Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Amid the challenges posed by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-death-toll-of-covid-19-pandemic-revealed/">COVID-19</a> pandemic, a study led by <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a> (BWH) sheds new light on the potential protective effects of maintaining an active lifestyle. 



The comprehensive study reveals that individuals adhering to exercise guidelines recommended by the U.S. and <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> prior to the pandemic's onset exhibited significantly reduced risks of contracting COVID-19 and necessitating hospitalization due to the virus. 



Notably, these adults experienced 10 percent lower odds of infection and 27 percent lower odds of hospitalization compared to their less active peers, as detailed in an article published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55808" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-opportunity-nbsp">Unique opportunity&nbsp;</h2>



"The COVID-19 pandemic provided a very unique opportunity to look at a potential benefit of physical activity from data that was collected before it began,” said lead author Dennis Muñoz Vergara, an instructor at the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine and the Division of Preventive Medicine at BWH.&nbsp;



The research utilized data from 61,557 adults, averaging an age of 76, who participated in three ongoing clinical trial cohorts - COSMOS, VITAL, and WHS. These participants had previously documented their exercise habits, which ranged from biking and walking to more vigorous activities like running and climbing stairs.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



From May 2020 through May 2022, the study revealed that those who were sufficiently active according to established guidelines saw a significant reduction in both COVID-19 infection rates and hospitalization rates due to the virus. Intriguingly, the protective effects of physical activity appeared to be more pronounced in females.



Despite its insights, the study acknowledges limitations, such as its observational nature and reliance on self-reported data, which may not fully capture health behavior changes during the pandemic. The researchers emphasize the need for further investigation to extend these findings across diverse demographic groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Looking ahead, the team aims to explore the link between pre-pandemic physical activity and other health dimensions, including mental well-being and social connectedness.



"This large, unique study in older adults as they navigated the onset of the pandemic provides important support for physical activity in preventing COVID-19 infection and hospitalization that may extend more broadly to enhanced immune function and lessening vulnerability to infections," explained senior author Howard D. Sesso, an associate epidemiologist at the Division of Preventive Medicine and Osher Center at BWH.



Through the lens of this research, the vital role of regular physical activity in fortifying individuals against COVID-19 and potentially other infectious diseases is brought into sharp focus, advocating for exercise as a cornerstone of public health strategy amidst and beyond the pandemic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-covid-19">More about COVID-19</h2>



COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. This highly contagious virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infection">Infection</h3>



The infection ranges from mild to severe respiratory illness. Symptoms often include fever, cough, and shortness of breath, and they may appear 2-14 days after exposure.&nbsp;



Some individuals, particularly the elderly and those with underlying health conditions, are at a higher risk of developing severe complications, such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, organ failure, and death.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transmission">Transmission</h3>



COVID-19 can also be asymptomatic in some people, meaning they do not show symptoms but can still spread the virus. This has made controlling the spread more challenging. Measures to reduce transmission have included lockdowns, social distancing, mask-wearing, and hand hygiene.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vaccines">Vaccines</h3>



Vaccines have been developed and distributed worldwide, significantly reducing the severity of illness, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, the virus has mutated over time, leading to new variants that sometimes show resistance to existing vaccines or increased transmissibility.



The pandemic has had profound impacts on global health, economies, and daily life, leading to an increased focus on public health infrastructure, vaccine development, and international cooperation to manage current and future pandemics.



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Physical activity lowers the risk of COVID-19 infection

Amid the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, a study...

Greek,Salad,On,Table,In,Greek,Tavern,With,Blue,Sea

Adhering to a Mediterranean diet could sharpen mental acuity in older age, potentially offsetting dementia symptoms, suggests a new study led by researchers at <a href="https://www.rushu.rush.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rush University</a> in Chicago. 



The investigation revealed that individuals maintaining a Mediterranean diet regimen exhibited superior cognitive function performance, irrespective of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diet-plays-a-major-role-in-preventing-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a> markers observed post-mortem.&nbsp;



The study highlights additional lifestyle factors -- non-smoking, minimal alcohol consumption, and regular exercise -- as contributory to cognitive health.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-advantages-nbsp-of-the-mediterranean-diet">Key advantages&nbsp;of the Mediterranean diet</h2>



The Mediterranean diet's efficacy against cognitive decline is attributed to its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-for-the-aging-brain-mediterranean-diet-protects-cognitive-health/">balanced nature</a>, promoting satiety and reducing the inclination towards unhealthy snacking. 



This dietary pattern promotes a healthy weight, mitigating obesity-linked vascular issues detrimental to brain functionality. The diet's high fruit and vegetable content, rich in antioxidants, further supports its neuroprotective benefits.



Data from the <a href="https://www.rushu.rush.edu/research/departmental-research/rush-alzheimers-disease-center/rush-alzheimers-disease-center-research/epidemologic-research/memory-and-aging-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rush Memory and Aging Project</a>, encompassing autopsy data from 1997 to 2022 and a follow-up period of up to 24 years, served as the basis for this research. The analysis involved 586 deceased individuals, averaging 91 years at death.&nbsp;



Participants were assigned a healthy lifestyle score based on smoking status, weekly exercise (minimum of two and a half hours), alcohol intake, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and cognitive activity levels. 



This scoring, ranging from one to five, correlated directly with cognitive functioning prior to death, assessed annually through 19 tests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimal-nutritional-approach-nbsp">Optimal nutritional approach&nbsp;</h2>



Posthumous brain examinations for Alzheimer's markers - amyloid beta and tau tangles - revealed that a healthy lifestyle potentially mitigates cognitive decline despite the presence of the disease's physical indicators.&nbsp;



Published in <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2814688" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Neurology</a>, this study positions the Mediterranean diet as an optimal nutritional approach. 



A collection of research validates the diet's role in prolonging life expectancy and enhancing quality of life, underscoring the importance of dietary choices in managing dementia risk, including Alzheimer's and Lewy body dementia, which collectively impact millions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-mediterranean-diet-health-benefits">Additional Mediterranean diet health benefits</h2>



As discussed above, the Mediterranean diet is widely recognized for its numerous health benefits, primarily due to its emphasis on whole foods, plant-based ingredients, and healthy fats.&nbsp;



This diet pattern, inspired by the traditional eating habits of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, focuses on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, herbs, and spices. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/olive-oil-can-boost-brain-health-and-fight-off-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Olive oil</a>, a primary source of fat in the diet, is celebrated for its heart-healthy monounsaturated fats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-and-heart-health">Mediterranean diet and heart health</h3>



One of the most notable benefits of the Mediterranean diet is its positive impact on heart health. 



Research has consistently shown that adhering to this diet can lead to lower risks of cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes. 



