Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Agriculture,Blue,Pipe,With,Groundwater,Gushing

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pumping-too-much-groundwater-affects-earths-spin/">Groundwater</a>, a crucial resource hidden beneath our feet, is declining across the globe. A comprehensive analysis from <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> indicates that groundwater depletion is not only a growing concern but is also accelerating. However, the experts report that proactive management can reverse these troubling trends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-research">Extensive research</h2>



Spanning nearly 1,700 aquifers and based on an analysis of 300 million water level measurements from 1.5 million wells over the past century, the research is unprecedented in scale.&nbsp;



“This study was driven by curiosity. We wanted to better understand the state of global groundwater by wrangling millions of groundwater level measurements,” explained study lead author Professor Debra Perrone.



The process of data collection and analysis took three years, two of which were solely dedicated to cleaning and sorting the data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights-nbsp">Critical new insights&nbsp;</h2>



The results revealed that groundwater levels are dropping in 71% of the studied aquifers, with this decline accelerating at an alarming rate. Groundwater depletion rates significantly sped up from 2000 to the present, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions under cultivation.



According to the researchers, the accelerating declines are occurring in nearly three times as many places as they would expect by chance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-management-nbsp">Groundwater management&nbsp;</h2>



Despite these grim revelations, the study also highlights examples of successful groundwater management. Notably, in 16% of the aquifer systems with historical data, declines observed in the 1980s and '90s have reversed.&nbsp;



Study co-lead author Scott Jasechko pointed out that human intervention can help. “This study shows that humans can turn things around with deliberate, concentrated efforts."



An example of such success is Tucson, Arizona, where water from the Colorado River is used to replenish the nearby Avra Valley aquifer.



“Groundwater is often viewed as a bank account for water,” explained Jasechko. “Intentionally refilling aquifers allows us to store that water until a time of need.”&nbsp;



Filling aquifers is a cost-effective and ecologically beneficial approach compared to above-ground water storage. However, such interventions aren't without their trade-offs, as evidenced by the dwindling Colorado River.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-demand-nbsp">Reducing demand&nbsp;</h2>



The study suggests that reducing demand is as crucial as augmenting supply. Often this involves regulations, permitting and fees for groundwater use, noted Perrone, who is currently examining water law in the western U.S. to understand these diverse interventions.&nbsp;



Regardless of whether it comes from supply or demand, aquifer recovery seems to require intervention, the researchers found.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complementary-resources-nbsp">Complementary resources&nbsp;</h2>



The team also leveraged data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, which provides insights into groundwater conditions at a larger scale. This data offers a more comprehensive understanding of groundwater dynamics.



“The beauty of GRACE is that it allows us to explore groundwater conditions where we don’t have in-situ data,” said Perrone. “Our assessment complements GRACE. Where we do have in-situ data, we can explore groundwater conditions locally, a crucial level of resolution when you’re managing depletion.”&nbsp;



In a previous paper published in 2021, the authors highlighted how withdrawing groundwater can affect nearby streams and surface water. Additionally, they are now exploring how groundwater levels vary over time in the context of climate change, aiming to predict where groundwater access is most at risk.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06879-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>. 



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—--



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Groundwater depletion is accelerating, but is not inevitable 

Groundwater, a crucial resource hidden beneath our feet, is declining...

Norway has been recognized as Europe's most environmentally friendly country, according to a recent study by <a href="https://www.hemsol.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hemsol</a>, a solar energy company. 



The experts considered various factors to rank Europe's greenest countries, such as renewable energy share, recycling rates, and carbon dioxide emissions.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-norway">Norway</h2>



Norway's top ranking as Europe’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/going-green-which-states-are-the-least-environmentally-friendly/">greenest</a> country is attributed to its impressive renewable energy share in 2022, despite high per capita carbon dioxide emissions and extensive farmland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-austria">Austria</h2>



Austria secured the second spot, primarily due to its citizens' preference for public transport, significantly reducing car usage. Austria also stands out for its high recycling rate and commitment to the Paris Agreement, though it ranks sixth in carbon dioxide emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finland">Finland</h2>



Finland ranks third, following the implementation of a new Climate Act on July 1, 2022. The Act sets ambitious emission reduction targets for 2030, 2040, and 2050, with a goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2035.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iceland">Iceland</h2>



Iceland, in fourth place, boasts one of the lowest carbon dioxide emissions rates among the top ten European countries and the highest rate of renewable energy share.&nbsp;



Iceland aims for carbon neutrality before 2040 and a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, as outlined in its updated Climate Action Plan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweden">Sweden</h2>



Completing the top five greenest countries in Europe is Sweden, notable for its extensive woodland areas and the second-highest renewable energy usage. Sweden's goal is to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045, with a minimum reduction of 85% from 1990 levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northern-europe">Northern Europe</h2>



“It’s interesting to see how six of the countries in the top 10 are Northern European and how all Scandinavian countries figure in the top five. This is a testament to their commitment to the environmental cause more than anyone else in Europe, and this can be seen both in the data and in the practical regulations that they have put in place both at home and that they have pledged to help with internationally,” concluded William Bergmark, founder of Hemsol.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-green-countries">Additional green countries</h2>



Estonia is considered a green country in several aspects, particularly in its progress towards sustainability and environmental conservation.



Germany is recognized for its commitment to renewable energy, particularly solar and wind power, and its leadership in environmental technology.



Luxembourg generally has high environmental standards, particularly in areas such as air and water quality, and waste management.



Switzerland has strong environmental policies and legislation, focusing on preserving its natural landscapes and promoting sustainability. The country is known for its efficient waste management and high recycling rates.



Slovenia is noted for its biodiversity, forest conservation, and sustainable tourism practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europe-s-top-10-greenest-countries">Europe’s top 10 greenest countries</h2>



<ul>
<li>Norway (Score: 73.30 out of 100) </li>



<li>Austria (68.89) </li>



<li>Finland (62.31) </li>



<li>Iceland (62.13) </li>



<li>Sweden (62.05) </li>



<li>Estonia (54.66) </li>



<li>Germany (52.06) </li>



<li>Luxembourg (51.83) </li>



<li>Switzerland (51.75) </li>



<li>Slovenia (51.63)</li>
</ul>



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Scientists rank Europe’s top 10 greenest countries

Norway has been recognized as Europe's most environmentally friendly country,...

In the serene waters off Maui during the winter months, the melodic singing of humpback whales fills the marine soundscape. 



Despite extensive research spanning decades, many aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whale behavior</a> and their complex singing remain enigmatic. 



