<p>Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.</p>



<p>This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



<p>In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.</p>



<p>For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. </p>



<p>If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. </p>



<p>The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.</p>



<p>In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



<p>Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. </p>



<p>Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.</p>



<p>In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<p><a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. </p>



<p>They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.</p>



<p>About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. </p>



<p>"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



<p>Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.</p>



<p>With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. </p>



<p>Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.</p>



<p>"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.</p>



<p>Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. </p>



<p>"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.</p>



<p>Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. </p>



<p>All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.</p>



<p>The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. </p>



<p>This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



<p>Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. </p>



<p>They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.</p>



<p>The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



<p>"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."</p>



<p>Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. </p>



<p>Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.</p>



<p>Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Forest Ecology and Management</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

<p>In a new study published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home"><em>Current Biology</em></a>, researchers have unveiled the remarkable ability of Heliconius butterflies to recall locations over extensive areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery provides the very first experimental evidence of spatial learning in butterflies, a capability previously unattributed to these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/">insects</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While spatial learning has been documented among insects, the studies were often focused on ant and bee species, which have communal nesting habits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The recent study on Heliconius butterflies extends our understanding of spatial learning within the insect domain. It also suggests that intricate cognitive skills, such as utilization of spatial data, might be more pervasive among insects than was once believed.</p>



<h2 id="h-evolutionary-behaviors">Evolutionary behaviors&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Heliconius butterflies have evolved a novel foraging behaviour amongst butterflies – feeding on pollen. Wild Heliconius seem to ascertain the position of steady pollen sources, subsequently establishing enduring 'traplines,' explained Dr. Stephen Montgomery from Bristol’s School of Biological Sciences.</p>



<p>"These traplines are memorized foraging trails revisited repeatedly over consecutive days, mirroring the efficient foraging techniques observed in some orchid bees and bumblebees.”</p>



<p>However, until this groundbreaking research, the spatial memory and learning aptitude of the Heliconius butterflies remained unknown.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers meticulously designed experiments spanning three spatial scales to imitate ecologically relevant behaviors of these butterflies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In one trial, the butterflies' capacity to identify a food reward within a 1 m^2 grid consisting of 16 artificial flowers was gauged. Another test scaled up to a 3 m^2 two-armed maze to determine if the butterflies could associate food with either its left or right section, simulating multiple plants within a single area.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The grandest of these experiments used vast outdoor enclosures at the Metatron in southern France, where the butterflies were tested on their ability to locate food in a 60 m wide T-maze, which corresponds to their foraging habits in the wild.</p>



<h2 id="h-future-research">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Next, the researchers plan to discern if Heliconius butterflies, owing to their pollen-based diet, possess superior spatial learning capabilities compared to their non-pollen feeding relatives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Such insights would deepen the understanding of how an organism's ecological dynamics might shape its cognitive evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research team is also planning to explore the navigation mechanisms used by Heliconius. While visual stimuli, like panoramic vistas, seem vital for these butterflies, the potential usage of other cues like geomagnetic compass cannot be ruled out.</p>



<h2 id="h-thrilling-results">Thrilling results</h2>



<p>“It’s been almost a century since the publication of the first anecdotal story on the spatial capabilities of these butterflies. Now we are able to provide actual evidence on their fascinating spatial learning. And this is just the beginning," said Dr. Priscila Moura, based at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.</p>



<p>Professor Marcio Cardoso from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro said that his team is thrilled to find out that these insects can memorize the spatial location of food sources. "We are just beginning to get a glimpse of the kinds of information they gather about their surroundings.”</p>



<p>“It’s fascinating to learn about the complex behaviors that even familiar animals like butterflies express as part of their natural ecologies," said Dr. Montgomery. "These species are extracting and processing diverse information from their environment and using them to perform complex tasks – all with brains a couple of millimeters wide.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-heliconius-butterflies">More about Heliconius butterflies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Heliconius butterflies, often referred to as longwings or passion flower butterflies, are a captivating group of colorful butterflies native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, from South America to the southern parts of North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These butterflies are distinguished not only by their vibrant patterns and colors but also by their unique biological and ecological attributes.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-mimicry">Mimicry</h3>



<p>Many species of Heliconius butterflies exhibit Müllerian mimicry, a form of mutualistic mimicry where two or more harmful species resemble each other. This allows them to share the cost of teaching predators that they are unpalatable.</p>



<h3 id="h-dietary-habits">Dietary habits</h3>



<p>Unlike most butterflies that feed solely on nectar, some Heliconius species have evolved to feed on pollen as well. This diet provides them with amino acids, enhancing their longevity and reproductive capabilities.</p>



<h3 id="h-lifelong-mating">Lifelong mating</h3>



<p>Certain species of Heliconius butterflies are known to engage in a behavior called "pupal mating," where males mate with female pupae just before they emerge as adults. After mating once, many Heliconius females will not mate again, storing the sperm to use over their lifetime to fertilize their eggs.</p>



<h3 id="h-warning-colors">Warning colors</h3>



<p>Their bright and contrasting color patterns serve as a warning to potential predators that they are unpalatable or toxic. This is a result of the toxins they accumulate from the passionflower leaves their caterpillars feed on.</p>



<h3 id="h-egg-cannibalism">Egg cannibalism</h3>



<p>Some Heliconius caterpillars exhibit cannibalistic behavior. When a female butterfly lays her eggs on a passionflower that already has eggs, the newly hatched caterpillars might consume the other eggs for nutrients.</p>



<h3 id="h-cultural-significance">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Due to their vibrant colors and patterns, Heliconius butterflies have cultural importance in many of the regions they inhabit. They are often seen as symbols of transformation, beauty, and nature's splendor.</p>



<p>—--</p>



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Heliconius butterflies have a surprising aptitude for learning and remembering

In a new study published in the journal Current Biology,...

<p>In an impressive scientific breakthrough that draws us nearer to monitoring the health of individual cells, engineers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> have developed nanoscale tattoos.</p>



<p>These microscopic structures consist of dots and wires designed to adhere to live cells, flexing and conforming to the cells' wet and fluid outer structure.</p>



<p>This pioneering technology ushers in a new era of possibilities. Most important on the list is the placement of optical elements or electronics directly on live cells, marking a significant advancement in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biosensor</a> technologies.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-nanoscale-tattoos">Implications of nanoscale tattoos</h2>



<p>Professor <a href="https://engineering.jhu.edu/faculty/david-gracias/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Gracias</a>, who led the development, elucidates the vision and potential implications of this achievement.</p>



<p>“If you imagine where this is all going in the future, we would like to have sensors to remotely monitor and control the state of individual cells and the environment surrounding those cells in real time,” Gracias stated.</p>



<p>He went on to emphasize the potential medical applications. Gracias added, “If we had technologies to track the health of isolated cells, we could maybe diagnose and treat diseases much earlier and not wait until the entire organ is damaged.”</p>



<h2>Biosensor technology breakthrough</h2>



<p>The technology's details, now published in <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01960" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nano Letters</a>, reveal the comprehensive process behind the creation of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nano-sensors-can-quickly-detect-pesticides-on-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoscale</a> tattoos. They function as a bridge between living cells or tissues and conventional sensors and electronic materials, akin to barcodes or QR codes.</p>



<p>Gracias, known for his work on nontoxic and noninvasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smart-pacifier-can-monitor-the-health-of-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biosensor</a> technologies, explained the extraordinary nature of the invention. He said, “We're talking about putting something like an electronic tattoo on a living object tens of times smaller than the head of a pin. It’s the first step towards attaching sensors and electronics on live cells.”</p>



<h2>How to make a nanoscale tattoos</h2>



<p>The engineers crafted these tattoos from gold, employing arrays to ensure no signal loss or distortion in electronic wiring. The tattoos were attached to human fibroblasts, cells that create and sustain human tissue.</p>



