In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp;



Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-heart-with-light">Controlling the heart with light</h2>



The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest.



The external controller detects abnormal rhythms and sends light through the body to activate the pacemaker and restore heartbeat. The study demonstrates the device’s effectiveness across animal and human donor hearts.&nbsp;



The development of the pacemaker was led by John A. Rogers, a professor of material science, biomedical engineering, and neurological surgery at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>.&nbsp;



“We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the world’s smallest pacemaker,” said Professor Rogers.



“There’s a crucial need for temporary pacemakers in the context of pediatric heart surgeries, and that’s a use case where size miniaturization is incredibly important. In terms of the device load on the body - the smaller, the better.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solution-designed-for-newborns">Solution designed for newborns</h2>



Though the light-activated pacemaker can function in patients of all sizes, its miniaturized design was motivated by the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-speech-is-driven-by-heart-rate-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Igor Efimov is a co-leader of the study and experimental cardiologist at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“About 1% of children are born with congenital heart defects. The good news is that these children only need temporary pacing after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-robot-could-transform-minimally-invasive-surgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surgery</a>. In about seven days or so, most patients’ hearts will self-repair. But those seven days are absolutely critical," said Efimov.



Traditional pacemakers require surgery and have wires sticking out of the chest to connect to an external device. When they are no longer needed, the wires are removed - risking bleeding, tissue damage, or even death.



“Wires literally protrude from the body, attached to a pacemaker outside the body,” Efimov explained. “When the pacemaker is no longer needed, a physician pulls it out. The wires can become enveloped in scar tissue. That’s actually how Neil Armstrong died.”



The new injectable pacemaker addresses these risks. All of its components are biocompatible and bioresorbable, meaning they safely dissolve in the body’s fluids without needing surgical removal. Once the device has served its purpose, it simply disappears.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-light-activated-pacemaker">Refining the light-activated pacemaker</h2>



This innovation builds on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00948-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> by Rogers and Efimov, who developed a quarter-sized dissolvable pacemaker in 2021. Surgeons asked for a smaller version to allow easier placement and suit the smallest patients.&nbsp;



The original device used near-field communication (NFC), but its antenna limited how small the device could be made. To overcome this, the team replaced the NFC system with a novel light-based mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1s.webp" alt="The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University" class="wp-image-1964846"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Click image to enlarge. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University</figcaption></figure>



“Instead of using the radio frequency scheme for wireless control, we developed a light-based scheme for turning the pacemaker on and delivering stimulation pulses to the surface of the heart. This is one feature that allowed us to dramatically reduce the size,” said Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powered-by-the-body-s-own-fluids">Powered by the body’s own fluids</h2>



The engineers also reimagined how to power the tiny pacemaker. Rather than requiring a battery or external power source, the device uses a simple galvanic cell - a chemical battery formed by two different metals as electrodes.&nbsp;



When the device is inside the body, surrounding biofluids act as the electrolyte, allowing electrical current to flow and stimulate the heart.



“A very tiny light-activated switch on the opposite side from the battery allows us to turn the device from its ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state upon delivery of light that passes through the patient’s body from the skin-mounted patch,” explained Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-trauma-and-risk">Reducing trauma and risk</h2>



Using infrared light, which can safely penetrate deep into the body, the wearable controller detects when a patient’s heart rate falls too low. It then triggers a light-emitting diode (LED) to flash on and off at the desired pacing rhythm.&nbsp;



“Infrared light penetrates very well through the body,” Efimov said. “If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.”



Despite its microscopic size - just 1.8 mm wide, 3.5 mm long, and 1 mm thick - the pacemaker delivers stimulation on par with traditional devices. “The heart requires a tiny amount of electrical stimulation,” Rogers said.&nbsp;



“By minimizing the size, we dramatically simplify the implantation procedures, we reduce trauma and risk to the patient, and, with the dissolvable nature of the device, we eliminate any need for secondary surgical extraction procedures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-heart-care">A new era of heart care</h2>



Because these light-activated pacemakers are so small and wireless, doctors could one day deploy multiple units on different parts of the heart to create more advanced pacing systems. 



Each device could be controlled independently using different light wavelengths, enabling personalized and precisely timed stimulation across the heart’s surface.



“We can deploy a number of such small pacemakers onto the outside of the heart and control each one,” Efimov said. “Then we can achieve improved synchronized functional care.”



Professor Rogers noted that because it’s so small, the pacemaker can be integrated with almost any kind of implantable device.



“We also demonstrated integration of collections of these devices across the frameworks that serve as transcatheter aortic valve replacements to address complications that can occur during a patient’s recovery process," said Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-bioelectronic-medicine">Future of bioelectronic medicine</h2>



While this breakthrough has clear implications for pediatric heart care, the technology could pave the way for a new generation of bioelectronic medicine.&nbsp;



These tiny, dissolvable devices could one day be adapted to promote nerve and bone regeneration, manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a>, support wound healing, and more.



Northwestern engineers shrank the device and removed risks by making it dissolve after use. In doing so, they’ve created a tool that could reshape how doctors care for the heart - from the tiniest patients to adults.



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Click here to <a href="https://youtu.be/j_0hZ8cUwgo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watch a video interview...</a>



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08726-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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World's smallest pacemaker is set to revolutionize heart health

In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp; Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries. Controlling the heart with light The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest. The external controller detects...

As the Sun reaches the peak of its activity cycle, known as the solar maximum, Mars scientists have been eagerly awaiting the arrival of epic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rare-g5-level-geomagnetic-storm-highest-level-hits-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar storms</a>.



Over the past month, their patience has been rewarded as NASA's Mars rovers and orbiters have provided them with an unparalleled opportunity to witness a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-missions-prepare-intense-solar-storms-coming-red-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">series of solar flares</a> and coronal mass ejections reaching the Red Planet. 



In some cases, these events have even triggered breathtaking Martian auroras.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-front-row-seat-on-mars-for-the-solar-maximum">Front row seat on Mars for the solar maximum</h2>



Don Hassler of Southwest Research Institute's Solar System Science and Exploration Division in Boulder, Colorado is the principal investigator of Curiosity's Radiation Assessment Detector (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/resource/radiation-assessment-detector-for-mars-science-laboratory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RAD</a>). 



He remarked, "I wouldn't be surprised if this active region on the Sun continues to erupt, meaning even more solar storms at both Earth and Mars over the coming weeks."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-x12-solar-flare-is-troubling-for-astronauts">X12 solar flare is troubling for astronauts</h2>



On May 20, an extreme solar event took center stage. Based on data from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar Orbiter spacecraft</a>, a joint mission between ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA, the solar flare was later estimated to be an X12 -- the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strongest of several types</a>. 



The flare unleashed a torrent of X-rays and gamma rays towards Mars, closely followed by a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejection</a> carrying charged particles. 



While the X-rays and gamma rays arrived first at the speed of light, the charged particles trailed slightly behind, reaching the Red Planet in just tens of minutes.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_surface_nasa_1m.gif" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_surface_nasa_1s.gif" alt="Extreme solar storm smashes surface of Mars. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1936174"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Extreme solar storm smashes surface of Mars. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



Had astronauts been standing next to NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-records-a-martian-day-from-dawn-to-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity Mars rover</a> during this event, they would have been exposed to a radiation dose of 8,100 micrograys -- equivalent to 30 chest X-rays. 



Although not deadly, this surge was the most significant measured by RAD since the rover's landing 12 years ago. 



The data collected by RAD will be invaluable in helping scientists plan for the highest level of radiation exposure that future astronauts might encounter on Mars. 



