Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

New research reveals another surprising impact of human activity on the environment: New Zealand's native stoneflies have changed color due to human-induced changes.



The study, recently published in the journal Science, hails from the University of Otago. It reveals without a shadow of a doubt that humans are driving animal evolution.



If you thought that evolution was strictly Mother Nature's domain, think again. Our actions, it appears, have the power to shape the course of evolution.



The study was led by Professor Jon Waters, an expert in the Department of Zoology. He noted that the stonefly has become a different color due to recent deforestation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-art-of-survival">The art of survival</h2>



“In natural forested regions, a native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> has evolved ‘warning’ colors that mimic those of a poisonous forest species, to trick predators into thinking they are poisonous too," said Professor Waters.



“But the removal of forests since humans arrived has removed the poisonous species. As a result, in deforested regions the mimicking species has abandoned this strategy - as there is nothing to mimic - instead evolving into a different color.”



The game plan takes a drastic turn with humans in the picture. The deforestation that followed human arrival ousted the poisonous species. 



The species that the stoneflies mimicked no longer existed. Faced with this reality, the mimicking species abandoned its old strategy. 



So, in a remarkable demonstration of adaptability, the stoneflies evolved into a different color. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact-on-stonefly-evolution">Human impact on stonefly evolution</h2>



Have humans been unintentionally shaping the evolutionary trajectory of natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worm-youti-yuanshi-lived-520-million-years-ago-explains-insect-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>?



Historically speaking, the peppered moth population in the United Kingdom is the most famous example.



Their color change in response to industrial pollution in the 1800s sparked a global interest in the interactions between human activity and evolution. Yet, as Professor Waters notes, even that case has stirred some controversy.



This new stonefly study, on the contrary, provides irrefutable evidence of humans modifying the way native species interact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-interactions-of-species">Ecological interactions of species</h2>



Another co-author of the study, Dr Graham McCulloch, spoke about the impact of humans on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-play-a-much-bigger-role-in-seed-dispersal-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological interactions</a>, noting that our actions have jumbled the ecological interactions between species that evolved over millions of years. However, he remains hopeful.



"This study is important because it shows that, at least for some of our native species, there is the possibility of adapting to the environmental changes caused by humans, even when the change is rapid," said Dr. McCulloch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stoneflies-link-to-humans">Stoneflies' link to humans</h2>



The revelation about stoneflies is merely a fragment of a much larger tapestry of ecological change influenced by human presence.



Ecosystems are intricate webs where changes to one species can ripple across the network. The displacement or transformation of native species reverberates through the trophic levels, sometimes manifesting in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-happening-too-fast-for-some-species-to-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unforeseen ways</a>. 



The disappearance of the poisonous species in New Zealand's forests not only impacted the stoneflies but potentially affected other organisms within this microhabitat, altering food sources, predator-prey dynamics, and even pollination processes. 



Such interconnected consequences prompt us to reflect on the broader responsibilities entwined with our interventions in natural habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-of-stoneflies">Conservation of stoneflies</h2>



The ability of the stoneflies to evolve quickly in response to anthropogenic pressures provides a practical insight into conservation strategies. By understanding the inherent adaptability within species, conservationists can develop initiatives that support this resilience. 



Encouraging the preservation of genetic diversity is fundamental, as it equips species with the tools to navigate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nighttime-buzz-insect-activity-increases-by-31-4-at-night/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental changes</a>. 



Moreover, conservation efforts might also focus on facilitating natural adaptation processes by maintaining or restoring habitats that allow species the ecological room to maneuver and adapt. 



Dr. McCulloch and his team advocate for informed ecological interventions and policy-making that not only mitigate damage but actively encourage the natural capacity for adaptation. 



The research highlights the need for an adaptive management approach that responds to the dynamic changes unfolding in ecosystems worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictability-amidst-unpredictability">Predictability amidst unpredictability</h2>



The most fascinating aspect of this study, however, lies in the patterns it reveals. The stoneflies in different parts of the species' range have undergone similar changes due to human activity. 



They have adopted a similar strategy in response to deforestation. This surprising parallel suggests that evolution can be a predictable process, despite its unpredictable reputation.



It's evident from the <a href="https://www.otago.ac.nz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Otago</a> study that human actions are leaving an indelible imprint on the natural world. Yet, as the adaptability of the New Zealand stoneflies suggests, nature has quite a few tricks up its sleeve. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado5331" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Insects are changing color to adapt to human destruction

New research reveals another surprising impact of human activity on...

Humans stand tall and walk with a sense of achievement, but this ability took millions of years to develop. Our ancient ancestors crawled like reptiles before evolving into our upright posture. What caused this posture evolution?



Dr. Peter Bishop and Professor Stephanie Pierce from Harvard are using computer simulations and fossils to share their findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-to-upright-posture">Evolution to upright posture</h2>



It would be a simple and straightforward tale if our ancestors just one day decided to stand up straight and never look back. But <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammal-evolution-kicked-off-with-daring-experiments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>, the researchers discovered, is far from a linear journey.



After scrutinizing the biomechanics of various modern species and eight exemplary fossil species spanning 300 million years, they found dynamics that are more thrilling than a sci-fi movie.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-to-modern-posture">The journey to modern posture</h2>



In order to make sense of the evolutionary changes in posture, our researchers took a closer look at some modern analogs, including the sprawled tegu lizard, semi-upright alligator, and upright greyhound. 



In their own words, understanding how current creatures move and stand offers a fascinating glimpse into how posture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mammals-have-evolved-over-66-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolved over time</a>.



Moving from the present to the past, the researchers cast their eyes on eight fossil species from four continents, each representing a different epoch.



From the tiny proto-mammal Megazostrodon to the mammoth Ophiacodon, they used advanced digital biomechanical models to unravel the secrets of locomotion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-locomotion-of-species"> Locomotion of species</h2>



“By first studying these modern species, we greatly improved our understanding of how an animal’s anatomy relates to the way it stands and moves,” said Bishop. 



“We could then put it into an evolutionary context of how posture and gait actually changed from early synapsids through to modern mammals.” Dr. Bishop noted that the amount of force that a limb can apply to the ground is a critical determinant of locomotor performance in animals.



“If you cannot produce sufficient force in a given direction when it’s needed, you won’t be able to run as fast, turn as quickly, or worse still, you could well fall over.”



To better understand the factors behind mammals posture evolution, the researchers utilized a three-dimensional "feasible force space" that encapsulates the overall performance of a limb.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transition-to-upright-posture">Transition to upright posture</h2>



Armed with this biomechanical data, Dr. Bishop and Professor Pierce from <a href="https://oeb.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard's Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology</a> discovered that the evolutionary transition to an upright posture was a rollercoaster ride. 