Recent research, however, has begun to unravel some of these mysteries, offering new insights into the daily patterns of these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-humpback-whale-songs">Decoding humpback whale songs</h2>



The study, spearheaded by the <a href="https://www.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawaiʻi</a> in collaboration with NOAA’s Hawaiian Islands <a href="https://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary</a>, observed an intriguing daily movement pattern among the whales. 



These gentle giants tend to drift away from the shore during the day, only to return as evening approaches. 



This pattern of migration is not just a random movement but appears to be a strategic choice by the whales.



Anke Kügler, the study's lead author and a doctoral student in the Marine Biology Graduate Program at <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UH Mānoa</a> at the time of the research, shared her insights. 



“Singers may be attempting to reduce the chances of their song being drowned out among the cacophony nearshore when whale numbers are high,” Kügler explained. 



She further noted that the whales’ movement towards the shore around sunset might be to avoid the offshore evening chorus of other marine animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-how-and-when-humpback-whales-sing">Learning how and when humpback whales sing</h2>



The methodology behind this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-sing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whale</a> research was as innovative as its findings. 



By employing a combination of underwater listening devices and visual surveys, the team successfully tracked both the movements and the acoustic patterns of the whales in their high-density breeding grounds. 



This dual approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the whales' behavior.



Marc Lammers, co-author of the study and a research ecologist with NOAA’s Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, highlighted the significance of this movement. 



“This dynamic onshore-offshore movement of singers may be aimed at increasing the efficiency of the whales’ acoustic display, ensuring that other whales hear their songs,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-localization-with-acoustic-sensors">Localization with acoustic sensors</h2>



The study not only tracked these movements but also explored the reasons behind them. Kügler elaborated on the unique approach taken by the team. 



“This is the first effort of its kind, to our knowledge, in which we used specialized acoustic sensors to localize individual singers relatively close to shore to understand daily variations in their distance from shore, their spacing, and their movement behavior,” she said. 



This strategy helped the team to contextualize visual results and address some limitations inherent in land-based observations.



The song of the humpback whale, believed to be crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-travel-thousands-of-miles-to-mate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a>, takes on new significance in light of these findings. 



The study highlights the challenges <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whale-reproduction-is-linked-to-krill-abundance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male singers</a> face in an environment bustling with acoustic activity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-pollution-vs-natural-noise">Noise pollution vs. natural noise</h2>



The team identified key drivers for the whales’ daily migrations -- crowded nearshore environments during the day and noisy offshore areas in the evening due to the chorus of other marine animals.



Kügler also shed light on a broader ecological issue -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-fail-to-respond-to-vessel-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a>. “Discussions of noise pollution related to marine mammals have been dominated by concerns over anthropogenic noise,” she stated. 



The study brings to attention the potential acoustic masking from natural sources, like one whale's song masking another's, a factor often overlooked in previous research. 



Understanding these natural drivers adds depth to our knowledge of how animals reliant on acoustic signals adapt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-quiet-shipping-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loud environments</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humpback-whales-and-hawaiian-culture">Humpback whales and Hawaiian culture</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-perform-full-body-scrubs-on-their-return-south/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whales</a> of Hawai‘i are ecologically and economically significant, while holding a special place in the cultural heritage of the region. 



Their singing is recognized and cherished worldwide. Lammers emphasized the shared responsibility in protecting these magnificent creatures. 



“It is our collective kuleana (responsibility) to be the koholā’s (humpback whales) stewards,” he remarked. 



Lammers underscored the importance of such research in fulfilling the Sanctuary’s management plan, aimed at maintaining a healthy and sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-changed-their-mating-tactic-from-singing-to-fighting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale population</a>.



In summary, this research provides new insights into understanding humpback whale behavior, signaling a leap forward in our journey to unravel the mysteries of these oceanic songsters.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230279" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. 



-----

Humpback whales have moved their singing rituals away from shorelines

In the serene waters off Maui during the winter months,...

A study from <a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a> (MLU) has revealed a profound connection between self-compassion and relationship satisfaction. 



The findings suggest that being more forgiving and kind to oneself, particularly in the face of shortcomings within a romantic relationship, can lead to happier, more fulfilling partnerships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-insights-nbsp">Valuable insights&nbsp;</h2>



The study, which involved 209 couples, provides valuable insights into the dynamics of romantic relationships. A striking result of the research indicates that men, in particular, experience higher levels of relationship satisfaction when their female partners practice self-compassion.



"Self-compassion is the act of having a caring, kind and attentive attitude towards oneself - especially with regard to your own shortcomings," explained study lead author Dr. Robert Körner from the University of Bamberg.&nbsp;



"We found that one’s ability to react compassionately to one’s own inadequacies, suffering and pain in the relationship benefits both members of the couple. In this way, an actor’s self-compassion not only improves their own happiness, but also their partner’s."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-personal-well-being-nbsp">Beyond personal well-being&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of self-compassion extend beyond personal well-being, influencing various aspects of romantic relationships, such as conflict resolution, dealing with jealousy, and overall relationship satisfaction.&nbsp;



Prior studies have mainly focused on individual perspectives within relationships. However, this research stands out by considering both partners.



Dr. Nancy Tandler from the Institute of Psychology at MLU emphasized the importance of interviewing both individuals in a relationship. This approach allows for a deeper understanding of how self-compassion affects each partner and the relationship as a whole.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationship-dynamics-nbsp">Relationship dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers conducted a survey that covered a wide range of relationship aspects, including sexual satisfaction and the perceived long-term potential of the relationship.



The team also looked at the connection at a relationship-specific level by analyzing not only individual self-compassion, but also self-compassion within the relationship.&nbsp;



"This approach takes into account the fact that people behave differently in different areas of life," explained Professor Astrid Schütz from the University of Bamberg. For example, a person’s self-compassion after a romantic conflict may differ from their self-compassion following a work-related conflict.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



"This study is the first to thoroughly test reciprocal effects of self-compassion in couples. We found that a person's self-compassion is related to the partner's relationship satisfaction, but this effect pertains only to self-compassion in the context of the relationship, not to self-compassion in general," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Apparently, when people are accepting of their own shortcomings and failures in a relationship, it benefits not only themselves but also the relationship and their partner's relationship satisfaction. The findings are relevant for couples therapy."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fostering-self-compassion-nbsp">Fostering self-compassion&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Tandler suggests a practical approach for fostering self-compassion by considering how one would treat a partner in a challenging situation and then applying that same level of care and understanding to oneself.



"In addition to the substantive findings, we conclude that it is important to consider the interrelationship between the relationship partners in order to understand the full potential of self-compassion as a resource for happy relationships," noted Dr. Tandler.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pere.12535" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Personal Relationships</a>.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Self-compassion enhances relationship satisfaction

A study from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU) has revealed...