<p>They then treated the arrays with molecular glues, using an alginate hydrogel film to transfer them onto the cells. Once the gold adhered to the cell, the gel-like laminate dissolved, and the molecular glue bonded to the extracellular matrix, a film secreted by the cells.</p>



<p>The team demonstrated the robustness of these structures by ensuring that they stuck to soft cells for a full 16 hours, even as the cells moved. This builds upon previous research that utilized hydrogels to adhere nanotechnology to human skin and animal organs.</p>



<h2>Biosensor technology at the cellular level</h2>



<p>What makes Gracias' work standout is addressing the age-old challenge of integrating optical sensors and electronics with biological matter at the single-cell level.</p>



<p>“We’ve shown we can attach complex nanopatterns to living cells, while ensuring that the cell doesn’t die,” Gracias elaborated. He emphasized the significance of this, saying, “It’s a very important result that the cells can live and move with the tattoos because there’s often a significant incompatibility between living cells and the methods engineers use to fabricate electronics.”</p>



<p>The deliberate arrangement of the dots and wires in specific patterns on these nanoscale tattoos is essential for tracking bioinformation. This design must be precise, mirroring the way sensors and wiring are aligned in electronic chips. “This is an array with specific spacing,” Gracias explained, “not a haphazard bunch of dots.”</p>



<p>As the team looks to the future, they are planning experiments to attach more complex nanocircuits that can endure for more extended periods and are keen to experiment with different cell types.</p>



<p>The success of this innovative technology opens a new frontier in healthcare. It offers a glimpse into the future where individual cell monitoring may revolutionize early disease diagnosis and treatment.</p>



<h2>More about biosensor technology</h2>



<p>Biosensor technology refers to the integration of a biological element with a physicochemical detector to detect the presence of various substances and biological reactions. </p>



<p>Widely used in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nanoplastics-can-easily-travel-through-food-webs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food safety</a>, biosensors provide quantitative and qualitative information regarding the substances they detect.</p>



<h3>Components</h3>



<h4>Biological Element</h4>



<p>The biological element is the core of the biosensor, responsible for recognizing the target substance. It may consist of enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, cells, or tissues.</p>



<h4>Transducer</h4>



<p>The transducer converts the interaction between the biological element and the analyte into a measurable signal. Common transducer types include optical, electrochemical, calorimetric, and piezoelectric.</p>



<h4>Signal Processing System</h4>



<p>The signal processing system amplifies, processes, and displays the signal, allowing for interpretation. It often includes computers or microprocessors.</p>



<h3>Types of Biosensors</h3>



<h4>Enzyme-Based Biosensors</h4>



<p>Enzyme-based biosensors utilize enzymes as the biological element to recognize specific substrates, converting them into products. They find application in monitoring glucose levels, lactose detection, and more.</p>



<h4>Immunosensors</h4>



<p>Immunosensors employ antibodies to detect antigens. They play a vital role in diagnosing diseases, identifying pathogens, and assessing allergens.</p>



<h4>DNA Biosensors</h4>



<p>DNA biosensors rely on nucleic acid interactions to detect specific DNA or RNA sequences. They assist in genetic screening, forensic analysis, and detecting infectious diseases.</p>



<h3>Applications</h3>



<h4>Medical Diagnostics</h4>



<p>Biosensors are indispensable in healthcare. They help in early detection and monitoring of diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and cancer. How, with nanoscale tattoos, medical diagnostics are taking a giant leap into the future.</p>



<h4>Environmental Monitoring</h4>



<p>In environmental contexts, biosensors detect pollutants, toxins, and other harmful substances, providing vital data for pollution control and environmental protection.</p>



<h4>Food and Beverage Industry</h4>



<p>Biosensors aid in detecting pathogens, allergens, and contaminants in food products, ensuring food safety and quality control.</p>



<h4>Biotechnology</h4>



<p>In the biotechnology field, biosensors contribute to research, development, and production processes, monitoring parameters like pH, oxygen levels, and nutrient concentrations.</p>



<h3>Advantages and Limitations</h3>



<h4>Advantages</h4>



<p>Biosensors offer quick, sensitive, and specific detection. They are often portable, user-friendly, and can perform continuous monitoring.</p>



<h4>Limitations</h4>



<p>Challenges include maintaining the stability of biological elements, high costs of development, potential cross-reactivity, and difficulty in miniaturization for some applications.</p>



<h3>Recent Developments</h3>



<p>In recent years, innovations such as nanoscale tattoos for individual cell health monitoring and the integration of AI with biosensors have expanded the potential applications and improved sensitivity and specificity.</p>



<p>Biosensor technology is a rapidly advancing field that continues to push the boundaries of medical diagnostics, environmental protection, and industrial process control. </p>



<p>With ongoing research and technological innovation, biosensors are poised to become an even more integral part of everyday life, enhancing health, safety, and efficiency.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Scientists can now put nanoscale tattoos onto individual cells inside your body

In an impressive scientific breakthrough that draws us nearer to...

Psyche asteroid is worth $10,000-quadrillion, and NASA wants to mine it

Scientists have recently unveiled compelling new data about the Psyche...

<p>As the peak summer fire season of 2023 progressed from June through August, Canadian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/">wildfires</a> had already consumed over 25 million acres of land, affecting millions of lives. The fires extended beyond the typical boundaries of western Canada, spreading as far as Nova Scotia in the east.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This development garnered renewed attention as the smoke reached densely populated areas, casting an orange hue over the New York City skyline and even drifting across the Atlantic to Europe by late June.</p>



<p>Although wildfires have been a longstanding natural force shaping the environment, their frequency, range, and intensity have recently increased due to climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>At the <a href="https://www.ornl.gov/">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> of the Department of Energy (ORNL), scientists are actively engaged in multiple initiatives aimed at comprehending and forecasting wildfire impacts, along with their implications for the carbon cycle and biodiversity.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-the-role-of-forest-thinning-in-controlling-wildfires">The role of forest thinning in controlling wildfires</h2>



<p>In one of these projects, Henriette “Yetta” Jager, a scientist at ORNL working at the intersection of energy and ecology, has delved into the potential of selective forest thinning. This practice not only reduces fuel for wildfires but also yields plant material suitable for conversion into biofuels.</p>



<p>“It’s a multifaceted subject,” Jager explained. “Research indicates that although removing undergrowth and thinning trees might be challenging in certain roadless zones, allowing untouched old-growth forests to remain untouched could lead to more harm than good. Allowing fuel buildup in such areas could result in larger, more extensive fires with greater long-term consequences, especially for vulnerable species like spotted owls.”</p>



<p>Jager and her colleagues have developed a framework to support decision-making related to forest-thinning strategies, landscape patterns, and even spatial firefighting approaches. The outcomes of their work could play a pivotal role in safeguarding terrestrial and aquatic species that require safe passage away from wildfires and subsequent return.</p>



<p>While wildfires are a natural part of ecosystems, their impact is evolving due to climate change. “Wildfire disturbance is inherent to nature, and species have adapted to it. However, our current situation is different due to climate change. There will be significant shifts in the timing, size, and severity of these fires, leading to corresponding alterations in vegetation and new impacts on animal species. By continuing our research, we can aid forest managers in preparing for these changes.”</p>



<h2 id="h-insights-from-the-carbon-rich-arctic-tundra">Insights from the carbon-rich Arctic tundra</h2>



<p>Another ORNL scientist, Fernanda Santos, an expert in Fire Ecology, has recently examined not only individual fire events but also repeated wildfires spanning decades to clarify the implications of these fires for the land’s capacity to sequester carbon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, since the world’s soils house over three gigatons of carbon - three times the amount in the atmosphere - and around 70 percent of the uppermost soil layer has encountered fire at some point, Santos has also investigated how fires can contribute to carbon emissions, potentially exacerbating the warming cycle.</p>