This is partly because the diet helps in managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-you-want-to-lower-your-blood-pressure-simply-eat-less-salt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood pressure</a>, cholesterol levels, and inflammation, all of which are risk factors for heart disease.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-management-nbsp">Weight management&nbsp;</h3>



The Mediterranean diet also plays a significant role in weight management and diabetes prevention and control. 



Its high fiber content, from whole grains and legumes, helps in feeling full longer, thus potentially aiding in weight loss or maintenance. 



Furthermore, the diet’s balance of healthy fats and carbohydrates can improve insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-risk-and-mental-health">Cancer risk and mental health</h3>



Beyond these benefits, the diet has been associated with a lower risk of certain cancers, such as breast and colorectal cancer, thanks to its high intake of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strawberry-consumption-may-lower-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidants</a> and anti-inflammatory compounds found in fruits, vegetables, and olive oil.



Mental health can also benefit from following a Mediterranean diet. Some studies suggest that it may help reduce the risk of depression and anxiety, although more research is needed to fully understand these connections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-link-between-diet-and-cognitive-decline">The link between diet and cognitive decline</h2>



As discussed previously, cognitive decline, the gradual loss of brain functions like memory and thinking skills, is a concern for many, especially as they age. 



Research increasingly suggests that diet plays a pivotal role in influencing the risk and progression of cognitive decline, including conditions like Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. 



Here's a closer look at how diet impacts cognitive health and strategies for dietary choices that may help mitigate the risk of cognitive decline.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-cognitive-health">Diet and cognitive health</h3>



Diet affects cognitive health through various mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and the health of blood vessels. 



Foods high in antioxidants, for example, can combat oxidative stress, a process that damages cells, including those in the brain. 



Additionally, diets that promote good cardiovascular health can also support brain health, as they ensure a steady, healthy blood flow, delivering oxygen and nutrients to brain cells.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foods-to-embrace-for-cognitive-health">Foods to embrace for cognitive health</h3>



Leafy Greens and Vegetables: Vegetables, especially leafy greens like spinach, kale, and broccoli, are rich in nutrients such as beta carotene, vitamin K, and folate that have been linked to cognitive health.



Berries: Berries are high in antioxidants, particularly flavonoids, which may delay brain aging and enhance memory and learning.



Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fatty fish like salmon, trout, and sardines, omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain health, contributing to the maintenance of brain cell structure and function.



Nuts and Seeds: These are excellent sources of antioxidant vitamin E, which has been associated with less cognitive decline as people age.



Whole Grains: Consuming whole grains promotes cardiovascular health, which is closely linked to cognitive health due to the brain's reliance on blood flow.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foods-to-limit-or-avoid">Foods to limit or avoid</h3>



Saturated and Trans Fats: Found in red meat, butter, cheese, and processed foods, these fats can contribute to the deterioration of cognitive health by promoting heart disease and inflammation.



Refined Sugars: High intake of refined sugars can lead to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, all of which are risk factors for cognitive decline.



Processed and High-Sodium Foods: These can negatively affect cardiovascular health, thereby impacting brain health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mediterranean-and-mind-diets">The Mediterranean and MIND diets</h3>



Dietary patterns that emphasize these brain-healthy foods are associated with a lower risk of cognitive decline. 



The Mediterranean diet, as discussed above, is rich in fruits, vegetables, fish, and olive oil. The MIND diet combines the Mediterranean diet with the DASH diet to specifically target brain health. Both have been shown to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.



In summary, while genetics and other lifestyle factors like exercise and not smoking also play significant roles in cognitive health, diet is a crucial, modifiable factor. 



Incorporating brain-healthy foods into your diet and reducing the intake of harmful foods can contribute to better cognitive health and potentially reduce the risk of cognitive decline. 



Always consult with a healthcare provider before making significant changes to your diet, especially if you have underlying health conditions.



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Mediterranean diet keeps the brain sharp, regardless of your age

Adhering to a Mediterranean diet could sharpen mental acuity in...

Genetic,Engineering,,Gmo,And,Gene,Manipulation,Concept.,Hand,Is,Inserting

In the realm of scientific innovation, the past decade has seen the CRISPR/Cas systems emerge as a groundbreaking tool in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/gene-editing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome editing</a>, boasting applications that span from enhancing crop yields to pioneering gene therapy. 



The recent advent of CRISPR-COPIES by the Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (<a href="https://cabbi.bio/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CABBI</a>) marks a significant leap forward, refining CRISPR's flexibility and user-friendliness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-editing-game-changing-crispr-copies-tool">Beyond editing: Game-changing CRISPR-COPIES tool</h2>



CRISPR-COPIES represents a cutting-edge solution designed to swiftly pinpoint ideal chromosomal sites for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionary-gene-therapy-shows-promise-in-treating-autism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic modification</a> across any species. 



"It will accelerate our work in the metabolic engineering of non-model yeasts for cost-effective production of chemicals and biofuels," explains Huimin Zhao, a prominent figure at CABBI and the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois</a>.



The essence of gene editing lies in its ability to precisely alter genetic codes, enabling the introduction of novel traits such as pest resistance or enhanced biochemical production. 



While CRISPR/Cas systems have facilitated targeted genetic modifications, the challenge of identifying optimal genomic integration sites persisted as a significant bottleneck, often involving cumbersome manual screening and testing processes.



Enter CRISPR-COPIES, the Computational Pipeline for the Identification of CRISPR/Cas-facilitated Integration Sites. 



This innovation transforms genome-wide neutral integration site identification into a rapid, efficient process, taking mere minutes to accomplish what once was a daunting task. 



“Finding the integration site in the genome manually is like searching for a needle in a haystack,” said Aashutosh Boob, a ChBE Ph.D. student at the University of Illinois and primary author of the study. 



“However, with CRISPR-COPIES, we transform the haystack into a searchable space, empowering researchers to efficiently locate all the needles that align with their specific criteria.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-theory-to-practice-crispr-copies-in-action">From theory to practice: CRISPR-COPIES in action</h2>



The versatility and efficiency of CRISPR-COPIES were showcased in a study published in Nucleic Acids Research, demonstrating its application across various species to enhance the production of valuable biochemicals. 



Moreover, the creation of a user-friendly web interface makes this tool accessible to researchers with limited bioinformatics background, democratizing the advanced capabilities of CRISPR/Cas systems.



A primary goal of CABBI is to harness non-model yeasts for the sustainable production of chemicals and fuels from plant biomass. 



Traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gene-editing-technology-used-to-produce-disease-resistant-calf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome-editing</a> techniques, hindered by their labor-intensive nature and the scarcity of genetic tools, posed significant challenges to this endeavor. 



CRISPR-COPIES addresses these issues by offering a streamlined approach for the rapid identification of stable integration sites, thereby facilitating the engineering of strains for enhanced biochemical yields and crop traits.



