<p>Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.</p>



<p>This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



<p>In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.</p>



<p>For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. </p>



<p>If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. </p>



<p>The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.</p>



<p>In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



<p>Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. </p>



<p>Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.</p>



<p>In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<p><a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. </p>



<p>They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.</p>



<p>About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. </p>



<p>"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



<p>Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.</p>



<p>With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. </p>



<p>Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.</p>



<p>"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.</p>



<p>Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. </p>



<p>"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.</p>



<p>Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. </p>



<p>All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.</p>



<p>The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. </p>



<p>This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



<p>Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. </p>



<p>They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.</p>



<p>The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



<p>"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."</p>



<p>Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. </p>



<p>Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.</p>



<p>Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Forest Ecology and Management</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

<p>A popular product Nemaslug, created to kill pesky agricultural slugs, could be deadly to one of the Pacific Northwest's native sideband snail. </p>



<p>Scientists at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> released a study revealing this shocking discovery. The study urges caution as the product aims for approval in the United States. </p>



<p>It's a reminder that even seemingly helpful solutions can have unanticipated consequences for our delicate ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nemaslug-and-sideband-snails">Nemaslug and sideband snails</h2>



<p>The product, called Nemaslug, relies on a microscopic parasitic worm (<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/nematodes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nematode</a>). These tiny assassins are a farmer's friend when battling slimy crop-munching slugs. </p>



<p>However, OSU's research reveals the dark side: these same nematodes could infect and kill native Pacific sideband <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidification-sea-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snails</a> – and possibly other innocent gastropods, including the iconic banana slug.</p>



<p>The Pacific Northwest's misty climate is a paradise for snails and slugs. It's a biodiversity hotspot for these often overlooked creatures. Sadly, threats like habitat loss and rising temperatures already plague these unique animals, making the Nemaslug discovery even more concerning.</p>



<p>"This finding is a big deal because there are strong efforts to bring this commercialized nematode to U.S. markets to control invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-pest-will-spread-northward-as-soil-temperatures-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>, such as the gray field slug, that cause damage to a variety of agricultural crops,” explained Dee Denver, head of OSU's Department of Integrated Biology</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nemaslug-affects-snails">How Nemaslug affects snails</h2>



<p>Nematodes might be tiny, but they're ruthless. They exploit natural openings in a slug's body, sneaking inside like microscopic ninjas. </p>



<p>Once within, they release a deadly bacteria, and the slug's fate is sealed. The nematodes multiply rapidly, and when their victim perishes, they burst out like a scene out of a horror movie, ready to find their next snail or slug to conquer.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, those nematodes don't seem to know the difference between a pesky agricultural slug and a harmless native snail. </p>



<p>If Nemaslug becomes widely available in its current form, scientists fear it could wreak havoc on the local snail populations in our backyards and forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-past">Lessons from past</h2>



<p>Farmers understandably need solutions to protect their livelihoods. But protecting those delicate ecosystems is a responsibility we all share. Good intentions in pest control have often gone wrong throughout history.</p>



<p>“Terrestrial slugs and snails make up more than one-third of the total documented animal species extinctions since the year 1500.” said Denver.</p>



<p>Remember, in Hawaii, well-meaning scientists introduced a snail to control another invasive snail species. Tragically, it led to the extinction of hundreds of native Hawaiian snail species. This sobering example proves the unforeseen dangers of tinkering with ecosystems without rigorous study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-research-on-nemaslug-and-snails">Field research on Nemaslug and snails</h2>



<p>Clearly, more research is crucial. Scientists must study Nemaslug's effects on snails and slugs in the wild, not just in labs. </p>



<p>Are there ways to modify it to target only the harmful invasive slugs? Are there <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-the-hidden-power-of-aloe-vera-peels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternative pest control</a> methods that are safer for our native snails? These questions need answers before Nemaslug gets approval for widespread use in the U.S.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-you-do">What can you do?</h2>



<p>Following steps could help in conserving snails:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-to-know-your-local-snails">Get to know your local snails</h3>



<p>Diving deeper into understanding and protecting our slimy companions starts with a simple curiosity about the mollusks that inhabit our local environments. </p>



<p>By conducting a bit of online research, you might be amazed to discover the diversity of snail and slug species living right in your backyard or local park. This newfound knowledge transforms these often-overlooked creatures into familiar neighbors, fostering a deeper connection and a personal stake in their well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the Word </h3>



<p>Knowledge is most powerful when shared. By discussing what you've learned about local mollusks and the broader implications of indiscriminate pest control practices with friends and family, you create a ripple effect. </p>



<p>Informed citizens are more likely to demand environmentally responsible pest management solutions from local authorities and gardening centers, emphasizing the importance of preserving our delicate ecosystems for future generations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-wildlife-conservation">Support wildlife conservation</h3>



<p>Beyond individual actions and spreading awareness, supporting organizations dedicated to wildlife conservation is a vital step in protecting our natural world. These organizations work on the front lines to safeguard habitats, conduct essential research, and advocate for policies that benefit biodiversity. </p>



<p>Your contributions, whether financial or volunteering your time, empower these efforts. They also provide a means for you to be part of a larger community committed to environmental preservation.</p>



<p>Let's not let our beautiful Northwest snails become casualties of careless pest control.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298165" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Pest control product 'Nemaslug' could harm beneficial snails

A popular product Nemaslug, created to kill pesky agricultural slugs,...

<p>Scientists have recently uncovered a surprising balance between natural ecosystems. Leaves drift from towering trees into the water, where they become a feast for aquatic creatures. Insects, nourished within the stream, take flight and sustain birds and bats that call the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> their home. </p>



<p>The term allochthony, derived from the Greek words for "other" and "origin," best describes this ongoing flow of energy and resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizing-the-ecosystems-balance">Recognizing the ecosystems balance</h2>



<p>A global team led by <a href="https://www.psu.edu">Penn State</a> researchers embarked on an ambitious project to analyze data from 149 studies. The goal was to quantify and understand allochthony in forest-stream ecosystems around the world. This large-scale approach sought to uncover patterns and principles governing this fundamental ecological process.</p>



<p>The findings revealed that forests and streams engage in an equal exchange of energy. "This was a really interesting and unexpected result because we know that there’s way more energy flowing into streams in the form of leaves that fall from trees than what comes out in the form of emergent aquatic insects," stated Dr. Daniel Allen, the study's lead author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-quality-in-ecosystem-balance">Nutritional quality in ecosystem balance </h2>



<p>This observation seems counterintuitive: more energy appears to flow into streams than flows out. However, the study revealed a surprising truth: aquatic and terrestrial organisms consume near-equal amounts of resources originating from the opposite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carnivores-healthy-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. </p>



<p>The researchers propose that nutritional quality likely plays a major role in maintaining this ecosystem balance. Aquatic creatures receive a large amount of energy from leaves. Insects emerging from the stream have a higher nutritional value that compensates the aquatic creatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variations-in-ecosystem-balance">Variations in ecosystem balance</h2>



<p>The research team further explored how allochthony patterns differ among various species groups and across diverse climates:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-players">The players</h3>



<p>Aquatic invertebrates (including various insect species), fish, terrestrial arthropods (insects, beetles, spiders), and terrestrial vertebrates (birds, rodents), all participate in this energy exchange. </p>



<p>However, the strength and pathways of this exchange vary significantly across these groups. For instance, land-dwelling vertebrates seem to rely less on resources originating from the stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate">The role of climate</h3>