Instead of a simple progression from sprawling to upright, they found that locomotor performance peaked and dipped over millions of years. 



Some ancient species showed flexibility. They were able to switch between more sprawled or upright postures, like today's versatile alligators and crocodiles.



These findings help to clarify some peculiarities seen in fossils. For example, they may explain why many early mammal ancestors had asymmetric hands, feet, and limb joints, traits more associated with sprawling postures.



The experts noted that, unlike modern placentals and marsupials found lying on their side, early mammal ancestors were often found in a splayed pose.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-in-reverse">Evolution in reverse</h2>



“The picture is emerging that the full complement of quintessentially therian traits was assembled over a complex and prolonged period, with the full suite attained relatively late in synapsid history,” said Professor Pierce.



Furthermore, the study hints at evolution's susceptibility to chance events and mass extinctions.



For example, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction - a catastrophe that eliminated 90% of life - seemingly influenced the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaw-dropping-mammal-evolution-discovery-fills-in-more-blanks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary path</a> of synapsids and forced a postural shift back towards sprawled poses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-footprints-of-ancient-creatures">Tracing the footprints of ancient creatures </h2>



The research examines how the footprints of ancient creatures provide compelling evidence of posture evolution. 



Footprint fossils, with their preserved stride lengths and toe arrangements, act as historical snapshots of prehistoric locomotion. 



By analyzing these prints, Dr. Bishop and Professor Pierce could draw conclusions about the gait and stance of extinct species. They discovered that some primordial footprints resembled those of both semi-upright and upright creatures, hinting at a transitional phase. 



This intersection between skeletal analysis and ichnology - the study of trace fossils - offers a richer, more nuanced view of the evolutionary journey to upright posture, revealing how our forebears literally left their mark on the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-studies-of-posture-evolution">Future studies of posture evolution</h2>



Understanding the nuances of postural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-evolved-similar-inner-ears-despite-different-ancestry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> contributes significantly to modern scientific and medical research.



Insights gained from these evolutionary studies can inform the development of advanced prosthetics and robotics, as the principles of biomechanical efficiency and adaptability seen in nature can inspire innovative design solutions. 



Furthermore, exploring the evolutionary trajectory of posture provides critical lessons concerning the adaptability of life in the face of climate change and environmental upheaval.



As we confront modern challenges, these studies serve as a reminder of the resilience embedded in life's history, offering guidance on how species might continue to adapt in an ever-changing world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-posture-evolution">New perspective on posture evolution</h2>



Unraveling the intricacies of how mammals came to stand upright has been a massive challenge. Thanks to advances in computing power and digital modeling, scientists like Dr. Bishop and Professor Pierce are offering fresh insights into this ancient mystery. 



As the researchers assert, the evolution of posture in mammals was far from a linear journey.



Their findings hint at a complex and fascinating history of evolutionary adaptation - and remind us just why we humans are quite extraordinary creatures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr2722" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Mammal evolution: The long journey from sprawling to upright posture

Humans stand tall and walk with a sense of achievement,...

What if the everyday materials people use come with a hidden price tag? A price not measured in dollars and cents, but unseen environmental impacts?



From steel in buildings to plastic in water bottles, the construction materials that shape our world carry an unaccounted climate cost.



A recent study by a team of engineers and economists at the University of California, Davis offers a fresh perspective.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-footprint-of-everyday-materials">Carbon footprint of everyday materials</h2>



The study revealed an eye-opening figure. The manufacturing of materials like steel, plastic, and cement is associated with $79 billion of climate damage annually in the United States.



Many argue that including these hidden costs in the market prices of goods would push the exploration and implementation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-technology-is-urgently-needed-to-save-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greener alternatives</a>.



Elisabeth Van Roijen, who earned a Ph.D. from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>, led the team on this project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



The team also included undergraduate researcher Paikea Colligan and postdoctoral researcher Seth Kane. They scrutinized the unseen climate costs of producing nine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ubiquitous materials</a>: aluminum, iron, steel, brick, cement, lime, gypsum, asphalt, glass, and plastics.



"Materials production is a primary driver of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions; yet the externalized costs of these emissions on society are not reflected in market prices," noted the researchers.



The team analyzed the quantity of the materials manufactured within the United States, the energy consumed in the process, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/state-of-the-climate-greenhouse-gases-hit-a-record-high-in-2022/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gases</a> emitted during manufacturing.



The researchers used the Environmental Protection Agency’s Social Cost of Carbon standard to assess the climate costs of the emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-costs-of-everyday-materials">Climate costs of everyday materials</h2>



The research revealed that in 2018, the U.S. produced 370 million tons of these materials, which resulted in 427 million tons of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide emissions</a>.



This led to $79 billion worth of climate costs - a figure not reflected in the materials' market price. The factors influencing climate costs fluctuate with material demand.



Manufacturing aluminum produces large volumes of carbon dioxide per product weight, while manufacturing an equivalent amount of brick contributes much less carbon dioxide.



The substantially higher production rate of bricks compared to aluminum means the impact on climate costs is substantial. Due to their high demand, steel and plastics contribute the most to climate costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-impact-of-manufacturing-processes">Hidden impact of manufacturing processes</h2>



The researchers found that 42% of the climate cost derived from the manufacturing processes rather than energy consumption.



Manufacturing cement releases carbon dioxide due to specific chemical reactions outside of energy consumption.



While people tackle climate costs from energy use by switching to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable sources</a>, process-related costs are harder to reduce unless they create new processes or find alternative materials.



Van Roijen emphasized the importance of researching alternative materials, such as partially substituting cement in concrete and developing biomass-based plastics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-towards-a-greener-economy">Moving towards a greener economy</h2>



Including these hidden climate costs in the retail price would reveal that manufacturing prices are higher than previously known.



Such realization paves the way for implementing policies that encourage the development and use of climate-friendly processes and materials.



Van Roijen believes that such shifts would make innovative materials like biomass-based plastics more cost-effective since the price accounts for carbon storage benefits.



The study's dataset provided valuable insights for practical and policy work. The method could be duplicated for other sectors and broaden the understanding of climate costs across the economy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-true-cost-of-everyday-materials">True cost of everyday materials </h2>



"This work unveils the significant, yet often unaccounted for, climate costs of materials production in the US, estimated at approximately 79 billion USD," wrote the study authors. 



The researchers noted that these findings highlight the true cost of materials production and address the disparities in market pricing which fail to reflect these externalities.



"Further, by examining the breakdown of emissions sources, this work serves as a foundation for the identification of relevant policy drivers to help mitigate emissions from materials production."



The research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Research Projects Agency.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad796e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Exposing the hidden climate costs of everyday materials

What if the everyday materials people use come with a...

Salt marshes are nature’s coastal defenders, and are gaining recognition as an essential line of protection against rising seas and increasingly intense storms.



