjust their strategies to reduce the dead zone and manage its impacts to coastal resources and communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-dead-zone-is-larger-than-expected">Gulf dead zone is larger than expected</h2>



In June, NOAA had predicted an above-average dead zone size of 5,827 square miles, based on data from the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> regarding Mississippi River discharge and nutrient runoff. 



The actual size measured fell within the forecast's uncertainty range, confirming the accuracy of the predictive models used and their utility in informing nutrient reduction strategies.



“The area of bottom-water hypoxia was larger than predicted by the Mississippi River discharge and nitrogen load for 2024, but within the range experienced over the nearly four decades that this research cruise has been conducted,” said Nancy Rabalais, a professor at Louisiana State University and LUMCON, and co-chief scientist for the survey. “We continue to be surprised each summer at the variability in size and distribution.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-causes-dead-zones">What causes dead zones?</h2>



Dead zones are mainly caused by excess nutrients - particularly nitrogen and phosphorus - entering the Gulf of Mexico through the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin.&nbsp;



These nutrients stimulate algal blooms, and upon dying they decompose and consume oxygen in the water. This process creates hypoxic conditions. Such low oxygen levels force marine animals, like fish and shrimp to leave the area, which severely impacts their diets, growth rates, reproduction and habitat use.



In an attempt to overcome these hurdles, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Gulf Hypoxia Program in June 2022, which aims to accelerate nutrient reduction efforts by Hypoxia Task Force.



“Nutrient pollution impacts water bodies across the country and in the Gulf of Mexico it has resulted in a dead zone, where low to no oxygen does not support fish and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>,” said Bruno Pigott, acting assistant administrator of EPA's Office of Water. 



“EPA is committed to its partnership with state and local governments and Tribes in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin, working together to reduce nutrient pollution and protect the health of the Gulf. In fact, thanks to President Biden's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, EPA is investing $60 million into this effort.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-reduction-strategies-nbsp">Nutrient reduction strategies&nbsp;</h2>



The Hypoxia Task Force states are intensifying their nutrient reduction strategies while also enhancing climate resiliency and ensuring that the benefits of these actions extend to disadvantaged communities.



“The importance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mississippi-river-coastline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mississippi River</a> to the strength and growth of our states' economies and communities cannot be understated,” said Mike Naig, Iowa Secretary of Agriculture.



“By implementing our nutrient reduction strategies, the Hypoxia Task Force states are individually and collectively demonstrating our commitment to protecting and enhancing this working river.”



Naig noted that weather and other factors will always introduce variability in the hypoxic zone measurement from year to year, but the focused conservation implementation work within each state is making a positive impact on our water quality.&nbsp;



“States, along with numerous public and private partners, are best positioned to address their specific geographies and we remain motivated to expand this proven water quality work in rural, suburban and urban landscapes in the years and decades to come.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efforts-to-monitor-and-understand-dead-zones">Efforts to monitor and understand dead zones</h2>



NOAA's work extends beyond the annual hypoxia forecast and survey. The agency supports the development of monitoring technologies to better understand dead zones and studies the effects of hypoxia on fish and fisheries through various programs, including Coastal Hypoxia Research, Ocean Technology Transition, Uncrewed Systems, and Hypoxia Watch.&nbsp;



Additionally, NOAA collaborates with states to create new tools for predicting nutrient runoff and supports the <a href="https://www.northerngulfinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Gulf Institute</a> in delivering technical assistance, observation, and monitoring capabilities.



This year, NOAA scientists are also exploring the use of autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) as an emerging technology to map hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Several ASVs were deployed in coordination with the measurement survey, and their data will be compared with traditional ship-based measurements to assess their efficacy.



The efforts by NOAA and its partners underscore the importance of comprehensive and sustained actions to address the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, a critical issue affecting marine ecosystems, fisheries, and coastal economies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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Gulf of Mexico’s dead zone is unusually large this year

The Gulf of Mexico's “dead zone” - an area with...

Light pollution disrupts circadian rhythms and ecosystems worldwide, with potentially profound effects on plants that rely on light for photosynthesis.&nbsp;



A new study published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2024.1392262/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Plant Science</a> has revealed that high levels of artificial light at night can make tree leaves tougher and harder for insects to eat, which poses a threat to urban food chains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tough-leaves-under-artificial-light-nbsp">Tough leaves under artificial light&nbsp;</h2>



“We noticed that, compared to natural ecosystems, tree leaves in most urban ecosystems generally show little sign of insect damage. We were curious as to why,” said Shuang Zhang, a scientist at the <a href="https://english.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and the study's corresponding author. 