<p>Arid climates exhibit strikingly different patterns from tropical zones. In dry regions, aquatic invertebrates engage in nearly twice the amount of energy exchange compared to their counterparts in tropical environments. </p>



<p>Interestingly, fish across different climates maintain relatively consistent levels of allochthony. Understanding such climate-driven variations provides important clues about how these intricate exchanges might shift in response to changing environmental conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"Most people don’t think about streams and forests being interrelated, but the organisms those habitats support are dependent on energy and resources that come from outside their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-is-a-keystone-ecosystem-vital-for-our-planets-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>," noted Dr. Allen.</p>



<p>The balance of ecosystems is often underappreciated. By quantifying allochthony across the globe and under diverse conditions, this study highlights the delicate dependence between seemingly separate environments. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-takeaway">Key takeaway</h2>



<p>Our daily lives often obscure the intricate web of ecosystems that supports us. This study shines a light on the beautifully balanced exchange between forests and streams, a powerful reminder of nature’s interconnectedness. </p>



<p>It urges us to protect these vital environments so they can continue to thrive. Ultimately, it reveals a simple truth: everything in nature is linked. The connection between forests and streams is but one example of the countless ways our world achieves balance. </p>



<p>As stewards of this planet, we must understand, cherish, and protect these delicate connections. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The team behind the discovery</h2>



<p>The research was a collaborative endeavor, with contributions from Veronica Saenz, Kierstyn Higgins, and Alice Belskis of Penn State, among others from institutions such as the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> and universities across the globe. </p>



<p>This diverse team brought together expertise from various fields, underscoring the study's comprehensive approach to understanding ecosystem interactions.</p>



<p>Supported by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Science Foundation</a>, this research not only advances our scientific knowledge but also serves as a reminder of the intricate connections that sustain life on Earth.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14401" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Nature's ecosystems constantly share energy to achieve balance

Scientists have recently uncovered a surprising balance between natural ecosystems....

Zodiacal,Light,And,Night,Sky,In,Santuari,De,La,Mare

<p>The night sky holds countless wonders, one of which is the enigmatic glow known as the zodiacal light. This faint, diffuse light, visible in the vast space between the planets, has captivated observers for centuries. </p>



<p>Recent research led by a 45-member team sheds new light on the origins of this celestial phenomenon, challenging long-held beliefs and unveiling the pivotal role of heat in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-dust-may-contain-signs-of-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dance of dust</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigma-of-the-zodiacal-cloud">Enigma of the zodiacal cloud</h2>



<p>The zodiacal cloud, a term that may sound esoteric to some, is essentially the light that we see reflected from a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-on-earth-may-have-blown-in-from-outer-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dustbin</a> filled with debris from comets. These particles scatter sunlight, painting a faint glow across the canvas of our night sky called the zodiacal light.</p>



<p>Traditional theories suggested that these particles were the result of high-speed collisions that pulverized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cryovolcanic-comet-explodes-again-as-it-heads-in-earths-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet ejecta</a>. However, this view has been turned on its head by recent findings published in the journal <em>Icarus</em>.</p>



<p>Dr. Peter Jenniskens is a meteor astronomer at the <a href="https://www.seti.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SETI Institute</a> and a leading figure in this research. "Comets eject most debris as large sand-grain to pebble-sized particles, called meteoroids," Jenniskens explains. </p>



<p>"While these meteoroids are behind the meteors in our meteor showers, the zodiacal cloud is mostly composed of much finer particles, akin to tobacco smoke, which are challenging to detect," he continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappearing-pebbles-and-zodiacal-light">Disappearing pebbles and zodiacal light</h2>



<p>A key question that puzzled researchers was why these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-reveals-the-complexity-of-fomalhauts-dust-belts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pebble-sized particles</a> disintegrate over time. </p>



<p>“Meteor showers show us this loss of pebbles over time, because older showers tend to contain fewer bright meteors than young showers,” said Jenniskens. “We set out to investigate what is responsible.”</p>



<p>To tackle this mystery, Jenniskens spearheads the NASA-sponsored <a href="http://cams.seti.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CAMS network</a>, a global initiative that uses low-light video security cameras to monitor the night sky for meteors. </p>



<p>This effort, supported by a dedicated team of researchers and citizen scientists, has significantly advanced our understanding of meteor showers.</p>



<p>Peter S. Gural, a detection specialist on the team, developed sophisticated software that plays a crucial role in this research. </p>



<p>“We developed software that detects meteors in videos recorded from different locations and then triangulates their trajectory in the atmosphere,” Gural explains. “Meteors arriving from the same direction each day belong to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-lost-meteor-shower-named-andromedids-offers-a-celestial-surprise-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteor shower</a>.”</p>



<p>The culmination of 13 years of observations has recently been published as the "Atlas of Earth’s Meteor Showers," a comprehensive guide that maps out the trajectories of meteors and provides invaluable insights into each known meteor shower.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culprit-behind-the-zodiacal-light-curtain">Culprit behind the zodiacal light curtain</h2>



<p>One of the team's significant discoveries was the role of heat in the disintegration of comet debris. </p>



<p>Initially, it was thought that proximity to the Sun, leading to more collisions, would result in the rapid destruction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-building-blocks-may-have-formed-near-newborn-stars-and-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pebble-sized particles</a>. </p>



<p>However, the research revealed a surprising twist: these pebbles were far more resilient than anticipated.</p>



<p>“Because there is more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/devil-comet-is-hurtling-towards-earth-but-poses-no-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet dust</a> closer to the Sun, we had expected collisions there would pulverize the pebbles that much faster,” Jenniskens clarifies. “Instead, we found that the pebbles survived better than expected.” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteor-clusters-show-evidence-of-thermal-breakdown">Meteor clusters show evidence of thermal breakdown</h2>



<p>This process of thermal stress is evident near Earth and extends all the way to the orbit of Mercury. In the extreme environment within Mercury's orbit, the intense heat causes the particles to disintegrate by shedding material.</p>



<p>A fascinating manifestation of this phenomenon is the observation of meteor clusters. “Here at Earth, we sometimes see that process in action when in a short time of say 10 seconds we detect ten or twenty <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteoroid-burn-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteors</a> in part of the sky, a meteor cluster, the result of a meteoroid having fallen apart by thermal stresses just before entering Earth’s atmosphere,” Jenniskens concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zodiacal-light-interplay-of-light-dust-and-heat-in-space">Zodiacal light: Interplay of light, dust, and heat in space</h2>



<p>In summary, the fascinating research led by Dr. Peter Jenniskens and his international team has revolutionized our understanding of the zodiacal light. These brilliant scientists discovered that heat, rather than collisions, plays a pivotal role in shaping the cosmic dust between the planets. </p>



<p>By utilizing advanced technology and global cooperation, the team has unveiled the intricate processes that govern the disintegration of comet debris, challenging previous theories and opening new avenues for astronomical research. </p>



<p>This discovery enriches our knowledge of the cosmos and highlights the dynamic interplay of forces that craft the beauty of our night sky, offering a deeper appreciation for the celestial phenomena that surround us.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103524000939?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Icarus</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Zodiacal light’s mysterious origin is finally discovered

The night sky holds countless wonders, one of which is...