As Hassler points out, "Cliffsides or lava tubes would provide additional shielding for an astronaut from such an event. In Mars orbit or deep space, the dose rate would be significantly more."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dancing-snow-and-disoriented-orbiters">Dancing snow and disoriented orbiters</h2>



The intensity of the May 20 solar storm was evident in its impact on the Martian surface and orbiting spacecraft. 



Curiosity's black-and-white navigation camera images appeared to <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-watches-mars-light-up-during-epic-solar-storm#carousel-05ee4c72-6ace-43ab-b0cb-79f14b38cc9d-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dance with "snow"</a> -- white streaks and specks caused by charged particles striking the cameras. 



High above, NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter experienced a momentary disorientation as its star camera, used for orientation, was overwhelmed by the influx of solar particles. 



Despite this brief lapse, the orbiter managed to collect crucial data on X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles using its High-Energy Neutron Detector.



This wasn't Odyssey's first encounter with a powerful solar flare. In 2003, an estimated X45 solar flare fried the orbiter's radiation detector, which was designed to measure such events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras-engulfing-the-red-planet">Auroras engulfing the Red Planet</h2>



While Curiosity and Odyssey faced the storm head-on, NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/maven/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MAVEN</a> (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) orbiter captured a stunning display of auroras engulfing the entire planet. 



Unlike Earth, which is protected by a strong magnetic field that limits auroras to the polar regions, Mars lost its internally generated magnetic field long ago. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_auroras_MAVEN_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_auroras_MAVEN_NASA_1s.jpg" alt="Auroras seen on Mars’ nightside by MAVEN. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1936172"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Auroras seen on Mars’ nightside by MAVEN. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



As a result, when charged particles bombard the Martian atmosphere, they create a global aurora that illuminates the entire planet.



Christina Lee of the University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory (<a href="https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SSL</a>), who serves as MAVEN's Space Weather Lead, emphasized the magnitude of this event.



"This was the largest solar energetic particle event that MAVEN has ever seen. There have been several solar events in past weeks, so we were seeing wave after wave of particles hitting Mars," Lee emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-solar-storms-on-mars-for-future-astronauts">Tracking solar storms on Mars for future astronauts</h2>



In summary, as the Sun's fury continues to unleash itself upon our cosmic neighborhood, scientists remain vigilant in their quest to unravel the mysteries of solar storms and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-martian-sky-often-has-an-eerie-green-glow-at-night-called-nightglow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact on the Red Planet</a>. 



Through the tireless efforts of NASA's Mars rovers and orbiters, we have gained an unprecedented glimpse into the awe-inspiring power of our star and the challenges that future astronauts may face on their journey to Mars. 



As we eagerly await the next wave of solar activity, one thing remains certain: the Sun's wrath will continue to captivate our imagination and drive us to push the boundaries of our understanding, propelling us ever closer to unlocking the secrets of our universe.



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Massive solar storm strikes Mars, spacecraft capture surface storm and auroras

As the Sun reaches the peak of its activity cycle,...

Tropical forests, storing a third of the world’s carbon, face uncertain futures as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-forests-are-losing-their-carbon-storage-capacity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sinks</a> due to nutrient-poor soils. However, a new study published in the journal the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.19812" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a> has found that these forests have flexible nutrient acquisition strategies that might allow them to thrive despite nutrient limitations.



“We may not have to worry about it so much,” said senior author Sarah Batterman, a tropical forest ecologist at the <a href="https://www.caryinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies</a>. “Because of these flexible strategies, trees may be able to support a carbon sink in the future, even with nutrient constraints.”&nbsp;



“Our findings support the potential of tropical reforestation and conserving intact forests as a long-term climate solution.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-acquisition-strategies-of-tropical-forests">Nutrient acquisition strategies of tropical forests</h2>



The experts conducted an unprecedented experiment in the lowland tropical wet forest of Panama, covering 76 plots across 16 square kilometers.&nbsp;



The team examined how forests of different ages adjust <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-eating-mammals-fertilize-the-soil-in-tropical-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrient acquisition</a> strategies to access phosphorus, using either an enzyme called phosphatase or mycorrhizal fungi. Both methods require significant carbon and nitrogen investment from the trees.



“While belowground processes are very important for ecosystem function, they are poorly understood compared to above-ground processes because they are more difficult to study,” said lead author Michelle Wong, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University</a> and former postdoctoral fellow at the Cary Institute.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-differ-depending-on-the-forest-s-age">Strategies differ depending on the forest’s age</h2>



The research showed that forests of different ages respond differently to nutrient additions. Younger forests, often limited by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-has-too-much-and-too-little-nitrogen-at-the-same-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen</a>, showed increased phosphatase activity when nitrogen was added, enabling better phosphorus acquisition.&nbsp;



In contrast, older forests displayed increased phosphatase activity when phosphorus was added, indicating a shift from nitrogen to phosphorus limitation as forests mature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flexibility-of-tropical-forests">Flexibility of tropical forests</h2>



These findings highlight the flexibility of nutrient acquisition strategies in tropical forests, with phosphatase activity increasing by half in response to nitrogen and decreasing by half in response to phosphorus. However, mycorrhizal colonization responses were less predictable.



“We still don’t know whether the flexibility is enough to get all the nutrients forests need in the future,” Batterman said. Despite this, there is a buffering capacity that may alleviate nutrient limitations temporarily.&nbsp;



According to the researchers, the ability to adjust strategies might provide forests with resilience to recover from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-use-changes-expose-the-amazon-to-environmental-threats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land-use changes</a> and maintain productivity in a carbon-rich world.



For forest managers and reforestation organizations, the study offers practical advice: consider nutrient limitations and use a diversity of trees with different phosphorus acquisition strategies. Ensuring trees are adapted to the phosphorus levels at each site is crucial.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropical-forests-as-a-climate-solution-nbsp">Tropical forests as a climate solution&nbsp;</h2>



Currently, most reforestation efforts focus on quickly planting available seedlings, but Batterman is optimistic about forests as a climate solution if managed correctly.



“We can implement it immediately, it’s low cost, and it has so many co-benefits, like protecting watersheds, enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-plantations-have-hidden-impacts-on-tropical-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, and protecting species that are important to Indigenous people. But it needs to be done correctly," said Batterman.



"We’re at a point where science can guide the process and ensure the carbon is going to be there for a long time to come."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-tropical-forests-nbsp">More about tropical forests&nbsp;</h2>



Tropical forests, also known as rainforests, are dense, warm, and wet woodlands located near the equator. These forests experience a hot climate and receive high annual rainfall, making them incredibly biodiverse, home to more than half of the world's plant and animal species.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics">Characteristics</h3>



They are characterized by multiple layers of vegetation including towering trees, shorter understory plants, and ground level flora, which create a complex ecosystem. The tall canopy of the forest supports a variety of animals and plants, while the lower parts of the forest provide shelter and food for countless species.



Tropical forests play a crucial role in regulating global climates by absorbing carbon dioxide, and they are vital in maintaining the Earth's water cycle through their transpiration processes.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-threats-nbsp">Ongoing threats&nbsp;</h3>



However, they are under threat from deforestation, which is driven by logging, agriculture, and urban expansion. This loss not only threatens the biodiversity within these forests but also has a significant impact on global climate patterns and carbon storage capabilities.&nbsp;



Conservation efforts are ongoing, aiming to protect these valuable ecosystems by promoting sustainable practices and establishing protected areas.



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Tropical forests have strategies to survive in nutrient-poor soils

Tropical forests, storing a third of the world’s carbon, face...

On February 22, a significant milestone in space exploration was achieved when the lunar lander Odysseus, developed by <a href="https://www.intuitivemachines.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intuitive Machines</a>, successfully touched down near the Moon’s South Pole. 