“Here we show that in two of the most common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-species-diversity-shaped-by-climate-change-for-21000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree species</a> in Beijing, artificial light at night led to increased leaf toughness and decreased levels of leaf herbivory.”



Artificial light has increased night-time brightness by almost 10%, affecting most of the world's population. Changes in plant properties due to artificial light can significantly impact ecosystems, as plant interactions with other plants and animals are altered.



“Leaves that are free of insect damage may bring comfort to people, but not insects,” Zhang said. “Herbivory is a natural ecological process that maintains the biodiversity of insects.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tougher-leaves-as-a-defense-mechanism-nbsp">Tougher leaves as a defense mechanism&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers hypothesized that plants exposed to high levels of artificial light would prioritize defense over growth, resulting in tougher leaves with more chemical defense compounds.&nbsp;



To test this, they focused on two common street trees: Japanese pagoda and green ash trees. These trees, though similar in many ways, differ in leaf characteristics, with Japanese pagoda trees having smaller, softer leaves preferred by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-biodiversity-benefits-from-large-herbivores-like-elephants-and-moose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbivores</a>.



The team selected 30 sampling sites along main roads in Beijing, spaced roughly 100 meters apart and usually illuminated all night. They measured the illuminance at each site to determine exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-pollution-disrupts-entire-ecological-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial light</a>. 



Nearly 5,500 leaves were collected and analyzed for insect herbivory and traits potentially affected by artificial light, such as size, toughness, water content, and levels of nutrients and chemical defenses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-higher-light-levels-lead-to-tougher-leaves">Higher light levels lead to tougher leaves</h2>



For both tree species, higher levels of artificial light resulted in tougher leaves, with tougher leaves showing less evidence of insect herbivory. The more intense the light, the more frequently leaves showed no signs of herbivory.&nbsp;



“The underlying mechanism for this pattern is not yet fully understood,” Zhang said. “It is possible that trees exposed to artificial light at night may extend their photosynthesis duration. Additionally, these leaves might allocate a greater proportion of resources to structural compounds, such as fibers, which could lead to an increase in leaf toughness.”



Japanese pagoda trees exposed to more artificial light had lower levels of nutrients like phosphorus, with higher nutrient levels correlating with more herbivory.&nbsp;



Conversely, green ash trees, less preferred by herbivores, showed stronger influences from higher light levels, displaying higher nitrogen levels, smaller leaves, and lower chemical defenses.



“Decreased herbivory can lead to trophic cascading effects in ecology,” Zhang explained. “Lower levels of herbivory imply lower abundances of herbivorous insects, which could in turn result in lower abundances of predatory insects, insect-eating birds, and so on. The decline of insects is a global pattern observed over recent decades. We should pay more attention to this trend.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-impacts-of-light-pollution-nbsp">Far-reaching impacts of light pollution&nbsp;</h2>



While leaf toughness is a mechanical defense against predation, other factors may also contribute to decreased herbivory. For example, increased light might make insects more visible to predators. Further research is needed to fully understand the effects of artificial light.



“Our study was conducted in only one city and involved just two tree species,” Zhang cautioned. “This limitation hinders our ability to generalize the conclusions to broader spatial and taxonomic scales. Research on how urbanization affects insects and insect-related ecological processes is still in its infancy.”



The study highlights the complex and far-reaching impacts of light pollution on urban ecosystems, particularly on the interactions between plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-develop-wing-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>. It underscores the need for further research to develop comprehensive strategies for mitigating these effects and protecting urban biodiversity.



“These results emphasize that high ALAN [artificial light at night] is detrimental to the flow of energy from plants to higher trophic levels, and further suggest that ALAN may have far-reaching effects on the maintenance of urban biodiversity and ecosystem functioning,” the authors concluded.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Streetlights make tree leaves too tough for insects to eat

Light pollution disrupts circadian rhythms and ecosystems worldwide, with potentially...

When the sun sets and you're out enjoying the calm of twilight, do you often find yourself stuck in an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unwanted chase</a> with mosquitoes? Do they seem to always be attracted to you over others? 