As images of coastal homes being swept away become a more familiar sight, the impacts of climate change are undeniable. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salt-marshes-as-a-sustainable-solution">Salt marshes as a sustainable solution </h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) investigated the role that salt marshes play in protecting coastlines. 



The study, led by graduate student Ernie I. H. Lee and Professor Heidi Nepf, reveals that salt marshes are a cost-effective and sustainable solution for coastal defense.



"Each year, coastal storms threaten hundreds of millions of people, disrupt transportation networks, and produce billions of dollars in damage. In 2022, in the United States alone, coastal storms have resulted in economic losses over $165 billion," noted the study authors.



"These costs are projected to increase with sea level rise and with more frequent and more severe storms promoted by climate change."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-effective-coastal-protection">Cost-effective coastal protection </h2>



The research indicates that implementing measures to protect and enhance salt marshes in front of protective seawalls can protect some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/self-repairing-oyster-reefs-will-help-protect-coastlines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastlines</a>, and the cost is surprisingly reasonable.



According to Professor Nepf, protecting coastal marshes is not just something that would be nice to do, but is actually economically justifiable.



The researchers discovered that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-coastal-erosion-electricity-turns-sand-into-a-sea-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seawall</a> behind the salt marsh can be significantly lower due to the marshes' wave dampening effects. This saves on construction costs while offering the same protection from storms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-marshes-big-impact">Small marshes, big impact</h2>



The study highlights that even a small marsh can make a difference. This is encouraging news for places where it was thought preserving smaller marshes wasn't worth the cost.



“One of the other exciting things that the study really brings to light is that you don’t need a huge marsh to get a good effect. It could be a relatively short marsh, just tens of meters wide, that can give you benefit," said Professor Nepf. “We show that it can make enough of a difference to be financially viable."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-marshes-to-the-rescue">Urban marshes to the rescue</h2>



While the benefits of natural marshes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marshes-protect-shorelines-against-inclement-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitigating storm damage</a> are well-known, this study differs in its focus. 



According to Lee, the study emphasizes the solution's viability in urban settings, where space for marshland is constrained and seawalls are prevalent.



The MIT researchers developed a model that factored in the morphology of various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-coastal-salt-marshes-are-keeping-pace-with-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salt marsh</a> plants rather than relying on an empirical drag coefficient. 



They assessed the plant species' influence and changes in morphology across seasons without requiring field measurements for each condition.



The team based the cost-benefit analysis on a simple premise: how much of the seawall height could be reduced if a given amount of marsh accompanied it? This practical metric provided a concrete value to quantify the benefits of salt marshes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-real-world-example">A real-world example</h2>



Nepf and Lee validated their simulations using real-world examples. They studied local salt marshes in Salem, Massachusetts, where restoration projects are underway.



Their model showed a healthy salt marsh could replace an additional 1.7 meters of seawall height, maintaining the safety of pedestrians from wave overtopping.



Collating data for modeling a marsh is a labor-intensive process. To mitigate this, Lee developed a method using drone imaging and machine learning to enhance mapping.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantifying-the-value-of-ecosystem-services">Quantifying the value of ecosystem services</h2>



The White House Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs released guidelines for assessing the value of ecosystem services in federal project planning. Professor Nepf said they lack specific methods for quantifying value.



The study addressed this gap by providing practical tools to translate the wave attenuation capabilities of marshes into economic value.



The study also complements the Federal Emergency Management Agency's toolkit for benefit-cost analysis of environmental services.



As Lee notes, this is one of the applications policymakers can consider to quantify the environmental service values of marshes.



To facilitate this process, the software that environmental engineers apply to specific sites is available online for free on GitHub. "It’s a one-dimensional model accessible by a standard consulting firm,” said Professor Nepf.



Salt marshes represent a win-win situation for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-solutions-improve-coastal-defenses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal defense</a>. They provide an environmental benefit and a cost-effective solution.



"This paper presents a practical tool for translating the wave attenuation capabilities of marshes into economic values, which could assist decision-makers in the adaptation of marshes for nature-based coastal defense, " said Xiaxia Zhang, a professor at Shenzen University in China.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01753-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Salt marshes are enormously valuable for coastal protection

Salt marshes are nature’s coastal defenders, and are gaining recognition...

When you walk past a garden, it is easy to appreciate the burst of colors and fragrant aroma of blooming flowers.



Beyond their visual appeal, gardens offer a peaceful retreat for people seeking a connection with nature. 



Gardens do more than please our senses. According to a recent study, they serve as lifelines for vital pollinators, especially when farmland nectar is scarce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-gardens-in-nature">The role of gardens in nature</h2>



Researchers at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> uncovered an interesting phenomenon. They discovered that gardens aren’t just decorative spaces. They are essential sources of nourishment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-are-not-just-attracted-to-plants-by-scent-but-also-by-humidity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>.



These natural patches provide an abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-carrying-nectar-avoid-overheating-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nectar</a> - a vital pollinator lifeline during early spring and late summer when there is less farmland nectar.



During these crucial times, gardens meet 50% to 95% of a pollinator’s nectar needs. This highlights the importance of gardens in rural and urban areas. They help maintain healthy populations of bees, flies, butterflies, and other pollinators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-gardens-good-for-pollinators">Why are gardens good for pollinators?</h2>



Study lead author Dr. Thomas Timberlake is a senior research associate in Bristol’s&nbsp;School of Biological Sciences.



"It’s well known that gardens and urban areas can be great places for pollinators like bees, flies, and butterflies. In fact, past research shows that cities often have more types and numbers of pollinators than farming areas," said Dr. Timberlake. 



"There's also evidence that pollinator populations are healthier in rural areas when they're close to small towns or villages, so we know gardens are good for pollinators, but we don't fully understand why."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gardens-a-steady-source-of-nectar">Gardens: A steady source of nectar</h2>



The team set out to explore what makes gardens vital havens for pollinators. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-majority-of-global-farmland-is-at-risk-of-pesticide-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Farmland</a> offers high quantities of nectar but lacks stability and continuity. 



Gardens contribute less than 15 percent of the total nectar in rural areas, but their constant supply makes them invaluable pollinator food sources.



In the UK, more than 90 percent of farmland lies within one kilometer of a garden, which greatly extends the reach of the benefits that gardens have to offer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individuals-can-make-a-difference">Individuals can make a difference </h2>



The study drives home a message of responsibility and hope. 



"Many people feel powerless when it comes to fighting biodiversity loss, thinking it's too big of a problem to tackle on their own. But our study shows that individual citizens can make a big difference," said Dr. Timberlake.



By maintaining a pollinator-friendly garden with flowers blooming throughout the year, especially in early spring and late summer, anyone can support pollinators.



This individual effort resonates beyond the gardens' fences and benefits ecosystems at large.



