In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp;



Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-heart-with-light">Controlling the heart with light</h2>



The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest.



The external controller detects abnormal rhythms and sends light through the body to activate the pacemaker and restore heartbeat. The study demonstrates the device’s effectiveness across animal and human donor hearts.&nbsp;



The development of the pacemaker was led by John A. Rogers, a professor of material science, biomedical engineering, and neurological surgery at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>.&nbsp;



“We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the world’s smallest pacemaker,” said Professor Rogers.



“There’s a crucial need for temporary pacemakers in the context of pediatric heart surgeries, and that’s a use case where size miniaturization is incredibly important. In terms of the device load on the body - the smaller, the better.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solution-designed-for-newborns">Solution designed for newborns</h2>



Though the light-activated pacemaker can function in patients of all sizes, its miniaturized design was motivated by the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-speech-is-driven-by-heart-rate-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Igor Efimov is a co-leader of the study and experimental cardiologist at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“About 1% of children are born with congenital heart defects. The good news is that these children only need temporary pacing after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-robot-could-transform-minimally-invasive-surgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surgery</a>. In about seven days or so, most patients’ hearts will self-repair. But those seven days are absolutely critical," said Efimov.



Traditional pacemakers require surgery and have wires sticking out of the chest to connect to an external device. When they are no longer needed, the wires are removed - risking bleeding, tissue damage, or even death.



“Wires literally protrude from the body, attached to a pacemaker outside the body,” Efimov explained. “When the pacemaker is no longer needed, a physician pulls it out. The wires can become enveloped in scar tissue. That’s actually how Neil Armstrong died.”



The new injectable pacemaker addresses these risks. All of its components are biocompatible and bioresorbable, meaning they safely dissolve in the body’s fluids without needing surgical removal. Once the device has served its purpose, it simply disappears.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-light-activated-pacemaker">Refining the light-activated pacemaker</h2>



This innovation builds on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00948-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> by Rogers and Efimov, who developed a quarter-sized dissolvable pacemaker in 2021. Surgeons asked for a smaller version to allow easier placement and suit the smallest patients.&nbsp;



The original device used near-field communication (NFC), but its antenna limited how small the device could be made. To overcome this, the team replaced the NFC system with a novel light-based mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1s.webp" alt="The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University" class="wp-image-1964846"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Click image to enlarge. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University</figcaption></figure>



“Instead of using the radio frequency scheme for wireless control, we developed a light-based scheme for turning the pacemaker on and delivering stimulation pulses to the surface of the heart. This is one feature that allowed us to dramatically reduce the size,” said Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powered-by-the-body-s-own-fluids">Powered by the body’s own fluids</h2>



The engineers also reimagined how to power the tiny pacemaker. Rather than requiring a battery or external power source, the device uses a simple galvanic cell - a chemical battery formed by two different metals as electrodes.&nbsp;



When the device is inside the body, surrounding biofluids act as the electrolyte, allowing electrical current to flow and stimulate the heart.



“A very tiny light-activated switch on the opposite side from the battery allows us to turn the device from its ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state upon delivery of light that passes through the patient’s body from the skin-mounted patch,” explained Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-trauma-and-risk">Reducing trauma and risk</h2>



Using infrared light, which can safely penetrate deep into the body, the wearable controller detects when a patient’s heart rate falls too low. It then triggers a light-emitting diode (LED) to flash on and off at the desired pacing rhythm.&nbsp;



“Infrared light penetrates very well through the body,” Efimov said. “If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.”



Despite its microscopic size - just 1.8 mm wide, 3.5 mm long, and 1 mm thick - the pacemaker delivers stimulation on par with traditional devices. “The heart requires a tiny amount of electrical stimulation,” Rogers said.&nbsp;



“By minimizing the size, we dramatically simplify the implantation procedures, we reduce trauma and risk to the patient, and, with the dissolvable nature of the device, we eliminate any need for secondary surgical extraction procedures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-heart-care">A new era of heart care</h2>



Because these light-activated pacemakers are so small and wireless, doctors could one day deploy multiple units on different parts of the heart to create more advanced pacing systems. 



Each device could be controlled independently using different light wavelengths, enabling personalized and precisely timed stimulation across the heart’s surface.



“We can deploy a number of such small pacemakers onto the outside of the heart and control each one,” Efimov said. “Then we can achieve improved synchronized functional care.”



Professor Rogers noted that because it’s so small, the pacemaker can be integrated with almost any kind of implantable device.



“We also demonstrated integration of collections of these devices across the frameworks that serve as transcatheter aortic valve replacements to address complications that can occur during a patient’s recovery process," said Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-bioelectronic-medicine">Future of bioelectronic medicine</h2>



While this breakthrough has clear implications for pediatric heart care, the technology could pave the way for a new generation of bioelectronic medicine.&nbsp;



These tiny, dissolvable devices could one day be adapted to promote nerve and bone regeneration, manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a>, support wound healing, and more.



Northwestern engineers shrank the device and removed risks by making it dissolve after use. In doing so, they’ve created a tool that could reshape how doctors care for the heart - from the tiniest patients to adults.



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Click here to <a href="https://youtu.be/j_0hZ8cUwgo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watch a video interview...</a>



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08726-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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World's smallest pacemaker is set to revolutionize heart health

In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp; Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries. Controlling the heart with light The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest. The external controller detects...

Have you ever felt a tingling sensation crawling down from your scalp, making its way down to your neck, and spreading its calming effect through your spine? You're not alone. Welcome to the fascinating world of ASMR, or Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response.



ASMR is a zone that millions of people around the world already find incredibly soothing, and some even say it helps them sleep.



But what exactly orchestrates this sensation, causing it to take the internet world by storm? Let's dive deeper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-science-of-tingles">Unveiling the science of tingles</h2>



ASMR, quite the new kid on the scientific block, is starting to turn heads among researchers. The relaxing tingles and calm that people report after watching <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSN1j4-NZ3dzC7_HKckmK3Q" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ASMR videos</a> are believed to be tied to our brain's reward circuitry. 



Essentially, when you're enjoying your slice of ASMR, your mind secretes a cocktail of 'feel good' neurochemicals, think endorphins and oxytocin. This release of neurochemicals creates a sense of well-being and relaxation. 



The outcome? Your heart rate takes a soothing dip, stress evaporates, and you’re left in a tranquil state. 



Some studies suggest that this calming effect might even help with anxiety and insomnia, making ASMR a potential tool for mental health and well-being. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asmr-triggers-keys-to-tranquility">ASMR triggers: Keys to tranquility</h2>



What triggers one person's ASMR might not do the same for another. Here are some common audio and visual prompts that are known to spread the tingling delight:



<ul>
<li>Whispering: Gentle whispered words painting an ambiance of serenity. </li>



<li>Tapping: Light, rhythmic tap-tap-tap sounds. </li>



<li>Brushing: The audio of a brush gliding on surfaces or through hair. </li>



<li>Role-Playing: ASMR creators crafting situations such as haircuts or medical exams. </li>



<li>Crinkling: The sound of rustling paper or plastic that triggers the spine-tingling effect.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-asmr-community">Meet the ASMR community</h2>



<a href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=asmr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">YouTube is the playground</a> for ASMR creators (or ASMRtists), the artists who curate the tingling trips that captivate audiences worldwide. 



These creators utilize a variety of techniques, from whispering and tapping to more intricate role-playing scenarios, all designed to trigger that soothing tingling sensation. 



Some of these artists have won the loyalty of millions of viewers, who tune in regularly for their calming and therapeutic content. 



Armed with top-notch microphones and often studio-quality equipment, they ensure that no detail of the sound is lost, promising their audience a truly immersive and sensory-rich journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-asmr-touches-lives">How ASMR touches lives</h2>



ASMR transcends mere tingles and relaxation; it serves as an invaluable tool for many individuals in their daily lives. This phenomenon is often integrated into evening routines, where people leverage the gentle sounds and soothing voices to transition from a stressful day into a state of calm.