This innovative software is poised to significantly accelerate the strain construction process, offering a boon to researchers worldwide in both academic and industrial settings. 



By simplifying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-created-a-transparent-squid-allowing-them-to-see-inside-while-its-still-alive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic engineering</a> tasks, CRISPR-COPIES not only saves time and resources but also opens new avenues for the development of transgenic crops and the efficient conversion of biomass to valuable chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-frontier-in-genome-editing">The next frontier in genome editing</h2>



In summary, CRISPR-COPIES stands as a monumental advancement in the field of genetic engineering, offering researchers a powerful and accessible tool for precision genome editing. 



By streamlining the identification of optimal genetic integration sites, it accelerates the pace of scientific discovery and innovation while advancing new possibilities to address some of the most pressing challenges in agriculture, biofuel production, and gene therapy. 



As this technology continues to evolve and become more integrated into various fields of research, CRISPR-COPIES promises to drive forward the boundaries of what's possible.



This new technology gives the world with a significant leap towards a future where genetic engineering can be conducted more efficiently, accurately, and with greater impact than ever before.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://apps.crossref.org/pendingpub/pendingpub.html?doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkae062" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nucleic Acids Research</a>.



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CRISPR gene editing tool gets a revolutionary high-tech upgrade

In the realm of scientific innovation, the past decade has...

Scientists from <a href="https://tulane.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tulane University</a> have unveiled findings that could significantly alter our understanding of the future impact of climate change on coastal wetlands. 



This research, described as a "time travel" study, provides a glimpse into the potential future of coastal marshes under the threat of rising sea levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-opportunity-nbsp">Unexpected opportunity&nbsp;</h2>



Traditionally, the scientific community has relied on computer models to forecast the long-term effects of climate change, particularly sea-level rise. However, an unexpected opportunity arose along the Gulf Coast, following the devastation caused by hurricanes Katrina and Rita.&nbsp;



In response to these natural disasters, an extensive network of nearly 400 monitoring sites was established along the Louisiana coast. This network was primarily intended to monitor the recovery and changes in the coastal landscape post-hurricanes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-sea-level-rise-nbsp">Extreme sea-level rise&nbsp;</h2>



After the monitoring network was established, the Gulf Coast region experienced a dramatic increase in the rate of sea-level rise, exceeding more than 10 millimeters (half an inch) per year. This is at least three times the global average.&nbsp;



This accelerated rate of sea-level rise subjected the area to conditions not expected until around 2070, providing a unique, real-world laboratory for scientists to study the potential impacts of future climate change on coastal wetlands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-into-the-future">Looking into the future</h2>



“It is the dream of every field researcher who does experiments – we can basically travel 50 years into the future to get a peek at what’s in store,” said Torbjörn Törnqvist, a professor in the Tulane Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences.



The researchers utilized innovative techniques developed by European scientists, which allowed for the measurement of sea-level rise directly off the coast using satellite data. This approach was previously unavailable, marking a significant advancement in the study of climate impacts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-climate-impact-experiment-nbsp">Unprecedented climate impact experiment&nbsp;</h2>



By comparing the rate of water-level rise at each monitoring site with the rate of wetland elevation change, the researchers discovered that almost 90% of the sites were experiencing a deficit, indicating that the wetlands were not keeping pace with the rising sea levels.



“To our knowledge, this is the first time that a climate impact experiment has been carried out over a region this large, based on hundreds of monitoring stations that have collected data for about 15 years,” said&nbsp; PhD candidate Guandong Li, who led the study. “This has also allowed us to study the climate impact on a heavily human-influenced landscape, rather than a more resilient pristine ecosystem.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results">Alarming results</h2>



The results show that if the current climate scenario persists, by 2070, approximately 75% of wetland sites will be in deficit, potentially leading to a rate of wetland loss much higher than what has been observed over the past century.&nbsp;



This prediction underscores the urgency of addressing climate change to mitigate its impacts on coastal ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimmer-of-hope-nbsp">Glimmer of hope&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers also offer a glimmer of hope, suggesting that immediate action to meet the targets set by the Paris Agreement and reduce carbon emissions could lead to a more sustainable climate trajectory.&nbsp;



This proactive approach could significantly reduce the rate of wetland loss, preserving these critical ecosystems for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.17882/74354" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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'Time travel' study reveals the fate of coastal marshes 

Scientists from Tulane University have unveiled findings that could significantly...

Climate change is a major threat, but what do people around the world actually think about taking action? Do most people want to fight climate change or leave it to future generations?



To understand the global perspectives on the fight against climate change, researchers from the <a href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/university">University of Bonn</a>, <a href="https://safe-frankfurt.de/">Leibniz Institute for Financial Research SAFE</a>, and <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/">University of Copenhagen</a> carried out an intriguing survey.



The experts interviewed nearly 130,000 people from 125 countries to understand their perception. The results shed surprising light on global attitudes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-willingness-to-fight-climate-change">Global willingness to fight climate change</h2>



The survey revealed a strong global agreement on the need for urgent action to fight climate change.



A vast majority would dedicate 1% of their income to tackling climate change, with most overwhelmingly backing green policies (86%) and demanding bolder leadership (89%).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perception-gap-nbsp">Perception gap&nbsp;</h2>



A surprising yet encouraging finding of the survey is the "perception gap": people around the world underestimate how much others care about fighting climate change. This misperception, known as pluralistic ignorance, can create a sense of isolation and discouragement among individuals who do care.&nbsp;



The perception gap, quantified at 26 percentage points, reveals a discrepancy: while 69% of people surveyed said they'd give 1% of their income to help fight climate change, they thought on average that only 43% of others would do the same.



Researchers warn that this misjudging the extent to which others are willing to act on an issue can significantly stifle individual motivation to participate. This creates a vicious cycle where inaction breeds more inaction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-discrepancies">Clear discrepancies</h2>



Furthermore, citizens in countries more vulnerable to climate change are more likely to fight it. Specifically, the study found that people in richer countries (measured by their average income) are less likely to want to donate money to fight climate change.&nbsp;



Citizens of wealthy nations are less willing to give even 1% of their income compared to people in poorer countries. This might be because they worry about the cost of fixing the problem or changing their present lifestyle.



On the other hand, people in countries with hotter weather, which might already be suffering from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-endured-rapid-global-warming-300-million-years-ago/">global warming</a>, are more likely to want to help. This suggests that when people experience the negative effects of climate change firsthand, they're more willing to fix and adapt to it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowing-doing-gap-nbsp">Knowing-doing gap&nbsp;</h2>



Overall, most people from the survey agreed we need to tackle climate change, but many worry others won't act. Researchers propose a straightforward solution to bridge this "knowing-doing gap": open and honest communication.



Openly sharing the high level of global willingness to contribute to climate action could be a powerful motivator, driving individual and community action forward. This could also help get rid of common myths and misunderstanding related to climate change.