“People can support pollinators in their gardens and surrounding farmland by simply making sure their garden has pollinator-friendly flowers blooming throughout the year - especially in early spring and late summer, when pollinators are hungriest,” noted Dr. Timberlake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-pollinator-conservation">The future of pollinator conservation</h2>



The team aims to explore specific plants that fill the nectar void during seasonal hunger gaps, and if gardens should be incorporated into future environmental stewardship programs.



If scientists find that gardens benefit pollinators more than just in farmland habitats, it paves the way for more pollinator-friendly gardens in rural areas. With millions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardeners-can-make-small-changes-to-benefit-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardeners</a> in the UK, the potential for individual action is massive.



"For the 27 million gardeners in the UK, this study highlights just how important their gardens can be in helping to reverse the decline of pollinators," said Dr. Timberlake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-gardens-and-pollinator-conservation">Urban gardens and pollinator conservation</h2>



With urban areas expanding, gardens are essential for pollinator conservation. In cities with scarce natural habitats, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-gardens-provide-a-reliable-food-supply-for-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban gardens</a> provide green spaces that support biodiversity.



Research indicates that pollinators thrive in urban environments with gardens filled with flowering plants that offer nectar throughout the year.



These green pockets are stepping stones for pollinators, helping species like bees and butterflies traverse the concrete landscape.



By promoting the creation of pollinator-friendly gardens, urban residents contribute to building a network of habitats that enhance the beauty of their surroundings while ensuring the survival of pollinators.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.1523" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Gardens help pollinators survive seasonal food shortages

When you walk past a garden, it is easy to...

The Earth is heating up, and the clock is ticking. According to a new report by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Earth is on track for a global temperature rise of 3.1°C by the end of this century.



This isn't just an abstract number. It's the difference between a livable future and a world in crisis. If humanity wants to avoid a catastrophic level of global warming, drastic emission cuts must be made now.



The <a href="https://www.unep.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a>'s latest annual report pulls no punches. It's a reminder of the urgent action that is needed to keep global warming to a manageable 1.5°C.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-emissions-and-climate-disaster">Global emissions and climate disaster</h2>



The situation is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-is-likely-the-hottest-year-in-recorded-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">as grim as it sounds</a>. The planet perches on the brink of an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-happening-too-fast-for-some-species-to-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental disaster</a> but it's not set in stone. 



In the forthcoming UN Cop29 talks in Baku, Azerbaijan, nations will wrestle with hard choices. It's a high-stakes meeting as countries seek to push up the ante on climate action strategies, particularly by ensuring financial aid for developing countries to combat climate change and shrink emission gaps.



"Either leaders bridge the emissions gap, or we plunge headlong into climate disaster - with the poorest and most vulnerable suffering the most," said UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres.



In no uncertain terms, Guterres clarified the options: countries either close the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions gap</a> or zip towards a climate disaster with those living on the edge paying the highest toll.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paris-treaty-and-global-temperatures">Paris treaty and global temperatures </h2>



In the 2015 Paris Agreement, countries around the globe pledged to limit temperature rise to well under 2°C, with a more ambitious goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial times.



While 1.5°C is still a risky bet, it's considered the line in the sand beyond which we will face the most severe impacts of climate change.



The UNEP report noted that global greenhouse gases keep climbing with a 1.3% increase in 2023 from the 2022 levels. The experts also found that G20 nations are behind 77% of the emissions.



If present policies continue, the planet is headed toward global warming of 3.1°C. Even if countries stick to their climate action plans until 2030, the Earth is looking at temperature rises of 2.6°C-2.8°C. The problem is that most countries aren't hitting their markers for these plans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-to-limit-temperature-rise">Strategies to limit temperature rise </h2>



So, what's the battle plan for saving the Earth from catastrophic levels of global warming? UNEP has some ideas. The first step is for nations to slash greenhouse gas emissions by 42% by 2030 and 57% by 2035.



These aren't arbitrary numbers. These reductions are scientifically feasible through a significant increase in renewable energy capacity, improving energy efficiency, and moving away from fossil fuels.



The plan also involves protecting and restoring natural habitats like forests and mangroves, which play a vital role in trapping carbon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgency-of-reducing-emissions">Urgency of reducing emissions</h2>



Antonio Guterres didn't hold back when laying out the harsh reality people face if they keep going down this path.



"We need global mobilization on a scale and pace never seen before – starting right now, before the next round of climate pledges – or the 1.5°C goal will soon be dead and well below 2°C will take its place in the intensive care unit," Guterres said.



He highlighted the urgency of decreasing greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/report-earth-is-headed-for-an-irreversible-climate-disaster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>, breaking fossil fuel addiction, accelerating renewable energy adoption, and ending deforestation.



Guterres also discussed setting new financial targets for Cop29 to release significant funds for developing countries to fight climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-mitigation-through-technology">Climate mitigation through technology</h2>



Technological innovation offers hope amid climate change challenges. Advances in renewable energy like solar, wind, and hydropower reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Improved battery storage and smart grid technology manage energy distribution and usage.



AI and data analytics optimize energy use and cut waste, while carbon capture technologies lower industries' emissions.



These innovations require significant investment and global teamwork for successful deployment, highlighting the need for international partnerships and knowledge sharing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-and-community-action">Individual and community action</h2>



While government policies and technological advancements are game-changers in combating climate change, individuals' actions and communities carry a crucial piece of the puzzle.



By making conscious choices such as decreasing energy consumption, minimizing waste, and choosing sustainable transportation options, people can reduce their carbon footprint.



Community-led moves like urban gardening, tree planting, and local energy cooperatives are catalysts in sparking grassroots momentum for environmental change.



These bottom-up movements empower citizens and foster a culture of sustainability, echoing the sentiment that every small action counts and collective efforts lead to substantial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/">environmental impacts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-catastrophic-global-warming">Preventing catastrophic global warming </h2>



Nations need drastic action to dodge a climate catastrophe. According to Inger Andersen, executive director of UNEP, even if nations overshoot the 1.5°C target, humanity must strive for a net-zero, sustainable, and prosperous world.



"Even if the world overshoots 1.5°C - and the chances of this happening are increasing every day - we must keep striving for a net-zero, sustainable and prosperous world," Anderson said.



"Every fraction of a degree avoided counts in terms of lives saved, economies protected, damages avoided, biodiversity conserved and the ability to rapidly bring down any temperature overshoot."



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UN: The world is on track for a catastrophic level of global warming

The Earth is heating up, and the clock is ticking....

