Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Illustration,Of,A,Nerve,Cell,On,A,Colored,Background,With

Middle-age obesity is a growing concern worldwide, linked to a myriad of health issues such as diabetes, heart disease, and other chronic conditions. Traditional understanding attributes this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-impairs-the-brains-response-to-nutrient-intake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight gain</a> to a decrease in metabolism due to aging. 



However, recent research by <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a> and its collaborators offers a new explanation. The study delves into the biological mechanisms behind middle-age obesity, shifting the focus towards the brain's pivotal role in regulating metabolism and appetite.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hypothalamus-neurons-and-middle-age-obesity">Hypothalamus, neurons, and middle-age obesity</h2>



At the heart of this discovery is the hypothalamus, a critical brain region responsible for controlling metabolism and appetite. The researchers identified that the shape of neurons in the hypothalamus plays a pivotal role in middle-age <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-can-be-passed-down-from-parents-to-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>. 



Specifically, a protein known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-what-triggers-our-brains-to-overeat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)</a> is key. MC4R operates as a guardian against obesity by detecting overnutrition and regulating metabolism and appetite accordingly. These receptors are found in primary cilia, which are antenna-like structures that extend from certain hypothalamic neurons.



The study reveals that these primary cilia undergo age-related changes, becoming shorter over time. This reduction in length leads to a corresponding decrease in MC4R, culminating in weight gain. 



"We believe that a similar mechanism exists in humans as well," states Professor Kazuhiro Nakamura of the Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine. He highlights the potential broader implications of their findings.



The research, published in the journal Cell Metabolism, marks a significant step towards understanding and potentially treating middle-age <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fructose-puts-the-body-in-low-power-mode-fueling-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a> more effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-s-impact-on-brain-structure">Diet's impact on brain structure</h2>



Further investigations into this phenomenon revealed that the length of MC4R+ cilia -- and thus the body's metabolism and fat-burning capabilities -- varies with age and diet. 



Middle-aged rats showed notably shorter MC4R+ cilia compared to their younger counterparts. This indicates a decline in metabolic efficiency with age.



Diets influenced cilia length in different ways. High-fat diets accelerated the shortening process, whereas restricted diets decelerated it. Intriguingly, dietary restriction even led to the regeneration of MC4R+ cilia previously lost with age.



The study also explored the effects of artificially shortening MC4R+ cilia in young rats, which resulted in increased food intake, reduced metabolism, and subsequent weight gain. 



This manipulation mirrored the natural aging process, providing further evidence of the critical role of MC4R+ cilia in maintaining metabolic balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leptin-resistance-as-a-barrier-to-weight-loss">Leptin resistance as a barrier to weight loss</h2>



Another aspect of the study focused on leptin, a hormone linked to reducing food intake. 



In rats with shortened MC4R+ cilia, leptin failed to decrease appetite, illustrating a condition known as leptin resistance -- a common challenge in treating human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-treatment-of-child-obesity-yields-lasting-results/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>. 



"This phenomenon…is an obstacle to the treatment of obesity, but the cause has long been unknown," explains Dr. Manami Oya, shedding light on the intricate relationship between MC4R+ cilia length, leptin resistance, and obesity.



The team's findings offer hope for combating middle-age obesity through dietary management. "Moderate eating habits could maintain MC4R+ cilia long enough to keep the brain’s anti-obesity system in good shape even as we age," suggests Prof. Nakamura. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study-on-middle-age-obesity">Implications and future study on middle-age obesity</h2>



In summary, Nagoya University's new study unveils the critical link between the brain's structure -- specifically, the length of MC4R+ cilia within the hypothalamus -- and the battle against middle-age <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-now-affects-more-than-a-billion-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>. 



By demonstrating how these tiny cellular structures influence our metabolism and appetite, and how their age-related changes lead to weight gain and leptin resistance, the research highlights new pathways for innovative obesity treatments centered on maintaining or restoring these cilia. 



With dietary moderation pinpointed as a key strategy for preserving our brain's anti-obesity mechanisms well into middle age, this discovery enriches our understanding of the biological underpinnings of obesity and offers a beacon of hope for those seeking to combat this pervasive health issue.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413124000561?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Metabolism</a>.



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Middle-age obesity is caused by changes in brain structure

Middle-age obesity is a growing concern worldwide, linked to a...

A colossal river of ice, Greenland's Petermann Glacier, is disintegrating with shocking speed. Since the early 2000s, its melting rate has tripled. Rising tides threaten to inundate coastal cities and displace millions worldwide. 



Researchers from the University of California, Irvine (<a href="https://uci.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCI</a>), and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) have pinpointed the intrusion of warm ocean water beneath the glacier as a key factor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-with-the-tides">Shifting with the tides</h2>



Scientists were initially baffled by how quickly Petermann Glacier was <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/petermann-glacier-may-release-another-large-iceberg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">losing</a> ice. That's when they made a remarkable discovery: the glacier isn't fixed in place. Instead, it shifts by kilometers with the changing tides. 



"Satellite data revealed that the glacier shifts by several kilometers – or thousands of feet – as tides change," explained Ratnakar Gadi, UCI PhD candidate and lead author of the study.



The team mapped this massive movement and its impact on the ice. What they found shifts our entire understanding of how glaciers interact with the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-grounding-zone">The grounding zone</h2>



While scientists are used to thinking about the impact of warming air temperatures on ice, the real action is happening beneath the surface. Warmer seawater is making its way far beneath Petermann Glacier, thinning it from below. 



Researchers found the highest melt rates at a crucial area called the "grounding zone." This zone is where the glacier transitions from resting on land to floating on seawater.



“Seawater rises and falls with changes in oceanic tides in that zone and melts grounded ice from below vigorously,” said study senior author Eric Rignot, UCI professor of Earth system science. And the shape of this zone, scientists found, was a major contributor to the rapid melt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modeling-petermann-glacier-s-melt">Modeling Petermann Glacier's melt</h2>



To unravel the relative impact of warmer water versus the changing grounding zone, the UCI-led team relied on a sophisticated computer model from the <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. 



When they only factored in warmer ocean temperatures, the glacier thinned by an estimated 40 meters. But, when they incorporated the expansion of the grounding zone, the modeled ice loss skyrocketed to 140 meters – more than three times as much.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



The study paints a far more dire picture of the glacier's future and highlights a fundamental shift in our understanding of ice-ocean interactions. The grounding zone, once viewed as a less significant factor, is now understood to be critical. 



Glaciers like Petermann are losing their grip on land and retreating because of this underwater melt. And the retreat has a cascading effect.



"The results published in this paper have major implications for ice sheet modeling and projections of sea level rise,” Rignot said. 



“Earlier numerical studies indicated that including melt in the grounding zone would double the projections of glacier mass loss. The modeling work in this study confirms these fears. Glaciers melt much faster in the ocean than assumed previously.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-melting-glacier">Insights from the melting glacier</h2>



Greenland's Petermann Glacier melting rate is a stark reminder that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-shelves-will-struggle-to-recover-from-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> isn't a distant threat; its impacts are being felt right now. While the details are complex, the bottom line is simple: ice is melting, seas are rising. 