<p>Her recent research – including a study published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14387"><em>Functional Ecology</em></a><em> </em>- sheds new light on the emerging transformations of the landscape as it evolves in response to fire.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Many associate evolution with changes occurring over centuries,” Santos noted. “However, the concept of rapid evolution, including the swift adaptation of plants and soil microbiomes to increased fires, is relatively recent. Will repeated fires lead to higher or lower biodiversity? Ultimately, we seek to understand how fire influences these environments, including below the surface.”</p>



<h2 id="h-wildfire-impacts-on-plant-diversity">Wildfire impacts on plant diversity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Wildfires impact plant traits, as well as the diversity and function of microorganisms in and around the soil. These factors can alter plant and soil quality. For instance, changes in wildfire patterns due to a warmer climate, such as increased recurrence and severity, have been shown to expedite the transition from tree-dominated to shrub-dominated ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, fire-driven evolutionary forces manifest in the selection of plants with traits like thicker bark, rapid germination, and resprouting, leading to reduced plant diversity.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, further research on how fires impact plant-fungal interactions in forests are needed, since more severe and frequent wildfires might also disrupt the sensory cues that animals, including insects, pollinators, and herbivores, typically rely on to evade fire, potentially introducing additional consequences for biodiversity in a changing climate.</p>



<p>Within ORNL, Santos is engaged in projects such as the <a href="https://www.ngee-arctic.ornl.gov/">DOE Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments Arctic</a> (NGEE Arctic). Through experiments and data collection, she aims to enhance our understanding of the changes unfolding in Arctic ecosystems. </p>



<p>Santos focuses on disturbance ecology, investigating the implications of events such as wildfires and pest outbreaks for the environment and future climate feedback loops by analyzing the organic and inorganic chemistry of the Arctic topsoil, which acts as insulation for the carbon-rich permafrost layer.</p>



<h2 id="h-enhancing-large-scale-climate-simulations">Enhancing large-scale climate simulations</h2>



<p>In addition, Santos is also contributing to the refinement of large-scale simulations of Earth’s climate, such as the <a href="https://climatemodeling.science.energy.gov/projects/energy-exascale-earth-system-model-e3sm">DOE’s Energy Exascale Earth System Model</a> (E3SM). Her efforts involve ensuring that these simulations accurately represent various forms of carbon resulting from wildfires, including charred biomass like soot and charcoal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>E3SM, supported by the DOE Office of Science’s Biological and Environmental Research Program and spanning multiple national labs, including ORNL, operates on some of the world’s most powerful supercomputers and delivers advanced simulations to better predict environmental shifts that could impact the energy sector.</p>



<p>The success of all these endeavors hinges on the quality and quantity of observational and experimental data. To enhance datasets related to wildfires, Santos and her ORNL colleague Jiafu Mao have initiated a <a href="https://firedata.ornl.gov/">Fire Community Database Network</a>. </p>



<p>This initiative encourages scientists and land managers to contribute environmental data from fire-affected areas to a centralized repository. As the scientists emphasized, sharing such information not only advances research but also informs land management strategies.</p>



<p>Finally, wildfires not only consume plant and tree biomass but can also release carbon that has been sequestered in soils for extended periods, even centuries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our work in the Arctic focuses on gaining a deeper understanding of what might transpire in these carbon-rich soils of higher latitudes, such as Alaska and Canada. We model and predict the land carbon cycle, and my focus is on reducing uncertainty in these models through historical fire data collected from the field,” Santos concluded.</p>



<p>—--</p>



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Wildfire impacts are evolving due to climate change, but in what ways?

As the peak summer fire season of 2023 progressed from...

<p>In the vibrant world of coral reefs, a peculiar strategy of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopuses-adjust-their-hunting-strategy-according-to-prey/">hunting</a> has emerged, shedding light on the surprising lengths predators go to for a successful hunt. This strategy, known as "shadowing," has been observed in the trumpetfish, Aulostomus maculatus.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Through an intensive study, a team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> has discovered that this long, slender fish has a clever trick to approach its prey undetected: it hides behind other fish.</p>



<p>“When a trumpetfish swims closely alongside another species of fish, it’s either hidden from its’ prey entirely, or seen but not recognized as a predator because the shape is different," explained Dr. Sam Matchette, who led the study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This innovative method is comparable to nature’s own game of hide and seek, where the predator hides in plain sight.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Through painstaking efforts involving countless hours diving in the Caribbean Sea, researchers utilized hand-painted model fish, which they pulled along wires to simulate the movement of real fish.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among their primary subjects of observation were the damselfish, Stegastes partitus. These fish, a common delicacy for the trumpetfish, form colonies on the seafloor.</p>



<p>The trumpetfish’s unique approach was tested using 3D-printed models in the coral reefs off the Dutch Caribbean island of Curaçao.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study revealed that when a trumpetfish model, replicating its shadowing behavior, was attached to the side of a non-threatening parrotfish model, the damselfish did not recognize the looming threat. Instead, their reaction mirrored their response to the harmless parrotfish alone.</p>



<p>“I was surprised that the damselfish had such a profoundly different response to the different fish; it was great to watch this happening in real time,” said Dr. Matchette.</p>



<p>The findings, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.075"><em>Current Biology</em></a>, are the result of a collaborative effort with researchers from the University of Bristol.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Study co-author Professor Andy Radford emphasized the significance of such wild experiments: “Doing manipulative experiments in the wild like this allows us to test the ecological relevance of these behaviors.”</p>



<h2 id="h-intriguing-observations">Intriguing observations</h2>



<p>Interestingly, while earlier accounts from divers in the Caribbean had frequently reported observing trumpetfish swimming alongside parrotfish and other reef fish, the true reason behind such peculiar behavior had remained unexplored until now.&nbsp;</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="XfMlksCz61-2924772-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Another intriguing observation was that the shadowing behavior was more common in degraded reefs, hinting at the possibility of an adaptive strategy in the face of environmental changes.</p>



<h2 id="h-animal-adaptation">Animal adaptation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>With coral reefs globally facing challenges from rising temperatures, pollution, and overfishing, such behavioral strategies might play a pivotal role in animal adaptation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The shadowing behavior of the trumpetfish appears to be a useful strategy to improve its hunting success. We might see this behavior becoming more common in the future as fewer structures on the reef are available for them to hide behind," explained study senior author Dr. James Herbert-Read.</p>



<p>By comparison, human duck hunters once hid behind cardboard cut-outs of domestic animals, known as "stalking horses," to approach their prey without detection. Yet, despite its significance, this strategy has remained largely understudied in the animal kingdom and has never been experimentally tested before, until now.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-trumpetfish">More about the trumpetfish&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The trumpetfish is a fascinating creature that is part of the marine life often found in tropical and subtropical waters. </p>



<h3 id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>As the name suggests, trumpetfish have an elongated, tubular body similar to a trumpet. They can reach lengths of up to 3 feet. Their long snouts are used to suck out prey from crevices in the reef.</p>



<h3 id="h-color">Color</h3>



<p>Trumpetfish have the ability to change their color to blend in with their surroundings. They can be brown, green, blue, or yellow, and sometimes have vertical stripes to help them mimic vertical coral, like sea rods.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>They are usually found in shallow waters among reefs, often hiding among sea rods and whip corals or floating motionless, head-down, trying to blend in with their environment.</p>



<h3 id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Trumpetfish are carnivorous and prey on small fish and crustaceans. Their slender, tubular bodies allow them to approach prey without being detected, and their long snouts help them quickly suck in unsuspecting victims.</p>



<h3 id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



<p>Trumpetfish are known for their unique hunting strategies. As the Cambridge study revealed, they employ a shadowing behavior where they stalk their prey by hiding behind larger fish. This is not their only strategy, however. They can also float vertically, camouflaging themselves as sea whips, to get closer to their prey.</p>



<h3 id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



<p>Not much is known about the reproduction habits of the trumpetfish. They are oviparous, with females releasing eggs that are fertilized externally.</p>



<h3 id="h-distribution">Distribution</h3>



<p>They are found in the tropical regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, including the Caribbean.</p>



<h3 id="h-relation-to-humans">Relation to humans</h3>



<p>Trumpetfish are not generally considered dangerous to humans. They are sometimes captured for the aquarium trade due to their unique appearance and are occasionally used as food in certain cultures.</p>



<p>The trumpetfish, with its unique appearance and fascinating behavior, is a testament to the incredible adaptability and diversity of marine life. It serves as a reminder of the many mysteries the ocean holds and the importance of preserving marine ecosystems.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Sam Matchette</em></p>



<p>—--</p>



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Hidden in plain sight: Brilliant hunting strategy of trumpetfish revealed

In the vibrant world of coral reefs, a peculiar strategy...