<p>Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a surprising combatant in urban greening near highways. </p>



<p>A study from <a href="https://www.gsu.edu/">Georgia State University</a> has shown that these natural elements do more than just enhance the visual appeal of the area. They also play a crucial role in mitigating the pollution caused by motor vehicles.</p>



<p>Thie study highlights the importance of finding effective ways to combat air pollution. It underlines the potential of integrating vegetation into our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorful-urban-environments-promote-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environments</a> for health and aesthetic benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-leafy-shield-against-pollution">A leafy shield against pollution</h2>



<p>For the investigation, the researchers conducted air quality tests over six months at various metro Atlanta highway sites. They discovered that areas with trees and bushes experienced a significant decrease in pollutants. </p>



<p>Specifically, there was a 37% reduction in soot and a 7% decrease in ultrafine particles. These pollutants are harmful to health and are linked to serious diseases like asthma and lung cancer.</p>



<p>Study lead author Professor Roby Greenwald stated: “Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-need-for-greener-solutions">Growing need for greener solutions</h2>



<p>The need for solutions is critical, given that around 45 million people in the United States live, work, or attend school within 300 feet of a major highway. This proximity exposes them to elevated levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/">pollution</a>.</p>



<p>Consequently, the study shows that roadside vegetation can effectively reduce particulate air pollution. It achieves this through mechanisms such as offering a large surface area for small particles to adhere to. </p>



<p>The research built upon previous findings by incorporating an extended sampling period. Additionally, it included a model that accounted for variables like wind direction, traffic volume, and proximity to the highway.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternative-transportation-methods">Alternative transportation methods</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald noted the limitations of roadside vegetation, noting that it does not reduce carbon dioxide emissions or ozone pollution.</p>



<p>Therefore, to achieve a more comprehensive mitigation of health hazards associated with highways, the study suggests that municipalities should focus on enhancing the viability of alternative transportation methods. </p>



<p>This effort could include expanding public transportation and upgrading infrastructure for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-travel-can-greatly-reduce-co2-emissions-in-the-city/">bicycles</a> and pedestrians. Such improvements would make it safer, more pleasant, and convenient for individuals to travel without depending on motor vehicles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-the-seeds-of-change">Planting the seeds of change</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald emphasized the value of roadside trees. "We should plant more trees along roadways because they provide benefits that go beyond aesthetics." </p>



<p>Yet, Greenwald warned against seeing this as a complete solution to vehicle emissions, advocating for a comprehensive approach to the issue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Additional benefits of urban greening</h2>



<p>Urban greening is a multifaceted approach with benefits that touch on every aspect of urban life, from enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services to improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-and-green-spaces-are-beneficial-in-all-stages-of-life/">human well-being</a> and economic vitality.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Environmentally, urban greening helps to mitigate the urban heat island effect, which is the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings due to human activities and the prevalence of concrete and asphalt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Trees and plants provide shade and release moisture into the air through transpiration, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-measures-the-cooling-effect-of-shade-in-urban-areas/">cooling</a> urban areas. Additionally, green spaces can improve air quality by filtering pollutants and dust from the air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Societal benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>From a social perspective, urban greening has been linked to improved mental health and well-being. Access to parks and natural environments in urban settings offers residents spaces for recreation and relaxation, which can reduce stress and improve mood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, these green spaces can foster a sense of community by serving as gathering places for social interactions and community events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Economically, urban greening can enhance property values. Properties adjacent to or near well-maintained parks and green spaces are often more desirable and can command higher prices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, green infrastructure, such as green roofs and walls, can reduce energy costs by providing natural insulation and cooling, leading to savings on heating and cooling expenses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Biodiversity benefits</h3>



<p>Urban greening also plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation within cities, providing habitats for various species and contributing to the maintenance of ecological balance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0296885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS One</a></em></em>.</p>



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Urban greening is a powerful weapon against air pollution

Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a...

<p>The Milky Way, as we see it today, is a colossal galaxy, a vast island of stars, gas, and dark matter. However, its beginnings were far more modest. Researchers have pinpointed two of the earliest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks</a> that contributed to the Milky Way's formation -- stellar populations nicknamed Shakti and Shiva. </p>



<p>These ancient proto-galactic fragments, from 12 to 13 billion years ago, merged with our young galaxy, laying the foundation for the grand spiral we know as home.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galactic-ancestry">Galactic ancestry</h2>



<p>Investigating the origins of stars that migrated to the Milky Way from other galaxies is a complex endeavor. However, astronomers Khyati Malhan and Hans-Walter Rix of the <a href="https://www.mpia.de/en">Max Planck Institute for Astronomy</a> tackled this challenge using two surveys:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Gaia:</strong> The European Space Agency's Gaia satellite has created a remarkably precise three-dimensional map of our galaxy. It provides detailed information on the positions, motions, and distances of almost 1.5 billion stars.<br></li>



<li><strong>Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS):</strong>&nbsp;SDSS gathers in-depth spectra of stars, revealing their chemical makeup.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellar-clues">Stellar clues</h2>



<p>When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> collide, there's a massive reshuffling of stars. However, certain fundamental properties of stars can offer clues about their origins:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellar-motion">Stellar motion</h3>



<p>Stars that were originally part of the same galaxy tend to retain similar patterns of motion. Astronomers track two key components:</p>



<ul>
<li>Energy: The total energy of a star's motion gives hints about its interaction with the larger galaxy.<br></li>



<li>Angular Momentum:&nbsp;Related to a star's rotational motion, angular momentum offers clues about the galaxy in which it formed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-composition">Chemical composition</h3>



<p>Stars are born from clouds of gas that contain elements forged in earlier generations of stars. Older stars, born early in the universe's history, have a lower abundance of heavy elements (known as "metals" to astronomers). Searching for stars with low metallicity pinpoints the earliest populations within a galaxy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-shakti-and-shiva-in-milky-way">Identifying Shakti and Shiva in Milky Way</h2>



<p>Malhan and Rix discovered distinct groups of stars with strikingly similar motion patterns and very low metallicity. These clusters, named Shakti and Shiva, are believed to be remnants of two very early galaxies absorbed by the nascent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> billions of years ago.</p>



<p>"We observed that, for a certain range of metal-poor stars, stars were crowded around two specific combinations of energy and angular momentum," explained Malhan.</p>



<p>Naming these ancient stellar groups Shakti and Shiva highlights the profound connection researchers feel with the cosmos. </p>



<p>Shakti, the embodiment of feminine power and creation in Hindu mythology, reflects the birth of galaxies. Shiva, the symbol of destruction and rebirth, mirrors the transformative mergers galaxies undergo. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shakti-and-shiva-s-role-in-milky-way-formation">Shakti and Shiva's role in Milky Way formation</h2>



<p>"Shakti and Shiva might be the first two additions to the ‘poor old heart' of our Milky Way, initiating its growth towards a large galaxy," said Rix. The "poor old heart" represents another group of ancient stars residing in the Milky Way's center and formed during its earliest stages.</p>



<p>This imagery emphasizes the heart as a record of the Milky Way's history, with Shakti and Shiva's addition marking key growth milestones. Their integration billions of years ago spurred the Milky Way's journey from a compact, young galaxy to the vast spiral we know. </p>



<p>Mergers like these not only built up the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-milky-way-may-be-filled-with-millions-of-planets-like-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>'s mass but shaped its structure. Understanding such events is key to tracing galactic evolution, revealing how collisions fueled growth and organization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technical-details-of-shakti-and-shiva">Technical details of Shakti and Shiva</h2>



<p>Other technical details of Shakti and Shiva include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-dynamics-and-spatial-distribution">Orbital dynamics and spatial distribution</h3>