This event is hailed as the “dawn of radio astronomy from the Moon” by Jack Burns, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado Boulder.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-achievement-in-radio-astronomy-nbsp">Major achievement In radio astronomy&nbsp;</h2>



The lander, which had to overcome various technical difficulties, deployed four antennas to record <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-radio-waves-disrupt-the-magnetic-compass-of-migratory-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radio waves</a> around the lunar surface, marking a major achievement in the field.



Burns, a co-investigator on the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/today/2024/02/06/radio-telescope-cu-boulder-ties-lands-moons-south-pole" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radio wave Observations at the Lunar Surface of the photo Electron Sheath</a> (ROLSES) experiment aboard Odysseus, will provide updates on the data collected and discuss future plans for radio astronomy from the Moon at the <a href="https://aas.org/meetings/aas244" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">244th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society</a> in Madison, Wisconsin. 



“It was heroic for Intuitive Machines to land under these conditions, and to deploy our antennas, take some data and get that data back to Earth,” said Burns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-radio-waves-from-earth-nbsp">Capturing radio waves from Earth&nbsp;</h2>



The ROLSES experiment, led by Natchimuthuk Gopalswamy at NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, aimed to record a wide range of radio emissions near the Moon and in deep space. Despite the mission's challenges, ROLSES managed to capture unique data, including radio waves from Earth, which provided a perspective of Earth as an exoplanet. 



“We viewed Earth as an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a>, or a planet orbiting another star,” Burns explained. “That enables us to ask: What would our radio emissions from Earth look like if they came from an extraterrestrial civilization on a nearby exoplanet?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenging-journey-of-odysseus-nbsp">The challenging journey of Odysseus&nbsp;</h2>



Odysseus’ journey was part of NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/commercial-lunar-payload-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> (CLPS) program, which aims to deploy spacecraft built by private companies on the Moon. This mission was the first to achieve a “soft landing,” despite the lander tipping onto its side during the process. 



Among other challenges, Odysseus had to rely entirely on its optical camera system for navigation due to the failure of its laser-guided system.



One of the ROLSES antennas overheated and popped out during the journey, allowing the team to capture radio waves from Earth for nearly 90 minutes.&nbsp;



This data, more comprehensive than a similar experiment led by Carl Sagan from NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the 1990s, could help identify similar signals from distant planets, potentially indicating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-signals-are-aliens-trying-to-contact-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intelligent life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radio-emissions-from-the-early-universe-nbsp">Radio emissions from the early universe&nbsp;</h2>



NASA has approved a second ROLSES experiment for another CLPS mission, likely in 2026. Burns is also involved in the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/ness/projects/lunar-surface-electromagnetics-experiment-night-lusee-night" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lunar Surface Electromagnetics Experiment-Night</a> (LuSEE-Night), scheduled to land on the Moon's far side in 2026. 



This location will provide an ideal environment to study radio emissions from the universe's early “Dark Ages,” offering insights into cosmic evolution.



“Because NASA is going to send two or three landers to the Moon every year, we have a way to upgrade our instruments and learn from what goes wrong in a way we haven’t been able to do since the early days of the space program,” said Burns.



The continuous improvements and frequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-new-lunar-fss-mission-will-explore-moon-far-side-moonquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar missions</a> hold great potential for advancing space exploration, allowing rapid learning and innovation reminiscent of the early days of the space program.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-radio-waves">Earth's radio waves</h2>



Earth's radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than infrared light. These waves are used for a variety of applications, from communication to navigation.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources">Sources</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-radio-waves-are-coming-from-the-center-of-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radio waves</a> are generated both naturally and by human activities. Natural sources include lightning and astronomical objects, while human-generated radio waves are used in broadcasting, mobile phones, and wireless networking.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-propagation-nbsp">Propagation&nbsp;</h3>



The atmosphere of Earth plays a critical role in how radio waves propagate, affecting their range and clarity.&nbsp;



For instance, different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere, like the ionosphere, can reflect or refract radio waves, enabling them to travel long distances around the globe. This property is crucial for long-range communication without satellites.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-frequency-radio-waves-nbsp">Low-frequency radio waves&nbsp;</h3>



Additionally, the Earth itself emits low-frequency radio waves, which can be studied to understand geological and atmospheric conditions.&nbsp;



In the broader context of the universe, Earth's radio emissions are just a tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes all forms of light and radiation, each with its own unique properties and applications.



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Earth’s radio waves recorded from the Moon for the first time

On February 22, a significant milestone in space exploration was...

In recent years,&nbsp;the menacing glow of wildfires has painted an increasingly familiar picture across North America.&nbsp;While flames consume forests and scorch landscapes,&nbsp;their tendrils of smoke reach far <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-significantly-impacts-lake-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond the burn zones</a> (such as lakes),&nbsp;silently invading ecosystems that might seem untouched by the inferno.&nbsp;



A remarkable study from the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California,&nbsp;Davis</a> has illuminated the startling extent of this smoky invasion,&nbsp;revealing that nearly every lake in North America has been touched by wildfire smoke for at least one day per year from 2019 to 2021.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lake-smoke-day">Lake-smoke day</h2>



To grasp the magnitude of this phenomenon,&nbsp;the UC Davis researchers introduced a novel concept:&nbsp;the "lake-smoke day." This metric quantifies the number of days a lake is exposed to smoke during a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-activity-is-expected-to-intensify-in-the-pacific-northwest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire season</a>,&nbsp;providing a standardized way to track and compare the impact of smoke across different lakes and regions.



"With this study, we quantified for the first time the scope of the smoke problem," said lead author Mary Jade Farruggia, a PhD candidate at UC Davis. "We show that it's not just a widespread problem, but one that is long-lasting in a lot of places."



The implications of this widespread smoke exposure are far-reaching.&nbsp;Smoke particles can alter the amount and composition of sunlight reaching lakes,&nbsp;disrupting the delicate balance of aquatic ecosystems.&nbsp;



Additionally,&nbsp;smoke and ash can deposit nutrients,&nbsp;carbon,&nbsp;and even toxic compounds into lakes,&nbsp;with potentially cascading effects on water quality and the organisms that call these lakes home.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-lakes-exposed-to-wildfire-smoke-over-30-days">Most lakes exposed to wildfire smoke over 30 days</h2>



Even more concerning is the finding that a staggering 89% of North American lakes experienced smoke for more than 30 days each year during the study period.&nbsp;



This persistent exposure raises questions about the long-term consequences for lake ecosystems and the services they provide,&nbsp;such as clean water,&nbsp;recreation,&nbsp;and fisheries.



The study's findings serve as a wake-up call,&nbsp;highlighting the need to understand and manage the impacts of wildfire smoke on aquatic environments.&nbsp;As wildfires continue to rage with increasing frequency and intensity,&nbsp;their smoky fingerprints are spreading across the continent,&nbsp;leaving few lakes untouched.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-concern">A global concern</h2>



While the study focused on North America,&nbsp;the issue of wildfire smoke's impact on lakes is a global concern.&nbsp;



As climate change fuels hotter,&nbsp;drier conditions,&nbsp;wildfires are becoming more prevalent and severe in many parts of the world.&nbsp;The UC Davis research underscores the need for international collaboration to monitor and mitigate the effects of smoke on aquatic ecosystems.



"Smoke is widespread, and smoke is pervasive," said study senior author Steven Sadro, a UC Davis limnologist. "We knew that by looking out the window and looking at satellite images we see almost every summer. Now we’re starting to quantify it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-lakes-from-wildfire-smoke">Protecting lakes from wildfire smoke</h2>



The research team's innovative use of the "lake-smoke day" metric opens new avenues for studying and managing the impacts of wildfire smoke on lakes.&nbsp;By quantifying the extent and duration of smoke exposure,&nbsp;scientists and policymakers can develop targeted strategies to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-species-use-wildfires-and-drought-as-an-opening-to-move-in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protect these vital ecosystems</a>.