For those grappling with sleep issues or anxiety, ASMR proves to be immensely beneficial. It facilitates easier sleep onset and helps in alleviating stress by creating a serene auditory environment.



ASMR content creators, or ASMRtists, meticulously craft their material to provide comfort and relaxation. This dedication often fosters a deep connection between them and their audience, akin to having a friend who truly understands their needs.



The sense of personal attention and connection offered by ASMR videos can significantly enhance mental well-being. In essence, ASMR is not merely a sensory experience but a supportive ally in the quest for emotional and psychological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-and-why-does-it-work">How and why does it work?</h2>



The power of this phenomenon lies in its remarkable ability to mimic personal attention when the listener is the only person in the room.



When you engage with an ASMR video, it feels as though the creator is speaking directly to you, employing soft-spoken words, gentle sounds, and deliberate actions. This orchestrates a sense of intimacy and connection.



Neuroscientifically, the brain responds to this simulated social interaction by releasing endorphins and oxytocin, chemicals known to enhance relaxation and overall well-being. 



Many individuals report that ASMR aids in reducing stress, combating insomnia, and improving mood, thus emerging as a valuable tool for mental health and self-care.



Understanding ASMR's intricate impact on the brain invites us to explore its broader implications. Could this phenomenon reshape our approaches to relaxation and mental health?



By delving deeper, we uncover fascinating insights into how seemingly simple sensory experiences can profoundly influence our emotional and psychological states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asmr-as-a-friend-to-mental-health">ASMR as a friend to mental health</h2>



ASMR provides an accessible way to combat anxiety, depression, and insomnia for many enthusiasts.



This sensory phenomenon, characterized by tingling sensations typically starting on the scalp, often helps people relax and unwind.



Despite calling for more research to establish this link, the countless personal stories and testimonials of people finding relief through ASMR are compelling and aplenty.



These experiences suggest that ASMR has the potential to be a valuable tool for mental health and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critics-doubters-and-haters">Critics, doubters, and haters</h2>



Every coin has two sides, and ASMR is no exception. Some individuals perceive these videos as eerie or simply irritating, often describing the sounds and visuals as unsettling or discomforting.



Critics often question the scientific foundation of the phenomenon, suggesting that the effects could be attributed to a placebo or heightened suggestibility. They argue for more rigorous research to validate the claims made by ASMR enthusiasts.



However, despite this skepticism, many who advocate for ASMR experience tangible benefits. These individuals report profound relaxation, reduced anxiety, and improved sleep quality. For them, it's not just a fleeting trend but a valuable tool for enhancing their well-being.



If ASMR piques your curiosity, the best approach is to explore various types of videos. To enrich your experience, consider finding a quiet environment, using high-quality headphones, and experimenting with different artists and triggers.



Engaging with ASMR offers an opportunity to explore its potential benefits deeply, fostering a broader understanding of how sensory experiences can impact well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-ahead-for-asmr">Road ahead for ASMR</h2>



In summary, ASMR, or Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response, can help people relax and feel calm. They work by triggering the brain to release 'feel good' chemicals, which slow heart rates and reduce stress.



Common ASMR triggers include whispering, tapping, and brushing. People use ASMR for various reasons like winding down after a stressful day or helping with sleep problems.



The soothing sounds and gentle voices in ASMR videos can make viewers feel connected to the creators, almost like having a supportive friend.



ASMR also has its critics who find the videos unsettling or question the science behind it. They argue that the effects could be due to a placebo or suggestibility.



Despite this, many fans experience genuine relaxation and reduced anxiety thanks to ASMR. To explore ASMR, find a quiet spot, use good headphones, and try different triggers.



As its fanbase continues to grow, ASMR is proving not to be just a passing trend. With more in-depth studies on the horizon, we can hope to understand the mechanics and potential benefits of ASMR better. Meanwhile, the tingling sensations are here to soothe and relax millions.



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ASMR: Science and sensation behind the tingles and tranquility

Have you ever felt a tingling sensation crawling down from...

We live in an expansive universe, brimming with celestial bodies that conceal enigmas and secrets. Today, we delve into the intriguing revelations about the exoplanet LHS 1140 b, a possible super-Earth that teems with the potential of water, ice, and even life.



The explorers behind this study, an international team of astronomers led by <a href="https://www.umontreal.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Université de Montréal</a>, stumbled upon this riveting discovery, challenging the preceding presumption of this exoplanet as a mini-Neptune.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lhs-1140-b-in-the-goldilocks-zone">LHS 1140 b in the 'Goldilocks' Zone</h2>



Though initially speculated to be a mini-Neptune when discovered, new analysis paints a different portrait of LHS 1140 b, an exoplanet located just 48 light-years away in the constellation Cetus. 



The findings suggest it could be one of the most promising exoplanets in its star’s habitable region -- or "Goldilocks' zone" -- circling a low-mass red dwarf star, potentially harboring an atmosphere and maybe even an ocean of liquid water that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trappist-1-has-seven-earth-like-planets-that-may-support-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">could support life</a>.



Why the fuss about this particular exoplanet? Well, it orbits its star at a distance that is just right - not too hot, not too cold - for liquid water (and thus, life as we know it) to exist. 



LHS 1140 b resides in what is also known as the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-expands-the-habitable-zone-where-we-may-find-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable zone</a>" and is one of the closest exoplanets to Earth that has been found in this important region so far. Exciting thought, to say the least.



The researchers, led by Charles Cadieux, a Ph.D. student at UdeM's Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets (<a href="https://exoplanetes.umontreal.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iREx</a>), supervised by professor René Doyon, reported that LHS 1140 b is 1.7 times the size of Earth and 5.6 times its mass.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-lhs-1140-b-unveiled">Mysteries of LHS 1140 b unveiled</h2>



Is LHS 1140 b a mini-Neptune with a thick, hydrogen-rich atmosphere or a super-Earth with a rocky surface? Or perhaps a "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-k2-18-b-studied-again-confirm-presence-dms-gas-only-produced-by-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hycean world</a>" with a global ocean enveloped by a hydrogen-rich atmosphere? 



These were the questions that intrigued the team of astronomers. They looked for answers using the James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) and in December 2023, they got "director's discretionary time" (DDT) to observe two transits of the exoplanet.



Surprisingly, their findings excluded the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mini-neptune-toi-4633c-habitable-zone-binary-star-system-puzzles-astronomers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mini-Neptune</a> scenario, adding weight to the suggestion that LHS 1140 b might be a super-Earth, possibly with a nitrogen-rich atmosphere. 



If corroborated further, this could make LHS 1140 b the first temperate planet to show evidence of a secondary atmosphere, formed post the planet’s initial formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowballs-ice-and-liquid-water">Snowballs, ice, and liquid water</h2>



Analysis leads researchers to believe that 10 to 20 percent of LHS 1140 b might consist of water, implying it could be a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-finds-a-water-rich-planet-with-a-steamy-atmosphere-named-gj-9827d/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water world</a>, possibly a snowball or ice planet with a potential liquid ocean at the sub-stellar point. 



This region is the area of the planet’s surface always facing the system’s host star due to the planet’s expected synchronous rotation (like the Earth’s Moon).



So, what does this all mean? Cadieux, the lead author of the new study, puts it beautifully, saying, “Of all currently known temperate exoplanets, LHS 1140 b could well be our best bet to one day indirectly confirm liquid water on the surface of an alien world beyond our Solar System.”



While it's still a tentative result, the suggested nitrogen-rich atmosphere on LHS 1140 b implies the planet has retained a substantial atmosphere, creating conditions <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supportive of liquid water</a>.



If this fascinating exoplanet does bear an Earth-like atmosphere, it would be a snowball planet with a "bull’s-eye" ocean about 4,000 kilometers in diameter, half the surface area of the Atlantic Ocean, possibly with a pleasant 20 degrees Celsius at the center.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lhs-1140-b-and-future-habitability-studies">LHS 1140 b and future habitability studies</h2>



Exoplanet LHS 1140 b stands out as an exceptional candidate for future habitability studies due to its potential atmosphere and the right conditions for liquid water. 