Delicious,Pistachios,In,Bowl,On,Wooden,Table

The pistachio is often a snack mindlessly munched on while watching TV. The nut has a new trick up its shell causing scientists to see it in a new light. A recent study revealed an impressive new feature of this petite powerhouse. Pistachios may support and enhance vision and overall eye health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pistachios-and-eyes">Pistachios and eyes</h2>



Researchers from the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at <a href="https://nutrition.tufts.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tufts University</a> discovered these tasty nuts contain lutein, a plant pigment that benefits the eyes.



The study pinpointed that a daily helping of pistachios significantly impacts macular pigment optical density (MPOD), a key factor in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ai-could-protect-millions-of-people-from-vision-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eye health</a>.



Do eyes need lutein? The short answer is, yes. Eyes are exposed to harsh visible light and need lutein to guard against potential damage, particularly during aging. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crunchy-findings">Crunchy findings</h2>



The Tufts' study took healthy middle-aged to older adults and added 2 ounces (about 56.7 grams) of pistachios to their daily diet. 



After 12 weeks, the pistachios significantly bumped up MPOD. This is a positive sign of healthy eyes and could reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). 



AMD is a common ailment for many older adults and leads to significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blinking-plays-crucial-role-vision-human-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vision</a> loss.



Many people grapple with numerous health concerns as they age. A national poll by the <a href="https://www.afb.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Foundation for the Blind</a> showed Americans dread vision loss. These results might provide a new ray of hope.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pistachios-improve-eye-health">Pistachios improve eye health</h2>



Once a person cracks open a pistachio, they unlock numerous benefits. Study participants saw a noticeable rise in MPOD levels in just 6 weeks of pistachio consumption. 



These benefits stayed throughout the 12-week study.



“Our findings indicate that pistachios are not only a nutritious snack, but they may also provide significant benefits for eye health,” said Dr. Tammy Scott, a research and clinical neuropsychologist and lead author of the study. 



“This is especially important as people age and face higher risks of vision impairment.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lutein-eye-s-best-friend">Lutein: Eye’s best friend</h2>



Lutein in pistachios defends eyes. It wards off harmful blue light and doubles as an antioxidant. 



Researchers found that eating pistachios nearly doubled the daily intake of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapes-provide-a-dietary-shield-to-protect-eye-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lutein</a>, which is generally low in most American diets.



Scott explained the participants who had low lutein saw a quick enhancement in their blood lutein levels in six weeks by adding 2 ounces of pistachios to their diet daily.



“By simply incorporating a handful of pistachios into your diet, you can improve your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-carrots-and-colorful-veggies-really-can-improve-your-eyesight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intake of lutein</a>, which is crucial for protecting your eyes,” Scott said.



This dietary adjustment provided a crucial boost to eye health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brilliance-of-pistachios">Brilliance of pistachios</h2>



Pistachios are good for the eyes and packed with nutrients that support overall health.



They are rich in protein, healthy fats, and vitamins like Vitamin E, magnesium, and potassium, making them a great snack for vegetarians and vegans. 



The healthy fats improve cholesterol levels and support heart health. Pistachios have a low glycemic index and are a smart choice for those watching their sugar intake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainability-and-pistachios">Sustainability and pistachios</h2>



Pistachios are not only nutritious but also environmentally friendly. They need less water than other nuts and thrive in dry climates, reducing the need for irrigation. 



Pistachio orchards also support biodiversity by promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse ecosystems</a>. Pistachios are a great superfood choice for consumers who want to make sustainable dietary decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pistachios-beyond-the-eyes">Pistachios beyond the eyes</h2>



While researchers celebrate the vision-enhancing capacities of lutein in the study from Tufts University, it also has broader health benefits.



“Lutein crosses the blood-brain barrier, where it may help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation,” said Dr. Elizabeth Johnson, a co-investigator in the study.



Studies suggest higher lutein levels could be linked to better cognitive abilities including memory and processing speed.



Next time someone reaches out for a snack, they should give that bag of pistachios a second glance. These nuts could do more for overall health than people realize. 



This includes bolstering vision and supporting brain health and makes pistachios a valuable addition to a healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-blue-light-from-smartphones-may-accelerate-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a>.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002231662401099X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Nutrition</a>. 



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Eating pistachios daily proven to boost eyesight and overall health

The pistachio is often a snack mindlessly munched on while...

A,Cutting-edge,Robotic,Arm,Operates,In,A,Vertical,Hydroponic,Indoor

Photosynthesis is the foundation of all life on Earth, and the reason that we exist. However, because its efficiency rate of converting light energy into chemical energy is only 1%, there's room for improvement. That's where a brilliant new invention called "electro-agriculture" comes in.



Some talented bioengineers suggest an alternative to photosynthesis which promises much improved energy conversion through electro-agriculture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electro-agriculture-for-food-production">Electro-agriculture for food production</h2>



What if plants could be genetically modified to "consume" an organic molecule produced by a solar-powered chemical reaction that converts CO2 more efficiently than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-microalgae-show-photosynthesis-is-possible-in-near-darkness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>?



The idea is that with electro-agriculture, our reliance on land will decrease drastically. Imagine this: a 94% reduction in land needed for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-agriculture-are-locked-in-a-destructive-feedback-loop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a> if all food in the US were produced using this method.



This could even solve the tricky problem of food production in space. With less dependence on sunlight and traditional agricultural fields, we’re looking at a future of multi-story buildings growing our food using electro-agriculture principles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harvesting-sunshine-via-electro-agriculture">Harvesting sunshine via electro-agriculture</h2>



The soul and stature of this head-turning proposal are scientists Robert Jinkerson from <a href="https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California</a>, Riverside and Feng Jiao from <a href="https://washu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University</a> in St. Louis.



Jinkerson, a biological engineer, talks about moving agriculture to the next phase of technology, one that steps away from nature and takes advantage of controlled indoor environments through electro-agriculture.



Solar panels would be placed on or close to these multi-story buildings. These panels would absorb the sun's radiation, powering a chemical reaction between CO2 and water, and producing acetate which is central in electro-agriculture.



Acetate, a molecule similar to the main component in vinegar, would then be used as food for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-carbon-footprint-urban-farms-and-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydroponically grown plants</a>. 



And, why just plants? Acetate is also consumed naturally by food-producing organisms like mushrooms, yeast, and algae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vinegar-for-plants">Vinegar for plants</h2>



Jiao, an electrochemist, tells us that this new process already has an efficiency of about 4%. That's a four-fold increase compared to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. 



And the smaller CO2 footprint associated with electro-agriculture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food production</a>? How would the plants eat the acetate? 



The scientists are exploiting a metabolic pathway that sprouting plants use to break down food, turning it back on for full-grown plants to consume acetate as a source of energy, which is the gist of electro-agriculture.



“We're trying to turn this pathway back on in adult plants and reawaken their native ability to utilize acetate,” says Jinkerson. 