Every bit of warming and every kilometer of the ice lost pushes coastal communities worldwide closer to the brink. The consequences are immense and demand urgent action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Petermann Glacier</h2>



Petermann Glacier is a large glacier located in North Greenland. It is particularly notable for its floating ice tongue, which is one of the largest floating glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere. The glacier is named after the German cartographer August Heinrich Petermann.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate change indicator&nbsp;</h3>



Like many glaciers around the world, the Petermann Glacier serves as an important indicator of climate change. Scientists study changes in its size and ice melt patterns to understand the broader impacts of global warming on polar ice and sea levels.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Major calving events</h3>



The glacier has experienced significant calving events in recent years, where large sections of the ice tongue have broken off.&nbsp;



Notable events occurred in 2010 and 2012, when massive ice islands broke away from the glacier. These events attracted global attention and underscored concerns about the stability of polar ice in a warming world.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Research and monitoring</h3>



The glacier is an active site for scientific research and monitoring. Researchers use satellite imagery, remote sensing technologies, and on-site measurements to study the glacier's dynamics, the thickness of the ice, and the rate of ice melt.&nbsp;



These studies are crucial for understanding not only the fate of the Petermann Glacier but also the broader implications for global sea level rise.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological significance</h3>



The area around the glacier is an important habitat for a variety of Arctic wildlife, including polar bears, seals, and various bird species. Changes in the glacier and the surrounding ice can have significant impacts on these ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl105869" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.

Greenland's Petermann Glacier melting rate has tripled due to warm ocean water

A colossal river of ice, Greenland's Petermann Glacier, is disintegrating...

In the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources, insects have emerged as a promising addition, with edible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-are-2-5-million-ants-for-each-human-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> spotlighting the culinary scene for their unique flavors and nutritional value. 



While the thought of incorporating insects into the menu might evoke a sense of hesitation, researchers have discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-have-a-communications-system-that-closely-resembles-mental-telepathy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a>, a common sight at picnics, could actually enhance our dishes with their distinct taste profiles.



A recent study unveiled at the American Chemical Society (<a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS</a>) Spring 2024 meeting, held both virtually and in-person from March 17-21, introduces us to the diverse aroma profiles of four edible ant species. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-edible-ant-cuisine">The science of edible ant cuisine</h2>



Changqi Liu, an associate professor of food science and a leading researcher in this study, shares his fascination with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kangaroo-island-ants-do-a-perfect-job-of-playing-dead-to-avoid-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> from his experiences in Oaxaca, Mexico, where edible insects are as commonplace as any other ingredient in the market.



The study's findings break new ground in our understanding of edible insects' flavors, a relatively unexplored area until now. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-odor-and-flavor-profiles">Unique odor and flavor profiles</h3>



The research could significantly benefit the food industry by identifying desirable flavors for enhancement or undesirable ones to mask, thus paving the way for innovative product formulations.



Liu's team, based at <a href="https://www.sdsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">San Diego State University</a>, meticulously analyzed the odor profiles of the chicatana ant, common black ant, spiny ant, and weaver ant through advanced techniques. 



They encountered an initial puzzle with certain volatiles that had no detectable odor, which they later identified as ant-specific pheromones. Beyond these, they pinpointed a variety of noticeable odors contributing to each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-build-higher-nests-when-there-are-no-visible-landmarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant species</a>' unique flavor.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-flavor-atlas">Expanding the flavor atlas</h3>



The study revealed that common black <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matabele-ants-produce-antibiotics-to-treat-wounded-nestmates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> exude an acidic and vinegary aroma, attributed to their high formic acid content, while chicatana ants offer a nutty, woody scent without the presence of formic acid. 



Weaver ants stand out with a nutty, sweet, and caramel-like aroma, though the researchers also noted some off-flavors. Interestingly, the team observed flavor variations between ants at different developmental stages, suggesting that age influences flavor.



Looking ahead, Liu's team is excited to expand their research to include more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-ants-make-a-huge-contribution-to-forest-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant species</a> and developmental stages, such as eggs, and to explore how different processing methods affect flavor. They also aim to conduct sensory evaluations with human panels to further refine their understanding of edible ants' culinary potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-good-for-your-health-and-good-for-the-earth">Good for your health and good for the Earth</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/edible-insects-could-benefit-individual-and-global-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edible insects</a> hold promise as delicious alternatives to traditional animal proteins, offering a sustainable and nutritious option. However, individuals with food allergies, particularly to crustaceans and shellfish, should approach with caution due to the presence of common allergens like tropomyosin in many invertebrates.



Despite the challenges of high production costs and varying consumer acceptance levels across countries, the future of edible insects in the food industry looks bright. Liu's vision extends beyond the nutritional and environmental benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-think-insects-will-become-a-sustainable-food-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating insects</a>. 



He aims to showcase their potential for delicious and diverse culinary creations, emphasizing that incorporating insects into our diets does not have to feel like a sacrifice but rather an exploration of new, sustainable, and flavorful dining experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-edible-ants-and-the-future-of-sustainable-food">Embracing edible ants and the future of sustainable food</h2>



In summary, the exploration of edible ants opens a fascinating chapter in the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources. This intriguing new trend promises to enrich our culinary palette and contribute positively to environmental conservation. 



Through meticulous research, scientists like Changqi Liu and his team shed light on the unique flavors these insects offer, paving the way for their integration into mainstream cuisine. 



As we look towards a future where food sustainability becomes increasingly critical, edible ants stand out as a testament to the potential of exploring unconventional food sources. 



Their diverse and interesting flavor profiles, coupled with their nutritional and environmental benefits, underscore the importance of reimagining our food systems and embracing the extraordinary possibilities that lie in the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-farming-could-have-huge-benefits-for-soil-fertility-and-crop-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">edible insects</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-edible-ants-and-insects">More about edible ants and insects</h2>



In a world where sustainability and nutrition intersect, edible ants and insects emerge as innovative solutions to global food challenges. As discussed above, with their low environmental footprint and high nutritional value, these tiny creatures offer a glimpse into the future of food.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-powerhouses">Nutritional powerhouses</h3>



Edible insects are not just about novelty; they're packed with proteins, vitamins, and minerals. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungus-farming-ants-work-hard-to-maintain-healthy-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ants</a>, for instance, contain high levels of protein, essential amino acids, and vitamins such as B12, often lacking in vegetarian diets. 



They offer an excellent alternative to traditional meat sources, catering to the nutritional needs of a growing global population while reducing the strain on our planet's resources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flavorful-delicacies">Flavorful delicacies</h3>



The taste of edible ants and insects might surprise the uninitiated. Far from being bland or unpleasant, many species boast unique flavors that can enhance a variety of dishes. 