The experts noted that the effects of wildfire smoke on lake ecosystems are not yet fully understood. However, the pervasive nature of smoke exposure, now impacting nearly every lake in North America, underscores the urgency to study and address this issue.



With the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires,&nbsp;the presence of smoke in lake environments is becoming more persistent.&nbsp;This continued exposure could have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-conditioning-systems-trap-harmful-particles-from-wildfire-smoke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant consequences</a> for water quality,&nbsp;aquatic life,&nbsp;and the overall ecological balance of these vital ecosystems.



By recognizing the widespread and potentially harmful impact of wildfire smoke on lakes,&nbsp;scientists,&nbsp;policymakers,&nbsp;and communities can work together to develop and implement proactive measures.&nbsp;These actions could include improved wildfire management strategies,&nbsp;early warning systems for smoke events,&nbsp;and research to better understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-effects-of-wildfires-on-soil-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term effects</a> of smoke exposure on lakes.



Protecting these valuable freshwater resources is crucial to ensuring their health and resilience for future generations.&nbsp;By addressing the threat of wildfire smoke,&nbsp;we can safeguard the essential ecological services that lakes provide,&nbsp;such as clean water,&nbsp;biodiversity,&nbsp;and recreational opportunities.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17367" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Wildfire smoke has affected almost every lake in North America

In recent years,&nbsp;the menacing glow of wildfires has painted an...

We've all been there.&nbsp;You're standing at a crossroads,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pondering</a> the "what ifs" of life.&nbsp;Should you take that new job offer? Move to a different city?&nbsp;Break up with your significant other?&nbsp;While the future remains uncertain,&nbsp;our brains have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-waves-move-in-opposite-ways-to-make-memories-and-to-remember/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fascinating way</a> of simulating possible outcomes and planning accordingly.



A remarkable study&nbsp;has unveiled the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural pattern</a> that takes place during planning.&nbsp;Researchers have found that the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus,&nbsp;two key brain regions,&nbsp;collaborate to create mental simulations of potential actions,&nbsp;allowing us to make informed decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prefrontal-cortex-and-hippocampus">Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus</h2>



The prefrontal cortex,&nbsp;located at the front of the brain,&nbsp;plays a crucial role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychological-poverty-greatly-impacts-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planning and decision-making</a>.&nbsp;It acts as a mental simulator,&nbsp;allowing us to envision different scenarios and their potential outcomes.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;this simulation process relies on information from another brain region:&nbsp;the hippocampus.



The hippocampus,&nbsp;nestled deep within the brain's temporal lobe,&nbsp;is responsible for memory formation and storage.&nbsp;It creates a mental representation of our experiences,&nbsp;forming a cognitive map of the world around us.&nbsp;This map includes information about spatial relationships,&nbsp;objects,&nbsp;and events.



When the prefrontal cortex engages in planning,&nbsp;it accesses this cognitive map stored in the hippocampus.&nbsp;It uses this information to construct detailed mental simulations of potential actions and their consequences.&nbsp;By drawing on our past experiences and knowledge,&nbsp;the prefrontal cortex can evaluate different options and make informed decisions about how to proceed.



"The prefrontal cortex acts as a 'simulator,' mentally testing out possible actions using a cognitive map stored in the hippocampus," explained Marcelo Mattar, assistant professor at <a href="https://nyu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York University</a> and co-author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-computational-model-of-brain-s-planning">Computational model of brain's planning</h2>



To better understand the brain's planning process,&nbsp;the research team developed a computational model that could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-triggers-unique-prediction-zones-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict brain activity</a> during decision-making.&nbsp;



The model,&nbsp;a recurrent neural network (RNN),&nbsp;learned patterns from incoming information,&nbsp;much like how our brains adapt and learn over time.



This innovative model took into account "imagined actions," the mental simulations we create when considering different choices.&nbsp;



It's like a chess player envisioning several moves ahead before settling on the best one.&nbsp;By simulating potential futures,&nbsp;we can quickly adjust to new environments,&nbsp;such as finding an alternate route when our usual path is blocked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-of-rats-and-humans-while-planning">Brain of rats and humans while planning</h2>



To validate their computational model,&nbsp;the research team conducted experiments involving both humans and rats.&nbsp;Human participants were tasked with navigating a virtual maze on a computer screen,&nbsp;while their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-focus-with-so-many-distractions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a> was monitored using neuroimaging techniques.&nbsp;



The researchers specifically focused on recording neural activity during the moments when participants paused to plan their next move within the maze.



In a parallel experiment, rats were placed in a physical maze that mirrored the design of the virtual maze used for humans.Neural recordings were taken from the rats' brains as they navigated through the maze, allowing the researchers to compare the neural patterns observed in both species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-brain-activity">Surprising brain activity </h2>



The results of these experiments were noteworthy.&nbsp;In humans,&nbsp;there was a clear correlation between the time spent deliberating over the next move in the maze and the intensity of neural activity observed in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.&nbsp;



This suggests that these brain regions are actively engaged in the planning process,&nbsp;with increased activity reflecting a greater degree of mental simulation and decision-making.



Furthermore,&nbsp;the neural activity patterns recorded in the rats closely resembled those predicted by the computational model.&nbsp;This alignment between real-world observations and model predictions provides strong evidence for the validity of the model and its ability to accurately capture the neural mechanisms underlying planning behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



This study has far-reaching implications for understanding the neural underpinnings of planning - a crucial aspect of human and animal intelligence. 



"This research sheds light on the neural and cognitive mechanisms of planning - a core component of both human and animal intelligence. A deeper understanding of these brain mechanisms could ultimately improve the treatment of disorders affecting decision-making abilities," said Mattar.



By unraveling the intricate pattern between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus,&nbsp;scientists are one step closer to unlocking the mysteries of the brain's planning prowess.&nbsp;



This knowledge could pave the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-speed-indicator-brain-health-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new therapies</a> for individuals struggling with decision-making difficulties,&nbsp;potentially improving their quality of life.



To sum it up,&nbsp;the next time you find yourself lost in thought,&nbsp;contemplating the endless possibilities of the future, remember that your brain is hard at work,&nbsp;simulating those scenarios to guide you toward the best decision.&nbsp;It's like having a personal fortune-teller inside your head,&nbsp;helping you navigate life's uncertainties.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01675-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Neuroscience</a>.



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Our brain has a 'simulator' that imagines scenarios while planning

We've all been there.&nbsp;You're standing at a crossroads,&nbsp;pondering the "what...

Recent research into infant learning suggests that while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/five-scientifically-proven-steps-for-thriving-infant-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human infants</a> are perceived as significantly more helpless than their animal counterparts, this period of vulnerability is actually a critical time for cognitive development, akin to the initial training phases of sophisticated artificial intelligence systems like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-outperforms-humans-in-creativity-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT</a>.



This phase allows infants to absorb and process vast amounts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-perception-speed-varies-greatly-among-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory information</a>, laying the groundwork for advanced cognitive abilities later in life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infant-learning">Infant learning</h2>



Infant learning begins right from birth. During this period, babies start recognizing faces, sounds, and patterns. This early learning is crucial for cognitive development.



Newborns spend a lot of time observing and interacting with their environment. They track moving objects with their eyes, respond to familiar voices, and start to understand basic cause and effect. For example, when they cry, they learn that a caregiver will come to comfort them.