“It's analogous to lactose intolerance in humans -- as babies we can digest lactose in milk, but for many people that pathway is turned off when they grow up. It's kind of the same idea, only for plants.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-implications">Environmental implications</h2>



The transformation from traditional agricultural practices to electro-agriculture is not just about feeding more people efficiently; it carries profound potential benefits for the environment. 



Conventional farming methods often lead to significant deforestation, which is a major contributor to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity loss and climate change</a>.



By drastically reducing the amount of land required for crop production, electro-agriculture presents an opportunity to reverse some of the ecological damage caused by clearing land for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-footprint-a-new-frontier-in-sustainable-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a>. 



Moreover, with its reduced reliance on fertilizers and pesticides, which can contaminate waterways and impact aquatic ecosystems, this innovative approach offers a promising alternative towards more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable food</a> production methods.



Embracing electro-agriculture could facilitate the gradual restoration of natural habitats, enhancing biodiversity and contributing to a more resilient planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-electro-agriculture">Future of electro-agriculture</h2>



Despite the huge potential of electro-agriculture, significant challenges remain. One key issue is the initial setup cost and maintenance of solar-powered chemical reactors, as well as the infrastructure needed to support large-scale indoor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-adopt-regenerative-agriculture-better-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farming facilities</a>.



Additionally, there is a need for further research to understand the long-term impacts on plant physiology when relying on acetate as a primary energy source. 



The genetic modification of plants to reinstate certain metabolic pathways could also face regulatory and public acceptance hurdles.



Furthermore, while current efficiency outpaces traditional photosynthesis, there is always room for improvement as technology advances. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-the-future">Glimpse into the future</h2>



While the research is still in initial stages focusing on tomatoes and lettuce, there are plans of expanding it to staple high-calorie crops like sweet potatoes, cassava, and grains. 



The scientists have already succeeded in engineering plants that can use acetate in addition to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/details-photosynthesis-water-viewed-atomic-level-cryo-microscope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>.



“For plants, we're still in the research-and-development phase of trying to get them to utilize acetate as their carbon source, because plants have not evolved to grow this way, but we’re making progress,” says Jinkerson. 



“Mushrooms and yeast and algae, however, can be grown like this today, so I think that those applications could be commercialized first, and plants will come later down the line.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The scientists, undoubtedly, are keen on refining the acetate production method to make the carbon-fixation system even more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-farming-practices-boost-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">efficient</a>. 



“This is just the first step for this research, and I think there's a hope that its efficiency and cost will be significantly improved in the near future,” says Jiao.



To sum it all up, electro-agriculture is an exciting frontier in food production technology. If successful, it promises to be an environmentally friendly and space-efficient method that could revolutionize the concept of food production itself.



Jinkerson and Jiao remain optimistic, positioned at the forefront of electro-agriculture, and stress the importance of continued interdisciplinary collaboration.



As their research progresses, they envision not only overcoming these challenges but also refining electro-agriculture into a universally sustainable, accessible, and adaptable method of food production.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(24)00429-X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joule</a>.



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'Electro-agriculture' grows food in the dark with 94% less land required

Photosynthesis is the foundation of all life on Earth, and...

A recent study led by the University of Mississippi has made significant strides in understanding animal emotions through an innovative approach.&nbsp;



Partnering with researchers from the United Kingdom, the experts focused on how vocalizations from domestic chicks can indicate stress levels, potentially offering new ways to improve animal welfare in the poultry industry.&nbsp;



The findings reveal insights that could benefit not only animals but also human mental health research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chick-vocalizations-and-animal-welfare">Chick vocalizations and animal welfare</h2>



The study's core experiment was simple yet revealing: placing one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chicks-can-identify-an-object-just-by-touching-it-even-in-the-dark/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chick</a> in a box by itself and another in a box with a mirror. 



The chick that could see its reflection believed it was not alone and emitted calm calls, while the solitary chick produced louder, higher-pitched sounds - an indicator of anxiety-like states.&nbsp;



The team used advanced acoustic equipment to measure the changes in the quality of these vocalizations, aiming to link them to stress levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-animal-welfare-practices">Improving animal welfare practices </h2>



The results of this study have broader implications for improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-biggest-concern-people-making-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">welfare</a> practices in the meat and egg production industry. 



According to co-author Kenneth Sufka, a professor of psychology and pharmacology at the <a href="https://olemiss.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Mississippi</a>, monitoring the stress of animals like chickens, swine, and cattle through their vocalizations could be a valuable tool for ensuring humane conditions in commercial facilities. 



“Is this a worthwhile thing, to be thinking about using acoustics to monitor animal welfare in these production facilities? I think so,” Sufka said, highlighting the potential for this method to be applied in practical settings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-emotions-in-animals">Studying emotions in animals</h2>



Lead author Sarah Collins, an associate professor of animal behavior at the <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Plymouth</a>, emphasized the importance of the findings in understanding animal sentience.



“This is more evidence of animal sentience - the ability to experience feelings,” she said. The ability to assess how stressed an animal is through vocal cues could allow for more precise measures of their welfare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-stress-in-chick-peeps">Measuring stress in chick peeps</h2>



Beyond animal welfare, this research offers a noninvasive and cost-effective method for studying anxiety-like states in animals other than chicks. 



Traditional methods of assessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-eats-away-our-brains-cognitive-defenses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a> involve capturing animals, taking blood samples, and measuring corticosterone, a stress hormone - a process that can itself induce stress. 



Sufka points out the advantage of their method: “That itself is stressful - to capture, restrain, collect, release. This, we think, is a better way.”



This approach is particularly relevant for testing medications intended for human use.&nbsp;



Since chicks are often used in early stages of research for anxiety and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> medications, being able to accurately measure their stress levels could lead to more effective treatments. 



“To claim that an anti-anxiety drug is alleviating an anxiety-like state, this chick or mouse or rat has to have an anxiety state similar to yours,” Sufka said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-questions-about-animal-welfare-nbsp">Ethical questions about animal welfare&nbsp;</h2>



The research also touches on deeper ethical questions regarding the emotional capacities of animals and their rights.&nbsp;



Historically, animals have been considered less emotionally complex than humans, leading to a perception that they have fewer needs.&nbsp;



However, the recent findings suggest that animals like chickens do experience negative emotional states.&nbsp;



“My argument is that all of the work that we have done to-date shows the similarities between this avian model and human anxiety and depressive states makes a very strong argument that these animals do have negative emotional states,” Sufka explained.



“If that's true, then ethically it follows that we are absolutely obligated to be worried about animal welfare and provide for the best living conditions possible.”&nbsp;



This perspective underscores the importance of ensuring that animals under human care live in conditions that support their well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research">Broader implications of the research </h2>



Sufka’s research opens the door to new methods of understanding and improving the lives of animals, both in agricultural settings and in research environments.&nbsp;



By providing a clearer picture of how animals like chicks experience stress, this study could shape future standards of care and deepen our understanding of the emotional lives of animals.&nbsp;



The implications extend beyond barns and laboratories, touching on the fundamental ways we relate to the animals around us and the ethical responsibilities that follow.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106359" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Applied Behaviour Science</a>.