From the nutty and woody notes of chicatana ants to the acidic and vinegary taste of black <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/desert-ants-use-earths-magnetic-field-for-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a>, these insects add a new dimension to culinary practices around the world. Chefs and food enthusiasts are experimenting with these flavors, creating innovative dishes that challenge our preconceptions about what is edible.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-champions">Environmental champions</h3>



The environmental benefits of farming insects for food are significant. Compared to traditional livestock, insects require less land, water, and feed, and they emit fewer greenhouse gases. This makes them an ideal choice for sustainable farming practices. 



By integrating insects into our diets, we can help combat climate change and biodiversity loss, making our food systems more resilient.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-barriers-to-edible-ants">Overcoming barriers to edible ants</h3>



Despite their benefits, edible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-thing-of-nightmares-parasite-turns-ants-into-zombies-at-dawn-and-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> and insects face hurdles in consumer acceptance, particularly in Western countries where eating insects is not a part of traditional culinary culture. However, education and exposure are key to changing perceptions. 



Highlighting the delicious flavors, nutritional benefits, and environmental advantages of edible insects can encourage more people to consider them as a viable food source.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h3>



As we move forward, the role of edible ants and insects in our diets is likely to grow. Research into their flavors, nutritional profiles, and environmental impact continues to expand, offering new insights into how we can incorporate them into our meals. 



With ongoing efforts to increase consumer acceptance and develop sustainable farming practices, edible insects promise to play a significant part in the future of food.



In summary, edible ants and insects represent more than just an alternative food source; they are a step towards a more sustainable and nutritious diet. By embracing these unconventional ingredients, we open the door to a world of culinary innovation and environmental stewardship, setting the stage for a healthier planet and a more sustainable way of living.



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First plants, now ants: The art, science, and sustainability of ant cuisine

In the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources, insects...

Researchers have created the highly efficient blue light using organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). These advanced light sources are already in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-term-effects-of-artificial-blue-light-remain-unknown/">devices</a>, but now the team has overcome a major hurdle: making blue light more efficient and longer-lasting. 



This could usher in a new era of screen technology that's easier on your eyes, your wallet, and the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-oled-limitations">Current OLED limitations</h2>



OLEDs are made of special organic materials that glow when electricity is applied. Each pixel on a screen is made up of its own tiny OLED, generating vibrant light without the need for the bulky backlights required by many other display types.



Modern screens create their rainbow of colors by mixing just three core components: red, green, and blue. While red and green OLEDs have been stable for some time, the blue subpixels in a screen are more prone to degrade. 



The main problem is that not all the energy you put into an OLED becomes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-color-has-no-impact-on-our-internal-clocks-or-sleep-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light</a>. Some is lost to processes that damage the molecule itself. It's particularly bad for blue OLEDs. 



This imbalance explains why older screens might exhibit a bluish tint, and why energy efficiency for screens has lagged. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-designing-a-new-oled-molecule">Designing a new OLED molecule</h2>



Traditionally, scientists have focused on making blue OLEDs brighter by pushing lots of energy into a molecule. However, this team took a new approach, designing a molecule with built-in shields that block those energy-wasting degradation pathways.



“With this new molecule we have created a channel to develop more efficient OLEDs that will drive down the energy consumption of our devices in the information era," explained Dr. <a href="https://www.northumbria.ac.uk/about-us/our-staff/e/marc-etherington/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marc Etherington</a>, assistant professor in Molecular Photophysics at <a href="https://www.northumbria.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northumbria University</a>.



"As we all work towards net zero targets, this could have a significant impact for both manufacturers and consumers."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-the-oled-blue-light">Benefits of the OLED blue light</h2>



The implications of this research are vast and varied. The research suggests the following for its consumers:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-vibrant-colors">More vibrant colors</h3>



Researchers were able to achieve a much purer blue light source, meaning your screen can generate a wider range of truly accurate colors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-lifespans">Longer lifespans</h3>



Because the molecules are harder to degrade, the overall lifespan of these enhanced blue OLEDs should be substantially longer. No more worries about burn-in ruining your expensive display.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cheaper-to-build">Cheaper to build</h3>



Simpler, more resilient OLEDs could be cheaper to produce, making high-end screen technology more accessible.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-savings">Power savings</h3>



Future TVs or smartphones could put out the same amount of light while sipping less battery power, increasing the between-charge times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-insights">Future insights</h2>



"OLED screens have great picture quality and carry a high premium. However, OLED TVs don't last as long as other screens. Pixels that emit blue light are essential for a practical display but are also where the problems lie," said Dr. <a href="https://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/person/dc704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Daniel Congrave</a> from the University of Cambridge.



“We've designed a molecule that's allowed us to simplify the emissive layer of the blue pixel to only two components, while maintaining high efficiency, which could help to drive down cost."



With such advances, OLED technology may become the undisputed king of the display world, delivering breathtaking visuals while being easier the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-blue-light-from-smartphones-may-accelerate-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about blue light&nbsp;</h2>



Blue light is a part of the visible light spectrum and is considered to have the shortest wavelength and highest energy. It's present in sunlight, which helps regulate our sleep-wake cycle, but it's also prevalent in artificial lighting and digital screens.



The concern with OLED displays, and digital screens in general, is their emission of potentially harmful blue light. Extended exposure to blue light, especially at night, is thought to disrupt the circadian rhythm, potentially leading to sleep disturbances.&nbsp;



There's also ongoing research into whether prolonged exposure to high-energy visible light can cause retinal damage and contribute to age-related macular degeneration. However, it's worth noting that the amount of blue light emitted by screens is much less than what we're exposed to from the sun. 



Moreover, many devices with OLED screens come with features or settings that can reduce blue light exposure, such as night mode or blue light filters. These settings can help minimize potential negative effects on sleep patterns and eye comfort.



Manufacturers and researchers continue to study the impact of blue light and develop technologies that either reduce its emission or mitigate its effects, aiming to make digital device usage safer and more comfortable for users.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-024-01812-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Materials</a>. 



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OLED technology is changing the future of blue light displays

Researchers have created the highly efficient blue light using organic...

Cheerful,Man,Cuddling,Shiba,Inu,Dog,Near,Smiling,African,American

New research from <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lorand University</a> suggests couples in long-term marriage often slip into a surprising mode of talk: one that closely resembles how we communicate with babies and dogs. This involves exaggerated facial expressions, high-pitched tones, and simplified language – the same hallmarks of affectionate "motherese."



"The way parents talk to babies and each other shares a lot of similarities in how their facial expressions are changed," says Édua Koós-Hutás, lead researcher on the study. 



"This similarity could stem from the emotional closeness and bonding and help create a sincere and focused atmosphere when they talk."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-universal-language-of-love-motherese">The universal language of love: Motherese</h2>



You might not know the term "motherese," but you've definitely seen it in action. It's that gentle cooing, high-pitched voice, and those big smiles parents use with their babies. 



But it's not just about being cute – this style of talking actually helps babies learn language and feel loved. 



Interestingly, we do the same thing with our dogs. We might not be discussing philosophy with our furry friends, but we still use that sing-song voice and exaggerated expressions to convey simple messages and emotions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facial-expressions-and-tone">Facial expressions and tone</h2>



The study closely examined 46 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-term-happiness-marriage-genetic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">married</a> individuals who had both a baby and a dog. The researchers carefully analyzed their facial expressions and emotional states as they interacted with their spouse, child, and pet individually. 