<p>Trilobites, those ancient marine arthropods which reigned over ocean floors for an astounding 300 million years, have long captured the interest of paleobiologists. The history of these early creatures not only predates but also outlasts the dinosaurs, surviving two prominent mass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/local-species-extinctions-are-often-underestimated/">extinctions</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Recent studies reveal the fascinating adaptations of a particular trilobite species, hinting at evolutionary traits that may have given rise to modern-day arthropods like spiders and lobsters.</p>



<h2 id="h-unusual-discovery">Unusual discovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Most trilobites, with their exoskeletons distinctly divided into a head, a middle section known as the thorax, and a rigid tail, possess a specific number of segments in their mid-sections upon maturity. However, a recent discovery concerning the species Aulacopleura koninckii has revealed an unusual twist.</p>



<p>“My collaborators and I thought this species was weird. We couldn’t understand why Aulacopleura bodies varied and others living at the same time had a constant number," said <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/">UC Riverside</a> paleobiologist Nigel Hughes.</p>



<p>“Seeing trilobites with variable numbers of segments in the thorax is like seeing humans born with different numbers of vertebrae in their backs.”</p>



<h2 id="h-survival-strategy">Survival strategy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>But what could possibly drive such variation, and how did it influence the trilobite's survival strategy?</p>



<p>Trilobites, akin to our contemporary pillbugs or "rollie pollies," had a defense mechanism of curling up into a ball to shield themselves from menacing predators like the giant squids and fish of their era.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This protective curl allowed them to tuck their tails under their heads, securing the vulnerable soft tissues behind their sturdy exoskeletons.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In a new study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.0871"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</em></a>, researchers used 3D modeling to investigate the Aulacopleura’s defensive tactics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts found that this protective rolling was effective for younger Aulacopleura with fewer than 18 thoracic segments. However, as the number of segments increased with maturity, a neat tuck of their tails became impossible.</p>



<p>“As the number of segments increased, the body proportions did not allow them to tuck their posteriors neatly under their heads and still be completely shielded, " explained Hughes. </p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QHbteznBzd-2924649-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 id="h-avoiding-predators">Avoiding predators&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This raised a crucial question: why did Aulacopleura keep adding segments and how did they fend off their formidable predators?</p>



<p>Reconstructions suggest that mature Aulacopleura probably adopted a modified defense position. Instead of a neat tuck, they likely allowed their tails to slightly protrude past their heads, minimizing exposed regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Other possible defense maneuvers would have left gaps on the sides that exposed critical organs - highly unlikely," said Hughes.</p>



<h2 id="h-an-evolutionary-advantage">An evolutionary advantage&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The compelling reason behind this segment variation lies in an evolutionary advantage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“What is underneath these segments? Legs that serve as gills! The more segments, the more surface area for respiration," Hughes noted.</p>



<p>This adaptation of growing additional gills might have equipped the Aulacopleura to endure decreasing oxygen levels in certain seafloor regions. While these hypoxic conditions drove predators away, the well-equipped Aulacopleura thrived, undeterred by threats.</p>



<p>The evolutionary choices of the Aulacopleura provide invaluable insights into the survival mechanisms of ancient species. Trilobites' evolutionary trajectory could very well be the foundation upon which many modern arthropods, like insects and arachnids, have been built.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Hughes sums up this trilobite's survival lesson, stating: “It’s not so much that the meek will inherit the Earth, but the flexible.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-trilobites">More about trilobites&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Trilobites are among the most captivating and well-known fossils, providing critical insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Here's a deeper dive into these ancient arthropods:</p>



<h3 id="h-origins-and-extinction">Origins and extinction</h3>



<p>Trilobites emerged during the Cambrian Period, around 521 million years ago, and flourished for nearly 300 million years before they went extinct at the end of the Permian Period. Their tenure saw them survive two major extinction events before eventually succumbing to the largest mass extinction in Earth's history.</p>



<h3 id="h-diversity-and-distribution">Diversity and distribution</h3>



<p>There were over 20,000 identified species of trilobites, making them one of the most diverse groups of extinct organisms. They inhabited a vast range of marine environments and were found on every ancient continent.</p>



<h3 id="h-anatomy">Anatomy</h3>



<p>The name "trilobite" is derived from the creature's three-lobed body plan - a central (axial) lobe flanked by two pleural lobes. Their bodies were also divided longitudinally into three major parts:</p>



<h4 id="h-cephalon-head">Cephalon (Head)</h4>



<p>This part had a pair of compound eyes in many species, which were impressively sophisticated for such ancient creatures.</p>



<h4 id="h-thorax">Thorax</h4>



<p>Comprised of several articulated segments that allowed flexibility.</p>



<h4 id="h-pygidium-tail">Pygidium (Tail)</h4>



<p>A semicircular, shield-like segment.</p>



<h4 id="h-eyes">Eyes</h4>



<p>Trilobite eyes are an evolutionist's delight. Some trilobites had no eyes, while others had large, crescent-shaped eyes. Their eyes were made of calcite (a mineral), which is a rare feature in the animal kingdom.</p>



<h3 id="h-behavior-and-ecology">Behavior and ecology</h3>



<p>Evidence from fossilized trilobite tracks suggests these creatures burrowed into the seabed, scavenged, and even swam in ancient oceans. Their hard exoskeletons provided protection against predators. When threatened, many trilobites could enroll, or curl up, to shield their soft undersides.</p>



<h3 id="h-evolutionary-significance">Evolutionary significance</h3>



<p>Trilobites underwent several evolutionary changes during their existence, reflecting their adaptability to diverse ecological niches. Their extensive fossil record provides a window into evolutionary biology, bio-geography, and the effects of mass extinctions.</p>



<h3 id="h-fossil-record">Fossil Record</h3>



<p>Because of their hard exoskeletons made of chitin and calcium carbonate, trilobites fossilized well. These fossils are especially abundant in certain locations like Morocco, Wales, Russia, and parts of the United States.</p>



<h3 id="h-cultural-impact">Cultural Impact</h3>



<p>Due to their unique appearance and abundant fossils, trilobites have become iconic in paleontology. Many cultures, even before understanding their ancient origins, used trilobite fossils as amulets or talismans.</p>



<p>In essence, trilobites serve as a crucial evolutionary benchmark. Their extensive and rich fossil record offers a detailed look at the marine ecosystems of bygone eras, helping scientists understand the intricacies of evolution, adaptation, and extinction.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Nigel Hughes/UCR</em></p>



<p>—-</p>



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How trilobites adapted to survive 300 million years of climate change