Citipati,Was,A,Oviraptor,Theropod,,A,Bird-like,Dinosaur,That,Lived

Paleontologists have unveiled a new species of bird-like oviraptor dinosaur that roamed North America shortly before the catastrophic mass extinction event approximately 66 million years ago. 



This event, believed to have been caused by a colossal asteroid impact, marked the end of the Cretaceous period and led to the extinction of most life forms, including all non-avian dinosaurs.



The newly identified species, an Oviraptor, likely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-eggs-color-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boasted feathers</a> and a beak and is believed to have lived around 125 million years ago. 



Its existence came to light through the discovery of a leg bone within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Creek_Formation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hell Creek formation</a> -- a region extensively studied for its rich deposits of Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks, spanning across four states in North America.



This significant finding was made possible by a team of researchers from Canada and the United States, who studied a limb of the dinosaur found in the northern United States. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-features-of-oviraptors">Distinctive features of Oviraptors</h2>



Their analysis indicated that this creature, approximately the weight of an average woman, represents a species not previously recognized.



An <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/oviraptorosaur_new-species_Eoneophron-infernalis_credit-Zubin-Erik-Dutta_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artist's rendition</a> brings this feathered dinosaur to life, showcasing its sharp talons and bird-like anatomy, complete with a beak but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-in-a-state-of-decline-before-their-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">devoid of teeth</a>. It is depicted as having lived up to 130 million years ago.



Kyle Atkins-Weltman, a Ph.D. student at <a href="https://www.okstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oklahoma State University</a> and author of the study, provided insights into their findings. 



"We describe a relatively small caenagnathid hindlimb from the Hell Creek Formation, and conducted osteohistological analysis to assess its maturity," he explained. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rigorous-study-of-an-ancient-dinosaur">Rigorous study of an ancient dinosaur</h2>



The team's meticulous examination of histological data and the morphological distinctions from Anzu wyliei and other caenagnathids led them to the conclusion that this specimen is a novel species of caenagnathid from Hell Creek.



Oviraptorosaurs, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mud-dragon-dinosaur-fossil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse clade</a>, varied significantly in size -- ranging from the size of chickens or turkeys to species weighing over a ton. 



Their cranial morphology suggests a diet that included both omnivorous and herbivorous members. While the earliest members of this group retained teeth, these were completely lost in the Late Cretaceous forms. 



These dinosaurs possessed a complex, feathery integument, and studies of other specimens reveal their social nature, active brooding over nests, a reproductive strategy intermediate between crocodilians and modern birds, and an avian-like brain organization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-eoneophron-infernalis">Significance of Eoneophron infernalis</h2>



The discovery of this new species, named Eoneophron infernalis, has significantly broadened our understanding of the types of dinosaurs that inhabited this region between 125 and 129 million years ago. 



"In tandem with histological data indicating that this animal was of subadult or adult status at the time of its death, our research suggests that it represents a new taxon, Eoneophron infernalis," said Mr. Atkins-Weltman.



This smaller caenagnathid from the Hell Creek Formation adds to the diversity and ecological understanding of caenagnathids in the end-Maastrichtian period. 



In addition, the finding indicates that caenagnathid diversity in Laurasia remained largely stable through the Campanian-Maastrichtian. 



These dinosaurs were successful components of Laurasian ecosystems until their extinction.



In summary, the discovery of Eoneophron infernalis serves as a window into our planet's distant past, offering invaluable insights into the evolutionary history and diversity of life on Earth before a pivotal moment in its history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-oviraptors">More about Oviraptors</h2>



As discussed above, Oviraptors were a unique group of bird-like dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 75 to 71 million years ago. 



These creatures, often misunderstood due to early fossil interpretations, have since revealed a fascinating story about their lifestyle and behaviors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-named-after-egg-thieves">Named after "egg thieves"</h3>



When scientists first discovered Oviraptor fossils in the 1920s, they found them near a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preserved-eggs-dinosaurs-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nest of eggs</a>. Believing they were looking at egg thieves, they named these dinosaurs "Oviraptors," which means "egg thieves." 



However, later discoveries turned this assumption on its head. The eggs near which the Oviraptors were found actually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-embryo-suggests-bird-like-pre-hatching-posture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">belonged to them</a>, indicating that these dinosaurs were not thieves but caring parents, brooding over their nests.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics-and-diet">Physical characteristics and diet</h3>



Physically, Oviraptors stood out with their distinct features. They had a parrot-like beak, devoid of teeth, and a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-eggs-beibeilong-sinensis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crest on their head</a>, the purpose of which remains a topic of debate among paleontologists. 



Some suggest it might have been used in mating displays, similar to the crests found in modern birds. 



Oviraptors were relatively small, about the size of a turkey, and they walked on two legs. Their diet was varied, possibly including plants, small animals, and perhaps eggs, making them omnivores.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oviraptors-resembled-modern-birds">Oviraptors resembled modern birds</h3>



One of the most striking aspects of Oviraptor biology is their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-feathers-sexual-display/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a>. Like many theropod dinosaurs, Oviraptors were covered in feathers. 



This feature, along with other anatomical similarities, provides compelling evidence of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. 



In fact, these feathered dinosaurs offer crucial insights into understanding the origins of flight in birds.



Oviraptors lived in what is now Asia and North America, thriving in diverse environments. Their fossils, particularly well-preserved in places like Mongolia, have provided scientists with valuable information about their anatomy and ecology.



In summary, Oviraptors have emerged as a symbol of parental care in the dinosaur world. Their fossils challenge our understanding of dinosaur behavior, while contributing to the ever-evolving narrative of life on Earth millions of years ago.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0294901" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. 



-----

New Oviraptor dinosaur species weighed as much as a human female

Paleontologists have unveiled a new species of bird-like oviraptor dinosaur...

Cup,Of,Coffee,Latte,Art,In,Barista,Hand.

In the same way that cream blends into coffee, transforming it from a whirl of white to a uniform brown, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computer chips face a challenge. 



These devices operate on the minuscule scale of the universe's fundamental particles, where data can quickly become chaotic, limiting memory efficiency. 



However, new research spearheaded by Rahul Nandkishore, an associate professor of physics at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, suggests a groundbreaking approach that could revolutionize data retention in quantum computing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-creamer-and-the-quantum-world">Coffee, creamer and the quantum world</h2>



Nandkishore and his team, through mathematical modeling, propose a scenario akin to cream and coffee that never mix, regardless of how much they are stirred. 



This concept, if realized, could lead to significant advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computer chips, providing engineers with novel methods for storing data in extremely small scales.



Nandkishore, the senior author of the study, illustrates his idea using the familiar sight of cream swirling in coffee, imagining these patterns remaining dynamic indefinitely. 