When talking to their dogs or reciting nursery rhymes to their babies, the participants displayed more pronounced facial muscle movements. This approach was effective in capturing and holding the listener's attention, whether the listener was a human or animal companion. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marriage-talk-in-lasting-relationships">Marriage talk in lasting relationships</h2>



Surprisingly, the similar pattern of facial movements and tone emerged when spouses communicated with each other. This indicates that these exaggerated expressions might play a role in in enhancing the emotional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tv-happy-relationship/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bond</a> between them.



One of the most surprising findings was how often participants used "surprised" facial expressions – wide eyes, raised eyebrows, and broad smiles – along with exaggerated mouth movements when talking to their spouses. 



By contrast, interactions with strangers saw a reduction in the range of facial expressions and exaggerated mouth movements. This shows just how powerful these communication techniques are - they build intimacy and understanding in our closest relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Effective marriage talk</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happy-marriage-extend-lifespan/">Marriage</a> isn't just about shared words, as this study shows. The findings offer a playful reminder that love is expressed in the simplest ways. 



"It's easy to fall into routine in a long-term partnership," explained Koós-Hutás. "This research shows that those little moments of lighthearted, almost childlike communication might be a key ingredient for keeping the spark alive."



So, next time your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/couples-that-pray-together-really-do-stay-together/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spouse</a> busts out an overly-enthusiastic grin and some high-pitched baby talk, don't raise an eyebrow. 



Maybe they're just saying, "I love you" in a way that's been proven successful across species – including our own.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-motherese">More about "motherese"</h2>



As mentioned above, motherese, also known as "parentese" or "infant-directed speech," represents a special way of talking that parents and caregivers often use when communicating with babies and young children. 



This unique form of speech is characterized by a higher pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation. Unlike what some may think, motherese is not a simplistic or dumbed-down language. On the contrary, it is a sophisticated and intuitive means of engaging a child's attention and facilitating language development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Characteristics of Motherese</h2>



Motherese is not just about speaking in a high-pitched voice. It encompasses a range of vocal and non-vocal elements designed to make communication more engaging and understandable for infants. Key characteristics include:



<ul>
<li>Higher Pitch: Parents often speak in a higher pitch than normal, which is believed to grab the baby's attention more effectively. </li>



<li>Exaggerated Intonation: The rises and falls in pitch are more pronounced, making the speech pattern more engaging and easier for babies to follow. </li>



<li>Slower Tempo: Speaking more slowly allows infants time to process the sounds and meanings of words. </li>



<li>Clear Pronunciation: Words are articulated more clearly in motherese, aiding the learning process. </li>



<li>Simplified Vocabulary: The use of simpler words helps babies grasp the meanings of phrases and sentences. </li>



<li>Repetition: Repeating words or phrases helps reinforce language learning.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Benefits of Motherese</h2>



Research has shown that motherese plays a crucial role in language acquisition and cognitive development. The benefits include:



<ul>
<li>Enhanced Attention: The distinctive qualities of motherese help capture and maintain a baby's attention, which is essential for learning. </li>



<li>Improved Language Skills: Infants exposed to motherese tend to develop a larger vocabulary and better linguistic skills at an earlier age. </li>



<li>Social Bonding: Motherese fosters emotional connection and communication between the parent and child, laying the foundation for healthy social development. </li>



<li>Cognitive Development: Engaging in motherese stimulates brain development, aiding in the overall cognitive growth of the child.</li>
</ul>



In summary, motherese is far more than just baby talk. It is a powerful tool that parents use instinctively to teach their children the nuances of language and communication. By employing this specialized speech pattern, parents not only enhance their children's linguistic abilities but also strengthen the emotional bonds with them. 



As such, motherese is a testament to the intuitive ways in which humans adapt their behavior to nurture and educate their offspring, reflecting the profound love and care that parents have for their children.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2024.106203" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</a>.



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Talking to your spouse like you talk to your dog leads to a happier marriage

New research from Lorand University suggests couples in long-term marriage...

Science,Of,Plant,Research,,Chromosome,Dna,And,Genetic,,Development,Of

In the realm of plant genetics research, accuracy is paramount. Researchers have introduced a simple, impactful method to improve study precision on how external factors like temperature affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/these-plants-have-maintained-genetic-stability-for-350-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant gene activity</a>.



Colleen Doherty, an associate professor of molecular and structural biochemistry at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> and corresponding author of the study, underscores the dual significance of their work. 



"Our research highlights a previously underrecognized challenge within plant genetics research and presents a viable solution that significantly refines our understanding of gene activity," Doherty explains. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-in-plant-genetics">Breakthrough in plant genetics</h2>



This solution involves using RNA-seq analysis, key for measuring gene activity changes, like in protein production.



RNA-seq analysis is a cornerstone technique for gauging plant responses to various environmental stimuli. Its widespread use stems from its relative simplicity and cost-effectiveness. This technique helps <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">identify genes</a> active in drought, aiding in creating drought-resistant plants.



However, Doherty and her team stumbled upon a peculiar challenge with RNA-seq analysis. 



"In our study on plant responses to temperature changes throughout the day, we encountered unexpectedly divergent results," she shares. 



This inconsistency led them to a discovery: variables such as the time of day could indiscriminately affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescent-plants-gene-discovery-now-available-for-any-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gene transcription</a> levels. This, in turn, skews the results of studies that focus on specific variables.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-spike-ins-are-a-game-changer">Artificial spike-ins are a game-changer</h2>



The turning point occurred when researchers discovered that global transcription changes had been addressed in non-plant research. They found this through a method called artificial spike-in. 



This technique starts with introducing foreign RNA at the beginning of an experiment. It acts as a stable reference point. This allows for the accurate measurement of the plant's RNA production, unaffected by global transcription changes.



Upon applying artificial spike-ins to their research, the team made an observation. They noted even more pronounced differences in how plants responded to temperature variations at different times of the day than they had initially anticipated.



"The use of artificial spike-ins not only enhanced the accuracy of our data but also provided deeper insights into nocturnal plant behavior, revealing significant transcriptional activity at night that we previously overlooked," Doherty notes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-towards-a-brighter-future-in-plant-genetics">Towards a brighter future in plant genetics</h2>



This elegant solution marks a major advancement in plant genetics research. Doherty is optimistic that artificial spike-ins will refine transcriptional analysis under various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-algae-genes-chlorophyll-boost-crop-yields-land-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions in plants</a>.



"While we did not invent artificial spike-ins, we are eager to see them gain broader adoption in plant science. This could pave the way for new discoveries and enhance our understanding of plant behavior under diverse environmental stresses," she concludes.



In summary, the introduction of artificial spike-ins into plant gene research marks a significant leap forward in our understanding of how environmental factors influence gene activity. 



By offering a reliable method to account for global transcription changes, this simple yet powerful technique empowers scientists to gain more accurate insights into the complex world of plant biology. 