Trilobites, those ancient marine arthropods which reigned over ocean floors...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://www.unisa.edu.au/">University of South Australia</a> indicates that golfers are more than twice as likely to develop skin cancer compared to the general public.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This connection is largely attributed to the prolonged exposure to harmful UV rays from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-skin-become-leathery-after-too-much-uv-light-from-sun-exposure/">sun,</a> especially since golfers frequently have their arms and legs exposed during play.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers examined health details from an online survey of 336 golfers. In order to investigate the potential effects of regular golfing, the study was focused on individuals who teed off at least once a month.</p>



<p>The responses were compared to the health data of nearly 16,000 Australians from the broader public. This larger sample was sourced from participants of the Australian Health Survey, a comprehensive study conducted every four years.</p>



<h2 id="h-alarming-trend">Alarming trend&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The comparisons revealed an alarming trend. While 27% of golfers had been diagnosed with skin cancer at some point in their lives, only 7% of the general population had been diagnosed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Even after accounting for factors like age, gender, education, and smoking habits, Australian golfers were found to be 2.4 times more prone to skin cancer than the general public.</p>



<h2 id="h-study-limitations">Study limitations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study lead author Dr. Brad Stenner emphasized that there may be some limitations to the study. For example, he noted that older golfers might have been exposed to damaging UV rays before they even began golfing, which means the impact of this exposure could be manifesting now.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, Dr. Stenner acknowledged that the study did not gather data on the specific levels of UV radiation exposure among the participants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Nevertheless, UVR exposure is a "very well-established cause" of skin cancer, said Dr. Stenner. He further noted that the study found "a significantly higher risk, which we believe is associated with prolonged sun exposure and/or not using skin-protection strategies."</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Stenner mentioned the broader implications of the research, especially for those who love the sport. While the study acknowledged the undeniable health benefits of golfing, it equally underscored the hazards.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"While there are clear health benefits of engaging in golf, this study explored the risks of playing golf as golfers tend to play for four or more hours in the sun, using various sun protection strategies," said Dr. Stenner.</p>



<p>The research team is hopeful that these findings will motivate golf organizations and clubs to actively educate players about the heightened risk of skin cancer. Proactive preventive measures, such as the promotion of high SPF sunscreens, suitable hats, and protective clothing, can go a long way in safeguarding golf enthusiasts.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://bmjopensem.bmj.com/content/9/3/e001597.info"><em>BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-skin-cancer">More about skin cancer&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells, and it occurs when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells triggers mutations or genetic defects. These defects lead to the cells multiplying rapidly and forming malignant tumors.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-types-of-skin-cancer">Types of skin cancer</h3>



<h4 id="h-basal-cell-carcinoma">Basal cell carcinoma&nbsp;</h4>



<p>The most common type of skin cancer, BCC occurs in the basal cells, which produce new skin cells. It often appears as a pearly or waxy bump or a flat, flesh-colored or brown scar-like lesion.</p>



<h4 id="h-squamous-cell-carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma&nbsp;</h4>



<p>This type often forms on skin that has been exposed to the sun for many years. SCC may appear as a firm, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly or crusted surface.</p>



<h4 id="h-melanoma">Melanoma</h4>



<p>The most aggressive form of skin cancer, melanoma originates in the melanocytes, the cells that produce the pigment melanin. It can appear anywhere on the body and often manifests as a large brownish spot with darker speckles or moles that change in size, shape, or color.</p>



<h3 id="h-risk-factors">Risk factors</h3>



<h4 id="h-sun-exposure">Sun exposure</h4>



<p>Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can cause damage to the DNA in skin cells, leading to mutations.</p>



<h4 id="h-fair-skin">Fair skin</h4>



<p>Those with lighter skin have less melanin and are more susceptible to UV damage.</p>



<h4 id="h-family-history">Family history</h4>



<p>Genetics can play a part, and having a family member with skin cancer increases the risk.</p>



<h4 id="h-age">Age</h4>



<p>Older individuals may have had more cumulative exposure to the sun, increasing the risk, although skin cancer can occur at any age.</p>



<h4 id="h-chemicals-and-substances">Chemicals and substances&nbsp;</h4>



<p>Exposure to certain substances such as arsenic can increase the risk of skin cancer.</p>



<h3 id="h-prevention">Prevention</h3>



<h4 id="h-sun-protection">Sun protection</h4>



<p>Wearing sunscreen, protective clothing, and sunglasses, and seeking shade during peak sun hours can help protect the skin from UV damage.</p>



<h4 id="h-regular-screening">Regular screening</h4>



<p>Regular skin exams by healthcare providers or self-exams can help detect skin cancer at an early stage when it's most treatable.</p>



<h4 id="h-avoid-tanning-beds">Avoid tanning beds</h4>



<p>Artificial UV rays from tanning beds are also harmful and can increase the risk of skin cancer.</p>



<p>Skin cancer is a serious but often preventable condition. Awareness and education about the risks, especially among groups such as golfers who spend prolonged periods in the sun, can play a crucial role in prevention and early detection.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Golfers have more than double the risk of skin cancer

A new study led by the University of South Australia...

<p>Our internal clocks, often dictated by societal norms and work schedules, could be affecting our health in subtle yet impactful ways.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A recent study from <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-023-03204-x"><em>The European Journal of Nutrition</em></a> has uncovered a potential link between irregular sleeping patterns and the presence of harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intestinal-bacteria-could-help-you-live-a-very-long-life/">gut bacteria</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-gut-microbiome">Gut microbiome&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The gut microbiome, an extensive community of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms residing in our intestines, plays a pivotal role in our health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While some of these microorganisms contribute positively, assisting in digestion and secreting beneficial metabolites, others can be detrimental, releasing harmful toxins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The composition of the gut microbiome can be significantly influenced by our diet, thereby altering the diversity of microbial species present and our susceptibility to various health conditions.</p>



<p>By choosing what we eat, we can influence which types of microorganisms flourish and, in turn, potentially reduce our risk of various long-term health conditions.</p>



<h2 id="h-social-jet-lag">Social jet lag</h2>



<p>In the past, studies have shown that major disruptions to the body's internal clock, like those experienced by shift workers, can elevate the risk of weight gain, heart issues, and diabetes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, there's a lesser-understood relationship: how minor shifts in our sleep schedule, caused by societal obligations, might affect our health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This phenomenon, known as "social jet lag," refers to the difference in sleep patterns between workdays and non-workdays. Prior research has linked social jet lag to issues such as weight gain and mental fatigue.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Delving deeper into this, researchers from the ZOE PREDICT nutritional study analyzed blood, stool samples, and glucose measurements.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By comparing data from participants with irregular sleep patterns to those with more routine sleep schedules, the team aimed to discern if the microbiome was affected by social jet lag.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the participants were primarily lean and healthy, distinguishing this research from previous studies that often focused on individuals with obesity or diabetes.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study's findings, based on data from 934 participants, were very clear. Even a 90-minute variance in the "midpoint" of sleep (the midpoint between when a person falls asleep and wakes up) resulted in noticeable changes in the gut microbiome's composition.</p>



<p>Other lifestyle habits were identified as potential contributors to social jet lag, including a low-quality diet, high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, and reduced consumption of fruits and nuts – all of which can directly modify the gut microbiome.</p>



<p>Among the gut microorganisms linked with social jet lag, three species were identified as having "unfavorable" health effects. These particular microorganisms are also associated with poor diet quality, obesity indicators, and inflammation markers, suggesting increased cardiovascular disease risk.</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study</h2>



<p>Dr. Wendy Hall, the study's senior author from <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/">King’s College London</a>, noted: "This is the first study to show that even small differences in sleep timings across the week seem to be linked to differences in gut bacterial species."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Some of these associations were linked to dietary differences, but our data also indicates that other, as yet unknown, factors may be involved."&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Hall emphasized the need for intervention trials to understand if regularizing sleep can induce positive changes in the gut microbiome.</p>