“Think of the initial swirling patterns that appear when you add cream to your morning coffee,” said Nandkishore. “Imagine if these patterns continued to swirl and dance no matter how long you watched.”



This concept is central to the study, which involved David Stephen and Oliver Hart, postdoctoral researchers in physics at CU Boulder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-computing-the-challenge">Quantum computing: The challenge</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum computers</a> differ fundamentally from classical computers. While the latter operate on bits (zeros or ones), quantum computers use qubits, which can exist as zero, one, or both simultaneously. 



Despite their potential, qubits can easily become disordered, leading to a loss of coherent data, much like the inevitable blending of cream into coffee.



Nandkishore and his team's solution lies in arranging qubits in specific patterns that maintain their information even under disturbances, like magnetic fields. 



“This could be a way of storing information,” he said. “You would write information into these patterns, and the information couldn’t be degraded.”



This arrangement could allow for the creation of devices with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> memory, where data, once written into these patterns, remains uncorrupted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mathematical-model-used-in-the-study">Mathematical model used in the study</h2>



The researchers employed mathematical models to envision an array of hundreds to thousands of qubits in a checkerboard pattern. 



They discovered that tightly packing qubits influences their neighboring qubits' behavior, akin to a crowded phone booth where movement is severely limited. 



This specific arrangement might enable the patterns to flow around a quantum chip without degrading, much like the enduring swirls of cream in a cup of coffee.



Nandkishore notes that this study's implications extend beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-and-machine-learning-enhance-airplane-performance-and-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing. 



“The wonderful thing about this study is that we discovered that we could understand this fundamental phenomenon through what is almost simple geometry,” Nandkishore said. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-applications-from-quantum-coffee">Real world applications from 'quantum coffee'</h2>



It challenges the common understanding that everything in the universe, from coffee to oceans, moves toward thermal equilibrium, where differences in temperature eventually even out, like ice melting in a warm drink. 



His findings suggest that certain matter organizations might resist this equilibrium, potentially defying some long-standing physical laws.



While further experimentation is necessary to validate these theoretical swirls, the study represents a significant stride in the quest to create materials that stay out of equilibrium for extended periods. 



This pursuit, known as "ergodicity breaking," could redefine our understanding of statistical physics and its application to everyday phenomena. 



As Nandkishore puts it, while we won't need to rewrite the math for ice and water, there are scenarios where traditional statistical physics might not apply, opening new frontiers in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-ping-pong-game-played-by-two-atoms-controlling-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing and beyond.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.040401" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Letters</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. 



-----

Coffee with cream can teach us a lot about the quantum realm

In the same way that cream blends into coffee, transforming...

A three-year population study has shed new light on the plight of the critically endangered Kordofan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/masai-giraffes-are-nearing-critically-endangered-status/">giraffe</a> in Cameroon's Bénoué National Park.&nbsp;



Led by experts from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, the research has been pivotal in understanding the dire situation faced by Kordofan giraffes. The study provides crucial data that may aid in their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers analyzed various sources of imagery, including camera traps, to establish a reliable count of the remaining Kordofan giraffes within the park.&nbsp;



The findings are the first to offer a dependable estimate of the giraffe population size in this region. This data is a critical tool for conservationists to monitor and understand the threats facing these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-nbsp">Key insights&nbsp;</h2>



Alarmingly, the study revealed that as few as 27 Kordofan giraffes may remain within Bénoué National Park.&nbsp;



This revelation highlights the urgency and importance of ongoing conservation efforts to mitigate threats, primarily from poaching and increasing human encroachment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dire-situation-nbsp">Dire situation&nbsp;</h2>



The situation is dire, as giraffes in the park are frequently targeted by illegal hunting. Another concerning study led by the same team found that if unaddressed, the poaching of just two Kordofan giraffes annually could lead to the subspecies' extinction within 15 years.&nbsp;



Since 2017, the Bristol Zoological Society has been at the forefront of efforts to conserve the Kordofan giraffe in Cameroon, where their numbers have plummeted by 85% since the 1980s, leaving fewer than 2,000 individuals in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-are-vital-nbsp">Conservation efforts are vital&nbsp;</h2>



"Our study has shown a significant population of Kordofan giraffes still occur within the park, with many more living in the surrounding landscape," said study lead author Connor Parks, a master’s student at Bristol Vet School.&nbsp;



"It also emphasises that continued conservation efforts are vital if we are to further support the subspecies in Cameroon. This should include strengthening existing anti-poaching regulations and protecting wildlife movement corridors.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Caspian Johnson, a conservation scientist and lecturer at the <a href="https://bristolzoo.org.uk/bristol-zoological-society" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol Zoological Society</a>, added a broader context to the situation.&nbsp;



“Habitat degradation and illegal hunting has already seen the loss of cheetah, black rhino, and all resident elephants from Bénoué National Park. It is paramount we do not lose another precious species from this area," said Dr. Johnson.



“These studies provide us with the crucial baseline data needed to determine how giraffe population size and structure may change in the future. This will help us inform the conservation action and management practices needed to protect giraffe in Bénoué National Park.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-kordofan-giraffes">More about Kordofan giraffes</h2>



Kordofan giraffes are a subspecies found primarily in Central Africa. They are notable for their unique physical and behavioral characteristics. Kordofan giraffes inhabit the savannas, grasslands, and open woodlands, particularly in regions of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and possibly western Sudan.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



Physically, Kordofan giraffes are smaller in size compared to other giraffe subspecies. Their coat pattern is less pronounced and more irregular, often with smaller and more irregularly shaped spots that are paler in color. This pattern extends down the legs, which is a distinguishing feature from some other subspecies whose patterns fade towards the lower leg.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Kordofan giraffes are herbivorous, feeding primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, especially from acacia trees. Their long necks and tongues are well-adapted for reaching foliage at heights inaccessible to other animals, playing a crucial role in their ecosystem by spreading seeds and affecting the growth patterns of trees.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



These giraffes are social animals, often seen in loosely organized, ever-changing groups. Unlike some other giraffe subspecies, they do not have a strict social structure, and group compositions can change from day to day.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats">Threats</h3>



Kordofan giraffes face significant threats from habitat loss due to human activities like agriculture and deforestation. They are also vulnerable to poaching for their meat and hide. These factors have led to a decline in their population, making conservation efforts vital for their survival. Despite these challenges, they remain a symbol of the diverse and rich wildlife of Central Africa.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.13249" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African Journal of Ecology</a>.&nbsp;



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—--



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Kordofan giraffes are critically endangered and fighting for survival

A three-year population study has shed new light on the...