<p>Shakti and Shiva exhibit prograde orbits specifically located within the Milky Way's solar circle. This unique positioning indicates their early integration into the galaxy's complex dynamical system, suggesting a significant role in the Milky Way's formative processes and evolving structure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contradictory-diagnostics-of-origin">Contradictory diagnostics of origin</h3>



<p>While their orbital characteristics and metallicities clearly identify Shakti and Shiva, a paradox emerges regarding their origin. </p>



<p>Their abundance patterns – particularly ratios of [Mg/Fe], [Al/Fe], and [Mg/Mn] against [Fe/H] – suggest a rapid enrichment process typically associated with in-situ formation within a galaxy's main potential well. </p>



<p>However, the context of their discovery and overall properties point towards an accreted origin. This challenge underscores the complexities of early galaxy formation and how smaller proto-galactic fragments were incorporated into larger galaxies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mass-estimates-and-galactic-influence">Mass estimates and galactic influence</h3>



<p>Shakti and Shiva are each estimated to possess a mass 10 million times greater than our Sun. This significant mass indicates a substantial contribution to the Milky Way during its early development. </p>



<p>These mass estimates help quantify their impact on the Milky Way's evolution, potentially affecting its mass distribution and influencing future star formation regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shakti-and-shiva-deciphering-the-milky-way">Shakti and Shiva: Deciphering the Milky Way</h2>



<p>The discovery of Shakti and Shiva is just one piece in the intricate puzzle of our galaxy's formation. Ongoing and future astronomical surveys promise even more detailed data about stellar motion and chemical composition. </p>



<p>This data will further illuminate our understanding of the Milky Way's complex and dynamic history. This discovery offers a glimpse into the earliest stages of our galaxy's formation, a testament to the power of astronomical observation and analysis.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad1885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.</p>



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Ancient stars "Shakti" and "Shiva" shaped the Milky Way galaxy

The Milky Way, as we see it today, is a...

<p>Blue whales, the largest animals on Earth, are gradually recovering from near extinction caused by whaling. However, their battle for survival persists against global warming, pollution, food scarcity, shipping risks, and other human threats.</p>



<p>A study from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> provides a comprehensive overview of global blue whale populations, highlighting significant variations in their numbers, locations, and genetics. </p>



<p>The research specifically notes differences among the eastern Pacific, Antarctic, and pygmy subspecies in the Indian and western Pacific oceans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-diversity-dilemma">The diversity dilemma</h2>



<p>Dr. Catherine Attard emphasizes the importance of protecting varied blue whale groups to preserve species diversity. She points to environmental factors as key influences on their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/echoes-of-the-past-whalings-long-term-impact-on-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic diversity</a>.</p>



<p>"Each of these groups needs to be conserved to maintain biodiversity in the species, and there are indications that natural selection in different environments contributed to driving genetic differences between the high-level groups," said Dr. Attard. </p>



<p>The study has revealed regional differences, emphasizing a need for focused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-dna-can-be-used-to-monitor-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>,. The results showed no inbreeding, which makes the prospects for recovery even more hopeful.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-to-recovery-for-blue-whales">Path to recovery for blue whales</h2>



<p>The path to recovery is complex and challenging. The study has highlighted various threats they encounter, such as underwater noise pollution, changing food availability, ship collisions, and entanglement in fishing gear. </p>



<p>These challenges underscore the critical need for improved management strategies under the guidance of the International Whaling Commission (IWC).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-mysteries-unveiled">Migration mysteries unveiled</h2>



<p>Professor Luciana Möller noted that reduced genetic diversity was found in certain groups, likely due to climate effects. She also identified unique populations in the Indo-western Pacific, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts in these areas.</p>



<p>The study was focused on the largest global genomic dataset for blue whales, enriched by satellite tagging, acoustics, and isotopes research. This approach has provided a detailed view of their population dynamics, connecting genetics with behavior to deepen our understanding of these marine giants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-charting-a-course-for-blue-whale-conservation">Charting a course for blue whale conservation</h2>



<p>"Genomics is a vital tool that has unparalleled power to determine population differentiation, connectivity, and other characteristics to inform the conservation management of biodiversity," said Professor Luciano Beheregaray. He warned about the risk of blue whale depletion in areas with restricted population links due to concentrated threats.</p>



<p>The study advocates for informed management decisions by the IWC to refine blue whale stock delineations for effective conservation. It calls for national management bodies to reduce human activities harming whales within their regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardians-of-the-giants">Guardians of the giants</h2>



<p>Since 1966, blue whales have been protected from commercial whaling, marking the start of global conservation efforts. This was followed by the International Whaling Commission's (IWC) global moratorium two decades later, further safeguarding these gentle giants.</p>



<p>Today, as we gain a better understanding of the complex challenges faced by blue whales, it's clear that our commitment to their conservation must be unwavering.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about blue whales</h2>



<p>Blue whales can grow up to 100 feet in length and weigh as much as 200 tons. Their heart alone is about the size of a small car, which underscores their immense size.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite their colossal dimensions, these whales primarily feed on tiny shrimp-like animals called krill. During the feeding season, a single blue whale consumes approximately 4 tons of krill a day.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Baleen whale family</h3>



<p>Blue whales belong to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baleen-whales-rewriting-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-largest-animals-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baleen whale</a> family, which means instead of having teeth, they have plates of baleen in their mouths that they use to filter food from the water. </p>



<p>They are known for their distinct blue-grey coloration and a long body that appears more streamlined compared to other whale species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vocalizations</h3>



<p>One of the most fascinating aspects of blue whales is their vocalization. They produce a series of sounds that are the loudest of any animal on Earth, which can be heard over vast distances under the sea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These calls are thought to be used for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> and navigation across the dark ocean depths.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Although commercial whaling has significantly decreased, blue whales still face dangers from ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts are in place globally to protect these magnificent creatures and their habitats, aiming to ensure that blue whales continue to thrive in the world's oceans.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acv.12935" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animal Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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Blue whales continue their battle for survival

Blue whales, the largest animals on Earth, are gradually recovering...

European,Seabass,(dicentrarchus,Labrax),,Aegean,Sea,,Greece,,Halkidiki

<p>Marine fish species are rapidly migrating toward the poles in response to the challenges of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. This concerning trend was unveiled in a study led by <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a>.</p>



<p>The research, spearheaded by PhD student Shahar Chaikin and Professor Jonathan Belmaker, uncovers a stark decline in marine fish populations as they migrate poleward in an attempt to escape rising sea temperatures. </p>



<p>This international effort, published in the prestigious <em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em>, challenges the previously held notion that rapid geographic shifts could be a lifeline for species under the threat of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-waters-have-an-unexpected-impact-on-fish-size/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-dive-into-migrating-fish-populations">Deep dive into migrating fish populations</h2>



<p>The study meticulously analyzed over 2,572 fish populations across 146 species, primarily from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. </p>



<p>This vast dataset was drawn from two global databases, one tracking fish population sizes over time and the other documenting the velocities of range shifts among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-evolution-takes-place-in-decades-not-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine fishes</a>. </p>



<p>The findings reveal an alarming trend. Species that migrate faster towards the poles are experiencing more significant declines in population abundance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-these-rapid-shifts">Consequences of these rapid shifts</h2>



<p>Professor Belmaker sheds light on the motivation behind the research. "Climate change triggers a survival response in animal species, prompting them to move towards cooler areas," Belmaker said. </p>