As researchers continue to embrace and apply this method, the future of plant science holds the promise of uncovering new knowledge that could lead to the development of more resilient crops and a deeper comprehension of plant life. 



This advancement not only showcases the innovative spirit of the scientific community but also opens up new avenues for exploration in the quest to solve some of the most pressing challenges in agriculture and ecology.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tpj.16654" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Plant Journal</a>.



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Plant genetics research just got a lot easier with a simple trick

In the realm of plant genetics research, accuracy is paramount....

ANYmal, the quadrupedal robot familiar with the rugged terrains of Swiss hiking trails, has recently upgraded its skill set. Researchers at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> have propelled this robotic marvel into the realm of parkour -- a discipline that emphasizes smooth navigation over urban obstacles. 



Moreover, ANYmal, from <a href="https://www.anybotics.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANYbotics</a>, has become adept at traversing challenging terrains typical of construction sites and disaster areas. This showcases its potential in environments fraught with danger or complexity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-mechanical-innovations">Harnessing mechanical innovations</h2>



At the heart of ANYmal's evolution are two pioneering teams under the guidance of Marco Hutter, a professor in the Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering at ETH Zurich. 



One team, under doctoral student and <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/anymal-quadruped-robot_parkour_ETH-Zurich_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parkour</a> enthusiast Nikita Rudin, expanded the limits for legged robots. Rudin countered his peers' skepticism about the developmental ceiling of such robots. He has proven that the mechanics of legged robots possess untapped potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anymal-s-leap-into-parkour">ANYmal's leap into parkour</h2>



Drawing from his parkour experience, Rudin employed machine learning techniques to teach ANYmal new, dynamic skills. This included <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/anymal-quadruped-robot_ETH-Zurich_1m.jpg">scaling obstacles</a> and executing complex maneuvers to descend them. 



ANYmal's learning process resembled that of a human child, relying on trial and error. Consequently, it uses its camera and artificial intelligence to assess obstacles and determines the most probable movements to overcome them based on its training.



Rudin believes that while each new skill might be nearing technical perfection, there's still a vast scope for improvement. Specifically, he sees significant potential in enabling ANYmal to autonomously navigate through unpredictable terrains, such as those strewn with rubble in disaster zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-synergy-of-techniques">A synergy of techniques</h2>



The project's second branch, led by Rudin's colleague, Fabian Jenelten, aimed to prepare ANYmal for real-world applications such as disaster response and construction site management. 



Jenelten's approach was to blend traditional model-based control methods with machine learning. This combination enabled ANYmal to perform complex maneuvers accurately. These include identifying and crossing gaps, as well as navigating through debris. Machine learning, in turn, equipped the robot with flexible movement patterns for unforeseen challenges.



This integrated approach has significantly enhanced ANYmal's capabilities. The robot now confidently navigates slippery or unstable surfaces. This opens the door for its deployment in hazardous environments where human safety is paramount.



Soon, ANYmal will be ready to undertake missions in disaster-stricken areas or construction sites, offering a glimpse into the future of robotic assistance in high-risk scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anymal-s-path-to-robotic-innovation">ANYmal's path to robotic innovation</h2>



In summary, these remarkable technological advancements have shattered previous limitations of robotic mobility and set a new benchmark for the capabilities of quadrupedal robots like ANYmal. Through the integration of machine learning and model-based control, ANYmal now excels in navigating complex terrains, from mastering parkour maneuvers to ensuring stability on unpredictable surfaces. 



This pioneering work promises to extend the robot's application beyond mere exploration, positioning it as a vital asset in disaster relief operations and hazardous environment assessments, ultimately paving the way for a future where robots and humans collaborate to overcome challenges and ensure safety in the most perilous conditions.



Click here to see a v<a href="https://youtu.be/REvNnUzVDAA" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ideo of ANYmal in action</a>.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scirobotics.adi7566" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Robotics</a>.



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ANYmal: The quadrupedal robot that has mastered parkour

ANYmal, the quadrupedal robot familiar with the rugged terrains of...

As our planet warms, some creatures struggle, while others adapt in unexpected ways. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-change-their-colors-throughout-the-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dragonflies</a>, those dazzling fliers often associated with idyllic summer days, are surprisingly resilient thanks to their coating.



Biologists at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a> have discovered that some dragonflies are essentially slathering themselves with nature's sunscreen -- a waxy coating that keeps them cool and adaptable in a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waxy-coating-of-dragonflies">Waxy coating of Dragonflies</h2>



Some dragonfly species produce a waxy compound that they spread all over their bodies. This wax acts as a barrier, preventing moisture from escaping and protecting the dragonflies from overheating. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-dragonflies-right-themselves-in-mid-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dragonflies</a> are cold-blooded and cannot regulate their body temperature internally like humans. Instead, they rely on their environment for warmth or coolness. Finding the perfect balance of sun and shade, while attracting a mate, becomes a dangerous challenge.



Moreover, some dragonflies strategically position themselves in open areas to attract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-dragonflies-fake-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">females</a>. However, this means spending extended periods in the sun, which can dangerously increase their body temperature. 



The waxy coating solves this problem. It acts like a shield, protecting them from losing moisture and overheating. This coating, called pruinescence, can sometimes make dragonflies appear frosty white.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dragonfly-compound-acts-as-a-type-of-armor">Dragonfly compound acts as a type of armor</h2>



But is this waxy armor an advantage as the climate changes? To find out, the researchers delved into an enormous database of dragonfly sightings -- a staggering 387,000 records -- compiled over time. 



They discovered a key pattern, stating that those dragonflies using pruinescence were the most common species in warm and dry areas. 



Digging further, they compared records over time, revealing that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonfly-wings-inspire-antibacterial-medical-implants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dragonflies</a> with the waxy coating were thriving much better than species without it in changing weather conditions. This suggests they might be more likely to survive in a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dragonflies-waxy-coating-and-evolution">Dragonflies' waxy coating and evolution</h2>



Previously, scientists believed mating behaviors were unchanging, possibly making it harder for species to survive environmental changes. These complex behaviors exist mostly to attract mates and were not considered important for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-dragonfly-species-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">broader survival</a>.



However, the study shows that pruinescence helps some insects survive and thrive. It assists with mating rituals, but also aids survival in harsher climates. This shows that mating behaviors can also help a species survive long-term.



This study changes our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-size-shaped-by-predators-and-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>. The value of some traits might be much more complex than we thought. Instead of limiting a species, mating-related traits could provide the adaptability needed to survive in a changing world. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-wax-coats-and-warming-climates">Insects, wax coats, and warming climates</h2>



The big question now: could other insects be using similar tricks? The researchers suggest that other insects might also have ways to adapt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dragonflies-are-thriving-in-a-warmer-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. Pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and other insects, play an essential role in helping many plants reproduce. 



They also help many of the crops that humans rely on for food to reproduce. The possibility that these important insects might have built-in ways to adapt to climate change, ways that scientists haven't noticed before, offers hope.