Understanding the shared concern for the planet can unlock a surge of collective action, where cooperative behaviors ripple outwards across communities and society.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-you-can-do-to-fight-climate-change">What YOU can do to fight climate change</h2>



As discussed above, climate change poses a significant threat to our planet, impacting weather patterns, ecosystems, and human livelihoods. 



However, every individual has the power to make a difference. Here's how ordinary people around the world, like you and me, can contribute to the fight against climate change through simple, actionable steps.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduce-reuse-recycle">Reduce, reuse, recycle</h3>



Reduce your consumption of goods. Before purchasing, consider if it's necessary or if you can do without it. Reducing waste not only saves resources but also decreases the energy spent on production and disposal.



Reuse items whenever possible. Opt for reusable bags, bottles, and containers, reducing the demand for single-use plastics and products. Reusing extends the life of products, minimizing waste.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infinitely-recyclable-plastics-may-soon-become-a-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Recycle materials</a> like paper, glass, and plastic. Recycling helps to reduce the need for raw materials, saving energy and preventing greenhouse gas emissions from extraction and processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embrace-sustainable-transportation">Embrace sustainable transportation</h3>



Walk or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cycling-could-dramatically-cut-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bike</a> for short distances to cut down on greenhouse gas emissions. This not only benefits the environment but also improves your health.



Use public transportation when possible. Trains, buses, and trams are more energy-efficient per passenger than individual cars.



Carpool to reduce the number of vehicles on the road. Sharing rides can significantly decrease the carbon footprint of your commute.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserve-energy-to-fight-climate-change">Conserve energy to fight climate change</h3>



Switch to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biden-moves-to-phase-out-energy-inefficient-light-bulbs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LED bulbs</a> which use up to 80% less energy than traditional bulbs and last longer, reducing both energy consumption and waste.



Unplug electronics when not in use. Many devices consume energy even when turned off but still plugged in, known as "phantom loads."



Improve home insulation to keep your home warmer in winter and cooler in summer, reducing the need for heating and air conditioning.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-renewable-energy">Support renewable energy</h3>



Choose renewable energy sources if available in your area. Opting for electricity from wind, solar, or hydro sources reduces reliance on fossil fuels.



Invest in solar panels for your home if possible. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-power-has-won-the-prize-to-become-earths-main-source-of-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar energy</a> can significantly reduce your electricity bills and carbon footprint.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocate-for-change">Advocate for change</h3>



Support environmental policies by voting for leaders and initiatives that prioritize climate action. Public policy can drive large-scale environmental and economic shifts towards sustainability.



Educate others about the importance of fighting climate change. Sharing knowledge can inspire more individuals to take action.



Support organizations working towards environmental conservation and climate change mitigation. Donations, volunteering, or even spreading the word can amplify their impact.



In summary, the fight against climate change requires collective action from everyone. By adopting sustainable practices in our daily lives, advocating for positive change, and supporting renewable energy, ordinary people can make an extraordinary impact. Together, we can protect our planet for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change.</a>



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People want to fight climate change more than you think

Climate change is a major threat, but what do people...

In the ongoing battle against depression, which affects over 300 million people worldwide according to the <a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a>, new research suggests that almost any kind of exercise has the potential to help you turn that frown upside down.



This comprehensive analysis suggests that activities ranging from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/walking-is-a-powerful-tool-to-boost-brain-health-and-overall-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walking</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heated-yoga-shows-promise-as-a-treatment-for-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">yoga</a> to strength training not only complement traditional treatments like psychotherapy and medications, but can also stand alone as effective remedies for depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-exercise-s-impact-on-mental-health">Studying exercise's impact on mental health</h2>



The study meticulously examined 218 trials involving 14,170 participants, revealing that even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resistance-exercise-may-be-the-secret-to-relieving-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-intensity exercises</a> such as walking or yoga offer significant benefits. 



However, it found that the intensity of the activity directly correlates with the extent of improvement, suggesting that more vigorous exercises could offer even greater mental health boosts.



Despite the promising outcomes, the authors caution that the current evidence is not without its limitations, pointing to a general low confidence in the findings and calling for further high-quality research. 



Yet, they assert that these exercise forms “could be considered alongside psychotherapy and drugs as core treatments for depression,” underscoring the necessity of integrating physical activity into standard care practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-every-step-counts-from-walking-to-weightlifting">Every step counts: From walking to weightlifting</h2>



The review delves into the specifics of how different exercises impact depression. It notes substantial reductions in depressive symptoms from dancing, with moderate improvements seen in activities like walking, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/running-is-just-as-effective-as-drugs-for-treating-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jogging</a>, yoga, strength training, mixed aerobic exercises, and tai chi or qigong. 



Interestingly, the analysis also uncovers demographic nuances; for instance, strength training shows a higher efficacy in women, while yoga and qigong are more beneficial for men. 



Additionally, the age of participants plays a role in the effectiveness of certain exercises, with yoga proving more advantageous for older adults and strength training for the younger demographic.



Importantly, the review finds that exercise's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-enhances-brain-function-during-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health benefits</a> are not confined to specific groups. 



People with varying health conditions and levels of depression all seem to gain from incorporating physical activity into their lives, with both individual and group exercises being equally effective. 



This universality emphasizes exercise as a versatile and accessible treatment option.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mind-over-matter-exercise-in-the-face-of-depression">Mind over matter: Exercise in the face of depression</h2>



However, the authors acknowledge the challenges many individuals with depression face in adopting a regular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climbing-stairs-can-slash-your-heart-disease-risk-by-20-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise routine</a>, including physical, psychological, and social barriers. 



They speculate that the positive effects of exercise might stem from a blend of social interaction, mindfulness, and the therapeutic nature of green spaces.



The findings pave the way for a broader acceptance of exercise within clinical guidelines for treating depression. 



The authors advocate for health systems to offer physical activity as an alternative or supplementary intervention to traditional treatments, highlighting its potential to mitigate not only mental but also physical health risks associated with depression.



Echoing the study's implications, Juan Ángel Bellón from the <a href="https://www.uma.es/?set_language=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Malaga</a>, in a linked editorial, advises primary care clinicians to recommend exercise, alongside psychotherapy and antidepressants, as viable treatment options for adults with mild to moderate depression. 



He acknowledges the hurdles in promoting regular exercise among this demographic and calls for real-world data to better understand how to implement physical activity programs effectively.



Bellón also points to recent initiatives by the European Union to promote exercise across member states, urging health services and governmental bodies to ensure that personalized and supervised exercise programs are accessible to all. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prescribing-exercise-as-a-depression-remedy">Prescribing exercise as a depression remedy</h2>



In summary, the compelling evidence presented in this review underscores the critical role of exercise in the treatment of depression, advocating for its integration into standard clinical practices. 