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Chick emotions shed new light on animal welfare

A recent study led by the University of Mississippi has...

A team of researchers led by MIT has discovered a significant amount of pyrene, a large carbon-rich molecule known as a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), within a distant interstellar cloud.&nbsp;



This finding provides new insights into the origins of carbon in our solar system and supports theories about the molecular building blocks that contributed to its formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-clouds-and-solar-system-origins-nbsp">Interstellar clouds and solar system origins&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-collided-with-an-interstellar-cloud-millions-of-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interstellar cloud</a> in question, known as TMC-1, contains a mix of dust and gas similar to what eventually formed our own solar system. Pyrene's discovery in this environment suggests it may have played a crucial role in seeding our solar system with carbon. 



This idea is further supported by recent findings that pyrene is abundant in samples from the near-Earth asteroid Ryugu, returned by Japan's Hayabusa2 mission.



“One of the big questions in star and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a> is: How much of the chemical inventory from that early molecular cloud is inherited and forms the base components of the solar system?” said senior author Brett McGuire, an assistant professor of chemistry at <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>. 



“What we’re looking at is the start and the end, and they’re showing the same thing. That’s pretty strong evidence that this material from the early molecular cloud finds its way into the ice, dust, and rocky bodies that make up our solar system.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-pyrene-with-radio-astronomy">Detecting pyrene with radio astronomy</h2>



Detecting pyrene in space is a complex process, as its symmetrical structure makes it invisible to conventional radio astronomy methods. To overcome this, the researchers focused on an isomer called cyanopyrene, a version of pyrene modified by cyanide.&nbsp;



This alteration breaks the molecule's symmetry, allowing it to be detected through its unique rotational spectra - patterns of light emitted as the molecule rotates in space.



The team used the 100-meter Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in West Virginia to identify these signals within TMC-1. This discovery builds on earlier work by McGuire and others, who had identified smaller PAHs in the same region, such as benzonitrile and cyanonaphthalene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-massive-carbon-sink-in-space">A massive carbon sink in space</h2>



The researchers found that cyanopyrene accounts for approximately 0.1 percent of all the carbon present in TMC-1.&nbsp;



McGuire noted that while 0.1 percent doesn’t sound like a large number, most carbon is trapped in carbon monoxide (CO), the second-most abundant molecule in the universe besides molecular hydrogen.&nbsp;



“If we set CO aside, one in every few hundred or so remaining carbon atoms is in pyrene. Imagine the thousands of different molecules that are out there, nearly all of them with many different carbon atoms in them, and one in a few hundred is in pyrene,” said McGuire.



“That is an absolutely massive abundance. An almost unbelievable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concrete-becoming-great-carbon-sink-capturing-storing-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sink of carbon</a>. It’s an interstellar island of stability.”



The detection of pyrene marks the discovery of the third-largest molecule found in space and the largest yet identified using radio astronomy techniques.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-star-and-planet-formation">Implications for star and planet formation</h2>



Interstellar clouds like TMC-1 have the potential to birth stars and planetary systems as clumps of dust and gas come together, forming new celestial bodies.&nbsp;



The presence of pyrene in TMC-1 and similar molecules in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-ryugu-has-unexpected-family-ties-near-jupiter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ryugu</a> asteroid suggests that such carbon-rich compounds might be directly inherited by forming planetary systems, including our own.



&nbsp;“We now have, I would venture to say, the strongest evidence ever of this direct molecular inheritance from the cold cloud all the way through to the actual rocks in the solar system,” McGuire explained.



The study’s findings have drawn attention from the broader scientific community.&nbsp;Ewine van Dishoeck, a professor of molecular astrophysics at Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands, highlighted the importance of the discovery.&nbsp;



“It builds on their earlier discoveries of smaller aromatic molecules, but to make the jump now to the pyrene family is huge,” said van Dishoeck.



“Not only does it demonstrate that a significant fraction of carbon is locked up in these molecules, but it also points to different formation routes of aromatics than have been considered so far.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probing-the-origins-of-pyrene">Probing the origins of pyrene</h2>



The research team now aims to explore whether even larger PAH molecules exist within TMC-1, providing further insights into the early chemical processes that shape star systems.&nbsp;



The experts are also investigating whether pyrene formed within TMC-1 itself or originated elsewhere in the universe, potentially carried across space by high-energy processes like those found near dying stars.



This study not only offers a deeper understanding of carbon’s role in the formation of planetary systems but also opens new avenues for exploring the molecular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-clues-about-the-origins-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">origins of life</a> in the cosmos. 



As scientists continue to probe the mysteries of space, findings like this bring us closer to understanding the chemical connections between distant clouds and the evolution of our own solar system.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq6391" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Scientists detect molecules that store carbon in space

A team of researchers led by MIT has discovered a...

While insects like stink bugs and mosquitoes might not be liked by many people, they play an essential role in maintaining the balance of Earth's ecosystems. 



E.O. Wilson, a renowned biologist, once emphasized their importance by stating that if insects were to vanish, the environment would collapse. 



However, scientists have recently observed a decline in insect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>, with numbers dropping by 2-3% annually, alongside shifts in their behavior. 



This decline has driven researchers to explore potential causes, including habitat loss, climate change, and the effects of chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-of-agrochemicals-on-insects">Effects of agrochemicals on insects</h2>



A study led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.embl.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a> (EMBL) sought to understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>, herbicides, and other agrochemicals influence insect populations. 



Using more than 1,000 chemical compounds from EMBL’s unique chemical library, they systematically exposed fruit fly larvae to assess changes in their development, behavior, and survival throughout their life cycle.



The research revealed that 57% of the tested chemicals significantly altered fruit fly larvae behavior, even when the doses were not lethal. At higher exposure levels, the long-term survival of the flies was further compromised.&nbsp;



“We found that when we exposed larvae to very low doses of chemicals, the exposure caused widespread changes in physiological processes that are at the heart of how they develop and behave,” said lead author Lautaro Gandara, a postdoctoral fellow at EMBL.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-temperatures-chemicals-and-insects-nbsp">Rising temperatures, chemicals, and insects&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers also examined the effects of rising temperatures on these changes, simulating global warming trends.



To assess the influence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-size-shaped-by-predators-and-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a>, the team gradually increased the growing environment's temperature, starting at 25°C (77°F) and raising it to 29°C (84.2°F). At this higher temperature, they observed a more pronounced impact on the larvae. 