Perhaps some creatures are the masters of survival, armed with an extraordinary adaptation to navigate a changing world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-dragonflies-and-their-coating">More about dragonflies and their coating</h2>



As discussed above, dragonflies stand out as marvels of the insect world, known for their vibrant colors, large multifaceted eyes, and astonishing flying abilities. These insects, belonging to the order Odonata, encapsulate over 3,000 species spread across the globe. They play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, serving as both predators and prey within their ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Anatomy and appearance</h3>



Dragonflies possess a unique and fascinating anatomy. Their bodies are divided into three main parts: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head houses their large, compound eyes, which provide nearly 360-degree vision, allowing them to spot prey and predators from a distance. 



Attached to the thorax are two pairs of strong, transparent wings and six legs. Unlike many insects, dragonflies can move each of their wings independently, contributing to their incredible flying skills. Their elongated abdomen comes in a variety of colors, often serving as a distinguishing feature among species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Life cycle and reproduction</h3>



The life cycle of a dragonfly is a captivating process, involving a complete metamorphosis. It starts with eggs laid in or near water. Once hatched, the nymphs (or larvae) live in the water, where they undergo a series of molts, growing larger with each stage. This aquatic phase can last up to several years, depending on the species. 



When ready, the nymph climbs out of the water onto a plant, where it emerges from its larval skin as an adult dragonfly. The adult stage, during which they take to the air, typically lasts only a few months, during which time they mate and lay eggs for the next generation.



Dragonflies are formidable hunters, both in their aquatic nymph stage and as airborne adults. Nymphs feed on a variety of aquatic organisms, including tadpoles and small fish. Adult dragonflies continue their predatory lifestyle, feeding on other insects such as mosquitoes, flies, and even smaller dragonflies. Their ability to hover, fly backward, and even upside down makes them adept at catching prey mid-air.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological importance</h3>



Beyond their beauty and awe-inspiring flight abilities, dragonflies play a significant role in their ecosystems. As predators, they help control populations of mosquitoes and other insect pests, contributing to human health and comfort. 



Furthermore, both nymphs and adults serve as important food sources for a variety of animals, including birds, fish, and amphibians. The presence of dragonflies in an area often indicates a healthy, biodiverse ecosystem.



In summary, dragonflies are not only fascinating creatures due to their physical abilities and appearance but also because of their ecological significance. They are ancient insects, with fossil records dating back hundreds of millions of years, yet they continue to thrive in a wide range of environments today. 



By understanding more about dragonflies, including how they use waxy coatings as a survival strategy, we can appreciate their role in nature and the importance of conserving their habitats for future generations.



The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313371121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 



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Dragonflies develop a waxy coating to withstand warmer climates

As our planet warms, some creatures struggle, while others adapt...

In a world where the richness of species diversity is steadily waning, largely due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-extinction-risk-is-heavily-influenced-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human activity and exploitation</a> of natural resources, the pressing need for effective species conservation strategies has never been more evident. 



Traditionally, conservation efforts have zeroed in on species teetering on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sounding-the-alarm-half-of-earths-species-are-experiencing-rapid-population-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brink of extinction</a>. This approach, while necessary, often forces difficult decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources. 



However, a shift in focus towards long-term preventative measures rather than short-term crisis intervention might offer a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-fifth-of-the-species-on-the-european-red-list-may-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable solution</a>, ensuring that species common today do not become the rarities of tomorrow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plight-of-the-pronghorn-serves-as-a-wakeup-call">Plight of the pronghorn serves as a wakeup call</h2>



A recent study presented in Global Ecology and Conservation emphasizes this argument through its examination of declining pronghorn productivity in Wyoming, illustrating the broader implications of immediate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-analysis-can-predict-which-animals-are-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation actions</a>. 



The research, co-authored by Caleb Roberts, a research ecologist with the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> at the Arkansas Cooperative Fish &amp; Wildlife Research Unit, underscores the adverse effects of human-driven changes on pronghorn populations -- a species emblematic of North America's natural heritage.



Analyzing 40 years of data from 40 pronghorn herds in Wyoming's Basin Shrub Steppe, the study reveals a concerning trend: an overwhelming majority (80%) of these herds have experienced a decline in productivity, defined as the number of juveniles per 100 females, with nearly 43% facing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sixth-mass-extinction-is-currently-in-progress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant downturns</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-are-clearly-causing-rapid-pronghorn-decline">Humans are clearly causing rapid pronghorn decline</h2>



Pronghorn, often mistakenly referred to as antelope, boast the title of North America's fastest land animals. Their significance extends beyond their speed, representing an iconic figure in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-future-of-the-endangered-species-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continent's fauna</a>.



The investigation into the factors behind this decline pinpointed two primary culprits: the surge in oil and gas development and the phenomenon known as woody encroachment. 



Wyoming has witnessed an explosion in oil and gas extraction activities over recent decades, leading to a proliferation of well pads and an associated increase in road construction. These developments create physical barriers that fragment the pronghorn's habitat, severely impacting their migration patterns and, by extension, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">their survival</a>.



Woody encroachment, the gradual takeover of rangelands by trees and shrubs, further exacerbates the situation by diminishing the availability of suitable forage. Pronghorns thrive in environments rich in shrubs and non-woody biomass; the encroachment of trees into these habitats directly threatens their food sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-case-for-proactive-species-conservation-efforts">Crucial case for proactive species conservation efforts</h2>



The research advocates for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-species-day-millions-of-species-share-the-earth-with-humans-and-they-need-our-help/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proactive stance</a> on conservation, particularly the management of woody vegetation, to preserve adequate foraging grounds for pronghorn and maintain their population productivity. 



Roberts emphasizes the broader applicability of their findings and approach. “Although our paper centers on Wyoming, our results and approach are applicable everywhere — including Arkansas,” he explains. 



“If we want to keep common species common, like pronghorn in Wyoming or turkey in Arkansas, we need to constantly look for early signals of declines and link those signals to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-fish-and-wildlife-service-declares-21-species-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">causes of declines</a>. That way, we can act before the problem becomes insurmountable and we lose critical natural resources and species," Roberts concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-blueprint-for-preventive-species-conservation">Universal blueprint for preventive species conservation</h2>



In summary, the declining productivity of pronghorn populations in Wyoming serves as a critical indicator of the broader environmental challenges facing our planet, underscoring the urgent need for a shift towards preventative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-population-north-america-dramatic-decline-lost-3-billion-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation strategies</a>. 



By proactively managing threats such as habitat fragmentation and woody encroachment, we can safeguard the future of iconic species like the pronghorn, ensuring that they continue to thrive in their natural habitats. 



This approach preserves the intricate balance of ecosystems and represents a more sustainable and effective way to maintain biodiversity. Ultimately, the lessons learned from the pronghorn's plight highlight the importance of early intervention and adaptive management in the ongoing battle to protect our world's natural heritage for generations to come.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424000520?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Conservation</a>.



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Pronghorn lessons: Conservation is crucial for preventing species extinctions

In a world where the richness of species diversity is...