<p>Dr. Sarah Berry, chief scientist at ZOE, reinforced the significance of maintaining regular sleep patterns for overall health. She emphasized that such a simple lifestyle modification can positively impact our health through our gut microbiome.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-social-jet-lag">More about social jet lag</h2>



<p>Social jet lag refers to the misalignment between our body's internal clock (or circadian rhythm) and our social schedules, which often differ from our natural sleep patterns. This is commonly seen when people have a different sleep schedule on weekends compared to weekdays.</p>



<p>For example, someone might go to bed late and wake up late on weekends but need to wake up early for work or school during the week. This discrepancy can lead to a feeling similar to jet lag experienced after traveling across time zones.</p>



<p>Social jet lag can have negative effects on one's health, mood, and cognitive functions, as it can disrupt the natural circadian rhythm. Some studies suggest it may be linked to obesity, mental health issues, and other chronic conditions. Reducing social jet lag involves trying to keep a consistent sleep schedule throughout the week.</p>



<h2 id="h-zoe-predict-study">ZOE PREDICT study</h2>



<p>The ZOE PREDICT study is the world's largest in-depth nutritional research program, led by scientists from institutions such as King’s College London, Stamford University, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University.</p>



<h3 id="h-primary-goals-of-the-study">Primary goals of the study</h3>



<h4 id="h-personalized-nutrition-responses">Personalized nutrition responses</h4>



<p>One of the main objectives of the ZOE PREDICT study is to understand how and why different individuals have unique metabolic responses to the same foods. This is to tackle the one-size-fits-all approach to nutrition and explore a more personalized strategy for health and well-being.</p>



<h4 id="h-large-scale-data-collection">Large-scale data collection</h4>



<p>Thousands of participants are involved, with the study collecting a plethora of data, including blood glucose levels, fat levels in the bloodstream, insulin resistance, and other key metrics following meals. The aim is to comprehensively understand food's impact on the body.</p>



<h4 id="h-gut-microbiome-analysis">Gut microbiome analysis</h4>



<p>Recognizing the crucial role the gut microbiome plays in health, digestion, and potentially even mood, the study also analyzes participants' gut bacteria. This aspect of the study contributes valuable information on how gut health influences individual food responses.</p>



<h4 id="h-in-depth-participant-profiling">In-depth participant profiling</h4>



<p>Before the food response tests, participants are profiled for various factors, including their current diet, health status, physical activity levels, sleep patterns, and more.</p>



<h4 id="h-real-world-application">Real-world application</h4>



<p>Beyond the academic and scientific implications, the findings from the ZOE PREDICT study have practical applications.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, the knowledge gleaned can potentially be used to develop personalized diet plans tailored to an individual's unique biology, thereby optimizing health and potentially mitigating disease risk.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Social jet lag: Sleeping in on the weekends impacts your gut health

Our internal clocks, often dictated by societal norms and work...

<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/">Northwestern University</a> have uncovered a brand new understanding of dopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter traditionally associated with rewards.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The new study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01401-9"><em>Nature Neuroscience</em></a>, reveals that dopamine's role in the brain's function is far more complex than previously thought.</p>



<p>Dopamine has been widely understood to be responsible for transmitting reward signals within the brain. This chemical is at the core of our feelings of pleasure and satisfaction that come from an enjoyable activity, and its dysfunction is involved in disorders such as addiction.</p>



<h2 id="h-surprising-findings">Surprising findings</h2>



<p>However, the Northwestern University team has identified three genetic subtypes of dopamine neurons in the midbrain region of a mouse model. What they found was contrary to the long-standing assumption that dopamine neurons solely respond to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-identify-rewards-and-punishments/">rewards</a> or reward-predicting cues.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, one genetic subtype of neurons was found to fire when the body moves, while displaying no response to rewards at all. </p>



<p>“When people think about dopamine, they likely think about reward signals,” said Northwestern's Daniel Dombeck, who co-led the study. “But when the dopamine neurons die, people have trouble with movement."</p>



<p>"That’s what happens with Parkinson’s disease, and it’s been a confusing problem for the field. We found a subtype that is motor signaling without any reward response, and they sit right where dopamine neurons first die in Parkinson’s disease.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The implications of this discovery are substantial. Not only does it reveal new layers of complexity in the brain's function, but it also opens new research directions for understanding and potentially treating Parkinson's disease.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Parkinson’s is characterized by the loss of dopamine neurons and is predominantly known to affect the motor system.</p>



<p>The new insights build on a previous study from Dombeck's lab that found a population of dopamine neurons associated with movement in mice.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“At the time, we thought it was just a tiny fraction of neurons,” said Dombeck. “And others continued to assume that all dopamine neurons were still reward neurons. Maybe some of them just had motor signals too.”</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>To investigate, Dombeck collaborated with Rajeshwar Awatramani, who used genetic tools to isolate and label populations of neurons based on their gene expression.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts tagged neurons in the brains of a genetically modified mouse model with fluorescent sensors, allowing them to visualize which neurons controlled different specific functions.</p>



<p>“This genetic subtype is correlated with acceleration,” said Awatramani. “Whenever the mouse accelerated, we saw activity, but in contrast, we did not see activity in response to a rewarding stimulus."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This goes against the dogma of what most people think these neurons should be doing. Not all dopamine neurons respond to rewards. That’s a big change for the field. And now we found a signature for that dopamine neuron that does not show reward response.”</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In their experiments, about 30% of dopamine neurons glowed only when the mice moved, and these neurons were one of the genetic subtypes identified by Awatramani's team. The other populations responded to aversive stimuli or rewards.</p>



<p>The Parkinson's connection adds another layer to this complex picture. For decades, researchers have been puzzled by why Parkinson’s patients lose dopamine neurons yet have difficulties moving.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This new study may provide a missing piece to this puzzle, revealing a potential connection between specific dopamine neurons and the motor symptoms observed in Parkinson's disease.</p>



<p>“We’re wondering if it’s not just the loss of the motor-driving signal that’s leading to the disease - but the preservation of the anti-movement signal that’s active when animals decelerate,” said Dombeck.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It could be this signal imbalance that strengthens the signal to stop moving. That might explain some of the symptoms. It’s not just that patients with Parkinson’s can’t move. It could also be that they are being driven to stop moving.”</p>



<p>The research team acknowledges that their findings are just the beginning. “We’re still trying to figure out what this all means,” said Awatramani. “I would say this is a starting point. It’s a new way of thinking about the brain in Parkinson’s.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-dopamine">More about dopamine&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dopamine is a fascinating neurotransmitter with a myriad of roles. This chemical messenger transmits signals in the brain and other areas of the body. It plays several vital roles in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).</p>



<h3 id="h-role-in-the-brain">Role in the brain</h3>



<h4 id="h-reward-and-pleasure-centers">Reward and pleasure centers</h4>



<p>Dopamine is best known for its role in the brain's reward system. It's associated with feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation. When you experience something rewarding (like eating your favorite food), dopamine levels increase.</p>



<h4 id="h-motor-control">Motor control</h4>



<p>Dopamine is essential for coordinating smooth movements and regulating motor functions. This role becomes evident in conditions like Parkinson's disease, where there's a decline in dopamine-producing neurons, leading to motor symptoms.</p>



<h4 id="h-regulation-of-mood">Regulation of mood</h4>



<p>Dopamine imbalances can influence mood and behavior. Low levels have been linked to feelings of apathy, lack of interest in life, and low motivation, and can be a characteristic of certain depressive disorders.</p>



<h3 id="h-role-outside-the-brain">Role outside the brain</h3>



<h4 id="h-digestion">Digestion</h4>



<p>Dopamine has a role in the digestive system, especially in the stomach's motility.</p>