Well, you are not imagining things. You might just be the ideal dinner plate for these pesky insects. <a href="https://www.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>'s Ashley Vargo puts this intriguing phenomenon under the microscope.



Dr. Sonja Swiger, a scientist at Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension Service and professor in the <a href="https://aglifesciences.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M College of Agriculture</a>, confirms that mosquitoes do pick their targets. But what makes you more enticing than others? Let's delve deeper into the science behind this selective "bugging."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-cues-that-matter">Tiny cues that matter</h2>



Contrary to popular belief, mosquitoes don’t select their prey at random. They are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitoes-listen-for-a-specific-buzz-to-find-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">very precise</a>, using sensory cues such as exhaled carbon dioxide, body <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-mosquitoes-prefer-heat-and-thrive-in-the-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat</a>, and even body odor. 



Swiger, who identifies as a "mosquito magnet" herself, is in agreement with this. She highlights that alterations to these factors can shift the balance of attraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-type-factor-for-attracting-mosquitoes">Blood type: Factor for attracting mosquitoes</h2>



You know how we have our favorite eateries? Turns out, mosquitoes might have their preferred blood groups. The research suggests a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">certain affinity</a> in mosquitoes towards type O blood.



However, the difference is primarily significant only between type O and type A. But before you breathe a sigh of relief (or worry if you are type O), Swiger warns us to consider the limitations of such studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-and-alcohol-scent-of-attraction">Food and alcohol: Scent of attraction</h2>



Sometimes, what we consume also determines whether we become mosquito magnets. Swiger sheds light on how being tipsy may enhance our attractiveness. 



"There is some research to support that changing your diet will make you give off different scents," Swiger said. "So, it may be possible to change your attractiveness to mosquitoes based on what you're eating."



Intoxicated individuals produce more CO2 and sweat, both of which are bug attractors. As for diet, garlic and vitamin B are often touted as mosquito deterrents. On the other hand, high-potassium foods like bananas seem to attract the little monsters.



Why is that? Swiger explains that the consumption of these foods leads to an increase in lactic acid production in the body, an olfactory beacon for mosquitoes. This also impacts our skin microbiota, which in turn affects the scents we give off.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-a-mosquito-magnet">Pregnancy: A mosquito magnet?</h2>



Evidence suggests that pregnant women might be more appealing to mosquitoes, primarily due to their increased carbon dioxide output. 



Swiger explains that women in advanced stages of pregnancy exhale about 21% greater volume than non-pregnant women. Coupled with other physiological changes, such as increased body heat, this makes pregnant women prime targets for a mosquito’s meal.



According to Swiger, mosquitoes can develop regional tastes, an interesting evolutionary adaptation. Urban mosquitoes that bite humans often don't venture far and seem to adapt to the local scents, preferring them over other aromas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-in-attracting-mosquitoes">Genetics in attracting mosquitoes</h2>



An intriguing dimension to the factors influencing mosquito attraction lies in our genetic makeup. Research indicates that genetic variations can influence the scent profile emitted by individuals. 



Swiger notes that specific genetic markers can affect the skin's production of certain chemicals that mosquitoes find captivating. This genetic predisposition can help explain why some people seem to attract more mosquitoes than others. 



Understanding the interplay between genetics and attraction not only sheds light on personal experiences with these insects but also opens avenues for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-infectious-disease-landscape-is-changing-and-we-must-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential interventions</a> to manage mosquito bites effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-of-day-to-attract-mosquitoes">Time of day to attract mosquitoes</h2>



The timing of our outdoor activities can also play a significant role in our likelihood of being bitten. Mosquitoes are most active during specific periods, primarily dawn and dusk. 



Swiger explains that these times create optimal conditions for mosquitoes to feed, as the cooler temperatures and increased humidity often correlate with their peak feeding times. 



Consequently, understanding the daily habits of mosquitoes can empower individuals to better plan their outdoor activities, thereby minimizing unwanted encounters with these unwelcome pests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetically-attractive">Genetically attractive?</h2>



Finally, Swiger points out the one thing we can't control: our genes. She suggests that some genetic traits may make people more attractive to mosquitoes, but these remain unclear.



So, the next time you seem to be the only one under mosquito attack, remember, there's some intriguing science behind it. While your genetic makeup might make you irresistibly delicious to mosquitoes, staying covered and using a repellent might help you tip the scales in your favor. 