Mothers and other caregivers play a vital role in this learning process. They provide stimulation through talking, singing, and making eye contact. They also offer physical comfort, which helps babies feel secure and ready to explore their world. 



Simple activities like reading stories, playing peek-a-boo, and encouraging reaching and grasping help stimulate an infant's brain, laying the foundation for future learning and development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-infant-learning-beyond-helplessness">Rethinking infant learning: Beyond helplessness</h2>



Historically, the apparent helplessness of human babies was attributed to the physical constraints of childbirth and the resultant immaturity of the brain. 



This traditional view suggested that the size of human heads necessitates an earlier birth, leading to an extended period of developmental vulnerability that can last up to a year. 



However, a groundbreaking study challenges this long-held belief with new insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-to-babies-in-parentese-boosts-their-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infant brain</a>, revealing a crucial phase of infant learning that has been overlooked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-brain-imaging">Insights from brain imaging</h2>



Led by a team of neuroscientists and AI researchers, the study utilized advanced neuroimaging techniques to explore the state of the infant brain shortly after birth. 



The research team included Professor Rhodri Cusack, who specializes in the development of the infant brain and mind using neuroimaging; Professor Christine Charvet from <a href="https://www.auburn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Auburn University</a>, who compares brain development across species; and Dr. Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, a senior AI researcher at DeepMind, enhancing the study with a deep understanding of AI learning patterns.



Contrary to previous beliefs that infant brain systems are underdeveloped and inactive, the findings reveal that these systems are already processing a wealth of sensory information. 



This suggests that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a> is more mature at birth than commonly thought, especially when compared with other species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-like-a-machine">Learning like a machine</h2>



The research draws an intriguing parallel between infant learning and modern machine learning techniques. 



In artificial intelligence, models like those used in self-driving cars or generative AI initially undergo a pre-training phase, where they learn to recognize patterns in vast amounts of data without a specific task. 



Similarly, infants seem to use their early vulnerability as a phase to "pre-train" their brains, developing foundational cognitive models that will support more complex tasks later in life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ai-connection">The AI connection</h2>



"We propose that human infants use the ‘helpless’ period to learn powerful foundation models, which later underpin cognition with high performance and rapid generalization. This process is akin to the development of generative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psifi-wearable-ai-device-interprets-emotions-people-nearby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI technologies</a>," explained Professor Cusack, a leading cognitive neuroscientist.



Such insights not only enhance our understanding of human development but may also guide the next wave of AI innovations.



The study underscores a potential symbiotic relationship between developmental neuroscience and artificial intelligence. 



By studying how infants learn during their early years, scientists may unlock new methodologies for improving AI models, making them more efficient and less resource-intensive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infant-learning-and-future-cognitive-technologies">Infant learning and future cognitive technologies</h2>



This research marks a significant shift in our understanding of human infancy and its implications for both neuroscience and artificial intelligence. 



As we continue to decode the complexities of the infant brain, the findings may not only revolutionize our approach to early childhood development but also inspire advancements in AI, making the technology more adept and efficient. 



The future of both human and artificial cognition may well depend on the insights gathered during these critical early stages of infant learning.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/fulltext/S1364-6613(24)00114-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661324001141%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Cognitive Sciences</a>.



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Infant learning mirrors ChatGPT's training

Recent research into infant learning suggests that while human infants...

Over a 15-year period that concluded in 2020, the rocky shores of the Pacific Northwest underwent significant ecological changes. This time frame encompassed both a marine heat wave due to climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-and-climate-change-an-uncertain-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a> and a devastating sea star wasting disease <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epidemic</a>.



Researchers from <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> have observed a dramatic shift in the composition of species along these shores, indicating potential vulnerabilities to ongoing climate fluctuations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystems-of-the-pacific-northwest">Ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest</h2>



The ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest are rich and diverse. This region includes dense forests, fertile valleys, and diverse marine environments. 



Coastal forests, dominated by towering conifers like Douglas fir and western hemlock, provide habitat for numerous species, including the endangered spotted owl and marbled murrelet. The inland areas feature rivers and streams crucial for salmon runs, which in turn support predators such as bears and eagles.



In the marine environment, the Pacific Northwest is home to vibrant kelp forests, seagrass beds, and estuaries teeming with life. These habitats support a variety of marine mammals, including orcas, sea otters, and seals. 



The region also faces challenges from climate change, pollution, and overfishing, which threaten its biodiversity. Conservation efforts are crucial for maintaining these ecosystems, ensuring that they continue to thrive and support the myriad of species that depend on them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-shifts-in-the-pacific-northwest">Climate change shifts in the Pacific Northwest</h2>



A recent study conducted in the region focused on various locations across Oregon and California. 



The findings revealed that sessile invertebrates such as mussels and barnacles have increased in prevalence. In contrast, seaweed species, including kelps, have seen a decline. 



This shift occurred after the significant loss of adult ochre sea stars, a key predator in these ecosystems, and during a period of unusually high water temperatures.



Zechariah Meunier, a doctoral graduate and the lead author of the study, explained the critical role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-stars-may-actually-be-walking-heads-with-no-bodies/">sea stars</a> in this ecosystem. 



“Sea stars are like the wolves of rocky shores because they normally eat enough mussels and barnacles to prevent these invertebrates from dominating the lower elevation areas. Many kelps did not survive the thermal stress during the heat wave," noted Meunier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changes-and-resilience-on-pacific-shores">Climate changes and resilience on Pacific shores</h2>



The end of the epidemic and the subsequent cooling of ocean temperatures did not lead to a recovery of the initial community structures. 



This persistent change suggests a troubling low resilience among these communities to both temperature changes and alterations in predator populations.



Meunier expressed concerns over the long-term implications: “Diminishing resilience may lead to degraded rocky shore communities under future climate conditions."



“And a warming climate will make restoring baseline conditions more difficult – regime shifts to degraded states are likely to last longer and put community structure and ecosystem function at risk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impacts-of-climate-change">Broader impacts of climate change </h2>



The health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/">marine ecosystems</a> is crucial, not only for biodiversity but also for their broader environmental roles.



The ocean, for instance, produces half of the oxygen we breathe and absorbs a significant portion of the carbon dioxide emitted annually.



However, marine ecosystems are now facing an onslaught of stressors, including harmful algal blooms, ocean acidification, and hypoxia. These challenges often exacerbate one another, leading to significant damage to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heat-waves-are-persisting-in-the-u-s-even-in-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine</a> habitats and loss of species diversity.



When these stressors become particularly severe, they can cause habitat transitions or regime shifts, such as the shift from kelp forests to urchin barrens observed in the Pacific Ocean.



“A classic example of multiple stressors causing a regime shift is the transition from kelp forests to urchin barrens in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of North America,” explained Meunier. 



This transition has been influenced by factors including a marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-massive-pacific-northwest-heatwave/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat wave</a>, urchin overgrazing, the historical removal of the sea otter, and the recent mass mortality of the sunflower star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-for-pacific-northwest-coastal-ecosystems">Hope for Pacific Northwest coastal ecosystems</h2>



Despite these challenges, there is some optimism. Adult ochre sea stars are beginning to recover in size and number to levels observed before the disease epidemic.



The resurgence offers hope that these predators may once again help regulate the expansion of barnacles and mussels, potentially aiding in the stabilization of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-coastal-ecosystems-can-mitigate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal ecosystems</a>.



In conclusion, the resilience of rocky shore communities in the Pacific Northwest is being tested by climate change and environmental stressors. The ongoing research into these impacts is vital for understanding how to protect and restore these crucial natural habitats.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02425-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Pacific Northwest ecosystems are being tested by climate change

Over a 15-year period that concluded in 2020, the rocky...