<p>"Our goal was to understand the repercussions of these fish migrating. Surprisingly, we found that the quicker these fish move towards the poles, the more their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/without-strong-action-global-fish-stocks-could-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations decline</a>, suggesting difficulty in adapting to new environments," he concluded.</p>



<p>"Our observations indicate that species like the European seabass, which shift their geographical range swiftly towards the poles, are more prone to losing their abundance," Shahar Chaikin adds.</p>



<p>"Moreover, populations closer to the poles, which one might assume to be less affected by climate change, are actually facing more rapid declines compared to those near the equator within the same species," Chaikin concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-the-future-of-migrating-fish">Conservation and the future of migrating fish</h2>



<p>These insights are crucial for environmental policymakers and conservationists. The study advocates for a reassessment of conservation statuses. The scientists emphasize the need for close monitoring and careful management of species exhibiting rapid poleward shifts. </p>



<p>Proposed strategies include implementing fishing limits to reduce additional pressures on these vulnerable populations.</p>



<p>Professor Belmaker concludes, "Contrary to the belief that rapid range shifts protect against population decline, our findings suggest that species making these shifts are more vulnerable to climate change. This vulnerability underscores the need for special attention and further research into the causal relationships affecting marine species beyond fish."</p>



<p>This study marks a pivotal step in understanding the complex dynamics of climate change and marine life migration. As we continue to witness the unfolding consequences of global warming, research like this provides valuable insights for shaping future conservation strategies, ensuring the survival of marine biodiversity in the face of unprecedented environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-consequences-of-warming-oceans">More about the consequences of warming oceans</h2>



<p>Oceans, covering more than 70% of the Earth's surface, act as a massive heat sink, absorbing and redistributing heat around the globe. However, this vital function comes at a cost. </p>



<p>As mentioned above, recent decades have seen a significant rise in ocean temperatures, a direct consequence of climate change driven by increased greenhouse gas emissions. This warming poses a severe threat to marine ecosystems, affecting species diversity, population distributions, and the health of marine habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Disrupted ecosystems and migrating fish species</h3>



<p>As ocean temperatures climb, marine species face critical survival challenges. Many organisms, from tiny plankton to large fish, corals, and marine mammals, have adapted to live within specific temperature ranges. </p>



<p>When their habitats warm beyond these comfort zones, these species must migrate to cooler waters or face population declines and even extinction.</p>



<p>Warming oceans disrupt the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. Predatory relationships, breeding grounds, and migration patterns, honed over millennia, are now changing. </p>



<p>For instance, coral reefs, the ocean's biodiversity hotspots, suffer from coral bleaching when water temperatures rise, weakening these vital ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on fisheries and global food security</h3>



<p>As discussed above in the study from Tel Aviv University, the migration of fish populations towards cooler polar regions has significant implications for global fisheries, a crucial source of food and livelihood for billions of people. </p>



<p>As fish stocks decline or move from traditional fishing grounds, local communities and entire nations face economic and food security challenges. This shift necessitates adaptive management strategies for fisheries to sustainably manage these changing resources.</p>



<p>Compounding the issue of warming is ocean acidification, a result of the ocean absorbing increased levels of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. </p>



<p>This chemical change in seawater can have devastating effects on marine life, particularly species like shellfish and corals, which rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells and skeletons. </p>



<p>Acidification reduces the availability of this essential mineral, threatening the survival of these organisms and the entire ecosystems relying on them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation and future implications</h3>



<p>The impacts of warming oceans underscore the urgent need for global action to mitigate climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, adopting sustainable fishing practices, and protecting marine habitats are critical steps in safeguarding our oceans. </p>



<p>Furthermore, increasing research and monitoring efforts can provide the necessary insights to guide policy and conservation strategies, ensuring the resilience of marine ecosystems in a warming world.</p>



<p>In summary, the rising temperatures of our oceans signal a clear warning: without concerted efforts to address climate change, the rich tapestry of marine life, upon which humanity so heavily depends, faces an uncertain future. It is a global challenge that requires immediate and sustained action from all sectors of society.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02350-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a></em>.</p>



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Fish are migrating towards the poles to escape warming waters

Marine fish species are rapidly migrating toward the poles in...

<p>A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/">Eötvös Loránd University</a> in Budapest (ELTE) has found that dogs possess a remarkable ability to comprehend <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/">human language</a> beyond mere command response.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts discovered that dogs not only react to certain words with learned behaviors but also mentally associate these words with specific objects, thereby activating object memories upon hearing their names.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-word-comprehension-in-non-verbal-communicators">Word comprehension in non-verbal communicators</h2>



<p>Traditionally, assessing word comprehension in non-verbal communicators, such as infants and animals, involves tasks that require the subject to physically select or retrieve an object upon hearing its name.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In these settings, even the most intelligent dogs often perform no better than chance, fetching objects at random rather than demonstrating a true understanding of word-object associations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-learning-object-words">Dogs learning object words</h2>



<p>However, the scientists approached this challenge from a new angle by measuring brain activity in dogs through non-invasive EEG techniques. This method aimed to capture the dogs' implicit understanding of object names without relying on their physical responses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the experiments, dog owners would verbally identify toys familiar to their pets, sometimes presenting the correct toy and other times showing an unrelated object. For instance, an owner might say, “Zara, look, the ball,” while either presenting a ball or a different toy, with the dog's brain activity being recorded throughout.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-brain-activity-patterns">Distinct brain activity patterns</h2>



<p>The findings were striking, revealing distinct brain activity patterns when dogs viewed objects that matched the spoken word versus when they saw mismatched items. This differentiation mirrors human brain responses and is considered solid evidence of word comprehension.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition, the researchers found more pronounced brain activity differences for words the dogs were more familiar with, bolstering the case for their understanding of object names.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-understanding-of-object-words">Dogs' understanding of object words</h2>



<p>Contrary to the researchers' initial hypothesis, a dog's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-understand-up-to-215-words/">vocabulary size</a> did not influence its ability to make these mental connections.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Because typical dogs learn instruction words rather than object names, and there are only a handful of dogs with a large vocabulary of object words, we expected that dogs’ capacity for referential understanding of object words will be linked to the number of object words they know; but it wasn’t,” said co-author Lilla Magyari, an expert in psycholinguistics at ELTE and the <a href="https://www.uis.no/en">University of Stavanger</a>.</p>



<p>“It doesn’t matter how many object words a dog understands, known words activate mental representations anyway, suggesting that this ability is generally present in dogs and not just in some exceptional individuals who know the names of many objects,” added lead author Marianna Boros, an ethologist at ELTE.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linguistic-capabilities-of-dogs">Linguistic capabilities of dogs</h2>



<p>This finding challenges existing beliefs about the unique nature of human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-a-much-more-complex-language-than-we-thought/">language</a> comprehension and has significant implications for our understanding of language evolution. It also offers a fresh perspective for dog owners on the depth of their pets' linguistic capabilities.</p>



<p>“Your dog understands more than he or she shows signs of,” Magyari said. “Dogs are not merely learning a specific behavior to certain words, but they might actually understand the meaning of some individual words as humans do.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-plans">Future research plans</h2>



<p>In future studies, the researchers plan to explore whether this aptitude for referential language understanding is exclusive to dogs or if it extends to other mammals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, they are particularly intrigued by the origins of this capability, its dependence on the dogs' close relationship with humans, and the reasons why more dogs don't overtly demonstrate their understanding of object words.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.029."><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Dogs understand that some words refer to objects

A recent study led by the Eötvös Loránd University in...