However, confirming this and distinguishing between the snowball planet and bull’s-eye ocean planet scenarios requires more observations.



According to Doyon, detecting an Earth-like atmosphere on a temperate planet would push the Webb’s capabilities to the max. 



He asserts, “The current hint of a nitrogen-rich atmosphere begs for confirmation with more data. We need at least one more year of observations to confirm that LHS 1140 b has an atmosphere, and likely two or three more to detect carbon dioxide.”



So, the quest continues, and as we do, we inch closer to answering the age-old question - are we alone in the universe? Only time will tell, but the discovery of LHS 1140 b rouses hope in even the faintest of hearts.



A preprint version of the UdeM study is currently available on <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2406.15136" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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Exoplanet close to Earth is our 'best bet' yet at finding alien ocean life

We live in an expansive universe, brimming with celestial bodies...

Have you ever wondered what a gas giant might smell like? One nearby exoplanet, HD 189733 b, sure does make its presence known with a scent that you'd probably want to avoid -- it smells like rotten eggs.



Understandably, this aromatic aspect is actually extremely fascinating to our scientists.



Meet HD 189733 b, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/exoplanet_HD-189733b_star_rotten-eggs_hydrogen-sulfide_credit-roberto-moral_JHU_2.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a Jupiter-sized exoplanet</a> that orbits a star relatively close to our own cosmic neighborhood.



Recent research from <a href="https://www.jhu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> reveals that this planet is abundant in hydrogen sulfide, a gas notorious for its rotten egg smell.



Dr. Guangwei Fu, the lead researcher and an astrophysicist at Johns Hopkins, spearheaded this fascinating study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-189733-b-has-hydrogen-sulfide">HD 189733 b has hydrogen sulfide</h2>



“Hydrogen sulfide is a major molecule that we didn’t know was there. We predicted it would be, and we know it’s in Jupiter, but we hadn’t really detected it outside the solar system,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://physics-astronomy.jhu.edu/directory/guangwei-fu/">Fu</a>. 



“We’re not looking for life on this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-exoplanet-gliese-12-b-only-40-light-years-away-earth-like-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a> because it’s way too hot, but finding hydrogen sulfide is a stepping stone for finding this molecule on other planets and gaining more understanding of how different types of planets form.”



By uncovering these elements, we pave the way toward a deeper understanding of the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galactic-benchmark">Galactic benchmark</h2>



HD 189733 b is practically in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-sized-exoplanet-orbiting-ultracool-dwarf-star-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronomical backyard</a>, located merely 64 light-years away. Notably, it’s the closest "hot Jupiter" we can observe transiting its star.



This proximity, coupled with its rapid two-Earth-day orbit, makes it an ideal subject for in-depth studies of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-habitable-worlds-observatory-hwo-telescope-aims-find-inhabited-planets-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanetary</a> atmospheres. 



Studying such close exoplanets can revolutionize our understanding of atmospheric dynamics. This intriguing prospect is what drives scientists to explore and unravel the mysteries of distant worlds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hellish-haven-with-glass-rain">Hellish haven with glass rain</h2>



HD 189733 b was first observed back in 2005 and earned the nickname 'hot Jupiter' due to its similar chemical makeup to Jupiter, but with much more sizzling temperatures.



The planet is 10% larger than Jupiter and maintains a blazing average temperature of 1,700°F (926°C). This searing heat is a result of its close proximity to the host star.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/exoplanet_HD-189733b_rotten-eggs_hydrogen-sulfide_credit-roberto-moral_JHU_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/exoplanet_HD-189733b_rotten-eggs_hydrogen-sulfide_credit-roberto-moral_JHU_1s.jpg" alt="Exoplanet HD 189733 b smells like rotten eggs due to hydrogen sulfide. Credit: Roberto Moral/JHU" class="wp-image-1938653"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Exoplanet HD 189733 b smells like rotten eggs due to hydrogen sulfide. Credit: Roberto Moral/JHU</figcaption></figure>



Another shocking aspect of HD 189733 b is its unprecedented weather conditions. Imagine winds so powerful that they sweep glass-like silicate particles at a blistering speed causing a sideways rain.



“HD 189733 b is not only a gas giant planet, but also a ‘giant’ in the field of exoplanets because it is one of the first transiting exoplanets ever discovered,” said Fu.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glass-rain-on-hd-189733-b-and-its-implications">Glass rain on HD 189733 b and its implications</h3>



The phenomenon of glass rain on HD 189733b is both extraordinary and terrifying. These microscopic shards of glass, composed primarily of silicates, are propelled by fierce winds across the planet’s atmosphere.



At speeds reaching up to 5,000 miles per hour, this glass rain doesn't fall gently like rain on Earth; instead, it lashes horizontally, creating a truly alien meteorological event. 



The incorporation of these high-speed silicate particles transforms the weather into a hazardous spectacle, where the atmosphere becomes a symphony of sharp, swirling fragments.



This unique scenario not only highlights the diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-habitable-worlds-observatory-hwo-telescope-aims-find-inhabited-planets-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanetary</a> climates but also underscores the violent and inhospitable nature of some celestial bodies in our universe.



Such extreme weather patterns offer invaluable insights into atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trappist-1-has-seven-earth-like-planets-that-may-support-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamics</a> and the complex interactions between a planet and its stellar environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sulfur-s-role-on-exoplanet-hd-189733">Sulfur’s role on exoplanet HD 189733</h2>



“Sulfur is a vital element for building more complex molecules, and -- like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphate -- scientists need to study it more to fully understand how planets are made and what they’re made of,” Fu said.



The observation of hydrogen sulfide gives scientists a new tool to track sulfur in gas planets outside our solar system. 



The implications of this discovery are huge. As per Fu, studying more hot Jupiters might give insights on how these planets form as compared to our own Jupiter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saying-no-to-methane">Saying no to methane</h2>



The egg-smelling exoplanet HD 189733 b also surprised astronomers by ruling out any presence of methane in its atmosphere, countering previous claims about the molecule’s abundance. 



"We had been thinking this planet was too hot to have high concentrations of methane, and now we know that it doesn’t," Fu clarified.



In the near future, Fu’s team plans to track sulfur in more exoplanets and figure out how high levels of the compound might influence how they form near their parent stars. 



"We want to know how these kinds of planets got there, and understanding their atmospheric composition will help us answer that question," Fu elucidated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-egg-smelling-exoplanet-s-significance">Egg-smelling exoplanet's significance</h2>



“This Jupiter-mass planet is very close to Earth and has been very well studied. Now we have this new measurement to show that indeed the metal concentrations it has provide a very important anchor point to this study of how a planet’s composition varies with its mass and radius,” Fu said. 



“The findings support our understanding of how planets form through creating more solid material after initial core formation and then are naturally enhanced with heavy metals.”



It is noteworthy that this crucial research was supported by NASA through the JWST GO program. The findings from this study not only enhance our knowledge about exoplanets but provide valuable insights that could potentially revolutionize our understanding of planetary formation and composition. 



So, even though HD 189733 b might smell a bit funky, its importance in our quest to understand the cosmos is nothing to snicker at.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07760-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Deadly exoplanet with 'glass rain' smells like rotten eggs

Have you ever wondered what a gas giant might smell...

Curiosity, it has driven humanity since the dawn of time. And sometimes, it's what makes us stumble upon a surprising find on a peaceful walk along the beach. And in this case, we are talking about an incredible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-discovered-zimbabwe-named-musankwa-sanyatiensis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discovery</a> of a dinosaur named Comptonatus chasei.



Nick Chase, an avid fossil collector, had managed to unearth a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/dinosaur_Comptonatus-chasei_hip-bone_credit-Plymouth_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">125-million-year-old dinosaur</a> at Compton Bay, Isle of Wight in 2013.