Oil and gas operations across the United States are leaking massive amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. That's the alarming finding of a new study by <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>. 



The financial cost of this leakage is estimated to be $1 billion in lost revenue. Moreover, by adding billions of tons of methane into the atmosphere, the oil and gas industry is causing an estimated $10 billion in economic and societal damage each year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-due-to-methane">Climate change due to methane</h2>



When we talk about climate change, the focus is often on carbon dioxide (CO2). But it's time to pay serious attention to methane. Though it breaks down relatively quickly, methane traps about 80 times more heat than CO2 over the first 20 years it's in our atmosphere. 



This makes methane a powerful contributor to the rapid warming we're experiencing. The 6 million tons of methane leaked annually by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-finalizes-ambitious-rule-to-slash-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S.</a> oil and gas industry is roughly equivalent to the yearly carbon emissions from all fossil fuels burned in Mexico.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oil-and-gas-operations">Oil and gas operations</h2>



The researchers conducted extensive aerial surveys of six major oil and gas regions in the U.S. They used advanced sensors mounted on aircraft to measure methane emissions, even from smaller leaks. 



This data, combined with computer modeling, allowed them to pinpoint where emissions were highest and offer practical solutions. 



The team found that actual methane emissions from oil and gas operations are roughly three times higher than previous government estimates. This discrepancy highlights the need for better monitoring and data collection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-variations-in-methane-leaks">Regional variations in methane leaks</h2>



The study revealed surprising regional differences. In New Mexico's portion of the Permian Basin, an alarming 10% of produced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-methane-leaks-discovered-in-the-baltic-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> escapes directly into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-methane-absorbs-sunlight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>. On the other hand, some areas performed better than expected, suggesting that good practices can significantly reduce methane leaks.



“Costs aside, the main message here is that some regions show emissions at rates well above those the government itself uses to estimate methane losses,” said senior study author Adam Brandt, an associate professor of Energy Science &amp; Engineering at the <a href="https://sustainability.stanford.edu">Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability</a>. 



“We hope this will spur government methane inventories toward greater incorporation of remote sensing data at the heart of those estimates.”



The researchers also found that a shockingly small number of sites are responsible for the lion's share of methane emissions. Fixing leaks at just 2% of facilities could reduce emissions in most regions by 50-80 percent. 



Additionally, they highlighted that midstream infrastructure (the pipelines, processing plants, and compressor stations that transport gas) is leakier than previously thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-leak-reduction">Methane leak reduction</h2>



“Solving the methane challenge is not quite as easy as simply finding and fixing a handful of leakers, as these stark numbers might suggest, but it does mean that efforts concentrated on relatively few operations could have considerable benefits,” said lead study author Evan Sherwin, a research scientist at <a href="https://www.lbl.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>.



By taking action to stop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> leaks, the oil and gas industry can save money and slow climate change. With roughly $1 billion in gas going up in smoke each year, investing in leak detection and repair makes financial sense.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The study demonstrates the value of advanced monitoring techniques for accurately measuring methane emissions. This type of data is essential for developing effective regulations and guiding industry efforts to reduce their climate impact.



“Climate change mitigation starts with better tracking of emissions, of course, but also accurate tracking of reduction efforts going forward,” Brandt said.



Let's hope these findings lead to a future where the oil and gas industry works proactively to minimize methane leaks in the U.S.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07117-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Methane leaks in US oil and gas projects exceed $10 billion yearly in losses

Oil and gas operations across the United States are leaking...

Ever wondered how a sudden noise snaps you out of a daydream? Researchers at <a href="https://www.childrenshospital.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boston Children's Hospital</a> have discovered how our brain shifts from wandering thoughts to alertness. 



This fascinating research illuminates how we process environmental cues that contribute to learning, understanding, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=memory%20formation&amp;start=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory formation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waking-from-the-daydream">Waking from the daydream</h2>



Dr. Jordan Farrell is an expert at the Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center (RSZ TNC) at Boston Children's. "We have found a brain mechanism for breaking up periods of mind wandering and realigning the 'cognitive map' back to reality," explained Dr. Farrell.



This discovery centers around the dentate gyrus, a part of the brain's hippocampus, which plays a crucial role in keeping us engaged with our surroundings and in forming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-activity-shows-the-prime-time-to-form-memories/">memories</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dentate-gyrus-s-dual-role">The dentate gyrus's dual role</h2>



It is well-established that our brains replay past events to consolidate memories. This process is known as the "sharp-wave ripple." However, Dr. Farrell and his team, in collaboration with the laboratory of Dr. Ivan Soltesz at Stanford University, explored a lesser-known pattern of neuronal activity. 



The research focused on synchronized spikes of firing in the dentate gyrus. These spikes occur when the brain transitions from being "offline" or disengaged. The experts believe these dentate spikes enhance our ability to quickly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/">process new information</a> and orient ourselves in response to environmental stimuli. 



Moreover, the study suggests that these spikes foster associative memory. This allows us to link sensory experiences, such as the sound of loud beeps, to specific events like a smoke alarm indicating a fire and the need for evacuation.



Dr. Farrell highlights the complementary roles of sharp-wave ripples and dentate spikes in brain functionality: "The brain is toggling through these two states." This interplay is critical for both staying attuned to the present and for the retention of new information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-and-future-directions">Broader implications and future directions</h2>



Understanding dentate spikes has implications beyond cognitive science. This knowledge could shed light on neuropsychiatric disorders such as ADHD, PTSD, Alzheimer's, and epilepsy.



Dr. Farrell focuses particularly on epilepsy, where the synchronous activity of dentate spikes could lead to pathological states. His upcoming research aims to explore dentate spikes' mechanisms and therapeutic interventions for epilepsy. 



Dr. Farrell plans extend this work to pediatric epilepsy patients at Boston Children's Hospital. The goal is to apply these insights in a clinical setting.



The study enhances our understanding of how the brain shifts from a state of daydreaming to a state of alertness. Additionally, it opens avenues for new treatments that target mechanisms of attention and memory formation. These discoveries underscore the complex interplay between mental wanderings and present-moment awareness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about daydreaming&nbsp;</h2>



Daydreaming is the experience of a wakeful indulgence in thoughts that are not directly related to one's immediate surroundings or current activity. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-happens-in-the-brain-while-we-are-daydreaming/">spontaneous thoughts</a> can be about personal desires, future events, imaginative scenarios, or abstract, wandering ideas.&nbsp;



Unlike focused thinking aimed at solving specific problems, daydreaming represents a more free-flowing, involuntary stream of consciousness.



Daydreaming often occurs during passive activities or moments of inactivity, such as during long drives, when showering, or while listening to a lecture. It's considered a normal part of cognitive functioning and has been associated with various psychological benefits, including:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Creativity and problem-solving</h3>



Daydreaming allows the mind to explore ideas without the constraints of focused thinking, potentially leading to innovative solutions and creative insights.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Planning and anticipation</h3>



It can involve thinking about future events or goals, aiding in planning and preparation for upcoming possibilities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Memory consolidation</h3>



Some research suggests that daydreaming may play a role in processing memories and experiences, helping to consolidate and understand them better.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Emotional regulation&nbsp;</h3>



Engaging in pleasant daydreams can be a way of coping with stress and boredom, offering an escape from the immediate reality and contributing to emotional well-being.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Excessive daydreaming&nbsp;</h3>



However, excessive daydreaming, especially when it interferes with daily functioning, can be a sign of underlying issues, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or maladaptive daydreaming.