By demonstrating that almost any form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-healthy-lifestyle-habits-that-prevent-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical activity</a>, from walking to strength training, can significantly alleviate symptoms of depression, this research urges a more holistic approach to mental health care. 



It challenges health professionals and policymakers alike to prioritize accessible, personalized exercise programs as a complement or alternative to traditional treatments. 



Embracing physical activity, not only as a form of therapy but also as a preventive measure, can transform the landscape of mental health care, offering hope and improved outcomes for millions battling depression worldwide.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-075847" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The BMJ</a>.



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Fighting depression? Any kind of exercise can help you turn that frown upside down

In the ongoing battle against depression, which affects over 300...

This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-heart-shaped-tail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Valentine's Day</a>, the night sky will host a celestial event that <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> has charmingly dubbed a "cosmic kiss," with the moon and Jupiter set to rendezvous in the southwestern skies approximately an hour after sunset. 



This astronomical pairing, described by NASA as a "cute couple," will be a sight to behold. The crescent moon and the gas giant will appear to be mere finger widths apart, despite the staggering distance of about 227 million miles separating them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-romantic-conjunction-nbsp">Romantic conjunction&nbsp;</h2>



The conjunction of these two celestial bodies is an event that can be enjoyed with the naked eye, and those with binoculars will have the treat of seeing both the moon and Jupiter within the same field of view.&nbsp;



While such conjunctions are not uncommon, the coincidence of this event occurring on Valentine's Day adds a layer of uniqueness and romance to the evening sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healing-and-good-fortune">Healing and good fortune</h2>



Astrologically, this meeting is said to symbolize growth, abundance, healing, and good fortune. Jupiter is also associated with opportunities, abundance, and optimism.



The peak of their closeness will occur at 1:05 am ET, with about 13 percent of the moon's surface illuminated, showcasing a waxing crescent moon against the backdrop of the night sky.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optical-illusion-nbsp">Optical illusion&nbsp;</h2>



To catch a glimpse of Jupiter, observers should look towards the bottom curve of the moon and then southwest, where the gas giant will shine as the brightest "star."



This cosmic kiss will be visible worldwide, though viewers in Singapore and Australia are in for a special treat. An optical illusion will make the pair appear even closer in these locations, as objects near the horizon can seem larger than when they are higher up in the sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-of-aries">The constellation of Aries</h2>



Adding to the celestial display, the constellation of Aries will also be visible, sitting northeast of the crescent moon.&nbsp;



As one of the 12 zodiac constellations, Aries, often depicted as a ram and associated with the first astrological sign, occupies a space in the northern celestial hemisphere. However, even the brightness of Aries will be eclipsed by Jupiter, which remains the most luminous 'star' in the night sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-fleeting-moment">A fleeting moment</h2>



Jupiter's proximity to Earth varies, ranging from 365 million miles at its closest to 601 million miles at its farthest. On the evening following this event, Jupiter will be over 480 million miles away from our planet.&nbsp;



The last notable encounter between the moon and Jupiter took place on December 26, 2023, when the moon, 86 percent illuminated, marked the year's final full moon during its close approach.



This Valentine's Day event offers a perfect opportunity for stargazers and romantics alike to witness the beauty and grandeur of the cosmos, as these two celestial bodies share a fleeting moment of proximity in the vast expanse of space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-jupiter">More about Jupiter</h2>



Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, notable for its massive size and distinctive swirling cloud bands, along with the Great Red Spot, a gigantic storm that has raged for at least 400 years.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-composition">Composition</h3>



This gas giant is made mostly of hydrogen and helium, similar in composition to a star, but it lacks the mass necessary to ignite nuclear fusion.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-field">Magnetic field</h3>



Jupiter's powerful magnetic field is the strongest of any planet in the solar system, generated by its metallic hydrogen core, which creates spectacular auroras at its poles.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moons">Moons</h3>



Surrounding Jupiter is a complex system of moons and rings. It has at least 79 moons, including the four large Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610.&nbsp;



Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system, even surpasses the size of the planet Mercury. These moons are fascinating worlds in their own right, with Io being the most volcanically active body in the solar system, Europa having a subsurface ocean that may harbor conditions suitable for life, and Ganymede possessing its own magnetic field.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gravitational-dynamics-nbsp">Gravitational dynamics&nbsp;</h3>



Jupiter plays a crucial role in shaping the gravitational dynamics of the solar system. Its immense gravity has influenced the orbits of other planets and the formation of the solar system itself. It also acts as a kind of cosmic vacuum cleaner, with its gravity attracting and capturing comets and asteroids that might otherwise threaten Earth and other inner planets.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights">Insights</h3>



Studying Jupiter and its moons provides valuable insights into the workings of the solar system, the formation of planetary bodies, and the potential for life on other worlds.&nbsp;



Missions like NASA's Juno spacecraft, which arrived at Jupiter in 2016, are designed to study Jupiter in detail, exploring its atmosphere, magnetic environment, and interior structure, shedding light on the complex processes that govern this giant planet and its diverse moon system.



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Jupiter and the moon will share a 'cosmic kiss' on Valentine’s Day

This Valentine's Day, the night sky will host a celestial...

The,Dog,Lies,On,An,Ancient,Burial,Site,,At,The

In an intriguing discovery from an ancient community in northern Italy, researchers have unearthed burial sites that blend human and animal remains. 



This recent excavation spawns more questions than answers regarding the perplexing and complex relationships between humans and animals that lived thousands of years ago. 



Together, the team explored the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/homo-naledi-may-have-been-the-first-to-bury-their-dead-200000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">burial practices</a> at Seminario Vescovile in Verona, dating back to the 3rd to 1st century BCE.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-human-burials-with-animals">Significance of human burials with animals</h2>



Out of 161 individuals buried at this site, 16 were found alongside animal remains, including dogs, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horse-buried-ceremonial-tomb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a>, pigs, a chicken, and part of a cow. 



While some of these animals, like pigs and chickens, might have been food offerings for the deceased, the presence of dog and horse remains suggests a different story. 



These animals, not typically consumed by the community, might have symbolized enduring companionship or held religious significance, reflecting sacrificial practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-these-human-animal-burial-connections">Decoding these human-animal burial connections</h2>



The researchers meticulously analyzed demographic, dietary, genetic, and burial data of both the humans and animals found at the site, hoping to uncover patterns that could explain these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-humans-from-magdalenian-culture-practiced-cannibalism-as-part-of-funeral-rituals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique burials</a>. 



Interestingly, no significant correlations emerged from their analysis. Those buried with animals did not share close familial ties, suggesting that this practice was not limited to a specific family lineage.



Among the burials, there was a diverse representation of individuals accompanied by animals. 