Unfortunately, Nick couldn't live to see the full glory of his find, as he passed away due to cancer. But his dedication lives on in the discovery that took the world of paleontology by storm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-enthusiasts-nick-and-jeremy">Dinosaur enthusiasts Nick and Jeremy</h2>



Taking the reins after Nick's demise, Jeremy Lockwood, a retired GP, and a <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> PhD student has been on the front-line of the dinosaur's analysis. 



Lockwood's journey involved years of examining a massive 149-bone skeleton that lay before him.



Honoring Nick's commitment and unparalleled knack for fossil hunting, Lockwood christened the new-found genus and species, 'Comptonatus chasei'.



“Nick had a phenomenal nose for finding dinosaur bones - he really was a modern-day Mary Anning. He collected fossils daily in all weathers and donated them to museums. I was hoping we’d spend our dotage collecting together as we were of similar ages, but sadly that wasn’t to be the case," Jeremy recalled.



Despite his many wonderful discoveries over the years, including the most complete Iguanodon skull ever found in Britain, this is the first dinosaur to be named after him.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-dinosaur-genus">Cracking the dinosaur genus</h2>



Initially thought to be a 'Mantellisaurus', the new specimen turned out to play a significant role in unveiling more about dinosaur <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/koleken-inakayali-dinosaur-arms-smaller-than-t-rex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a>. 



In fact, Comptonatus chasei marks the second genus ever to be described by Lockwood. And what's more intriguing? Its pubic hip bone was as large as a dinner plate!



Now, if you're anything like me, you might be wondering, why in the world did this dinosaur need a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/dinosaur_Comptonatus-chasei_hip-bone_credit-Plymouth_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinner-plate-sized pubic hip bone</a>?



According to Lockwood, it's all speculation but possibilities include altered locomotion, better support for stomach contents, or even a unique breathing technique.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comptonatus-chasei-and-evolving-ecosystems">Comptonatus chasei and evolving ecosystems</h2>



Lockwood's dinosaur -- Comptonatus, a name derived from its discovery site, Compton Bay and 'tonatus', Latin for 'thunderous' -- weighed around a ton, similar to a large male American bison.



Fossil footprints nearby suggest these dinosaurs lived in herds and could have caused quite the rumble when startled by predators!



"Comptonatus is a fantastic dinosaur <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-discovery-reveals-ancient-alaska-warm-lush-landscape/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">specimen</a>: one of the most complete to be found in the UK in a century," " stated Dr. Susannah Maidment, a senior researcher, and palaeontologist at the Natural History Museum. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/dinosaur_Comptonatus-chasei_hip-bone_credit-Plymouth_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/dinosaur_Comptonatus-chasei_hip-bone_credit-Plymouth_1s.jpg" alt="Hip bone of Comptonatus chasei discovered in the UK. Credit: Plymouth" class="wp-image-1938789"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Hip bone of Comptonatus chasei discovered in the UK. Credit: Plymouth</figcaption></figure>



"Its recognition as a new species is due to incredibly detailed work by NHM Scientific Associate Dr Jeremy Lockwood, whose research continues to reveal that the diversity of dinosaurs in southern England in the Early Cretaceous was much greater than previously realised.&nbsp;



"The specimen, which is younger than Brighstoneus but older than Mantellisaurus (two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-identified-on-the-isle-of-wight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iguandontian dinosaurs</a> closely related to Comptonatus) demonstrate fast rates of evolution in iguandontian dinosaurs during this time period, and could help us understand how ecosystems recovered after a putative extinction event at the end of the Jurassic Period."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-comptonatus-chasei-discovery">Implications of Comptonatus chasei discovery</h2>



The Isle of Wight has witnessed an astonishing increase in new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/isle-of-wight-fossils-suggest-that-europe-had-unique-plant-eating-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur species</a> named in the last five years. From four in the entirety of the 1900s to eight new species today.



"This really is a remarkable find. It helps us understand more about the different types of dinosaurs that lived in England in the Early Cretaceous. This adds to recent research that shows that Wessex was one of the world’s most diverse ecosystems,” Lockwood beams with pride.



The fossil now graces the collections at the Dinosaur Isle Museum in Sandown on the Isle of Wight.



“This extraordinary discovery at National Trust's Compton Bay highlights the rich natural heritage of the Isle of Wight…We are thrilled to be part of this ongoing journey of discovery and scientific advancement," stated Mike Greenslade, General Manager for the National Trust on the Isle of Wight.



This tale of dinosaur genus <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megaraptor-species-named-fujianipus-yingliangi-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discovery</a> reminds us of the wonders that lay beneath the soils and the seas, waiting to be unearthed. It calls on us to explore, to learn, and to understand the world that existed before us. 



&nbsp;The paper is published today in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tjsp20/current" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</a>.&nbsp;



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New dinosaur discovery is most complete skeleton ever found

Curiosity, it has driven humanity since the dawn of time....

In a groundbreaking study that sheds light on early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-crucial-role-global-agriculture-environment-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farming practices</a> in equatorial eastern Africa, a plethora of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-humans-used-ancient-plant-fiber-technology-to-make-tools-39000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient plant</a> remains have been unearthed near the Lake Victoria region of Kenya.



This fascinating finding confirms the long-standing belief that this region was pivotal in early agriculture. The challenge has been the lack of concrete evidence from actual physical crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historic-plant-farming-discovery">Historic plant farming discovery</h2>



Archaeologists and academics from various institutions have joined hands to produce the largest and most extensively dated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/olives-were-first-cultivated-7000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">archaeobotanical</a> record from interior east Africa - a region previously unsuccessful in yielding ancient plant remains.



The research resolves the lack of clarity surrounding the origins of early plant farming in the expansive and diverse region of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.



“There are many narratives about how agriculture began in east Africa, but there’s not a lot of direct evidence of the plants themselves," said Natalie Mueller, an assistant professor of archaeology at <a href="https://wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.



Through the activities conducted at Kakapel Rockshelter, Mueller and the team discovered an extensive assemblage of plants, including numerous crop remains. 



This notable past underlines a history of diverse and adaptable farming systems, standing as an antithesis to current stereotypes about Africa.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-early-agricultural-practices">Decoding early agricultural practices</h2>



The research unveils a slow yet steady introduction of various crops sourced from different parts of Africa. 



Of significant importance are the remnants of the cowpea, discovered at Kakapel and dating back 2,300 years. Cowpea, believed to have its origins in West Africa, marks the earliest known arrival of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-first-domesticated-in-israel-11000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domesticated crop</a> in eastern Africa.



“Our findings at Kakapel reveal the earliest evidence of domesticated crops in east Africa, reflecting the dynamic interactions between local herders and incoming Bantu-speaking farmers," noted Emmanuel Ndiema from the National Museums of Kenya.



This finding underscores Kenya’s deep-seated agricultural roots, while fostering an understanding of how past human adaptations can guide future food security and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-insights-from-kakapel-rockshelter">Unique insights from Kakapel Rockshelter </h2>



Located north of Lake Victoria, near the Kenya-Uganda border, the Kakapel Rockshelter is a nationally recognized archaeological site. 



Its rich deposits chronicle more than 9,000 years of human occupation, providing a unique insight into the evolution of human societies.



“Kakapel Rockshelter is one of the only sites in the region where we can see such a long sequence of occupation by so many diverse communities," said Steven T. Goldstein, an anthropological archaeologist at the <a href="https://business.pitt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pittsburgh</a>.



The techniques employed during the excavation have effectively captured the arrival of domesticated plants in the region and their subsequent impact on the human ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-letting-the-crops-tell-a-story">Letting the crops tell a story</h2>



The importance of the research extends to numerous fields, including historical linguistics, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-science-is-becoming-increasingly-critical-to-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant science</a> and genetics, African history, and domestication studies.



Mueller continues to explore the enigma of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-desert-plants-are-not-immune-to-crop-viruses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild plants</a> in the oldest parts of the site. “This is where human evolution occurred. If we can get that kind of information from this assemblage, then that is a great contribution.”