This condition characterized by extensive fantasy activity that replaces human interaction and/or interferes with academic, interpersonal, or vocational functioning.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07192-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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How the brain's "alert" mechanism snaps you out of a daydream

Ever wondered how a sudden noise snaps you out of...

The,Sulfuric,Lake,Of,Kawah,Ijen,Vulcano,In,East,Java

A recent <a href="https://www.arizona.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a> study investigates the role of sulfur in the origin of life on Earth. Scientists recalled earth's tumultuous beginnings, with its volcanic landscapes and charged atmosphere, to understand how life could emerge from such a seemingly inhospitable environment.



Sulfur isn't a glamorous star of the periodic table. But it's a chemical shapeshifter, taking on various forms. It helps form proteins, vitamins, and even the building blocks that make up our own DNA. 



However, for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origin-of-life-on-earth-may-have-been-found-in-ancient-hot-springs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early</a> earth, the question becomes whether the right kind of sulfur was around to kickstart the whole process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rna-world-and-sulfite">RNA world and sulfite</h2>



The basis of the study is a theory called the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA world</a>." You might have heard of DNA, its more famous cousin, but RNA is a versatile multitasker. The big idea is that RNA might have been able to both store genetic information and act as a simple enzyme to start the chemical reactions that ultimately led to life. 



However, making RNA without the complex biological machinery of modern cells needs a special type of sulfur called "sulfite."



"For about 50 years, people have tried to figure out how to make RNA without enzymes, which is how biology does it," explains Dr. Sukrit Ranjan, a leading researcher investigating this mystery. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-sulfur-on-early-earth">Searching for sulfur on early Earth</h2>



The team decided to hunt for clues about how much sulfite might have been available on the young earth. The problem is, sulfur loves to react. Especially in today's world, it's quickly gobbled up by oxygen.



"Of all the atoms that stock the prebiotic shipyard, including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, sulfur is perhaps the thorniest," notes Sonny Harman, a scientist at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. 



But billions of years ago, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-on-earth-may-have-extraterrestrial-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earth's</a> atmosphere had very little oxygen, meaning sulfite might have stood a better chance. Could there have been enough to create the building blocks of RNA?



"No one has actually looked into this in depth outside of other contexts, mainly wastewater management," Dr Ranjan pointed out. The scientists recreated early earth-like conditions in the lab to uncover the secrets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stability-and-instances-of-sulfite">Stability and instances of sulfite</h2>



Contrary to assumptions, the study exposed a previously unknown characteristic of sulfite – it undergoes disproportionation. This reaction could significantly impact our understanding of its availability for prebiotic chemistry. 



"Once it's in the water, what happens to it? Does it stick around for a long time, or does it go away quickly?" Dr Ranjan posed a critical question.



Sulfites could remain stable longer in the absence of oxygen, potentially contributing to the formation of life-essential molecules.



Ranjan's research extends to identifying modern environments that could mirror the conditions of early earth, such as the sulfite-rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-on-earth-may-have-first-sparked-in-shallow-soda-lakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pools</a> in Yellowstone National Park. 



These sites offer valuable clues about the types of environments that could have supported the accumulation and chemical processing of sulfur compounds.



The implications of this study reach beyond understanding sulfur's role in early earth chemistry. Researchers express excitement about the potential for future research. It could involve integrating geological evidence and biological experiments to further explore the origins of life. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-sulfur-and-life-on-earth">Significance of sulfur and life on Earth</h2>



"If true, this implies that sulfite was present in the natural environment in at least some water bodies, similar to what we argue here," Dr. Ranjan said. 



His work hints that some of earth's oldest microbes might have evolved precisely in those kinds of environments. And now, even geologists are on the hunt, searching ancient rocks for hidden <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-clues-about-the-origins-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signs</a> that these life-friendly chemical hotspots existed billions of years ago.



The investigation is far from over, but sulfur, the overlooked element, may have a surprising story of its own to tell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-element-sulfur">More about the element sulfur</h2>



As discussed above, sulfur, symbolized as S and occupying the 16th position on the periodic table, stands as one of the most abundant elements on Earth. 



Primarily found in volcanic emissions and mineral deposits, this nonmetallic element is renowned for its bright yellow crystals and distinctive odor when combusted. 



Sulfur plays a crucial role not only in the environment but also in various biological processes, marking its significance across the realms of industry, agriculture, and biochemistry.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sulfur-in-nature-and-its-environmental-impact">Sulfur in nature and its environmental impact</h3>



In the natural world, sulfur cycles through the air, water, and soil, participating actively in the Earth's systems. Volcanic activities release vast quantities of sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere, a phenomenon critical for understanding climate dynamics and acid rain formation. 



Furthermore, sulfur's presence in the ocean contributes to the global sulfur cycle, influencing marine ecosystems and the atmospheric concentrations of various sulfur compounds.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-sulfur-and-life-on-earth-0">Significance of sulfur and life on Earth</h3>



Biologically, sulfur is indispensable. It is a vital component of amino acids such as methionine and cysteine, which are essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. Sulfur's role extends to the realms of vitamins and coenzymes, where it is involved in numerous metabolic reactions. 



This element's significance is highlighted by its contribution to the structure and function of enzymes and its involvement in the detoxification processes within organisms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sulfur-in-industry-a-multifaceted-resource">Sulfur in industry: A multifaceted resource</h3>



Industrially, sulfur's applications are diverse and impactful. It is a key ingredient in the production of sulfuric acid, one of the most widely used chemicals in the world, essential for manufacturing fertilizers, batteries, and various other chemicals. 



Beyond this, sulfur finds use in the vulcanization of rubber, enhancing its strength and elasticity. The element's antifungal and antibacterial properties also make it a valuable component in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and preservatives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-sulfur-research-and-applications">Future of sulfur research and applications</h3>



As research into sulfur continues to advance, its potential applications expand. Innovations in sulfur-based battery technologies promise more efficient energy storage solutions, while its role in reducing mercury emissions from industrial processes highlights sulfur's contribution to environmental protection efforts. The ongoing exploration of sulfur's biochemical functions may further unravel its mysteries, offering new insights into health and disease prevention.



In summary, sulfur's journey from the depths of the Earth to its pivotal roles in biological systems and industrial applications underscores its multifaceted importance. As we delve deeper into the understanding of this enigmatic element, its potential to drive scientific and technological advancements continues to grow, marking sulfur as a cornerstone of both natural processes and human innovation.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023AV000926Digital-Green_Discover-articles" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU Advances</a>.



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Sulfur may have played a key role in the origin of life on Earth

A recent University of Arizona study investigates the role of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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