<p>The vibrant wing patterns of tropical Heliconius <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heliconius-butterflies-have-a-surprising-aptitude-for-learning-and-remembering/">butterflies</a>, which serve both as a defense mechanism against predators due to their toxicity and as crucial cues in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parasites-influence-mate-selection-and-evolution-of-barn-swallows/">mate selection</a>, have captivated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Experts have recently made significant advances in understanding the genetic basis of the mating preferences of Heliconius butterflies. The findings mark the first instance of a direct genetic link to visually guided behavior being identified in any animal species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-experiments-on-heliconius-butterflies">Behavioral experiments on Heliconius butterflies </h2>



<p>The research was led by Richard Merrill, an evolutionary biologist at <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LMU Munich</a>, alongside collaborators from the <a href="https://urosario.edu.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad del Rosario</a> in Bogotá, Colombia, and the <a href="https://stri.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</a> in Panama. </p>



<p>During the course of their investigation, the team conducted extensive behavioral experiments on three Colombian Heliconius species: Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius timareta, both adorned with a bright red band on their forewings, along with Heliconius cydno, distinguished by a white band.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seeking-mates-with-a-similar-appearance-nbsp">Seeking mates with a similar appearance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A fascinating discovery emerged: males of all species showed a predilection for mates that mirrored their own appearance, irrespective of the genetic distance between the two red-banded species.</p>



<p>By using genomic analyzes, the researchers identified a significant association with a specific region of the genome - a region where the red-banded species have exchanged genetic material due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hybridization-reduces-vulnerability-to-climate-change/">hybridization</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-gene-controls-visual-preference-nbsp">Key gene controls visual preference&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We managed to identify regucalcin1 as a key gene controlling visual preference, in these butterflies,” said lead author Matteo Rossi, a researcher in Merrill's lab. “If regucalcin1 is silenced, it impairs courtship toward conspecific females, proving a direct link between gene and behavior.”</p>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-of-new-genes-proves-that-humans-continue-to-evolve/">gene</a> was found to have been transferred from H. melpomene to H. timareta in their evolutionary past, facilitating an increase in the attractiveness of red females and thereby enhancing the reproductive success of H. timareta.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-hybridization-in-heliconius-butterflies-nbsp">The role of hybridization in Heliconius butterflies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We’ve known for quite a while that the red color pattern gene was introduced from one species to the other through hybridization, and suspected that the same might be true for the corresponding preference. To finally show it, and identify the specific gene is really exciting,” said co-author Carolina Pardo-Diaz, the Dean of Biology at the Universidad del Rosario.</p>



<p>“We see differences in visual preferences all around us in nature when animals choose who to mate with. With our results, we were able to establish a direct link between a particular visual preference and a specific gene for the first time, and also demonstrate that hybridization can play an important role in the evolution of these behaviors,” added Merill.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adj9201" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, not only advances our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underpinning mating behaviors in Heliconius butterflies but also highlights the role of hybridization in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-when-butterflies-evolved-and-what-plants-they-used-for-food/">evolution</a> of such complex traits, offering new perspectives on the dynamic interplay between genetics and behavior in the natural world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-heliconius-butterflies">More about Heliconius butterflies</h2>



<p>Heliconius butterflies, often known as passion vine butterflies, represent a fascinating and colorful group found primarily in tropical regions of South and Central America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These butterflies are especially known for their striking patterns and vibrant colors, which not only make them a subject of interest among scientists and butterfly enthusiasts but also play a crucial role in their survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-patterns-and-mimicry">Color patterns and mimicry</h3>



<p>The wing patterns of Heliconius butterflies serve as a form of communication within their species and with their predators. Many species of Heliconius exhibit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/">mimicry</a>, where they share similar color patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This mimicry can be Müllerian, where poisonous species mimic each other's warning signals to predators, enhancing their protection. Some Heliconius species also engage in Batesian mimicry, appearing like other toxic species to avoid predation, despite being harmless themselves.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-evolution-with-passion-vine-plants-nbsp">Co-evolution with passion vine plants&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Heliconius butterflies have a unique relationship with passion vine plants, which serve as their primary food source during the larval stage. They lay their eggs on these plants, and the hatched larvae feed on the leaves, ingesting chemical compounds that make them distasteful to predators.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This relationship is a classic example of co-evolution, where the butterflies and the plants have influenced each other's evolutionary paths.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusually-long-lifespan-nbsp">Unusually long lifespan&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Another intriguing aspect of Heliconius butterflies is their unusually long lifespan for insects, living up to several months. This is attributed to their ability to consume pollen in addition to nectar, a rare trait among butterflies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pollen provides them with proteins and other nutrients, contributing to their longevity and ability to reproduce over extended periods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-exchange-between-species-nbsp">Genetic exchange between species&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Research into Heliconius butterflies has also provided insights into genetics and evolution. Studies have shown how genetic exchange between species through hybridization can lead to the transfer of beneficial traits, such as wing color patterns, which play a vital role in their survival and reproductive success.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Heliconius butterflies' mating preferences linked to a single gene

The vibrant wing patterns of tropical Heliconius butterflies, which serve...

<p>World Water Day, celebrated annually on March 22, serves as a critical reminder of the vital importance of freshwater and the need for sustainable management of this precious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-worlds-climate-driven-water-crisis/">resource</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The day calls urgent attention to the ongoing global water crisis and encourages actions that support Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which aims for comprehensive water and sanitation for all by 2030.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This year, the theme "Water for Prosperity and Peace" underscores the power of water in fostering growth and harmony worldwide. This initiative is led by <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-water" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNESCO</a> and the <a href="https://unece.org/homepage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-water-management-nbsp">Sustainable water management&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The significance of sustainable water management cannot be overstated. It brings about numerous advantages that touch every aspect of human and ecological existence. Benefits such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-water-is-the-key-to-a-long-and-healthy-life/">health</a>, food, and energy security are directly linked to how we manage our water resources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, water plays a critical role in safeguarding against natural disasters, bolstering education, enhancing living standards, generating employment opportunities, propelling economic development, and supporting a vast array of ecosystem services. It's through these comprehensive benefits that water becomes a cornerstone for prosperity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-catalyst-for-peace">A catalyst for peace</h2>



<p>The value of water extends beyond prosperity; it is a catalyst for peace. The equitable distribution and sharing of water resources are fundamental in promoting peace and cooperation, especially in regions where resources are scarce or contested.</p>



<p>UNESCO emphasizes the importance of dialogue and cooperation in the water sector. This approach is critical, considering that over 40% of the global population resides in transboundary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorado-river-basin-has-lost-enough-water-to-fill-lake-mead/">river basins</a>, which collectively contain almost 60% of the world's freshwater resources.</p>



<p>"Water for peace is the theme of this year’s World Water Day. Achieving it relies on far greater cooperation," said UN Secretary-General António Guterres.</p>



<p>"Today, 153 countries share water resources. Yet only twenty-four have reported cooperation agreements for all their shared water. We must accelerate efforts to work together across borders, and I urge all countries to join and implement the United Nations Water Convention – which promotes managing shared water resources sustainably.“</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facts-about-water-scarcity">Facts about water scarcity</h2>



<p>Water scarcity is a pressing global issue with profound impacts on both human populations and the environment. Here are some key facts about water scarcity:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impact">Global impact</h3>