Floating solar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">panels</a>, or floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems, are not just an innovative technology but a potential powerhouse that could meet the total electricity demands of some countries, according to a recent study.



Researchers from <a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bangor University</a>, <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lancaster University</a>, and the <a href="https://www.ceh.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology</a> embarked on a global evaluation to determine the capabilities of these low-carbon solar arrays.



The team analyzed climate data across nearly 68,000 lakes and reservoirs worldwide, focusing on those within 10 kilometers of population centers, outside protected areas, and free from extreme drought or freeze conditions.



The researchers found that even by covering just 10% of these water bodies' surfaces, FPV systems could generate approximately 1302 terawatt hours annually - enough to quadruple the United Kingdom's yearly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-electricity-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electricity usage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-floating-solar-panels">What are floating solar panels?</h2>



Floating solar panels are solar power installations mounted on buoyant platforms that float on the surface of water bodies such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds. 



Unlike traditional land-based solar panels, FPV systems utilize the underused surface of water bodies, which can be particularly beneficial in regions where land is scarce or expensive.



These panels function similarly to conventional solar panels, converting sunlight into electricity. However, the unique aspect of FPVs is their placement on water. This positioning offers several advantages. 



The cooling effect of the water helps increase the efficiency of the solar panels, as solar cells operate more efficiently at lower temperatures. Additionally, placing panels on water bodies reduces the need for land, freeing up valuable space for agriculture or other purposes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-floating-solar-panels">Advantages of floating solar panels</h2>



One significant benefit of FPV systems is their dual utility: generating power while conserving land for other purposes. 



Additionally, the cooling effect of water increases the efficiency of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar panels</a> compared to their land-based counterparts.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-is-better-planting-forests-or-building-solar-farms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental benefits</a> also accompany this technology. By covering the surface of lakes, FPVs can reduce water evaporation and decrease the likelihood of algal blooms by blocking sunlight and restricting nutrient mixing.



However, the overarching environmental impact remains under review, with researchers calling for more comprehensive studies to ensure these systems do not disrupt aquatic ecosystems adversely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-solution-with-local-benefits">A global solution with local benefits</h2>



Dr. Iestyn Woolway, the study's lead author, emphasized the clear benefits in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvesting-electricity-with-nature-inspired-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy generation</a> that FPV offers.



"We still don’t know exactly how floating panels might affect the ecosystem within a natural lake, in different conditions and locations. But the potential gain in energy generation from FPV is clear, so we need to put that research in place so this technology can be safely adopted," he stated.



In terms of practical application, the study revealed that nations such as Papua New Guinea, Ethiopia, and Rwanda could fully satisfy their electricity needs through FPV. 



Other countries like Bolivia and Tonga could nearly meet their demand, with FPV potentially supplying 87% and 92% of their needs, respectively. 



In total, many nations, particularly those in Africa, the Caribbean, South America, and Central Asia, could source between 40% to 70% of their annual electricity from floating solar panels. 



Even in less sunny locales like Finland and Denmark, FPVs could contribute to 17% and 7% of the electricity demands, respectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategic-deployment-of-floating-solar-panels">Strategic deployment of floating solar panels</h2>



Professor Alona Armstrong, co-author of the study, highlighted the strategic importance of FPV deployment. "Our work shows there is much potential for FPV around the world. But deployments need to be strategic, considering the consequences for energy security, nature, and society, as well as Net Zero objectives," she explained.



Currently, the UK has a modest footprint in the FPV market, with the largest installation being a 6.3MW floating solar farm near London. 



Despite this, the potential for expansion is significant, provided future installations are guided by thoughtful consideration of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-is-the-latest-threat-to-bird-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental</a> and societal impacts.



Floating solar technology presents a promising frontier in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>. By leveraging underutilized water bodies, countries have the opportunity to significantly boost their renewable energy output while addressing environmental concerns. 



The continued research and strategic deployment of the innovative FPVs could play a crucial role in shaping a sustainable, low-carbon future.



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Floating solar panels could power entire countries

Floating solar panels, or floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems, are not...

Winter poses a significant challenge to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honey bee colonies</a> in the United States, with beekeepers reporting a loss of one-third of their colonies during this season annually.



Research now indicates that employing multiple pest management strategies could enhance colony survival through harsh winter months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-defenses-better-than-one">Multiple defenses better than one</h2>



A team of researchers from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a> has discovered that beekeepers who apply various treatments for Varroa mites (a major parasitic threat) see higher winter survival rates in honey bee colonies compared to those using a single treatment method.



Varroa mites significantly weaken bees by spreading diseases. These mites attach to bees, feeding on their bodily fluids and transmitting harmful viruses. This process severely compromises the health of bees and can lead to the collapse of entire colonies.



The study highlights that weather conditions also play a crucial role in the survival of bee colonies during winter. 



However, beekeepers utilizing integrated pest management approaches, which involve multiple strategies to tackle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breeding-cleaner-bees-may-stop-varroa-mites-in-their-tracks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Varroa mites</a>, tend to achieve better colony survival rates, even in adverse weather conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honey-bee-dynamics">Honey bee dynamics</h2>



"Understanding how beekeeping strategies and environmental factors affect honey bees is crucial, especially under the increasing variability of weather," said Darcy Gray, the study's lead researcher.



Gray emphasized that this knowledge is vital not only for maintaining honey bee populations, which are critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hornets-are-the-most-important-pollinators-for-some-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> of various North American crops, but also for gaining insights into the challenges faced by native bee species, which are similarly threatened by habitat loss and climate change.



Christina Grozinger, who contributed to the study, noted the complexity of habitat and weather factors affecting bees. "To truly understand these impacts, extensive data is needed."



Grozinger pointed out the enormous value of long-term data provided by Pennsylvania beekeepers through annual surveys, which include details about their management practices and the outcomes over the winter months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varied-treatments-yield-better-results">Varied treatments yield better results</h2>



As discussed, the research revealed that beekeepers who actively treated their honey bee colonies for Varroa mites reported significantly higher survival rates than those who did not.



More interestingly, those employing a mix of treatment types - whether chemical or organic - saw better results than those relying on a single method.



The study also addressed the effectiveness of soft chemicals like naturally derived organic compounds versus hard chemicals, which are synthetic and can leave long-lasting residues in colonies.



Surprisingly, both types of chemicals were found to be equally effective in increasing winter survival, challenging the notion that harder chemicals might induce resistance among Varroa mites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-winter-and-honey-bee-survival">Winter and honey bee survival</h2>



The relationship between seasonal weather conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-honey-bee-colony-collapse-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee colony</a> survival was another focal point of the study.



While spring, fall, and winter precipitation correlated with increased bee survival, summer rain appeared to negatively affect colonies. 



"Prolonged rain during summer can diminish bees' foraging time, leading to reduced food storage for winter and lower brood production," explained Grozinger.



This dynamic highlights the critical role of weather on the flowering plants bees rely on for sustenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-pest-management-for-climate-resilience">Integrating pest management for climate resilience</h2>



This research is not just about improving bee survival over the winter but also serves as a foundation for future studies. 



Gray hopes that the insights gained will help beekeepers optimize their apiary management strategies and serve as a basis for additional research. 



"Our findings suggest that integrated pest management could buffer honey bee colonies from the severe impacts of weather, which is vital for adapting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-beekeeping-is-equally-productive-as-methods-using-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beekeeping</a> to climate change," concluded Gray.



The outcomes of this research provide a clear message to beekeepers: diversifying pest management strategies is essential for enhancing honey bee resilience, particularly as environmental conditions grow more unpredictable.



 Implementing multiple treatments for Varroa mites increases the chances of colony survival during winter. This approach addresses the complexity of challenges faced by bees, including disease transmission and adverse weather conditions. 