After all, who says we can't outsmart these bloodsuckers?



The study is published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/41/4/796/885285?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Medical Entomology</a>. 



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Why some people are 'mosquito magnets'

When the sun sets and you're out enjoying the calm...

An ancient method of heat storage may hold the key to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable future</a> in clean energy, according to a recent study. 



This ingenious technology, dating back to the Bronze Age, could offer an efficient and cost-effective way to achieve the United Nations' climate goal of net-zero emissions by 2050.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clean-energy-storage-with-firebricks">Clean energy storage with firebricks</h2>



The technique in question involves the use of specially assembled heat-absorbing bricks known as firebricks.



These bricks are stacked in an insulated container, storing heat generated by solar or wind power at temperatures required for industrial processes. 



The reserved heat can be released when necessary by allowing air to flow through channels in the firebrick stacks.



It’s a simple yet potent solution that permits industries like cement, steel, glass, and paper manufacturers to function on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-water-could-be-a-great-source-of-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> when wind and sunlight aren't available. This technique would allow for a seamless switch to cleaner energy sources.



This concept of thermal energy storage is not entirely new and several companies have already begun commercializing it for industrial heat storage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bronze-age-technology">Bronze Age technology</h2>



The firebricks used are crafted from similar materials that lined the kilns and furnaces in the primitive age. The real innovation lies in the combination and proportion of these materials, optimized to store heat effectively instead of merely insulating.



While traditional batteries store electricity from renewable sources and produce heat on demand, firebricks offer a unique advantage.



Study lead author Mark Z. Jacobson is a professor of civil and environmental engineering in the <a href="https://sustainability.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability</a> and School of Engineering.



"The difference between firebrick storage and battery storage is that the firebricks store heat rather than electricity and are one-tenth the cost of batteries. The materials are simple too, basically just the components of dirt," noted Jacobson.



Most industrial processes require high-temperature heat. For instance, cement production requires temperatures of at least 1,300 degrees Celsius, while glass, iron, and steelmaking need 1,000 degrees Celsius or higher.



Around 17% of all global carbon dioxide emissions could be traced back to the burning of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a> for producing heat for these industrial processes. 



Therefore, generating industrial heat from renewable sources could significantly reduce these emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimizing-energy-storage">Optimizing energy storage </h2>



Focusing on storing energy in the form that is closest to its end use can minimize conversion inefficiencies. 



The concept is as straightforward as storing hot water for hot showers and ice for cold drinks. In this case, the study suggested: "If you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks."



The researchers explored the impact of using firebricks to store most of the industrial heat in a futuristic scenario where every country has shifted to renewable energy sources like wind, geothermal, hydropower, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tech-melts-steel-concrete-1800-degrees-heat-solar-power-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar</a>. 



The research revealed that firebricks could expedite this transition at a lower cost, creating benefits for health, climate, jobs, and energy security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cleaner-future-with-clean-energy">A cleaner future with clean energy</h2>



In addition to benefiting the environment, accelerating the transition to clean energy also positively impacts human health.



Previous studies have revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution from burning fossil fuels</a> causes millions of premature deaths each year. 



"Every bit of combustion fuels we replace with electricity reduces that air pollution," said Jacobson, indicating the urgent need to find cost-effective ways to hasten this transition.



Enlivened by a desire to discover effective, rapid solutions, Jacobson turned his attention to firebricks. He believes that a cost-saving approach would be embraced more readily and hence, expedite the world's transition to cleaner renewables.



The potential impact of this Bronze Age technology is vast, promising substantial benefits at low costs, from reducing air-pollution mortality to facilitating a smoother shift to clean energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-innovations-with-ancient-techniques">Modern innovations with ancient techniques</h2>



As we explore the potential of firebricks, it's essential to leverage modern technology to enhance these ancient techniques. Innovations like advanced composites and nano-coatings can improve heat storage efficiency.



Integrating smart technologies, such as IoT sensors and AI algorithms, can optimize thermal energy systems. 



For example, smart sensors can monitor temperatures in real-time, ensuring efficient heat storage and release. This data-driven approach enables manufacturers to align production with renewable energy availability.



Educating industry stakeholders and demonstrating the benefits of firebrick technology through workshops and pilot programs can encourage adoption, bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern solutions for a cleaner, sustainable future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/3/7/pgae274/7710221" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a>.