The graves included a baby buried with a complete dog skeleton, a young man with horse parts, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/burial-plot_early-human_dog_credit-SR-Thompson_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a middle-aged man with a small dog</a>, and a middle-aged woman with an entire horse, additional horse parts, and a dog skull. 



This variety further complicates our understanding of the motivations behind these burials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interpreting-silence-mystery-of-human-animal-burials">Interpreting silence: Mystery of human-animal burials</h2>



The absence of clear patterns in these burials leaves room for multiple interpretations. While dogs and horses often carried religious symbolism in ancient cultures, it's also plausible that these animals were beloved companions of the deceased. 



The researchers propose that these burial practices likely resulted from a combination of individual preferences and broader societal customs.



This study is a part of the <a href="https://celtudalps.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CELTUDALPS</a> research project, which aims to uncover the mysteries surrounding the burial of horses and dogs with humans.



It opens up fascinating possibilities about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-sheds-light-on-neolithic-rituals-involving-human-bones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rituals and beliefs</a> of late-century BCE Italy, suggesting that the relationship between humans and animals was both complex and multifaceted. 



As we delve deeper into these ancient practices, we gain valuable insights into the social and religious fabric of past civilizations, highlighting the enduring bond between humans and their animal counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-pre-roman-burial-rituals">Exploring Pre-Roman burial rituals</h2>



Long before the rise of the Roman Empire, ancient cultures across Europe and the Mediterranean engaged in diverse burial rituals that reflected their beliefs, values, and social structures. 



These practices, varying widely among different communities, offer us a window into the lives and afterlives of pre-Roman societies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communal-tombs-and-individual-graves">Communal tombs and individual graves</h3>



One common practice involved communal burial sites, where generations of a single community or family rested together. These large tombs, often built with stone or carved into the earth, symbolized a collective identity and continuity. 



In contrast, individual graves highlighted personal status, achievements, or roles within the community, marked by distinctive grave goods, ornaments, or symbols.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rituals-of-passage">Rituals of passage</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mummification-processes-in-europe-are-older-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Burial rituals</a> often served as rites of passage, guiding the deceased from the world of the living to the afterlife. Ceremonies could include processions, chants, and offerings, with the belief that these rites ensured a safe journey for the soul. 



The inclusion of personal items, from weapons and jewelry to everyday utensils, aimed to equip the deceased for the afterlife. In addition, as we learned above, animals would often be included in the burial rituals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cremation-and-inhumation">Cremation and inhumation</h3>



Pre-Roman societies practiced both cremation and inhumation, with preferences varying over time and geography. 



Cremation involved burning the body, then burying the ashes in urns or pits, sometimes accompanied by offerings. 



Inhumation, the direct burial of the body, often included elaborate grave goods and sometimes sacrificial animals, believed to serve or protect the deceased in the next world.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbolism-and-belief">Symbolism and belief</h3>



The diversity in burial practices reflected a tapestry of beliefs about death, the afterlife, and the cosmos. Some gravesites were aligned with celestial bodies or placed in locations believed to be closer to the divine. 



Animals, when included, could symbolize protection, companionship, or status. The variety and complexity of these rituals underscored the significance of death and the afterlife in pre-Roman cultures.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-connections">Unearthing connections</h3>



Archaeological excavations continue to unearth the remnants of these ancient practices, offering insights into the spiritual and cultural worlds of pre-Roman societies. 



Each discovery, from the simplest burial pit to the most elaborate tomb, reveals the universal quest for meaning in death and the hope for continuity beyond it.



In summary, through the lens of burial rituals, we glimpse the profound connections between the living and the dead, the individual and the community, and humans and the cosmos in pre-Roman times. 



These ancient practices commemorated the deceased while also reaffirming the values and beliefs of the living, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to fascinate and inform.



The research at Seminario Vescovile in Verona was conducted by Zita Laffranchi from the <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/index_eng.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a>, Stefania Zingale from the <a href="https://www.eurac.edu/en/institutes-centers/institute-for-mummy-studies" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Mummy Studies</a> at Eurac Research Bozen, Umberto Tecchiati from the <a href="https://www.unimi.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Milan</a>, and their colleagues. 



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0293434" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Early humans were often buried with dogs, horses and other animals

In an intriguing discovery from an ancient community in northern...

Scientists have made a thrilling discovery about the elusive Skywalker gibbons, confirming a significant population of these endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/south-african-primates-face-multiple-threats/">primates</a> in Myanmar. The research was fueled by the unique "love songs" that are sung by gibbon couples each morning.



The study marks the first confirmation of the species in Myanmar in over a century and significantly expands our understanding of their distribution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



The Skywalker gibbon, named for the "Star Wars" saga, was recognized as a distinct species in 2017. At that time, fewer than 200 individuals were documented, all within China's borders. However, a recent study has shattered this geographic limitation, identifying new groups of Skywalker gibbons in Myanmar.&nbsp;



The researchers have unveiled the largest known population of Skywalker gibbons on Earth, previously believed to be confined to southwestern China.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-success-story-nbsp">Success story&nbsp;</h2>



The study was led by the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center at <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a> and the newly formed Myanmar Skywalker Gibbon Conservation Committee. Field expeditions were conducted by partner organizations, including Nature Conservation Society Myanmar and Fauna &amp; Flora International – Myanmar.



“We were able to genetically identify 44 new groups of Skywalker gibbons in Myanmar,” said senior author Tierra Smiley Evans. “This is a huge resource and success story for Myanmar.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-living-under-the-radar">Living under the radar</h2>



The exact number of Skywalker gibbons in these newly identified groups remains undetermined. However, their presence in areas previously thought to be inhabited by the Eastern hoolock gibbon suggests that the largest probable population of Skywalker gibbons has been living undetected until now.&nbsp;



Initial estimates from 2013 speculated the existence of up to 65,000 gibbons in these regions, although current numbers are likely lower due to hunting, limited protected areas, and ongoing political unrest in Myanmar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



For the investigation, the experts collected chewed plants and fruits for non-invasive DNA sampling. They also used acoustic monitoring systems that captured the gibbons' morning serenades.&nbsp;



The innovative study approach was crucial in confirming the presence of Skywalker gibbons. These methods, combined with photograph analysis and local threat assessment surveys, have not only expanded the known habitat range of these gibbons but also underscored their adaptability and the critical need for targeted conservation efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights-nbsp">Critical new insights&nbsp;</h2>



The discovery of Skywalker gibbons in Myanmar, particularly in the degraded forests of Southern Shan State and as far south as Kachin State, challenges previous assumptions about their habitat preferences and resilience.&nbsp;



This finding is a testament to the importance of local knowledge and community involvement in conservation research, especially in regions where political unrest and safety concerns limit external scientific exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



As the study's findings are integrated into the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, the researchers advocate for the continued designation of the Skywalker gibbon as an endangered species. They emphasize the urgent need for Myanmar and China to extend and enhance conservation measures to these newly identified geographic areas.