3d,Image,Illustrating,Space,,Earth,And,Sun

The Earth is currently experiencing a series of solar storms, raising concerns about potential technological disruptions and offering the chance to witness stunning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auroras</a>.&nbsp;



Over the weekend, the Sun emitted two solar flares which have since made contact with Earth, beginning with an impact over the Pacific Ocean on Monday afternoon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radio-blackouts">Radio blackouts</h2>



A brief radio blackout was detected over the Pacific Ocean following the solar storm's arrival on Earth around 4:20 p.m. EST. 



This incident occurred off the western U.S. and South American coasts and was short-lived, lasting only a few seconds.&nbsp;



However, the impact was more prolonged at the poles, where the outage spanned approximately seven hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-grid-impact">Potential grid impact</h2>



The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Weather Prediction Center</a> has indicated a 60 percent chance that the ongoing storm could disrupt the power grid.&nbsp;



Another storm that is expected to arrive tomorrow could further affect radios, aviation communication, and degrade satellite operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-m-class-flares">M-class flares</h2>



Physicist Tamitha Skov, speaking to DailyMail, highlighted the increasing risk of radio blackouts.



"As for radio blackouts, yes the risk is increasing now," said Skov. "We have already had two small M-class flares, resulting in short-lived R1-level radio blackouts today, but they may soon become longer and larger."



Skov explained that these M-class <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aurora-borealis-seen-as-far-south-as-the-equator-after-largest-known-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flares</a> generally cause brief radio blackouts affecting Earth's polar regions. 



Sunspots 3559 and 3555 have been identified as the sources of these flares, releasing coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that contain plasma and magnetic fields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-series-of-storms">A series of storms</h2>



"This storm will be followed by two, possibly three others that will give us several glancing blows through January 25," said Skov, who hosts a space weather forecast on YouTube. 



"We have a series of solar storms hitting starting now (the first one just hit a few hours ago, but it is ramping up slowly)."



"However, we can all rest easy, as these storms will not be that powerful to affect critical infrastructure."



NOAA uses a five-level S-scale to indicate the severity of solar radiation storms, with the current storm being a moderate G2 event on the SWPC scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-solar-storms">Understanding solar storms</h2>



According to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, solar storms occur when the solar wind interacts with Earth's magnetosphere, causing potential disturbances.&nbsp;



Shawn Dahl, coordinator for NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center, told ABC News that the current solar storm resulted from an eruption from a filament, which is a magnetic field suspended above the sun's surface that contains billions of tons of solar material.&nbsp;



When that magnetic field becomes unstable, it can sometimes eject material into space, dragging a very strong, localized magnetic field with it, explained Dahl. 



He noted that these filament eruptions are what caused the solar storms observed on Saturday, Sunday, and again on Monday morning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-technology">Impact on technology</h2>



Intense geomagnetic storms can disrupt navigation systems by interfering with radio and GPS signals and can affect electrical power networks.&nbsp;



Dahl told ABC News that the ongoing solar storm should not bring major impacts to everyday life, noting that the power grid is equipped to handle minor disruptions and that satellites can be managed to maintain their proper orbital height.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-beauty-of-solar-storms">The beauty of solar storms</h2>



One of the more visible effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejections</a> is the aurora borealis, or northern lights, created by the interaction of solar particles with Earth's atmosphere. 



The intensity of the solar storm determines how far south these lights can be seen.&nbsp;



This week's solar storms are expected to create stunning auroras visible as far south as Wyoming, South Dakota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, and New York.&nbsp;



Auroras this time of year are typically the most visible from several hours after sunset to around the midnight hour, said Dahl. He added that viewers will need take the full moon into account, as well as move away from city lights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-m-class-solar-flares">More about M-class solar flares</h2>



As discussed above, the sun is a hub of intense and dynamic activity. Among its many phenomena, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-massive-solar-flare-struck-earth-on-monday-but-what-does-this-mean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar flares</a> stand out, especially the M-class category. 



These medium-sized eruptions on the sun's surface, which are the cause of the current space weather alert that Earth is under, have profound implications for our planet and its technological infrastructure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-m-class-solar-flares">Understanding M-class solar flares</h3>



Solar flares are sudden, intense eruptions of electromagnetic radiation from the sun's atmosphere. They are classified into categories – A, B, C, M, and X – based on their brightness in the x-ray wavelengths. 



M-class flares, ranking second in intensity, are ten times stronger than C-class but considerably weaker than the most potent X-class flares.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-and-mechanics">Origins and mechanics</h3>



M-class flares originate in the sun’s photosphere, primarily in active regions around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a>. These spots are cooler, darker areas with intense magnetic fields. 



When these magnetic field lines become twisted and tangled, they can suddenly snap and realign, releasing vast amounts of energy. This process, known as magnetic reconnection, is the driving force behind solar flares.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-storms-and-their-impact-on-earth">Solar storms and their impact on Earth</h3>



The energy from M-class flares can reach Earth within minutes, affecting our planet's upper atmosphere. This can lead to a range of effects, including:



<ol start="1">
<li>Radio Communication Disruption: Short-wave radio communications, vital for aviation and maritime sectors, can experience significant disruptions. </li>



<li>Navigation Systems Impact: Flares can disturb the Earth’s ionosphere, affecting GPS accuracy. </li>



<li>Auroras: Charged particles from flares interacting with Earth's magnetic field can create spectacular auroras, often visible at higher latitudes. </li>



<li>Radiation Risk: Astronauts in space and passengers in high-flying aircraft can face increased radiation exposure.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-and-prediction">Monitoring and prediction</h3>



Various space agencies, including NASA and <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>, monitor solar activity closely. Satellites like the Solar Dynamics Observatory (<a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDO</a>) and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/SOHO/SOHO_overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SOHO</a>) play critical roles in detecting and analyzing solar flares. 



Predicting these events, however, remains challenging due to the complexity of the sun's magnetic field dynamics.



In summary, M-class solar flares are a reminder of our sun's dynamic nature and its influence on Earth. While they pose challenges, our growing understanding and ability to monitor these phenomena allow us to mitigate their impacts, ensuring that we remain prepared for these fiery outbursts from our nearest star.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.



-----

Ongoing solar storms are producing spectacular auroras and radio blackouts 

The Earth is currently experiencing a series of solar storms,...

Man,With,Backpack,On,The,Train,Tracks,In,Winter

In recent years, the world has witnessed a puzzling phenomenon: despite global warming, winters in regions like East Asia and North America are becoming colder. 



This has led to a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sprawling-winter-storm-over-the-united-states/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather events</a> that contradict general climate change predictions. 