By adopting integrated pest management, beekeepers can improve the health and longevity of their colonies. This strategy is crucial not only for the survival of honey bees but also for maintaining the broader ecosystem that relies on their pollination services.



The study is published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jinsectscience/article/24/3/15/7683872" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Insect Science</a>.



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Winter poses a challenge to the survival of honey bees

Winter poses a significant challenge to honey bee colonies in...

Bacterial disease poses an increasing threat to the Mediterranean's iconic crops - grapevines, olive trees, and almond trees - as global temperatures continue to rise.



The deadly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-bacterium-discovered-in-the-caribbean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacterium</a> known as Xylella fastidiosa, responsible for this devastation, obstructs the plants' ducts and tissues, severely hampering their ability to thrive.



Historically confined to specific regions, this pathogen is poised to expand its territory due to the escalating effects of climate change.



Recent research conducted by the <a href="https://ifisc.uib-csic.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Cross-disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems</a> (IFISC) has shed light on this alarming trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacterial-disease-in-a-changing-environment">Bacterial disease in a changing environment </h2>



"Pierce’s disease (PD) is a vector-borne disease caused by the bacteria Xylella fastidiosa, which affects grapevines in the Americas," wrote the researchers.



"Currently, vineyards in continental Europe, the world’s largest producer of quality wine, have not yet been affected by Pierce's disease. However, climate change may alter this situation." 



The study reveals that a temperature increase exceeding three degrees Celsius could critically escalate the risk of this bacterium's establishment in areas previously considered safe, particularly impacting wine-producing regions.



This significant finding highlights a potential turning point in the management and spread of the disease, which is currently prevalent in coastal Mediterranean areas but could extend further north across Europe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-as-a-catalyst-for-plant-disease">Climate as a catalyst for plant disease </h2>



The relationship between climate and the occurrence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-technology-can-detect-plant-diseases-from-above/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diseases</a> is intricate, with favorable temperatures playing a crucial role in triggering epidemic outbreaks.



Manuel Matías, a leading scientist in this field, emphasized that climate change is a central driver in the global distribution and intensity of plant-based bacterial diseases.



The research team has outlined how continuous temperature increases at intervals of 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 degrees Celsius could influence the spread of Xylella fastidiosa, with each scenario showing a pattern of heightened disease risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-and-ecological-impact">Economic and ecological impact</h2>



Since its first detection in Europe just over a decade ago, Xylella fastidiosa has caused substantial economic and ecological damage. 



Originally seen as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potato-threatening-pathogens-discovered-in-pennsylvania/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogen</a> restricted to the American continent, the bacterial disease has wreaked havoc in European regions, notably in Italy's Apulia region, where it has affected 21 million olive trees.



In Mallorca, 80% of almond trees have been impacted, demonstrating the severe consequences of its rapid spread.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictive-analysis-and-risk-management">Predictive analysis and risk management</h2>



The researchers have developed a comprehensive model to forecast the disease's potential spread under various warming scenarios. 



The findings indicate that countries like Portugal and Greece could face significantly increased risks of infection, with projected temperature rises pushing the risk up to 47% and 63%, respectively.



Interestingly, in Spain, the second-largest wine producer globally, the risk levels might remain relatively unchanged despite the warming. 



This predictive approach is invaluable for European agricultural policy, as it aids in strategizing better surveillance and mitigation efforts against the bacterial disease. 



By quantifying the risk at different spatial scales - from country-wide assessments to specific wine appellations - the researchers provide crucial data that can help refine prevention strategies and manage resources more effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-battle-against-plant-bacterial-disease">The battle against plant bacterial disease</h2>



The experts acknowledged the limitations posed by varying microclimates within wine-growing regions, which can complicate predictions.



"Modeling disease epidemics is a complex task, as they are emergent phenomena resulting from non-linear interactions between disease components," wrote the researchers.



"In addition, many of the processes involved in disease development also exhibit non-linear responses to changes in environmental variables."



However, the interdisciplinary nature of the research, combining epidemiological insights with climatic models, offers a robust framework for understanding and potentially controlling the spread of this bacterial disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-pierce-s-disease-in-continental-vineyards">Risk of Pierce’s disease in continental vineyards </h2>



"Because Pierce’s disease has only affected vineyards on the island of Mallorca, little attention has been paid to the risk of it reaching continental vineyards. Our risk model indicates why this possibility was very low until the mid-90s, except for the Mediterranean islands," noted the study authors. 



"In this work, we clearly show that with increasing temperatures PD will become a serious threat to important wine-growing areas in southern Europe that were not previously at risk."



As Europe grapples with the challenges posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-imposes-financial-burden-on-global-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, this research offers a glimpse into the future risks to viticulture.



By leveraging cutting-edge climatic data and innovative modeling techniques, scientists are paving the way for more informed decisions that could safeguard the future of agriculture in the region. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59947-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Bacterial disease that 'devours' olive trees is thriving in a warmer climate

Bacterial disease poses an increasing threat to the Mediterranean's iconic...

Amid the looming threats of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-altering-the-calls-and-voices-of-frogs-around-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, even species that seem ubiquitous - like the tiny tropical puddle frogs of Central Africa's rainforests - face significant risks.



Scientific studies have consistently shown that protecting genetic diversity is essential for the survival of species as they navigate environmental upheavals.



Through meticulous DNA analysis of puddle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-tiniest-fanged-frogs-lay-their-eggs-on-leaves-and-guard-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>, researchers have discovered that regions with high environmental variability tend to support greater genetic diversity.



This genetic richness is crucial, as it might be the key to enabling these frogs to evolve and survive in changing climates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-keys-to-climate-adaptation">Genetic keys to climate adaptation</h2>



The research was led by Dr. Courtney Miller from the <a href="https://www.uno.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New Orleans</a> and Dr. Geraud Tasse Taboue from the <a href="https://www.ubuea.cm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Buea</a>.



"Generally, the more genomic variation within a population, the more capable it is of adapting to environmental changes, such as those brought by future climate scenarios," explained Dr. Miller.



"Our goal was to pinpoint what drives genomic variation and predict how populations might cope with future climatic shifts," said Dr. Tasse Taboue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-evolutionary-adaptability">Understanding evolutionary adaptability</h2>



The reality of the climate crisis is that it could transform our planet swiftly and drastically. Species like the puddle frogs will need to either find new suitable habitats or adapt through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wood-frogs-achieved-significant-biological-evolution-25-years-salt-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> or behavioral changes. Genetic diversity enhances a species' ability to evolve successfully under such pressures.



The research was focused on the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo Basin - areas which are predicted to be severely impacted by climate changes and recognized as biodiversity hotspots.



Factors like geographical distances, physical barriers, environmental variability, and historical changes in landscape connectivity during the Pleistocene era all contribute to the genetic segregation and uniqueness of species populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-responses-to-environmental-changes">Genetic responses to environmental changes</h2>



The team's method involved sampling 191 frogs from various locations and habitats, extracting their DNA, and identifying different genetic variants. 



The experts analyzed how environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall variability relate to the frogs' habitats and how these might shift due to climate change.



This comprehensive approach helped the researchers understand both current and historical influences on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-with-higher-genetic-variation-are-much-more-adaptable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic variation</a>.



The results of the analysis indicated that genetic diversity in puddle frogs was not only a product of geographical separation but was also closely linked to environmental conditions, particularly seasonal precipitation patterns.



"Variation in precipitation is the primary environmental driver of genomic variation for this frog species," noted Dr. Miller.