“Further, we mixed some of the most commonly detected airborne chemicals, at ecologically relevant doses, again exposing fruit flies from when they first hatched. We then saw a much stronger effect,” said senior author Justin Crocker, a biologist at EMBL.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurological-and-physiological-disruptions-nbsp">Neurological and physiological disruptions&nbsp;</h2>



These effects included a 60% reduction in egg-laying rates and the emergence of altered behaviors like “hunching.”



Hunching, where larvae curl their bodies excessively, can indicate stress or toxicity and may point to underlying neurological or physiological disruptions.&nbsp;



“On the surface, hunching may seem inconsequential, but even small changes in behavior can impact fitness if they adversely affect feeding, mating, and migration,” Crocker explained.&nbsp;



While the connection between hunching and reduced egg-laying remains unclear, it is likely that larvae preoccupied with such behaviors would struggle to thrive in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-impact-on-insect-behavior-nbsp">Chemical impact on insect behavior&nbsp;</h2>



The study involved collaboration with several scientists, including Jean-Baptiste Masson and François Laurent from the <a href="https://www.pasteur.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pasteur Institute</a>, who provided AI-based tools to analyze behavioral changes. 



Additional partners included <a href="https://www.heidelberg-university-hospital.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heidelberg University Hospital</a> and <a href="https://www.gwu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">George Washington University</a>, where the experiments were expanded to mosquitoes and Painted Lady butterflies. 



These efforts helped confirm that similar patterns emerged across different insect species, reinforcing the study’s conclusions.



“Insects - even those that can seem like pests - are critical to the planet. They pollinate the plants we eat and they’re an important part of the food web,” Gandara noted.&nbsp;



The research sheds light on how even low doses of chemicals can have significant impacts on insect behavior and survival. This deeper understanding provides a clearer picture of the challenges insects face and the factors contributing to their decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research">Broader implications of the research</h2>



The study’s findings have significant implications for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-plays-critical-role-ecosystem-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem health</a> and balance. 



As insect populations dwindle, genetic diversity decreases, making it harder for species to adapt to environmental changes. This threatens not only food webs but also the resilience of ecosystems against future challenges.



“The positive aspect to this work is that we have new knowledge about which chemicals can cause certain molecular changes and associated behavioral and developmental changes,” Crocker said.&nbsp;



This knowledge could inform regulatory practices and industrial approaches that better protect both human health and the environment.&nbsp;



By understanding the subtle but crucial ways chemicals affect insects, scientists can help create a more balanced approach to pesticide use, aiming for practices that support the health of these vital creatures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ado0251" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Chemicals are changing insects in subtle yet deadly ways

While insects like stink bugs and mosquitoes might not be...

When you think of devoted helpers in the bird kingdom, it's the females who are likely to nab the attention. It seems female birds are hard-wired to nurture and provide, not just for their own brood but also for their family groups. 



However, males take a different flight path - their focus often lies elsewhere; they are the seekers and explorers, busy scouting for opportunities to expand and create new homes, according to a new study on birds and their families.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-family-dynamics-of-birds">Family dynamics of birds</h2>



Did you know that the white-browed sparrow weavers, a species of bird residing in the arid Kalahari desert, live in family groups where only a dominant pair breeds? 



The offspring, more so the female ones, help feed the young nestlings. This extraordinary family dynamic led scientists at the Centre for Ecology and Conservation at the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> to investigate why one sex would invest more in family care than the other.



“Female sparrow-weaver helpers contribute more to cooperative nestling care than males and also stay for longer in their family groups than males,” said Dr Pablo Capilla-Lasheras, who led the study during his PhD at Exeter and now works at the Swiss Ornithological Institute.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-behavior-and-family-care">Bird behavior and family care </h2>



The scientists wanted to get to the bottom of why such discrepancies in cooperation arose across the animal kingdom. The prevailing hypothesis was simple - the sex that lives longer within its family group cooperates more since they benefit more from mutual aid over time. 



For instance, the sex residing the longest in the family group might receive more assistance from the family members they have cared for previously. The sex that departs sooner may not get the same support.



However, after extensive research spanning over a decade, which included monitoring the birds' cooperative behaviors and tracking their movements, the team learned that this might not be the case.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-male-birds-abandon-families">Male birds abandon families</h2>



“Our findings point instead to an alternative explanation that has attracted much less attention,” said Dr. Andrew Young, who leads the Kalahari sparrow-weaver project.



“Instead, males appear to help less because they spend more time prospecting for opportunities to live and breed elsewhere, and these efforts trade-off against their investments in cooperation at home.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-through-trade-offs">Evolving through trade-offs</h2>



According to the findings, the team proposes this "dispersal trade-off hypothesis" might be a more universal explanation for the evolution of sex differences in cooperation across <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-birds-need-a-male-hormone-for-sexual-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal societies</a>.



This contradicts the more widely acknowledged view that the longer you stay, the more you'll benefit from having helped out.



It seems that the fundamental challenge that all organisms face is a simple one – there is never enough time or energy to do everything well at once. However, overcoming these trade-offs is what propels evolution forward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-efforts">Implications for conservation efforts </h2>



The insights from this study offer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">valuable implications for conservationists</a> aiming to protect social bird species. Understanding the innate behaviors that drive males and females differently can aid in crafting strategies to maintain and support sustainable populations. 



For example, if certain male birds are particularly prone to dispersal, creating corridors or safe passes to facilitate their movement may prevent habitat fragmentation and ensure genetic diversity in families. 



Concurrently, supporting the female role in nurturing and resource distribution within the group could enhance the survival odds for new generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-of-bird-families">Behavior of bird families</h2>



The findings of this research open avenues for broader applications beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-are-moving-north-and-breeding-earlier-in-a-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian world</a>, offering a foundational perspective on how sex-specific roles could influence social structures in diverse animal societies. 



The dispersal trade-off hypothesis can prompt new investigations into species where familial cooperation and individual dispersion play pivotal roles in survival and reproduction.



By analyzing these patterns, biologists can better comprehend the balance between cooperation and independence required for thriving animal communities, with potential lessons applicable to human social dynamics as well. 



Insight into these mechanisms of cooperation and dispersal can provide profound understanding into the strategies animals employ in the natural world, guiding future studies on evolutionary biology and ecology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-acts-in-birds">Balancing acts in birds</h2>



As we fly to the end of our discussion, we see that in the bird world, as in ours, there are fascinating balances between family duties, ambition, and opportunity. 



Female birds lean towards nurturing their family, while males are driven to explore and seek out new breeding opportunities. In the end, it is a balancing act that keeps life diverse and species evolving.



It makes us wonder, are these differences merely the result of bird instincts, or could they be part of a broader spectrum of survival strategies shared across the animal kingdom?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002859" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a>.



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Female birds commit to caring for young; males abandon family life

When you think of devoted helpers in the bird kingdom,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
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</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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