<h4 id="h-kidney-function">Kidney function</h4>



<p>In the kidneys, dopamine affects sodium and fluid balance.</p>



<h4 id="h-heart-function">Heart function</h4>



<p>Dopamine can influence blood vessels' width, affecting blood flow and blood pressure.</p>



<h3 id="h-disorders-related-to-dopamine">Disorders related to dopamine</h3>



<h4 id="h-parkinson-s-disease">Parkinson's disease</h4>



<p>This neurodegenerative disorder is caused by a loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to tremors, stiffness, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement).</p>



<h4 id="h-schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</h4>



<p>Overactivity of dopamine transmission in certain brain regions might contribute to schizophrenia. Some antipsychotic drugs work by blocking dopamine receptors.</p>



<h4 id="h-addiction">Addiction</h4>



<p>Many addictive drugs increase dopamine neural signaling, leading to a temporary feeling of pleasure or euphoria. However, chronic use can lead to adaptations in the brain that decrease baseline signaling, potentially contributing to feelings of unhappiness or depression in drug abusers.</p>



<h4 id="h-depression">Depression</h4>



<p>Some forms of depression are associated with reduced dopamine activity.</p>



<h3 id="h-natural-ways-to-boost-dopamine">Natural ways to boost dopamine</h3>



<p>Certain activities and lifestyle choices can naturally boost dopamine levels. These include a balanced diet, regular exercise, listening to music, meditating, and getting enough sleep.</p>



<p>While dopamine is often associated with pleasure and reward, its functions in the body are diverse and critical for various physiological processes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Dopamine plays an unexpected role in movement and Parkinson's disease

Researchers at Northwestern University have uncovered a brand new understanding...

<p>A study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-22-0506"><em>Cancer Prevention Research</em></a> is shedding new light on the risk factors that contribute to early onset of colorectal cancer in males.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research may revolutionize the way healthcare professionals approach early screening, especially in younger individuals who traditionally fall below the recommended screening age.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Colorectal cancer has been seeing a decrease in incidence and death rates for individuals aged 50 and older. However, alarmingly, the rates are increasing for those under 50.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This concerning trend prompted researcher-clinician Dr. Thomas Imperiale of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, <a href="https://www.regenstrief.org/">Regenstrief Institute</a>, and Indiana University School of Medicine to lead a study into the risk factors for early onset colorectal cancer in males.</p>



<h2 id="h-seven-risk-factors">Seven risk factors</h2>



<p>Dr. Imperiale’s study has identified seven risk factors that can help in targeting 45- to 49-year-olds for adherence to new national screening recommendations. Additionally, the findings may aid in recognizing younger men who could benefit from earlier screening.</p>



<p>The seven identified risk factors that convey a higher-than-average risk for early onset colorectal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-dietary-supplement-proven-to-combat-breast-cancer/">cancer</a> in males include older age within the specified range, lack of regular use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or statins, current alcohol use, family history of colorectal cancer, a higher disease burden, and a marker for socio-economic status known as service-connection/copay variable.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-significance-of-the-research">Significance of the research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“This study is important because it puts whether, and possibly how, to screen people who are younger than age 45 -- below the age for recommended colorectal cancer screening and have some of the risk factors we identify -- on the table for consideration for screening," said Dr. Imperiale.</p>



<p>"We know that colon cancer at younger ages is on the rise, although the absolute risk is still much lower than even in the 45- to 54-year-old age group. Nonetheless, that doesn't mean that we shouldn't be trying to identify younger people at higher risk to screen them with some modality.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-implications">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Clinicians can engage in an individualized conversation about risk factors, and Dr. Imperiale suggests that it doesn't necessarily require a colonoscopy. For men younger than 45 who are at higher-than-average risk, noninvasive screening tests such as fecal occult blood testing or multi-target stool DNA testing are viable options.</p>



<p>A particularly intriguing part of the study was the discovery that the set of risk factors for older individuals was not wholly applicable to younger ones.</p>



<p>“We found that while the weights assigned to some factors, such as family history and alcohol use, were about the same for men older and younger than 50, others, such as high body mass index (BMI) were risk factors for older but not younger men," said Dr. Imperiale.</p>



<p>“We don’t believe that any of these risk factors are unique or specific to the veteran population,” with the exception of the socio-economic marker, explained Dr. Imperiale.</p>



<p>The comprehensive study involved 600 individuals with non-hereditary colon or rectal cancer and 2,400 control patients from VA medical centers across the U.S., all male veterans between the ages of 35 and 49.</p>



<h2 id="h-future-research">Future research</h2>



<p>Dr. Imperiale is currently analyzing data on risk factors for early onset colorectal cancer in female veterans, acknowledging that the risk is twice as high for men in any age category.</p>



<p>As the medical community and the public wrestle with a disease that does not discriminate by age, this pioneering research opens a new chapter in understanding, diagnosing, and potentially preventing colorectal cancer in an age group previously overlooked.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With these insights, clinicians can more effectively tailor their screening and preventative measures, offering hope and potentially saving lives in the process.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-colorectal-cancer">More about colorectal cancer&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Colorectal cancer, often collectively referred to as colon cancer, involves the growth of malignant tumors in the colon or rectum, parts of the large intestine. It is a significant global health concern and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-causes-and-risk-factors">Causes and risk factors</h3>



<p>Most cases of colorectal cancer are diagnosed in individuals over 50. Having close relatives with the disease can increase this risk.</p>



<p>Certain types, like adenomatous polyps, can develop into cancer. A diet high in red meats and processed meats is also associated with an increased risk of colon cancer.</p>



<p>Both smoking and alcohol use are significant risk factors, as well as sedentary behavior and conditions like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.</p>



<h3 id="h-symptoms">Symptoms</h3>



<p>Early stages of colorectal cancer often present no symptoms, which underscores the importance of regular screening. When symptoms appear, they may include changes in bowel habits, including diarrhea or constipation; rectal bleeding or blood in stool; persistent abdominal discomfort; weakness or fatigue; and unexplained weight loss.</p>



<p>In recent years, there has been growing concern about the rise in cases of colorectal cancer in younger individuals, making awareness, early diagnosis, and prevention even more crucial. Regular screenings remain the most effective way to detect early-stage colorectal cancer when it's most treatable.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Seven major risk factors predict colorectal cancer in men

A study published in the journal Cancer Prevention Research is...

<p>Recent findings from <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/">Lund University</a> in Sweden reveal that AI-supported mammography screening is a promising, safe alternative to the traditionally accepted practice of double reading by radiologists.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The timing of the research, which is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00298-X"><em>The Lancet Oncology</em></a><em>, </em>is particularly important given a current shortage of breast radiologists.</p>



<h2 id="h-breast-cancer-detection">Breast cancer detection&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Mammography has been a staple in breast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holy-grail-molecule-can-kill-all-types-of-solid-cancer-tumors/">cancer</a> detection for decades. Every year in Sweden, approximately one million women undergo mammography screening.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To ensure high sensitivity in detection, each mammography screening is meticulously reviewed by two breast radiologists in what's termed as "double reading."&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, this practice is under threat, owing to an alarming shortage of breast radiologists - not just in Sweden but globally. The implications of this deficit could be dire, jeopardizing the screening service and potentially risking lives.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>With this in mind, the potential of integrating AI into mammography screening has lately sparked keen interest. However, the exact methodology for its optimal implementation and its subsequent clinical implications have remained shrouded in uncertainty.</p>