"Regions like the Cameroonian highlands and the forest-savanna boundaries in south-central Cameroon, stretching across the equator to the interiors of Gabon, are crucial as they likely enable frogs to keep pace with future climate changes."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-of-puddle-frogs">Conservation of puddle frogs</h2>



However, certain areas - such as southwest Gabon - were identified where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eu-responsible-for-extinction-of-frog-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frog populations</a> lack sufficient genetic variation, potentially limiting their ability to adapt to sudden environmental changes.



While the research has provided valuable insights into the genomic makeup of puddle frogs, it has its limitations.



"We weren't able to pinpoint variants under selection, which could have offered more insights into their adaptive potential," said Dr. Tasse Taboue.



"Nonetheless, conservation efforts might focus on preserving areas rich in genomic variation, assuming these areas harbor individuals more likely to endure given environmental changes."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puddle-frogs-in-a-changing-climate">Puddle frogs in a changing climate</h2>



The study underscores the importance of maintaining genetic variation as a buffer against the unpredictable shifts of the climate crisis.



The insights gained from the research may help to guide targeted conservation efforts aimed at sustaining biodiversity in some of the planet's most vulnerable regions.



As we continue to witness the unfolding impacts of climate change, such research becomes ever more critical in shaping our strategies to protect the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-puddle-frogs">More about puddle frogs</h2>



Puddle frogs, scientifically known as Occidozyga, are a genus of frogs commonly found in Southeast Asia.&nbsp;



They are named after their preference for living in puddles and other small, temporary bodies of water. These environments are ideal for puddle frogs due to their typically shallow depth, which helps in temperature regulation and provides protection from predators.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations">Adaptations</h3>



Puddle frogs have unique adaptations to these habitats; for instance, they often have flattened bodies that enable them to stay submerged in shallow water without being easily spotted.



These frogs are small to medium in size and have a varied diet, primarily feeding on insects and other small aquatic or semi-aquatic creatures.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-nbsp">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



They are known for their explosive breeding habits, taking advantage of the sudden availability of temporary pools formed by heavy rains.&nbsp;



During breeding season, males call to attract females, and the eggs are laid in the water, where they develop rapidly to complete their lifecycle before the puddles dry up.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-nbsp">Ecological role&nbsp;</h3>



Puddle frogs play a crucial role in their ecosystems, not only as predators of insects but also as prey for a variety of larger animals. They are also indicators of environmental health, with their presence and population sizes helping gauge the condition of their habitats.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1366248/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Conservation Science</a>.



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Puddle frogs have a secret weapon against climate change

Amid the looming threats of climate change, even species that...

NASA scientists have created a cutting-edge quantum technology tool in hopes it will help them find "water worlds" that may be hiding in plain sight in our own solar system.



One of the most intriguing aspects of our cosmic neighborhood is the presence of water in various forms, from the sun's water vapor to the ice of distant planets and moons. 



But it's not just the existence of water that fascinates scientists; it's also the potential for liquid water to harbor life beyond Earth.



Dr. Hannes Kraus, a researcher at NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, explains, "Novel quantum sensors not only enable new science, but also offer the chance to downscale former flagship-class instrumentation to a size and cost allowing flagship-class science on CubeSat-class platforms."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liquid-water-and-the-search-for-life">Liquid water and the search for life</h2>



While water in all its forms is fascinating, it's liquid water that holds the key to the possibility of extraterrestrial life. 



Astrobiologists have long followed the mantra "Follow the Water" in their search for life beyond Earth. 



This quest has led them to focus on the icy moons of gas and ice giants in our solar system, such as Jupiter's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-jupiter-moon-europa-deep-ocean-shifting-icy-shell/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa</a> and Saturn's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-sparking-energy-source-found-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enceladus</a>.



These moons are believed to harbor vast subsurface oceans beneath their thick ice crusts, making them compelling targets for future missions. 



However, penetrating these icy shells with conventional remote-sensing instruments like cameras and radar is a daunting challenge. 



Until we can send landers or rovers capable of drilling or melting through the ice, scientists must rely on other techniques to detect these hidden water bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subsurface-oceans-are-hard-to-find">Subsurface oceans are hard to find</h2>



One promising method for detecting subsurface oceans is magnetometry. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-citys-unique-magnetic-signature-can-reveal-its-state-of-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Magnetic fields</a> have the unique ability to penetrate solid material, providing valuable insights into the interior of planet-sized bodies. 



Briny water, rich in dissolved salts, is an excellent conductor of electricity. As a result, a saltwater ocean can function as a planet-sized electric circuit.



When exposed to the strong rotating magnetic field of its parent planet, this "circuit" can generate an electric current that disturbs and modifies the surrounding magnetic field. 



These disturbances can be observed by spacecraft equipped with magnetometers, offering evidence for the presence of liquid water beneath the surface.



The effectiveness of this technique was demonstrated by NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/galileo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Galileo mission</a>, which detected a distortion in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-magnetosphere-will-help-us-predict-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter's magnetic field</a> near Europa, further supporting the hypothesis of a subsurface ocean on this icy moon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-water-with-quantum-magnetometers-0">Tracing water with quantum magnetometers</h2>



Solid-state quantum magnetometers represent a groundbreaking advancement in the field of magnetometry. 



These instruments offer competitive sensitivities while boasting smaller size, lower weight, and reduced power requirements compared to traditional magnetometers. 



Additionally, solid-state quantum magnetometers possess unique quantum advantages, such as self-calibration through spin-nuclear quantum interaction, which allows them to compensate for drifts over time. 



This capability is particularly crucial for long-duration missions to the outer reaches of our solar system.



Other quantum benefits include radiation resilience and the ability to withstand extreme temperatures, making these magnetometers well-suited for the harsh conditions of space exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atomic-rainbows-probed-at-the-quantum-level">Atomic rainbows probed at the quantum level</h2>



At the heart of solid-state quantum magnetometers are color centers -- defects in the crystal lattice of semiconductors like diamond and silicon carbide. 



These color centers, which give crystals their distinctive hues, can be probed at the quantum level using modulated light. 



By exploiting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum spin properties</a> of these color centers, scientists can create highly sensitive magnetometers.



As the color centers are exposed to varying magnetic fields, their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum spin</a> properties change, which can be read electrically and/or optically. 



This allows researchers to detect the presence of water by analyzing the magnetic field properties around a planetary body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-magnetometers-can-find-hidden-water">Quantum magnetometers can find hidden water</h2>



Research teams at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory are currently developing two high-tech magnetometers designed to measure spin properties from space. 



The SiCMAG (Silicon Carbide Magnetometer), led by Dr. Corey J. Cochrane, is an elegantly simple instrument that reads spin properties electrically. 



Meanwhile, the OPuS-MAGNM (optically pumped solid state quantum magnetometer), led by Dr. Hannes Kraus, aims to achieve even higher sensitivities by incorporating optics.



In the OPuS-MAGNM, the quantum system is pumped with green (diamond) or deep red (silicon carbide) laser light, and the system's response is read with a light detector. 



This optically pumped approach promises to push the boundaries of magnetometry sensitivity even further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-life-and-quantum-magnetometers">Water, life, and quantum magnetometers</h2>



In summary, as we continue to explore the vast expanse of our solar system, the search for water and the potential for life beyond Earth remains a driving force behind our efforts. 



With the development of cutting-edge technologies like solid-state quantum magnetometers, we are better equipped than ever to unravel the mysteries of our cosmic neighborhood.



By following the water and harnessing the power of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum physics</a>, we may one day discover that we are not alone in the universe. 



The future of space exploration is bright, and the secrets of our solar system's water are waiting to be unlocked.



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Discovering habitable ‘water worlds’ using quantum technology

NASA scientists have created a cutting-edge quantum technology tool in...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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