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Bronze Age technology is a modern solution for clean energy

An ancient method of heat storage may hold the key...

Methane is a major contributor to the global climate crisis, yet its emissions have often been underestimated. Responsible for nearly half of the observed global warming, this potent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a> demands immediate attention.



In response to the urgent call for action, similar to the Global Methane Pledge, a team of researchers from <a href="https://duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a> has presented a three-step strategy to curb emissions.



This plan is supported by an innovative tool designed to optimize reduction efforts and help mitigate the accelerating effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-the-unsung-villain">Methane: The unsung villain</h2>



Although <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> typically steals the spotlight in climate change discussions, methane has quietly contributed to approximately half of the observed global warming, despite being less frequently discussed. 



Unfortunately, methane emissions continue to rise at worrying speeds, exacerbating the urgency of the climate crisis. 



While the world has predominantly focused on reducing carbon dioxide, it's time to broaden our efforts and turn our attention to these other potent contributors, which have been underestimated in their impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>.



Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that includes both carbon dioxide and methane mitigation strategies to effectively combat climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-step-action-plan">Three-step action plan</h2>



The Duke team has highlighted three critical strategies to address methane emissions. These findings are backed by extensive research involving satellite remote sensing data, reported emissions, and the interaction of abatement options with market forces.



The first step revolves around reducing methane emissions. The increasing emissions, driven by fossil fuel production and rising emissions from wetlands, need to be curtailed immediately.



In addition, there is an urgent need for international coordination to address both methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Cutting carbon dioxide alone will not halt global warming soon enough, and solely reducing methane merely postpones the inevitable.



Furthermore, it is vital to incentivize and enforce methane abatement. A coordinated, effective approach will yield significant results in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abandoned-farmland-can-be-used-for-climate-change-mitigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change mitigation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-vs-benefit-of-methane-mitigation">Cost vs. benefit of methane mitigation</h2>



The proposed measures promise to be enormously beneficial, both economically and environmentally. 



For each ton of methane emitted in 2020, the estimated damages were between US $470-1,700. However, factoring in the impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> and human health, the actual cost could escalate up to $7,000 per ton.



The positive impact of mitigation efforts significantly outweighs the costs involved. Many options for reducing emissions yield net economic gains, even before considering the environmental benefits.



Moreover, since methane does not linger in the atmosphere for the long-term, reductions in emissions take effect more swiftly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-equipping-ourselves-for-the-job">Equipping ourselves for the job</h2>



Fighting methane emissions might require different approaches depending on a country's industries and the measures previously implemented.



That's why the authors of this landmark study have created an online tool to identify the most effective measures for reducing emissions in various countries.



For large fossil fuel producers, the most effective measures may be regulating production, incentivizing methane capture, or charging companies for emissions. For others, focusing on emissions from landfills could offer the most significant rewards. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individuals-can-reduce-methane-emissions">Individuals can reduce methane emissions </h2>



Lifestyle changes can also make a significant impact on methane emissions, and individuals can contribute in numerous ways. Reducing the consumption of beef and dairy, composting organic waste, and considering the environment in our voting decisions can help curb methane emissions.



As the world battles the growing climate crisis, it's more vital than ever to adopt a multi-faceted approach. 



Despite uncertainties and challenges, the need to reduce methane emissions remains critical to lessen the accelerating climate damages suffered worldwide. 



As concerned citizens, it's our collective responsibility to act on this, ensuring a safer, healthier future for our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-in-methane-reduction">Innovation in methane reduction</h2>



Innovation is essential in combating methane emissions, with new technologies and practices improving detection, capture, and reduction. 



Satellites and drones enhance real-time monitoring of leaks, allowing for swift responses. In agriculture, innovative practices like improved feed efficiency and anaerobic digesters reduce methane from livestock and rice production while boosting farm productivity.



Public-private partnerships can accelerate the development of scalable methane reduction technologies. Engaging the public through awareness campaigns fosters collective action and sustainability. 



Innovation, collaboration, and community engagement are crucial in a comprehensive strategy to combat climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/science/articles/10.3389/fsci.2024.1349770/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Science</a>.



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Rapid reductions in methane emissions are possible

Methane is a major contributor to the global climate crisis,...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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