Hence, the research not only enriches our knowledge of early agricultural practices but also holds the potential to redesign Africa’s agricultural narrative.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interdisciplinary-insights-into-early-farming">Interdisciplinary insights into early farming</h2>



Understanding early farming practices in East Africa necessitates an interdisciplinary approach that blends archaeology, anthropology, botany, and paleoclimatology. 



The collaboration between diverse scientific fields has unveiled a comprehensive picture of how ancient civilizations adapted to their environment. 



For instance, isotope analysis of plant remains provides clues about past climate conditions, while genetic studies trace the lineage and domestication pathways of staple crops like cowpea and sorghum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-agriculture">Implications for modern agriculture</h2>



The profound insights gleaned from the study of early agricultural practices in East Africa provide invaluable lessons for modern agriculture. 



The resilience and adaptability demonstrated by ancient farming communities are particularly relevant in the context of contemporary challenges such as climate change, soil degradation, and food insecurity. 



By revisiting and integrating traditional agricultural knowledge, contemporary farmers can develop sustainable practices that align with ecological balance and long-term productivity.



Moreover, the interdisciplinary approach adopted in this research paves the way for future studies. 



There is a growing need for continued exploration into the genetic diversity of indigenous crops, the rediscovery of forgotten agricultural techniques, and the application of advanced technologies to decode historical data. 



This ongoing research holds the potential to not only clarify the agricultural heritage of East Africa but also to guide innovative solutions that can be adapted globally.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2747" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Evidence of earliest plant farming by humans discovered in East Africa

In a groundbreaking study that sheds light on early farming...

In our cosmic backyard, a fascinating phenomenon known as gravitational waves has been quietly reshaping the way we understand the universe. 



Originating from violent cosmic incidents and carrying whispers from far corners of the universe, these elusive ripples in the fabric of space-time were first observed in 2015. 



Today, we delve into a new study by <a href="https://profiles.ucr.edu/app/home/profile/yanou" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yanou Cui</a> from the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a>, which opens up fresh avenues of thought in this field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dancing-to-the-tune-of-simple-matter">Dancing to the tune of simple matter</h2>



Cui's study, appearing in the respected journal Physical Review Letters, revolves around a particular kind of ultra-light <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-reveal-the-origin-of-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scalar field matter</a>. Imagine the incredibly small mass of an electron. 



Now, think of something a million or a billion times lighter than that. Mind-boggling, isn't it? These ultra-light particles, with no internal spin, pervade the universe, behaving more like waves than particles.



“This mechanism of creating detectable gravitational wave backgrounds may shed light on the puzzling <a href="https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/06/28/after-15-years-pulsar-timing-yields-evidence-of-cosmic-gravitational-wave-background/">gravitational wave signal recently captured by pulsar timing observatories</a>,” Cui explained. 



“Another exciting implication is that the very same form of matter may be identified as dark matter, the mysterious substance believed to make up most of the universe's mass which has puzzled scientists for decades.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symphony-of-gravitational-waves">Symphony of gravitational waves</h2>



To hear the tune of gravitational waves, they have to be loud enough and fall within detectable frequency ranges. These waves are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matter-spacetime-gravitational-waves-fabric-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ripples in spacetime</a> caused by some of the most energetic processes in the universe. 



Cui's research suggests that these simple forms of matter, such as primordial fields, kicked off a detectable background of gravitational waves shortly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visible-matter-dark-matter-evolved-together-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">after the Big Bang</a>. This background provides a cosmic fingerprint of events that took place in the early universe. 



Once the universe's expansion rate overtakes the mass of the scalar field, the production of these gravitational waves comes to a halt. 



This transition marks a significant moment in the evolution of the universe, offering insights into the fundamental processes that have shaped our cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-post-big-bang-universe">Post-Big Bang universe</h2>



Imagine a universe merely a fraction of a second old, its expansion rate on par with the mass of the simple scalar field matter we just discussed. 



During this almost incomprehensibly brief moment, the universe was a hot, dense state, filled with an incredibly energetic mix of particles and radiation.



It's during this narrow time window that gravitational waves were born, rippling through the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twisted-galaxies-millions-of-light-years-away-captured-by-the-vlt-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fabric of spacetime</a>. 



As the universe expanded beyond this point, cooling and evolving, particle production stopped due to internal mechanisms, transitioning into a more stable phase. 



This early era laid the foundation for the complex structures we observe in the cosmos today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-breakthrough">Dark matter breakthrough?</h2>



Why haven't we come across these simple matter forms before? The answer lies in their elusive nature. Cui notes that their interaction with known matter is through a feeble gravitational connection, making them incredibly difficult to detect. 



"The gravitational wave signal we demonstrated is the way to detect them," emphasizes Cui. By identifying this matter as, potentially, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-discovers-dark-matter-clump-center-draco-dwarf-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, we can finally start unravelling this cosmic mystery.



The potential identification of this ultra-light scalar field matter as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-consist-of-particles-that-travel-faster-than-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a> is no small feat. This discovery not only helps us understand the composition of the enigmatic dark matter but also provides a plausible explanation for the baffling pulsar timing observations made last year. 



These observations had left many scientists puzzled, as the timing anomalies could not be easily explained by existing models. By linking these anomalies to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theory-gravity-exists-without-mass-so-dark-matter-does-not-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, researchers are opening up new avenues for further study and experimentation. 



This breakthrough could significantly advance our knowledge of the universe and its underlying mechanisms, potentially leading to more groundbreaking discoveries in the field of astrophysics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demystifying-gravitational-waves-and-dark-matter">Demystifying gravitational waves and dark matter</h2>



This research is more than a scientific study - it's an invitation to explore the universe as never before. Cui's work lays the groundwork for us to use the cosmos as a gigantic laboratory, testing and probing fundamental physics principles.



When it comes to the cosmos, nothing exists in isolation. Cui's research underscores the interconnectedness of cosmic phenomena. 



The discovery and study of gravitational waves lead us to insights into dark matter, one of the most elusive elements of the universe.



Yanou Cui's research on gravitational waves and ultra-light scalar field matter provides a significant headway in solving the cosmic conundrum. It reminds us of the importance of exploring the universe with an open mind and inventive strategies.



With each discovery, we come closer to understanding the universe's intricate fabric, and every step forward on this journey unravels the secrets of the cosmos and our place within it. Stay tuned as we continue to decode the universe, one gravitational wave at a time.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.021004">Physical Review Letters</a>.



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Gravitational waves, dark matter, and the big bang

In our cosmic backyard, a fascinating phenomenon known as gravitational...

Imagine a far-off planet, not too different from Saturn, but with a twist. This is HD 149026 b, charmingly known as Smertrios.



A team of astronomers led by Sayyed A. Rafi of the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a> recently took a closer look at the mysterious atmosphere of Smertrios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curious-case-of-smertrios">Curious case of Smertrios</h2>



Smertrios is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/smertrios_saturn-like-planet_water-atmosphere_possible-life_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metal-rich hot Saturn planet</a> that plays the orbiting game around a yellow subgiant star, HD 149026. 



Positioned quite comfortably at a distance of about 248.5 light-years from us, it's a fascinating celestial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitable-exoplanet-gliese-12-b-only-40-light-years-away-earth-like-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">object</a> that we're still trying to understand.



This cosmic giant, though less massive, is about 0.81 times the size of Jupiter. It orbits its host star every 2.876 days from a distance of 0.043 AU. 



And if it could boast about one thing, it would be its sizzling equilibrium temperature - a whopping 1,693 Kelvin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drops-of-water-on-smertrios">Drops of water on Smertrios?</h2>



The ultimate goal of the astronomers was to comprehend the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sulfur-dioxide-found-on-distant-exoplanet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">composition</a> of Smertrios's atmosphere.



"Transmission spectroscopy presents one of the most successful approaches for investigating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-sized-exoplanet-orbiting-ultracool-dwarf-star-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheres of exoplanets</a>," the scientists noted.



"We analyzed the near-infrared high-resolution transmission spectrum of a hot Saturn, HD 149026 b, taken using CARMENES spectrograph."



The team found a water signal very close to where Smertrios should be. With a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 4.8, it was a discovery they could not ignore. 