Historically, Arctic warming and a weakened jet stream have been pointed to as culprits, yet climate models have struggled to confirm this theory conclusively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-extreme-weather">Understanding extreme weather</h2>



The 2021 Texas power outage, triggered by a rare cold snap, underscores the urgent need for precise climate models. 



These models are vital for forecasting <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/winter-storm-triggers-deadly-flooding-in-brazil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme weather</a> events and mitigating their socioeconomic impacts. 



Recognizing this, leaders in climate technology have set a critical objective: to predict climate trends for the upcoming decade.



A recent discovery by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (<a href="https://eng.kist.re.kr/eng/index.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KIST</a>), in collaboration with Yonsei University. 



Senior researcher Mi-Kyung Sung from KIST's Sustainable Environment Research Center and professor Soon-Il An of <a href="https://www.yonsei.ac.kr/en_sc/research/lab_intro.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yonsei University's Center for Irreversible Climate Change</a> have identified the mid-latitude oceans as key players in generating abnormal weather patterns, particularly in East Asia and North America. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-winter-weather-and-climate-change-are-different">Cold winter weather and climate change are different</h2>



This finding is crucial for developing mid to long-term strategies to address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-arctic-northeast-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter climate changes</a>.



Ocean currents, by transporting heat energy as well as suspended and dissolved matter, significantly influence the weather and climate of nearby regions. 



Areas with rapid temperature changes within a narrow latitude band, such as the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean and the Kuroshio Current's downstream region in the Pacific Ocean, are termed "ocean fronts." 



The KIST-Yonsei research team attributes the rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/brutal-winter-storm-dumped-snow-and-ice-from-texas-to-maine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme cold waves</a> to the excessive heat accumulation in these ocean fronts.



Their research reveals a striking correlation: from the early 2000s until now, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Observed-temperature-trends_winters-of-1995-96-2021-22_credit-KIST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unusual cold trend</a> in East Asia aligns with heat buildup near the Gulf Stream, and in North America, it corresponds with intensified heat near the Kuroshio Current. 



Essentially, these oceanic frontal regions act as thermostats, influencing the frequency of winter cold waves and abnormal high temperatures.



The accumulation of heat in these ocean fronts can span years to decades. During such periods, continental regions might experience a 'warming hiatus,' seemingly defying the global warming trend. In contrast, periods of ocean frontal cooling may lead to accelerated warming in these regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-colder-winter-weather">The future of colder winter weather</h2>



This research suggests that the recent decadal cooling trend is a temporary fluctuation within the broader global climate system. 



It implies that as the accumulated heat in the ocean fronts dissipates, we can expect warmer winters to become more common.



Furthermore, climate model experiments, which varied the heat levels near ocean fronts, align with these observations. 



This consistency challenges the conventional sea ice theory and underscores the importance of accurately modeling ocean front variability in climate predictions for the next decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-variations-in-a-warming-world">Climate variations in a warming world</h2>



As global warming progresses and alters the ocean's structure, regional climate variations could undergo significant changes. 



Climate model experiments with increased greenhouse gases indicate that North America may face shorter and fewer warming hiatuses, whereas East Asia might experience more frequent alternations between warming hiatuses and acceleration. 



These continental differences are driven by the distinct responses of the Kuroshio Current and the Gulf Stream to global warming.



"Applying the effects of ocean fronts revealed in this research to global warming climate models can improve climate change forecasts for the near future," said Dr. Mi-Kyung Sung of KIST. 



"It will provide important references for long-term forecasts of winter energy demand and the construction of climate change response infrastructure to prevent climate disasters such as the 2021 Texas power outage," Sung concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-climate-models-yield-better-forecasts">Better climate models yield better forecasts</h2>



In summary, this pioneering research spearheaded by KIST and Yonsei University offers a vital new perspective in understanding the complex interplay between global warming and regional climate patterns, particularly the phenomenon of colder winters amidst a warming planet. 



By highlighting the pivotal role of mid-latitude ocean fronts in modulating extreme weather events, the study challenges prevailing theories while highlighting new avenues for enhancing climate models. 



This advancement is crucial for more accurate predictions of future climate trends, enabling societies to better prepare for and mitigate the impacts of climate change. 



As we face the increasing challenges of a dynamic climate, such insights become invaluable tools in our ongoing efforts to adapt to and navigate the complexities of Earth's ever-changing climate system.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43686-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. 



-----

Why winters are getting colder when the world is getting warmer

In recent years, the world has witnessed a puzzling phenomenon:...

Eating certain foods before bed can either improve or disrupt your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-derivation-linked-to-unhealthy-diets-among-teens/">sleep</a>, according to experts at <a href="https://www.bedkingdom.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bed Kingdom</a>. Here are some insights into what you should and shouldn't consume for a better night's rest:



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-eating-peanut-butter-before-bed">Benefits of eating peanut butter before bed</h2>



Peanut butter, consumed as a late-night snack, can boost sleep quality, stabilize blood sugar levels, and support muscle growth. Rich in nutrients, vitamins, and heart-healthy fats, peanut butter contains tryptophan, which aids in relaxation and sleep induction.&nbsp;



Other nuts like almonds, walnuts, and cashews also support healthy sleep due to their melatonin, magnesium, and zinc content.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-string-cheese-for-late-night-cravings">String cheese for late-night cravings</h2>



If midnight cravings strike, consider snacking on string cheese. Its protein and fat content can satisfy hunger and support a peaceful sleep. String cheese also contains tryptophan, aiding in faster sleep onset.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-chocolate-as-a-midnight-snack">Dark chocolate as a midnight snack</h2>



Contrary to popular belief, dark chocolate might be beneficial for sleep when consumed in moderation about an hour before bed.&nbsp;



Dark chocolate's serotonin-boosting properties promote calmness and relaxation, while its antioxidants and flavanols can reduce stress levels. Combining dark chocolate with bananas and almonds can further enhance these effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-popcorn-for-movie-nights">Popcorn for movie nights</h2>



Popcorn, rich in fiber and carbs, can be a sleep-friendly snack during movie nights. It aids in serotonin production, a key component of good sleep. Popcorn's tryptophan content also helps regulate sleep patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-turkey-induce-sleepiness">Does turkey induce sleepiness?</h2>



Although turkey contains tryptophan, an amino acid that regulates sleep and mood, it does not instantly induce sleepiness. Post-meal tiredness is more likely due to carbohydrate-rich meals rather than turkey itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foods-to-avoid-before-bed">Foods to avoid before bed</h2>



Eating certain foods close to bedtime can negatively impact your sleep quality, so it's best to consume them earlier in the day.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tomatoes">Tomatoes</h3>



Their high acidity can lead to indigestion, heartburn, and acid reflux, which could disrupt sleep if consumed close to bedtime.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chips">Chips</h3>



High salt content in chips and salted nuts can dehydrate the body, leading to disturbed sleep.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-instant-noodles">Instant noodles</h3>



These ultra-processed foods are associated with poorer sleep quality, disturbances, and longer sleep onset times.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chicken-and-high-protein-foods">Chicken and high-protein foods</h3>



Foods like chicken, salami, and pepperoni - high in protein and tyramine - may keep the brain stimulated and disrupt sleep due to the energy required for digestion.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-bread">White bread</h3>



With its high glycemic index, white bread can spike blood sugar levels, leading to energy rushes and disrupted sleep patterns. Opting for wheat bread, which is higher in fiber and complex carbohydrates, can be a healthier alternative for evening consumption.