“We found Skywalker gibbons in two regions of Myanmar: Kachin state and as far south as Shan state, in degraded forests and at much lower elevations than we expected, showing us they’re highly adaptable,” Evans said. “There needs to be a protected area system there that focuses on them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Skywalker gibbons</h2>



Skywalker gibbons, scientifically known as Hoolock tianxing, are a species of hoolock gibbon found in the forests of Myanmar and China. They were named "Skywalker" due to the meaning of their Chinese name, which reflects the idea of moving swiftly through the treetops, akin to the movement of a Jedi, a reference to the Star Wars saga. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance </h3>



Skywalker gibbons are characterized by distinctive markings on their eyebrows and a generally lighter coloring compared to other hoolock gibbons. They are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of fruits, leaves, and occasionally insects. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives </h3>



Like other gibbons, they are known for their agility and their ability to brachiate through the trees with remarkable speed. They live in small, territorial family groups, and their vocalizations, which include a complex series of hoots, barks, and other sounds, play a crucial role in communication and maintaining the bonds within these groups. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



Unfortunately, the Skywalker gibbons are facing threats from habitat loss, fragmentation, and hunting, leading to their classification as endangered. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensure the survival of this unique species, emphasizing habitat protection, anti-poaching measures, and research to better understand their ecology and behavior.



Image Credit: Peng-Fei Fan



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00418-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Primatology</a>.



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Hidden groups of Skywalker gibbons found through their love songs

Scientists have made a thrilling discovery about the elusive Skywalker...

Decomposition is the process of breaking down dead organic matter into vital nutrients, sustaining life and enriching ecosystems. This process impacts soil, plants, and even air to support diverse organisms.



A recent study led by Dr Jessica L. Metcalf from <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a> has revealed a hidden world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-found-that-can-digest-plastic-in-freezing-temperatures/">microbes</a> driving the breakdown of deceased bodies. This holds significant promise for both advancing forensic science and enriching our ecological understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-microbial-groups-linked-to-cadaver-decomposition">Key microbial groups linked to cadaver decomposition</h2>



Dr Jessica L. Metcalf and her colleagues monitored the decomposition of 36 deceased bodies placed in three distinct forensic anthropological facilities: the <a href="https://www.utk.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tennessee, Knoxville</a>; <a href="https://www.shsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sam Houston State University</a>; and <a href="https://www.coloradomesa.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado Mesa University</a>.



The cadavers were used as models to understand how different factors such as climate, location, and time influence the microbial communities involved in decomposition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



Throughout the study, the researchers collected samples from the bodies at different stages of decomposition. They analyzed these samples using advanced genetic sequencing techniques to identify the microbes present and understand how their communities changed over time.



The researchers identified a total of 1,275 microbial groups linked to cadaver decomposition in various climates and locations.&nbsp;



These decomposers initially assemble somewhat randomly, but their activity becomes increasingly coordinated as decomposition progresses. This dynamic interplay creates unique "microbial consortia" – networks of diverse microbes working together to break down organic matter, regardless of season, location, or climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-decomposer-networks">Universal decomposer networks</h2>



The study revealed a surprising "universal decomposer network" active across diverse climates and locations. This suggests a link between microbes' evolutionary history (taxonomy) and their metabolic roles in decomposition.&nbsp;



Interestingly, while the overall mix of decomposers varied, approximately 20 key microbes consistently emerged as essential to the process. This highlights a level of functional redundancy despite climatic differences.



For instance, when crops decompose on farms, different kinds of microbes can step in to aid the process, but some specific microbes always seem to be important. The researchers found that the same idea applies to how human bodies decompose.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rate-of-decomposition-nbsp">Rate of decomposition&nbsp;</h2>



The experts also explored how climate affects the rate of decomposition. They found that microbial communities in temperate zones respond more noticeably to changes in their environment than those in arid regions.&nbsp;



This further supports the understanding that climate heavily influences both decomposition rates and the activity of the decomposers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights">Critical new insights</h2>



Notably, despite these variations, the general composition or structure of the microbial communities involved in decomposition remained similar across all the environments. This suggests that, regardless of location, microbes follow similar processes when assembling themselves into communities responsible for decomposition.



The study represents a significant breakthrough in both forensic science and ecological understanding. The researchers have successfully linked patterns within microbial communities to accurately predict the Postmortem Interval (PMI), proving invaluable for criminal investigations by pinpointing the time of death.



The research also sheds light on ecosystem dynamics by analyzing how microbes decompose human remains. This knowledge could help illuminate the flow of carbon and nutrients within the environment for more accurate predictions of environmental changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Intriguingly, the presence of the universal decomposer network suggests that certain microbial interactions and processes transcend environmental differences, potentially leading to improved PMI estimates in various settings.



Future research may delve deeper into these findings, focusing on specific microbes crucial for PMI prediction, exploring microbial patterns in even more diverse environments, and investigating potential applications in fields beyond forensics, such as agriculture.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01580-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Microbiology</a>.



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Microbes involved in human decomposition may help solve crimes

Decomposition is the process of breaking down dead organic matter...

Korean scientists have pioneered a novel food technology that combines the traditional staple of rice with lab-grown animal cells, introducing "cultured beef rice" as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/animal-muscle_fat-cells_rice-grains_frankenfood_Yonsei-university_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viable meat alternative</a> for a planet in crisis. 



In a world grappling with the dual challenges of environmental sustainability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ethical food production</a>, this fascinating innovation emerged from South Korea, promising a new dawn for alternative protein sources. 



This technology aims to mitigate the environmental and ethical quandaries posed by industrial agriculture while offering a nutritious and flavorful alternative that could revolutionize our dietary habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-cultured-beef-rice">The science of cultured beef rice</h2>



This new study details how scientists have successfully grown animal muscle and fat cells within rice grains, creating a hybrid food that could significantly reduce our carbon footprint while providing an affordable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-says-theres-no-difference-between-meat-and-plant-based-sausages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protein source</a>. 



The essence of this breakthrough lies in its potential to harness the nutritional benefits of rice, already a high-nutrient food, and elevate them by integrating the protein-rich cells of livestock.



Sohyeon Park, the study's first author, under the mentorship of Jinkee Hong at <a href="https://www.yonsei.ac.kr/en_sc/index.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yonsei University</a>, envisions a future where our nutritional needs are met through such cell-cultured protein rice. 



The science behind this marvel involves mimicking the natural growth environment of animal cells by leveraging the structural properties of rice grains. 



These grains, characterized by their porosity and organized structure, offer an ideal scaffold for housing animal cells, which are nourished and grown to maturity within this unique medium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-power-and-traditional-texture">Nutritional power and traditional texture</h2>



The process begins with coating rice grains in fish gelatin, a safe and edible substance that enhances cell adherence. 