<p>Over 2 billion people worldwide live in countries experiencing high water stress, according to the United Nations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-security-in-africa-remains-very-poor/">Water stress</a> refers to situations where the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when its use is restricted by its low quality.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes">Causes</h3>



<p>Water scarcity can result from a combination of natural and human-made factors. Climate change, overuse of water resources, pollution, and increased population pressures are primary contributors. Natural factors include periods of drought and decreased rainfall.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agriculture">Agriculture</h3>



<p>Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater resources, accounting for about 70% of all water withdrawals globally. Inefficient water use and irrigation practices contribute significantly to water scarcity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-effects-of-water-scarcity">Economic effects of water scarcity </h3>



<p>Water scarcity can lead to significant economic losses due to reduced crop yields, the death of livestock, and the added cost of securing water supplies. Industries that depend heavily on water, such as agriculture, textiles, and energy production, are especially vulnerable.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks">Health risks</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-world-is-falling-way-behind-on-water-security-targets/">Limited access</a> to clean water increases the risk of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever. Water scarcity also compromises hygiene practices, further exacerbating health problems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-consequences">Environmental consequences</h3>



<p>Overdrawing water from rivers and aquifers leads to habitat destruction for aquatic and terrestrial species. Water scarcity can also contribute to land degradation and desertification, further diminishing biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflicts-and-migration">Conflicts and migration</h3>



<p>Water scarcity can exacerbate conflicts over resources, particularly in regions where access to water is already a contentious issue. It can also lead to migration, as communities and even entire populations move in search of more secure water sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Climate change intensifies water scarcity by altering precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of droughts, and causing glaciers and snowpacks to melt more rapidly, which affects freshwater supplies downstream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-water-scarcity-nbsp">Addressing water scarcity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Addressing water scarcity involves a combination of strategies, including improving water use efficiency, investing in infrastructure to increase access to clean water, protecting wetlands and natural reservoirs, promoting water recycling and reuse, and implementing integrated water resources management (IWRM) approaches.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-in-two-people-suffers-from-water-scarcity-nbsp">One in two people suffers from water scarcity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Today, one in two people around the world suffers from water scarcity for several months of the year. And in some parts of the world, this water scarcity has become the rule, rather than the exception," said Audrey Azoulay,&nbsp; Director-General of UNESCO.</p>



<p>"We know the consequences of such a situation: water shortages not only fan the flames of&nbsp; geopolitical tensions, but also pose&nbsp; a threat to fundamental rights as a&nbsp; whole, for example by considerably undermining the position of girls and women."</p>



<p>"Indeed, in many rural areas, girls&nbsp; and women are primarily responsible for collecting water and spend several hours a day carrying out this task. In doing so, their access to education and participation in economic life is jeopardized."</p>



<p>"Access to water and the preservation of water resources are therefore core challenges for our societies, requiring new ways of using and managing this precious resource."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-for-peace-a-message-from-the-un">Water for peace: A message from the UN</h2>



<p>In a message for World Water Day, the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations notes</a> that water can create peace or spark conflict.</p>



<p>"When water is scarce or polluted, or when people have unequal, or no access, tensions can rise between communities and countries," says the UN. "More than 3 billion people worldwide depend on water that crosses national borders. Yet, only 24 countries have cooperation agreements for all their shared water."</p>



<p>"As climate change impacts increase, and populations grow, there is an urgent need, within and between countries, to unite around protecting and conserving our most precious resource."</p>



<p>"Public health and prosperity, food and energy systems, economic productivity and environmental integrity all rely on a well-functioning and equitably managed water cycle."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-water-day-2024">World Water Day 2024</h2>



<p>World Water Day is a call to action for governments, communities, and individuals to work together for the prosperity and peace that water can bring to our world. As we look towards the goal of water and sanitation for all by 2030, let us remember the critical role that water plays in our lives and the lives of future generations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This year’s theme of Water for Prosperity and Peace highlights an important revelation: the management and sharing of water resources are intrinsically linked to the well-being of individuals and communities and the overall peace and stability of societies.&nbsp;</p>



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World Water Day: A focus on prosperity and peace

World Water Day, celebrated annually on March 22, serves as...

<p>Everyone knows and loves the coolest frog on TV – Kermit. Well, he has an ancient cousin, who lived over 270 million years ago. Scientists recently discovered a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossilized</a> skull of this proto-amphibian, and they've named the species <em>Kermitops gratus</em>. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History</a> houses an extraordinary collection of such treasures. This discovery offers incredible insights into the evolution of life on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-proto-amphibians">What are proto-amphibians?</h2>



<p>Proto-amphibians, as a group, signify a captivating chapter in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary</a> saga of life on Earth. Scientists acknowledge these creatures as ancient tetrapods, meaning they were among the first vertebrates to develop four legs.</p>



<p>Consequently, this group of organisms acts as a crucial bridge in deepening our comprehension of the transition of life from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Their existence illustrates the evolutionary shift that ensued as vertebrates commenced the exploration of land-based environments. </p>



<p>This transition was monumental, necessitating adjustments in several physiological domains, such as respiration, locomotion, and reproduction. Hence, proto-amphibians highlight the vast array of life forms that ventured into these adaptations, offering a peek into the numerous strategies life employed to flourish on land.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-kermitops-gratus">Discovery of <em>Kermitops gratus</em></h2>



<p>The skull of Kermitops gratus is slightly more than an inch long. Nicholas Hotton III, a notable paleontologist, discovered it in Texas's Red Beds. The area is known for fossil-rich rocks from the early Permian period. </p>



<p>They have provided numerous ancient reptile and amphibian fossils. The <em>Kermitops</em> skull lay in the Smithsonian's collection for decades before its unique features caught the attention of researchers.</p>



<p>"One <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-t-rex-fossils-belong-a-distinct-tyrannosaur-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> immediately jumped out at me—this really well-preserved, mostly prepared skull," said Dr. Arjan Mann, postdoctoral paleontologist at the Smithsonian. </p>



<p>This discovery underscores the significance of museum collections. While exciting fieldwork is often in the limelight, meticulous re-examination of existing specimens can lead to groundbreaking revelations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-kermitops-skull">Insights from <em>Kermitops</em> skull</h2>



<p>The <em>Kermitops</em> skull exhibits an unusual combination of anatomical characteristics. It has large, oval-shaped eye sockets and a distinctive snout structure, with a shortened skull region behind the eyes contrasting its elongated, curved front portion. </p>



<p>These features suggest a creature resembling a stout salamander, adapted for capturing small, insect-like prey. Scientists determined this fossil represented a new genus and species, earning it the formal designation <em>Kermitops gratus</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-kermitops">Naming <em>Kermitops</em></h2>



<p>The playful reference to Kermit the Frog serves a significant purpose. "Using the name Kermit has significant implications for how we can bridge the science that is done by paleontologists in museums to the general public," explained study lead author Calvin So.</p>



<p>"Because this animal is a distant relative of today’s amphibians, and Kermit is a modern-day amphibian icon, it was the perfect name for it."</p>



<p>The fragmented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-fossils-could-inspire-advancements-in-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> record of early amphibians and their ancestors often hinders a comprehensive picture of their evolution. <em>Kermitops gratus</em> helps fill in crucial gaps. </p>



<p>"Kermitops offers us clues to bridge this huge fossil gap and start to see how frogs and salamanders developed these really specialized traits," said So.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-paleontology">The future of paleontology</h2>



<p>Dr. Mann emphasized the potential for further discoveries hidden in existing collections. "This is an active area of research that a lot more paleontologists need to dive back into."</p>



<p>"Paleontology is always more than just dinosaurs, and there are lots of cool evolutionary stories and mysteries still waiting to be answered. We just need to keep looking." </p>



<p><em>Kermitops gratus</em> exemplifies how the ongoing study of museum specimens shapes our understanding of the natural world, one remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/470-million-year-old-animal-fossils-discovered-in-frances-cabrieres-biota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> at a time.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>‌</p>

Scientists found an ancient cousin of Kermit the frog - Kermitops

Everyone knows and loves the coolest frog on TV –...