In conclusion, choosing the right foods before bedtime can significantly improve sleep quality, while others can hinder it. Being mindful of these dietary choices is key to achieving a restful sleep.



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—-&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.

Midnight snack: The best foods for a good night’s sleep

Eating certain foods before bed can either improve or disrupt...

Electric,Aircraft,Charger,Station,With,Plug,And,Power,Cable,Supply

The aviation industry, accounting for about 2 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions and 4 percent of climate change impacts annually, stands at a critical juncture. In the quest to mitigate these environmental ramifications, electric aircraft are emerging as a promising avenue. 



Recent advancements have ushered in the first generation of electric aircraft, predominantly utilized for pilot training and short-range flights. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-electric-aircraft">Environmental impact of electric aircraft</h2>



The life cycle assessment of such aircraft offers insightful revelations about their potential in reducing aviation's environmental footprint.



Rickard Arvidsson, the lead author of the study from <a href="https://www.chalmers.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chalmers University of Technology</a>, emphasizes the immediate and future applications of these electric aircraft. 



“In the short-term future, battery-powered electric aircraft will probably mostly be used for shorter distances, such as what in Norway is called "fjord-hopping", meaning shorter flights between deep fjords," explained Arvidsson. 



"In a larger perspective, the study shows that battery-powered electric aircraft have the potential to significantly reduce environmental impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-and-machine-learning-enhance-airplane-performance-and-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aviation</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



The team's study centered on the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/electric-aircraft_study-plane_Chalmers-University-of-Technology_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pipistrel Alpha Electro</a>," a two-seater, battery-electric aircraft, juxtaposed against its fossil fuel-powered counterpart for a comprehensive analysis. 



The life cycle assessment spanned from raw material extraction to the aircraft's end of life, focusing on a functional unit of 1-hour flight time. 



This approach, fortified with data from the aircraft manufacturer, enabled a detailed exploration of each aircraft's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-airplane-contrail-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a>.



Their investigation encompassed a broad spectrum of environmental categories, including global warming potential, mineral resource scarcity, particulate matter formation, acidification, and ground-level ozone formation. 



These factors, indicative of an aircraft's ecological footprint, were meticulously examined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-on-electric-aircraft">Key insights on electric aircraft</h2>



Arvidsson provides a crucial takeaway from the study. 



“The key take-home from this study is that small electric aircraft can have a notably lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-accelerate-jet-stream-winds-and-airplane-turbulence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate impact</a> -- up to 60 percent less -- and other types of environmental impacts than equivalent fossil-fueled aircraft," he said. 



"However, there is a trade-off regarding mineral resource scarcity – about 50 percent more even in the most favorable scenario, mainly due to rare metals in the batteries of the electric aircraft.



The study also delves into the life cycle of electric aircraft, paralleling it with electric cars. Initially, the production of their batteries, requiring substantial energy and resources, presents a higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-caused-more-severe-turbulence-on-airplanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental</a> burden. 



However, as the aircraft is utilized, its benefits, chiefly emission-free propulsion, become increasingly apparent. 



A 'break-even' point is reached after about 1,000 flight hours, beyond which the electric aircraft's climate impact becomes lower than its fossil fuel counterpart. This finding assumes optimal conditions, including the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/passenger-planes-fueled-hydrogen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green energy</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-battery-technology-needed">Better battery technology needed</h2>



Senior Researcher Anders Nordelöf, another author of the study, highlights the significance of battery longevity. 



“The lifetime of the lithium-ion batteries, however, would have to be about twice as long for the mineral resource scarcity to be about the same for the electric airplane and the fossil-fuel aircraft," Nordelöf explains. 



"Alternatively, have double the energy storage capacity such that only one of two packs are needed onboard for the same flight time," he said.



The study concludes with a forward-looking perspective on battery development, which is pivotal in reducing the life cycle impacts of electric aircraft. 



Post-study advancements have seen the aircraft model's battery life triple. New <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-based-battery-may-ultimately-replace-lithium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">battery technologies</a>, like lithium-sulfur, are in the pipeline, potentially enhancing the electric aircraft's environmental performance further.



“There is a constant development of lithium-ion batteries that can improve the environmental performance of the electric aircraft and make it relatively even more preferable than the fossil-fueled one," Arvidsson says. 



There are also new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-e-waste-millions-of-tons-discarded-in-the-us-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">battery technologies</a> that could be developed and be applicable to electric aircraft in a longer time perspective, such as lithium-sulfur batteries, although these are still in an early phase of technology development," he concludes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-greener-horizon-with-electric-aircraft">A greener horizon with electric aircraft</h2>



In summary, the emergence of electric aircraft, as explored in the comprehensive study by Chalmers, marks a significant stride towards sustainable aviation. 



With the potential to drastically reduce climate impact by up to 60 percent, these innovative aircraft stand as a testament to the possibilities of greener transportation. 



While challenges like mineral resource scarcity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/sodium-based-battery-is-a-safer-alternative/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">battery</a> longevity persist, ongoing advancements in battery technology, such as the promising lithium-sulfur batteries, pave the way for an environmentally responsible future in the skies. 



As we witness the evolution of electric aircraft, we embrace a new chapter in aviation, one that aligns technological progress with ecological responsibility, steering us towards a more sustainable world.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-023-02244-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. 



-----

Electric aircraft demonstrate major climate benefits

The aviation industry, accounting for about 2 percent of global...

Tropical,Jungle,Lianas,,Exotic,Forest,Plants,,Exotic,Forest,Plants.,Woody

In the face of Earth's hottest year on record, has unveiled a disturbing trend: woody vines, known as lianas, are aggressively overtaking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-forest-biodiversity-has-massive-potential-for-carbon-capture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> worldwide. 