However, the experts pointed out that this signal is only evidence -- not a confirmation -- of water vapor.



A tell-tale sign for the scientists was that Smertrios's carbon to oxygen ratio must be less than one. This is because the hydrogen cyanide abundance, expected to be very low if the atmosphere is homogeneous, depends on this ratio.



While the scientists did look for hydrogen cyanide, they did not find any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-habitable-worlds-observatory-hwo-telescope-aims-find-inhabited-planets-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a>. This, they believe, could be due to the low S/N dataset, so the presence of hydrogen cyanide cannot be entirely ruled out just yet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-inexplicable">Measuring the inexplicable</h2>



The study also ventured into measuring the orbital and rest velocities of Smertrios. They clocked in at about 158.17 and 2.57 km/s, respectively. 



What's intriguing, though, is that the orbital velocity matched the expectations, but the rest velocity was highly red-shifted. 



This anomaly could be due to a variety of scenarios, such as peculiar atmospheric dynamics or an orbit with non-zero eccentricity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-metallicity">Role of metallicity</h2>



Metallicity refers to the abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in a celestial object's atmosphere. Smertrios's high metallicity is an intriguing trait that's captured astronomers' imaginations. 



Why is this important? High metallicity can shape a planet's formation, structure, and even its atmosphere. 



By exploring Smertrios's metal-rich nature, we might uncover secrets about how planets form in metal-heavy environments.



This could reveal fascinating connections between a star’s metal content and the types of planets that orbit it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-exoplanetary-atmospheres">Implications for exoplanetary atmospheres</h2>



Detecting possible water vapor in Smertrios’s atmosphere changes how we understand exoplanet atmospheres. 



Water is vital in our hunt for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-k2-18-b-studied-again-confirm-presence-dms-gas-only-produced-by-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable environments</a> since it’s crucial for many chemical and physical processes. 



While Smertrios is much too hot to support life as we know it, finding water vapor hints at similar processes happening on more temperate exoplanets.



This discovery encourages us to dive deeper into studying exoplanet atmospheres, helping us better grasp the diverse atmospheric compositions and dynamics throughout the galaxy.



The study is published in the preprint server <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.01266" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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Water detected on Saturn-like planet named Smertrios

Imagine a far-off planet, not too different from Saturn, but...

Forest succession plays a crucial role in the global climate system by influencing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestered</a> in our world's soils, which act as a vast, subterranean carbon sink.



As forests develop through different stages, the amount and quality of organic carbon stored in the soil can change significantly.



Soil stores large amounts of organic carbon, whose dynamic changes can have a huge impact on the global climate system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-process-of-forest-succession">The process of forest succession</h2>



Forest succession is a long-term ecological process that affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-pool-of-global-soil-carbon-alters-climate-change-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil organic carbon</a> (SOC) due to variations in plant community composition, microenvironment, plant debris stock, soil nutrient availability, and microbial community composition among different successional stages.



The process of forest succession involves complex interactions between vegetation, soil microorganisms, and environmental factors. 



As forests transition from early successional stages to mature ecosystems, the composition of plant species changes, affecting the quality and quantity of organic matter inputs to the soil. This, in turn, influences the soil's capacity to store and stabilize carbon over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtleties-of-soil-organic-carbon">Subtleties of soil organic carbon</h2>



A dedicated team of researchers at Taizhou University turned their attention to the subtleties of soil organic carbon (SOC) quality and stock during a forest's transition from one stage to the next.



With a focus on a subalpine forest series, the exploration looked into the deciduous broad-leaved, mixed broadleaf-conifer, middle-aged coniferous, and mature coniferous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazonian-dark-earth-could-be-used-to-boost-tree-reforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>. The study was focused on the region southeast of the Tibetan Plateau.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-succession-and-soil-carbon">Forest succession and soil carbon</h2>



The key finding in the study revealed a curvilinear relationship between soil organic carbon and the progression of the forest.



More specifically, the mixed forest stage held the highest SOC stock compared to the other forest types. The researchers attribute this to an increased amount of wood debris found in mixed forests.



Interestingly, despite holding the highest soil organic carbon stocks, mixed forests displayed poorer SOC quality relative to the other forests in the series. In addition, the researchers found that the deeper soil layers held on average 66% of the first meter's SOC stocks.



More surprisingly, the quality of SOC in these deeper layers surpassed that of the surface soil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balance-in-the-forest">Balance in the forest</h2>



The results of the study highlight the importance of mixed forests and plant debris in maintaining forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a>.



The significant proportion of SOC stock and its superior quality in deeper soil layers also point towards the potential for these soils to release substantial amounts of carbon dioxide under global changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-the-research-forward">Taking the research forward</h2>



According to study lead author Fei Li, the research findings have important implications. First of all, more mixed forests need to be cultivated and managed carefully to optimize terrestrial carbon sequestration. 



Second, preserving plant debris should become a crucial strategy in sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-forests-rapidly-changing-repercussions-looming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest management</a>. Lastly, models simulating the dynamic changes of SOC under global changes should distinguish between surface and deep soil.



The implications of the study hold great promise for understanding the interplay between forests, soils, and the carbon cycle. With this greater understanding, we can be more strategic in mitigating the impacts of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-succession-and-biodiversity">Forest succession and biodiversity</h2>



Forest succession not only influences soil organic carbon but also plays a crucial role in maintaining and enhancing biodiversity. 



As forests transition through different stages, the diversity of plant and animal species changes, creating a dynamic environment that supports a wide array of life forms. 



During the early stages of succession, pioneer species establish themselves, creating habitats for various insects and small animals. 



As the forest matures, it supports more complex ecosystems, with a greater variety of flora and fauna. This biodiversity is not just an outcome of succession but a driver of ecosystem health, resilience, and stability.



Understanding the synergetic relationship between forest succession and biodiversity can help in formulating conservation strategies that enhance both carbon sequestration and species richness. 



Promoting mixed forests, as highlighted in the study, can thus serve dual purposes: optimizing carbon capture and fostering a rich tapestry of life that contributes to the overall health of our planet's ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2197562024000393?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecosystems</a>. 



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Mixed forests store the most soil carbon

Forest succession plays a crucial role in the global climate...

A new study published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/41/7/msae114/7708214" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a> reveals that scientists struggle to reliably distinguish between different types of coca plants in South America despite the <a href="https://www.unodc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>'s efforts to monitor coca cultivation and related deforestation for decades. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-around-identification-nbsp">Limitations around identification&nbsp;</h2>



Typically, identification relies on leaf shape and size, but this method does not accurately differentiate between coca varieties used for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cocaine-fingerprints-non-users/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cocaine</a> extraction, traditional purposes, and wild-growing plants.



“To monitor the changing landscape of coca plantations, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime collects annual data on their areas of cultivation,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“However, attempts to delineate areas in which different varieties are grown have failed due to limitations around identification.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coca-plants-and-the-rising-demand-for-cocaine-nbsp">Coca plants and the rising demand for cocaine&nbsp;</h2>



Coca has been a crucial crop for Andean and Amazonian communities for at least 8,000 years and remains vital for millions of South Americans today.&nbsp;



Its leaves, rich in active compounds, are used for cultural rituals, medicinal treatments, nutritional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbal-supplements-often-contain-hidden-ingredients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supplements</a>, and as an everyday stimulant. 



However, in recent decades, global demand for cocaine has driven intensive coca agriculture, placing it at the center of armed conflict and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-coca-plants-nbsp">Origins of coca plants&nbsp;</h2>



Coca plants belong to the diverse genus Erythroxylum, which includes over 270 species, primarily native to the American tropics.&nbsp;



Two main cultivated coca species are Erythroxylum coca (Huánuco coca) and Erythroxylum novogranatense. The former is native to wet mountain forests in Peru and Bolivia, while the latter is found in the dry valleys of the Cordilleras and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Traditional use of these plants includes flavoring and stimulant additives, such as for Coca Cola.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inadequate-classification-system-nbsp">Inadequate classification system&nbsp;</h2>



Researchers used statistical methods to analyze 1,163 leaf outlines from 342 digital herbarium specimens of wild and cultivated coca, finding significant overlap between species and varieties.&nbsp;



This overlap likely leads to field misidentifications and highlights the need for diverse plant classification sources.&nbsp;



An inadequate classification system can impede the identification of new varieties, crucial for both cocaine extraction and alternative uses like food supplements, fibers, or pigments.