Following this, cow muscle and fat stem cells are introduced into the grains, where they are cultured over a period of 9 to 11 days. 



The result is a safe, allergy-friendly cultured beef rice that promises a new frontier in food technology.



Through rigorous food industry analyses, the researchers discovered that this hybrid rice boasts a protein content 8% higher and a fat content 7% greater than that of regular rice. 



Notably, its texture is firmer and its flavor profile varies according to the ratio of muscle to fat cells, offering a diverse palate ranging from beef and almond to cream, butter, and coconut oil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-cultured-beef-rice">Environmental impact of cultured beef rice</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental benefits</a> of this innovation cannot be overstated. Traditional livestock production is resource-intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. 



In stark contrast, cultured beef rice presents a sustainable alternative, producing protein with a carbon footprint dramatically lower than that of conventional beef. 



Preliminary estimates suggest that for every 100 g of protein, this hybrid rice could reduce CO2 emissions to less than 6.27 kg, compared to the 49.89 kg associated with beef production.



Moreover, the economic implications are equally promising. While traditional beef retails at $14.88 per kilogram, cultured beef rice could be produced for as little as $2.23 per kilogram. 



This cost-effectiveness, combined with low food safety risks and a relatively straightforward production process, positions cultured beef rice as a viable commercial product in the near future.



The research team is now focused on optimizing the growth conditions within the rice grains to further enhance the nutritional value of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-meat-and-dairy-alternatives-will-dramatically-transform-the-global-food-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hybrid food</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultured-beef-rice-global-impact-of-harvesting-hope">Cultured beef rice: Global impact of harvesting hope</h2>



Their success has not only exceeded expectations but also opened up a world of possibilities for rice-based hybrid foods. 



From providing relief in famine-stricken areas to serving as military rations or space food, the potential applications are vast and varied.



In summary, as we look toward the horizon of food innovation, cultured beef rice stands as a testament to human ingenuity and our commitment to sustainability. 



This important development promises to enrich our diets with a more nutritious and environmentally friendly protein source while setting a new standard for the global food industry. 



By blending the ancient staple of rice with the latest in cellular agriculture, scientists offer a solution that could significantly reduce our ecological footprint, combat food scarcity, and open up new avenues for culinary exploration. 



As we move forward, cultured beef rice embodies the potential to reshape our relationship with food, offering a sustainable, affordable, and versatile option that aligns with the pressing environmental and ethical demands of our time.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S259023852400016X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matter</a>.



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Frankenfood: Beef grown inside rice cells that is tasty, healthy, and affordable

Korean scientists have pioneered a novel food technology that combines...

Comb,Jelly,Drifting,Underwater,In,The,St.,Lawrence,River,In

In the remote and frigid waters of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/">Arctic</a>, during the long and dark polar night, a discovery has been made that challenges our understanding of the Arctic marine food web.&nbsp;



For the first time, scientists have evidence to show that <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Crustaceans-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny crustaceans, known as amphipods</a>, are preying on both live and dead jellyfish to survive the harsh Arctic winter, a period when food sources are scarce. 



This revelation highlights the adaptability of marine life in the face of extreme environmental conditions and suggests a significant re-evaluation of the role of jellyfish within Arctic ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amphipods-and-the-adaptability-of-marine-life">Amphipods and the adaptability of marine life</h2>



The study, published by <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers</a>, was conducted during an expedition to the AWIPEV research station on Svalbard in January and February 2022.&nbsp;



The team embarked on this journey to explore the dietary habits of amphipods, small crustaceans ranging from five to 20 millimeters in length, in the depths of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard.



The research has illuminated the critical survival strategies that these organisms use during the months-long polar night when traditional food sources dwindle.



“Here we show for the first time that jellyfish -- thought to be typically poor in nutrients -- are nevertheless an important food source for amphipods during the Arctic polar night,” said study first author Annkathrin Dischereit, a doctoral student at the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dissection-of-the-amphipods">Dissection of the amphipods</h2>



The research team discovered that amphipods not only feed on "jelly-falls," the naturally sunken carcasses of jellyfish, but some species also actively prey on living <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-are-capable-of-more-complex-learning-than-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a>. 



This discovery is pivotal, highlighting a previously underappreciated interaction within the Arctic marine food web.



The waters around Svalbard were found to be teeming with various jellyfish species, from true jellyfish like the lion's mane jellyfish to hydrozoans and ctenophores. 



The researchers focused on four species of amphipods, utilizing nets and baited traps for collection. 



Through the dissection of the amphipods and DNA metabarcoding of their gut contents, the team was able to identify the remains of their prey, revealing a diet rich in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/very-rare-medusa-jellyfish-species-santjordia-pagesi-spotted-near-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> among the studied species. 



The evidence suggests that jellyfish, contrary to previous beliefs, play a vital role in the diet of Arctic amphipods, especially during the challenging winter months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapidly-changing-arctic">Rapidly changing Arctic</h2>



The study also highlights the broader implications of these findings in the context of the rapidly changing Arctic environment.&nbsp;



The phenomenon known as "Atlantification" -- the northward spread of jellyfish species from the Atlantic Ocean due to warming waters -- may further amplify the importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-can-regenerate-functioning-tentacles-in-just-a-few-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> as a food source within Arctic food webs. 



As the Arctic warms at a record pace, understanding the dynamics of these food webs and the role of jellyfish within them becomes increasingly crucial.



"There has been a recent paradigm shift in the marine biology literature that recognizes that far from being a ‘trophic dead-end,' jellyfish are in fact eaten by a wide range of organisms," said study co-author Dr. Charlotte Havermans. 



"Our observations corroborate this major change in how scientists view the role of jellyfish in the food web."



“Because jellyfish tissue is quickly digested, they may have been overlooked as a prey item in previous studies, which unlike our study relied on visual identification of food items to determine the diet of Arctic invertebrates.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



As the Arctic continues to undergo profound environmental changes, further research into the diets of marine invertebrates and fish will be essential in unraveling the complex interactions that sustain these unique ecosystems.&nbsp;



The research lays the groundwork for future studies, opening new avenues for exploring the resilience of Arctic marine life in the face of climate change.



“To get a better idea of the role of jellyfish in the Arctic marine food web, and how this may change when their populations increase in the ‘new Arctic,’ we plan to further investigate the diet of other invertebrates and fish that potentially feed on jellyfish," said Dischereit.



"Questions remain, for example, whether jellyfish are a regular part of the diet of amphipods or whether they are simply a survival food during the polar night."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



Image Credit: C. Havermans



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Tiny creatures called amphipods eat jellyfish to survive the polar winters

In the remote and frigid waters of the Arctic, during...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
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</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

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</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
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</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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