This phenomenon, discovered in a pivotal global study spearheaded by the University of the Sunshine Coast (<a href="https://www.usc.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UniSC</a>), poses a significant threat to these ecosystems' ability to mitigate climate change by storing carbon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tipping-point-climate-and-disturbance">Tipping point: Climate and disturbance</h2>



This research encompasses a remarkable scope, spanning 44 countries across five continents. The team's comprehensive analysis has pinpointed the forests most at risk, revealing a particular vulnerability in tropical, low-elevation forests. 



Notable examples include regions in East Africa, Vietnam, Colombia, and Australia's Wet Tropics, among numerous others worldwide.



Professor Andy Marshall, from UniSC's Forest Research Institute, emphasizes the study's discovery of a "tipping point" – a critical juncture where the dominance of lianas becomes pronounced. 



This point is reached when the mean annual temperature exceeds 27.8° Celsius, coupled with rainfall less than 1,614 mm, particularly in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-modeling-study-reveals-new-insights-into-carbon-sequestration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> already disturbed by human activities like logging and clearing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-woody-vine-dominance">Implications of woody vine dominance</h2>



Lianas, by their very nature, choke trees and impede their growth as they climb towards the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-are-becoming-less-productive-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest canopy</a>. 



"Woody vines are increasingly taking over the world's forests," said Marshall. "For the first time, we have a global assessment that confirms that forest disturbance and climatic factors are major drivers of liana dominance."



These findings are crucial for the restoration of the world's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-forests-are-unexpected-heroes-of-carbon-capture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>. "They allow us to know where to concentrate our efforts for restoration and identify future areas of concern in a changing climate," explains Marshall.



He further highlights that environmental conditions fostering liana vines could out-compete trees and stall recovery in disturbed native forests globally.



Professor Marshall draws particular attention to Australia, where the coastal and low-elevation forests of north Queensland are most vulnerable. 



"In Australia, the coastal and low-elevation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-forests-with-many-tree-species-are-more-effective-at-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> of north Queensland are the most vulnerable— adding to the ongoing threat of deforestation which, in Queensland, is already greater than any other developed country," he said.



"With warmer temperatures and ongoing disturbances from logging and clearing, those forests areas under threat from liana around the world are only going to increase."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-woody-vines-are-thriving-in-climate-change">Woody vines are thriving in climate change</h2>



Tracing back to his first rainforest expedition in East Africa in 1998, Professor Marshall recalls his intrigue with the vines blanketing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-forests-offset-a-years-worth-of-global-fossil-fuel-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. 



Since then, research has escalated in scale, predominantly with local or regional focuses, leading to this global study.



This research is grounded in an "unprecedented dataset" from 651 vegetation samples representing 26,538 lianas and 82,802 trees, from 556 unique locations worldwide, derived from 83 research publications. 



The collaborative effort involved 20 co-authors from diverse research institutions across continents including Australia, South Africa, the UK, Singapore, Panama, Brazil, the USA, and China.



The study reveals that lianas are better adapted to climate change conditions, such as warmer temperatures, lower rainfall, and disturbances like fire, logging, and clearing. 



Their dominance over trees hampers the latter's recovery from disturbances, a situation that can persist for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-sink-dilemma">Carbon sink dilemma</h2>



Forests, alongside oceans and soil, are the world's largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boreal-and-temperate-forests-have-emerged-as-the-main-carbon-sinks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sinks</a>. The encroachment of lianas not only contributes to forest loss and degradation but also exacerbates the threat to this vital carbon sink. 



The urgency now lies in developing sensitive, effective solutions to help trees recover from vine domination and to restore the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-forests-are-losing-their-carbon-storage-capacity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sink</a>.



However, Professor Marshall cautions against the full-scale clearing of lianas. He underscores the role of lianas in forest ecosystems and biodiversity -- from boosting soil fertility and carbon cycling to benefiting other plants, animals, soils, and overall ecosystem function, in both intact and disturbed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-diversity-increases-carbon-storage-in-forest-soils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>. 



"We certainly wouldn't want this work to lead to forest managers going and cutting out all these vines out of their forests," he said. "Liana plays its part in the forest ecosystem and biodiversity by boosting soil fertility and carbon cycling, and can benefit other plants, animals, soils and overall ecosystem function, in both intact and disturbed forests."



The challenge is to manage their growth, which, under human impact, has become excessively high and unnatural.



"It is just that human impact is so great in some areas, that they are growing in very high numbers, they are not growing in a natural way," Marshall concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-woody-vines">More about woody vines</h2>



As discussed above, woody vines, known scientifically as lianas, are becoming increasingly significant in our ecosystems. 



These climbing plants, often found in tropical and subtropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-creates-an-unclear-future-for-u-s-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>, have shown a remarkable ability to adapt and thrive in changing environmental conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptability-of-woody-vines">Adaptability of woody vines</h3>



Woody vines possess unique characteristics that enable them to flourish in diverse environments. 



They typically use trees or other vertical structures for support, allowing them to reach sunlight more efficiently than their non-climbing counterparts. 



This ability gives them a competitive edge, especially in dense forests where light is a precious resource.



The growth of woody vines has profound implications for forest ecosystems. By climbing and enveloping trees, they often hinder the trees' ability to grow and reproduce. 



This interaction can lead to reduced forest density and diversity, impacting the overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-carbon-buried-deep-beneath-the-forest-is-disrupted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> of the ecosystem. 



Moreover, the aggressive nature of these vines often makes them a dominant species in disturbed habitats, such as areas affected by logging or deforestation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-woody-vines-and-climate-change">Woody vines and climate change</h3>



Climate change plays a significant role in the proliferation of woody vines. These plants have shown a remarkable resilience to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, often outcompeting other species in altered environments. 



As such, they are becoming more prevalent in regions experiencing the effects of climate change, reshaping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-forests-reconnect-fragmented-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest landscapes</a> and biodiversity.



Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, the increasing dominance of woody vines poses a challenge to this vital function. 



By inhibiting tree growth and survival, they can potentially reduce the capacity of forests to sequester carbon, thus exacerbating the impact of climate change.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-balanced-ecosystem-management">Need for balanced ecosystem management</h3>



In summary, woody vines are an intriguing yet challenging component of our natural world. As discussed here in depth, the rise of woody vines underscores the need for effective ecosystem management. 



While these plants are a natural part of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-in-the-treetops-canopy-soils-protect-the-forest-below/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest ecosystems</a> and contribute to biodiversity, their uncontrolled growth can lead to ecological imbalances. 



As the world grapples with climate change, understanding and addressing the rise of lianas in forests becomes an essential part of our global environmental strategy. 



The balance between forest conservation and management is delicate, yet critical, for the health of our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17140">Global Change Biology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



-----



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>. 



-----

Woody vines strangle trees and takeover forests as temperatures get hotter

In the face of Earth's hottest year on record, has...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



-----

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

News coming your way