“We are rethinking how to classify coca plants, both cultivated and wild, after adding new data about their leaves and genes,” said study co-author Fabio Andrés Ávila, a scientist at the New York Botanical Garden.&nbsp;



“This is important for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/balancing-agricultural-expansion-and-biodiversity-loss-in-colombia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colombia's biodiversity</a> and for communities that use coca for traditional purposes, providing new information sources about the plants they depend on.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-relationships-between-coca-plants-nbsp">Genetic relationships between coca plants&nbsp;</h2>



In addition to leaf shape and size, the researchers explored genetic relationships between coca plants, comparing these findings with existing taxonomic classifications.&nbsp;



The experts assessed how well leaf traits matched genetic data and estimated when different coca species and varieties originated.&nbsp;



The results indicated that distinct coca plants began evolving long before humans arrived in South America, though the timeline for the emergence of cultivated, cocaine-yielding coca remains uncertain.



While leaf characteristics were found to be unreliable for identification, the study emphasizes the potential of genetic techniques for more accurate identification and monitoring of coca populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-sustainable-bioprospecting-programs">Developing sustainable bioprospecting programs</h2>



“One of the primary objectives of our research is to propose a stable classification system and a comprehensive genetic database. This will enable us to confidently identify the different populations, varieties and species of cultivated coca and their wild relatives,” said Oscar Alejandro Pérez-Escobar of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, another co-author of the paper.&nbsp;



“Such a system is crucial for developing sustainable bioprospecting programs and the coca tree holds immense potential in this regard. But first, it is essential to separate the plant’s valuable attributes from its association with the recreational drug, reshaping its perception and highlighting its positive uses.”



This study provides a new understanding of coca plant classification, which is essential for conservation, sustainable use, and reducing the plant’s association with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-drug-use-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recreational drug use</a>, thereby highlighting its beneficial uses.



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Wild coca plants are hard to distinguish from those used for cocaine

A new study published in the journal Molecular Biology and...

If you've ever wondered what keeps the universe together, you are not alone. Scientists around the globe have been engrossed in one question: what on earth (or should we say, in space) is dark matter? Despite the fact that it forms the majority of galaxies, this elusive matter is invisible and wrapped in mystery. It’s like the invisible ‘glue’ that binds the universe together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-galaxy-distribution">Dark matter galaxy distribution</h2>



Eduardo Vitral, lead author of the study from the Space Telescope Science Institute (<a href="https://www.stsci.edu/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">STScI</a>), explains the complexity of understanding dark matter. 



Although computer simulations <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theory-gravity-exists-without-mass-so-dark-matter-does-not-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict dark matter</a> should clump up in the center of a galaxy, most observations tell a different story.



Instead of an accumulation in the center (a density cusp), it seems the dark matter is spread more evenly across a galaxy. This discrepancy between theory and observation creates a layer of intrigue around dark matter.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/dark-matter_Draco-Dwarf-Spheroidal_hubble-space-telescope_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/dark-matter_Draco-Dwarf-Spheroidal_hubble-space-telescope_1s.jpg" alt="Draco Dwarf galaxy where Hubble spotted a likely dark matter clump. Credit: Hubble/NASA" class="wp-image-1938739"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Draco Dwarf galaxy where Hubble spotted a likely dark matter clump. Credit: Hubble/NASA</figcaption></figure>



In an attempt to add clarity to this debate, a team of astronomers decided to peek through the lens of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope.



They meticulously observed the dynamic motions of stars within the Draco dwarf galaxy, a system located around 250,000 light-years from Earth.



"Our models tend to agree more with a cusp-like structure, which aligns with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-consist-of-particles-that-travel-faster-than-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmological models</a>," said Vitral.



"While we cannot definitively say all galaxies contain a cusp-like dark matter distribution, it's exciting to have such well measured data that surpasses anything we've had before."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-galaxies-to-understand-dark-matter">Studying galaxies to understand dark matter</h2>



The astronomers employed a common approach to understanding dark matter distributions: studying the stars and their movements. 



By observing the stars and interpreting the <a href="https://hubblesite.org/glossary/#section-8d1cc847-0fb8-4e62-a0db-4745984f4c7f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doppler Effect</a>, they could gain valuable insights into the invisible matter's influence. 



However, there's a limit to what one can understand from this one-dimensional source of information. This is where a new perspective came into play.



In addition to observing the stars' shifting away from or close to us, the astronomers took the stars’ lateral movements into account (known as 'proper motion’). 



By blending line-of-sight velocity with proper motions, the team created an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unprecedented analysis</a> of the stars’ 3D movements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-the-most-out-of-the-data">Getting the most out of the data</h2>



"Improvements in data and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improvements in modeling</a> usually go hand in hand," explained Roeland van der Marel of STScI, a co-author of the paper who initiated the study more than 10 years ago.



"If you don’t have very sophisticated data or only one-dimensional data, then relatively straightforward models can often fit."



He explained that the more dimensions and complexity of data you gather, the more complex your models need to be to truly capture all the subtleties of the data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focusing-on-the-draco-dwarf-galaxy">Focusing on the Draco Dwarf Galaxy</h2>



With its relatively small size and spheroidal shape, the Draco dwarf galaxy, a satellite of the Milky Way, became the perfect candidate for their study.



Dwarf galaxies have a higher proportion of dark matter content, making them ideal for such research.



The team meticulously measured shifting stars over an 18-year period, thus reducing uncertainties and providing precise measurements.



"When measuring proper motions, you note the position of a star at one epoch and then many years later measure the position of that same star. You <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neutron-stars-may-hold-the-key-to-understanding-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">measure the displacement</a> to determine how much it moved," explained Sangmo Tony Sohn of STScI, another co-author of the paper and the principal investigator of the latest observational program.



"For this kind of observation, the longer you wait, the better you can measure the stars shifting."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-dark-matter-studies">Future of dark matter studies</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visible-matter-dark-matter-evolved-together-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methodologies and models</a> developed for the Draco dwarf galaxy will serve as a blueprint for future studies on other galaxies. The team is already analyzing Hubble observations of the Sculptor and Ursa Minor dwarf galaxies.



Moreover, the upcoming NASA's <a href="https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> will reveal new details of dark matter's properties among different galaxies, thanks to its ability to survey large swaths of the sky.



"This kind of study is a long-term investment and requires a lot of patience," reflected Vitral. "We're able to do this science because of all the planning that was done throughout the years to actually gather these data. 



The insights this brilliant team has collected are the result of a larger group of researchers that has been working on these things for many years.



So, the next time you look up at the stars, remember that astronomers are tirelessly working to understand the invisible ‘glue’ that binds the cosmos together. Their patience and perseverance might just provide the answer to the riddle of the invisible universe.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X">Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Hubble discovers dark matter 'clump' in center of  another galaxy

If you've ever wondered what keeps the universe together, you...

The question of whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-may-have-finally-discovered-life-on-mars/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> ever supported life has fascinated scientists and the public for years. Central to this mystery is understanding the planet's past climate: was it warm and wet, like Earth, or cold and icy, which would make it less hospitable to life? 



A new study suggests the latter, drawing parallels between Martian soils and those found in Newfoundland, Canada, a region with a cold subarctic climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-climate-record-in-soil-and-rocks">Mars’ climate record in soil and rocks</h2>



Published on July 7th in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01495-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications: Earth and Environment</a>, the study examined soils on Earth that contain materials similar to those in Mars' Gale Crater. Scientists often use soil to uncover environmental history, as the minerals present can reveal landscape evolution over time. 