<p>Loneliness could be the ultimate silent killer, especially for older adults. New research from the <a href="https://www.regenstrief.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Regenstrief Institute</a> and <a href="https://medicine.iu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indiana University School of Medicine</a> shows that loneliness is a major source of stress, affecting both mental and physical health. </p>



<p>Think about the things you've been warned are bad for your health: smoking, a high-fat diet, drinking too much alcohol. They all carry multiple major risks. But what if there was something worse like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-alone-in-america-an-escalating-public-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loneliness</a> lurking in the shadows – something your doctor might not even ask you about? </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-loneliness">What is loneliness?</h2>



<p>Let's not confuse loneliness with being alone. You can be alone without feeling lonely, and you can be surrounded by people and still experience the pangs of loneliness. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-pill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">True loneliness</a> is more than just a passing feeling. </p>



<p>Here's how experts define it:</p>



<ul>
<li>Feeling like you&nbsp;<em>lack</em>&nbsp;satisfying social connections.&nbsp;You might not have anyone you feel close to, or maybe you feel like nobody really "gets" you.</li>



<li>The sense that your relationships aren't what you want them to be.&nbsp;If you find yourself feeling disconnected from the people around you, even if they seem to care, that can still lead to loneliness.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loneliness-and-mental-health">Loneliness and mental health</h2>



<p>The study paints a bleak picture: 53% of older adults seen by doctors admit to feeling lonely.&nbsp;Sadly, many people suffer in silence.</p>



<p>Furthermore, loneliness is a bigger problem than many well-known dangers.&nbsp;It was a greater stressor than alcoholism, obesity, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeling-lonely-and-unhappy-can-age-you-faster-than-smoking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoking</a> up to 15 cigarettes a day.</p>



<p>"The first and obvious answer for loneliness is for primary care physicians to screen their patients," said study author Dr. Monica Williams-Farrelly. "Based on the literature and research, loneliness has influences on health that are quite significant and quite strong, so in the same way that we ask older adults: Do you smoke? Or do you measure your blood sugar?"</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-loneliness-hurts-your-health">How loneliness hurts your health</h2>



<p>Loneliness doesn't just feel bad emotionally, it can cause a chain reaction of physical problems. Feelings of isolation can lead to:</p>



<ul>
<li>Increased risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a></li>



<li>Weakened immune system</li>



<li>Higher risk of depression and anxiety</li>



<li>Cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-an-older-adults-issue">More than just an 'older adults' issue</h2>



<p>While the study focused on older adults, loneliness is a monster that can creep up on anyone. Here's why different age groups might feel lonely:</p>



<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-among-college-students-linked-to-unhealthy-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Young adults</a>:&nbsp;Leaving home for college, moving to a new city, or major life changes can create a sense of disconnection.</li>



<li>Moms:&nbsp;It can be surprisingly isolating to care for young children, even if you have a supportive partner.</li>



<li>Remote workers:&nbsp;While it might seem ideal to work from home, missing out on casual workplace interactions can be surprisingly damaging over time.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pandemic-s-toll-on-loneliness-and-health">The pandemic's toll on loneliness and health</h2>



<p>Before the pandemic, loneliness was already recognized as a significant issue, especially among older adults. However, the situation took a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-was-widespread-during-the-second-wave-of-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dramatic turn</a> for the worse with the onset of COVID-19 and the ensuing public health measures implemented to curb its spread, such as national stay-at-home orders.</p>



<p>These measures, while necessary for physical health and safety, had unintended consequences on the social fabric of society. By significantly reducing opportunities for in-person interactions, the pandemic intensified feelings of isolation and loneliness for many people. </p>



<p>This was particularly true for older adults who may not be as connected digitally or for whom physical presence and touch are vital forms of social connection.</p>



<p>“Loneliness may seem simple, but it can be complex to identify and address. It started to become a problem before COVID-19, and then with the national stay-at-home order caused by the pandemic, social contact was being prevented, which exacerbated the problem,” noted Dr. Williams-Farrelly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-improve-mental-health">Tips to improve mental health</h2>



<p>The good news is, there are ways to break the cycle of loneliness and find real connection. Here are some ideas:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ask-for-help">Ask for help</h3>



<p>Talking to your doctor about loneliness is a brave first step towards feeling better. Sometimes, just saying how you feel out loud can make a difference. </p>



<p>Your doctor can help you understand why you're feeling lonely and find ways to make things better. This can lead to real solutions that make a major difference in your life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reach-out-to-old-friends">Reach out to old friends</h3>



<p>Think of those people who used to be a big part of your life – friends, family, maybe even old coworkers. Life gets busy, and sometimes you lose touch. But reaching back out can be an amazing way to fight off loneliness. </p>



<p>Sure, it might feel a little weird at first, but chances are, they've thought about you too. You might be surprised at how easy it is to pick up right where you left off, and those old bonds can be incredibly comforting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-involved-in-your-community">Get involved in your community</h3>



<p>Find your kind of people. There's a local group out there for just about everything. Love to read? Join a book club. Want to make a difference? Volunteer for a cause you care about. Into board games or hiking? There's a group for that too.</p>



<p>It's a great way to meet people who share your interests and build friendships in a fun, low-pressure way.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-try-a-circle-of-friends">Try a "circle of friends"</h3>



<p>One of the most powerful solutions mentioned is the Circle of Friends program. Imagine it like this: a group of people coming together for three months, focused on building real friendships and connections. </p>



<p>This isn't just about feeling better, studies show it leads to improvements in overall health, how people think, and even helps people live longer. The best part? Programs like this might even reduce healthcare costs in the long run.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-online-connections">Online connections</h3>



<p>Sometimes, online connections can be a lifesaver, especially if you're feeling lonely. While nothing beats real-life friendships, social media and online groups can provide a sense of community and support when you need it most. </p>



<p>Just remember, online connections are the icing on the cake; don't let them replace those face-to-face friendships that promote higher levels of intimacy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discuss-loneliness-and-emotional-health">Discuss loneliness and emotional health</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that primary care doctors have a huge opportunity to help lonely older adults. “Primary care clinicians should discuss loneliness with their older adult patients and provide resources to help them create meaningful social relationships,” explained study author Dr. Nicole Fowler.</p>



<p>By simply asking about loneliness during checkups, doctors can start important conversations that lead to solutions. This shows that healthcare providers aren't just focused on fixing physical problems – they care about the whole person, including their emotional well-being.</p>



<p>Remember<strong>:</strong> Loneliness is something most people experience at some point. It's okay to feel this way, and there's no shame in asking for help.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18762" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Loneliness harms health more than alcohol, obesity, or smoking

Loneliness could be the ultimate silent killer, especially for older...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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