Understanding how these materials formed could answer long-standing questions about Mars’ ancient environment. The soils and rocks of Gale Crater offer a record of Mars' climate from three to four billion years ago, a period when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-vanishing-water-mystery-new-insights-curiosity-rover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> was relatively abundant on the planet and life began on Earth.



“Gale Crater is a paleo lakebed - there was obviously water present. But what were the environmental conditions when the water was there?” said lead author Anthony Feldman, a soil scientist and geomorphologist at the <a href="https://www.dri.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Desert Research Institute</a> in Las Vegas. 



“We’re never going to find a direct analog to the Martian surface, because conditions are so different between Mars and Earth. But we can look at trends under terrestrial conditions and use those to try to extrapolate to Martian questions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-x-ray-amorphous-materials-nbsp">X-ray amorphous materials&nbsp;</h2>



NASA's Curiosity Rover has been exploring Gale Crater since 2011, uncovering various soil materials known as “X-ray amorphous material.”&nbsp;



These materials lack the typical repeating atomic structure of minerals, making them difficult to characterize using traditional techniques like X-ray diffraction.&nbsp;



The Curiosity Rover's findings indicated that these amorphous materials made up between 15% and 73% of the soil and rock samples in the Gale Crater.



“You can think of X-Ray amorphous materials like Jello,” Feldman said. “It’s this soup of different elements and chemicals that just slide past each other.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-chemical-information-nbsp">Limited chemical information&nbsp;</h2>



The Curiosity Rover's chemical analyses showed that these amorphous materials were rich in iron and silica but deficient in aluminum.&nbsp;



Beyond this limited chemical information, scientists still don't fully understand what these amorphous materials are or what their presence implies about Mars' historical environment. Investigating how these materials form and persist on Earth could help answer these questions about Mars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soils-on-earth-with-chemical-similarities-nbsp">Soils on Earth with chemical similarities&nbsp;</h2>



Feldman and his team searched for similar X-ray amorphous materials in Newfoundland's Tablelands, Northern California’s Klamath Mountains, and western Nevada.&nbsp;



These sites had serpentine soils expected to be chemically similar to those in the Gale Crater: rich in iron and silicon but lacking aluminum.&nbsp;



The varying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-rainfall-patterns-impact-plants-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>, snowfall, and temperature at these locations provided insight into the environmental conditions that produce and preserve amorphous materials.



Using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy, the researchers found that the subarctic conditions in Newfoundland produced materials chemically similar to those in the Gale Crater, lacking crystalline structure. Soils from warmer climates like California and Nevada did not show these similarities.



“This shows that you need the water there in order to form these materials,” Feldman explained. “But it needs to be cold, near-freezing mean annual temperature conditions in order to preserve the amorphous material in the soils.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improved-understanding-of-mars-past-climate">Improved understanding of Mars' past climate</h2>



Amorphous material is generally considered unstable because its atoms haven't organized into a final, crystalline form.&nbsp;



“There’s something going on in the kinetics - or the rate of reaction - that is slowing it down so that these materials can be preserved over geologic time scales,” Feldman explained.&nbsp;



“What we’re suggesting is that very cold, close to freezing conditions, is one particular kinetic limiting factor that allows for these materials to form and be preserved.”



“This study improves our understanding of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planets-impacted-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> of Mars. The results suggest that the abundance of this material in Gale Crater is consistent with subarctic conditions, similar to what we would see in, for instance, Iceland,” he concluded.



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Was Mars’ past climate supportive of life?

The question of whether Mars ever supported life has fascinated...

In the stunning landscapes of Africa, two lion brothers have shattered records with an audacious swim across a predator-riddled river. Their captivating story unfolds under the gaze of <a href="https://www.griffith.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Griffith University</a> and <a href="https://nau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a>.



Dr. Alexander Braczkowski, associated with Griffith’s <a href="https://www.griffith.edu.au/centre-planetary-health-food-security" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security</a>, steered a team that captured this daring expedition. 



The team utilized high-definition heat detection cameras mounted on drones to monitor the lions during their nocturnal crossing of the Kazinga Channel in Uganda, all under the vigilant eyes of the <a href="https://ugandawildlife.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uganda Wildlife Authority</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heroic-lion-brothers-jacob-and-tibu">Heroic lion brothers: Jacob and Tibu</h2>



Jacob, the 10-year-old local icon, is the hero of our tale. His partner in the swim, Tibu, is his brother. Jacob is famous for surviving against all odds, including losing a leg in a life-threatening accident.



As Dr. Braczkowski puts it, "Jacob has had the most incredible journey and really is a cat with nine lives."



Jacob's resilience is renowned. From surviving a buffalo attack to losing family members in lion body part trade, this lion has seen it all. Even after losing a leg to a poacher's steel trap, his spirit remains unbroken.



"Jacob and Tibu have managed to survive as long as they have in a national park that has experienced significant human pressures and high poaching rates - our science shows this population has nearly halved in just five years," Dr. Braczkowski recounted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lions-daring-swim">Lions daring swim</h2>



The daring swim across a channel teeming with hippos and crocodiles sets a new record. 



This remarkable event highlights the extreme and dangerous conditions of the channel, filled with some of the most formidable predators.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="YMxC0Oovr3-3731034-12187" type="single"]</div>



In comparison, previous attempts by lions to swim similar channels have typically spanned only a few meters. 



These attempts often ended in tragedy, as lions fell victim to crocodile attacks. The new record swim showcases a significant and courageous feat, emphasizing the perilous nature of the journey and the impressive endurance required to accomplish it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-in-search-of-love">In search of love</h2>



But why would the brave brothers risk such a hazardous kilometer-long swim?



"It’s likely the brothers were looking for females,” said Dr. Braczkowski. The duo had lost a fight for female affection hours before the swim, prompting them to undertake the dangerous journey across the channel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swimming-and-lion-s-plight">Swimming and lion’s plight</h2>



Dr. Braczkowski’s long-term study on African lions and predators in Ugandan National Parks offers us essential insights into the resilience of these majestic creatures, highlighting the skewed sex ratios in lion populations.



"Jacob and Tibu’s big swim is another important example that some of our most beloved wildlife species are having to make tough decisions just to find homes and mates in a human-dominated world,” said Dr. Braczkowski.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-conservation">Call for conservation</h2>



The astonishing journey of Jacob and Tibu emphasizes the urgent need for enhanced conservation efforts. Despite the immense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-know-far-less-about-four-footed-animals-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">challenges they face</a>, these lions symbolize hope and resilience in the face of adversity. 



Conservationists are calling for increased measures to protect wildlife habitats and address poaching threats. 



Dr. Braczkowski and his team are advocating for stronger enforcement of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-disturbing-details-about-the-state-of-earths-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife protection</a> laws and better community engagement to safeguard these magnificent creatures. Ensuring the survival of lions like Jacob and Tibu requires a collective effort.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-prospects-for-conservation">Future prospects for conservation</h2>



The story of Jacob and Tibu serves as a poignant reminder of the fragility of wildlife ecosystems and the incredible resilience displayed by these majestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-exist-today-ediacaran-period-earth-weak-magnetic-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>. 



Conservation efforts must evolve to address the nuanced challenges facing lions today, including habitat fragmentation, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict.



Programs that involve local populations in conservation efforts offer dual benefits: safeguarding wildlife while promoting community welfare.



Moreover, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-day-using-technology-to-protect-our-natural-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technological advancements</a> are crucial in enhancing research and conservation strategies. The use of high-definition heat detection cameras in Jacob and Tibu's case exemplifies the potential of technology in monitoring and protecting vulnerable species. 



Expanding these resources could lead to more accurate data collection, better-informed conservation plans, and ultimately, more effective preservation efforts.



Finally, public awareness and international collaboration cannot be overstated. Educational campaigns and global partnerships can drive policy changes and funding allocation, essential for large-scale conservation projects.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11597" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a>.



Video Credit: Luke Ochse



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Lions captured on video swimming across crocodile-infested river

In the stunning landscapes of Africa, two lion brothers have...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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