<p>The Mammography Screening with Artificial Intelligence (MASAI) trial is the first randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of AI-supported screening, it’s a pioneering effort to determine the efficacy and safety of AI in mammography.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>Kristina Lång, associate professor in diagnostic radiology at Lund University, explained how the research was conducted.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In our trial, we utilized AI to earmark those screening examinations that manifested a high risk of breast cancer. These examinations were subjected to the standard double reading by radiologists. Conversely, those deemed low-risk by the AI were assessed by a single radiologist," said Professor Lång.</p>



<p>"Moreover, during the screen reading process, radiologists had the added advantage of AI which underscored suspicious findings on the images.”</p>



<p>Overall, 80,033 women were methodically divided into two distinct cohorts: 40,003 underwent AI-supported screening, while the remaining 40,030 were subjected to the standard double reading without the support of AI. The outcomes were remarkable.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Through the integration of AI, there was a notable detection of 20% more cancers when juxtaposed with standard screening, with no uptick in false positives,” said Professor Lång.</p>



<p>This is significant since a false positive might cause unnecessary distress, recalling a woman for further tests only to eventually clear her of any cancer suspicion.</p>



<p>The benefits extended beyond just accuracy. AI introduction led to a 44% reduction in the screen-reading workload for radiologists. To offer a perspective on the time savings, consider this: an average radiologist pores over 50 screening examinations hourly.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study suggests that, due to AI's efficiency, roughly five months of a radiologist’s time was saved in reading about 40,000 screening examinations.</p>



<h2 id="h-study-limitations">Study limitations</h2>



<p>However, Lång exercises caution, noting: “Our study was confined to a single site in Sweden. The next logical step is to assess if these encouraging results retain their validity in varied settings, perhaps with different radiologists or AI algorithms."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"While there could be other avenues to integrate AI in mammography screening, a prospective setting remains paramount for evaluation."</p>



<h2 id="h-future-research">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The MASAI trial, which now boasts an enrollment of 100,000 women, is poised to venture into its next phase. The research team is gearing up to discern the types of cancers identified with and without AI's assistance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A significant metric under the lens will be the interval-cancer rate - cancers diagnosed between screenings, known to have a generally unfavorable prognosis when compared to screen-detected cancers. This rate will be meticulously examined after the trial's women have undergone a minimum two-year follow-up.</p>



<p>"There's a delicate balance between the advantages and potential pitfalls. A method that detects more cancers isn't inherently superior. The gold standard is to pinpoint clinically significant cancers early on. Yet, this must be juxtaposed with the perils of false positives and overdiagnosis of dormant cancers," said Professor Lång.</p>



<p>"Our initial findings underscore the safety of AI-supported screening, especially given the unchanged cancer detection rate amidst a marked dip in screen-reading workloads. The upcoming analysis of interval cancers will further elucidate if AI-driven screening indeed revolutionizes the domain, making it more precise and effective."</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

AI-supported mammography will improve breast cancer detection

Recent findings from Lund University in Sweden reveal that AI-supported...

Elephant,,Seagull,And,Giraffe,At,The,Beach

<p>In a new study, researchers have unlocked vital insights into the mysterious world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-animals-will-suffer-as-the-rainforest-turns-into-savanna/">animal</a> navigation, specifically focusing on how mice choose different strategies to navigate through their surroundings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, recently published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.88648.1"><em>eLife</em></a>, greatly improves our understanding of the complex neural processes that animals employ to orient themselves.</p>



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The ability of animals to navigate their environment is a phenomenon that has remained largely enigmatic to the scientific community.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While animal navigation is known to involve a range of strategies, exactly how animals decide which method to utilize has been unclear.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This conundrum has led scientists to probe the nature and familiarity of an animal's environment to decipher the underlying mechanism.</p>



<h2 id="h-barnes-maze">Barnes maze&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Traditionally, one popular method for exploring these navigational strategies in rodents has been the Barnes maze, where the creatures roam a circular arena until they locate an escape box hidden under several holes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the conventional Barnes maze's efficacy has been questioned, mainly because it assumes that the mice maintain the same strategy throughout a trial.</p>



<p>“Typical Barnes mazes work under the assumption that the same strategy is maintained across a whole trial, so it is unclear whether they accurately capture the full range of navigational strategies used by mice,” said co-lead author Ju-Young Lee, a Ph.D. student at the Brain Science Institute, <a href="https://eng.kist.re.kr/">Korea Institute of Science and Technology</a> (KIST).</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team developed an automated variant of the Barnes Maze, enabling them to randomize the start and goal positions without compromising the integrity of the experiment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our maze is similar to the Barnes maze in that mice explore an open arena and navigate to a goal chosen among 24 doors evenly spaced along the edge of the arena. The difference with ours is that it features two luminous objects inside the arena as orienting cues, and the mice start at the edge, instead of the center," explained co-lead author Dahee Jung.</p>



<p>During a meticulous 15-day examination period, the researchers closely monitored 20 mice (10 males and 10 females) undertaking the maze. What followed was an intensive acquisition phase and a reversal phase, including a probe test.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Interestingly, despite variations in the maze setup, they discovered that the learning rates and spatial strategies were comparable to those reported in the conventional Barnes maze. This crucial finding further validated their approach.</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed how the mice utilized visual cues and how their navigational patterns evolved during the trial. They noticed that the mice displayed a preference for vestibules near the goal location, supporting the theory that luminous markers guided their spatial awareness.</p>



<p>The team's intricate examination led them to conclude that mice used a blend of three navigational strategies: random, spatial, and serial search. This multifaceted approach demanded the development of models combining all three strategies, which proved pivotal in replicating the experimental results.</p>



<h2 id="h-novel-analytical-tools">Novel analytical tools&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our study provides a novel version of the Barnes maze and analytical tools that have allowed us to track the repertoire of navigation strategies in mice over time,” said study senior author Sébastien Royer.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These tools could be combined in the future with optogenetic and/or pharmacogenetic approaches to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying strategy selection in a given environment.”</p>



<p>The eLife editors emphasize the importance of further investigating how strategy development varies among individual mice.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>By analyzing changes in strategy over time for each mouse and comparing the population average, it may be possible to unlock deeper insights into these fascinating processes.</p>



<p>The results of the study provide a new perspective on the age-old question of animal navigation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings also equip scientists with cutting-edge tools to probe deeper into the neural pathways that guide these decisions. The applications of this research could extend into areas such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and even human cognition.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-animal-navigation">More about animal navigation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Animal navigation refers to the ability of animals to find their way across unfamiliar terrains. Many animals can accurately navigate over long distances. This capability is crucial for activities such as migration, foraging, and territory establishment.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-mechanisms-and-cues-used-for-animal-navigation">Mechanisms and cues used for animal navigation</h3>



<h4 id="h-magnetic-compass">Magnetic compass</h4>



<p>Some animals, like certain birds and sea turtles, can sense the Earth's magnetic field and use it as a compass. This is particularly useful during long-distance migrations.</p>



<h4 id="h-sun-compass">Sun compass</h4>



<p>Animals like bees and birds can use the position of the sun in the sky as a directional guide. They compensate for the movement of the sun across the sky using their internal biological clock.</p>



<h4 id="h-polarized-light">Polarized light</h4>



<p>Some insects, like ants and bees, can detect polarized light patterns in the sky, which they use for orientation.</p>



<h4 id="h-star-navigation">Star navigation</h4>



<p>Certain nocturnal animals, especially some birds, navigate by the stars. The North Star, for instance, offers a fixed point of reference in the Northern Hemisphere.</p>



<h4 id="h-landmarks">Landmarks</h4>



<p>Familiar physical features in the environment (like mountains, rivers, or trees) can be used as reference points.</p>



<h4 id="h-olfactory-cues">Olfactory cues</h4>



<p>Some animals, such as salmon, use their sense of smell to return to their birthplace to reproduce. They can detect specific chemical signatures in the water.</p>



<h4 id="h-infrasound">Infrasound</h4>



<p>Elephants and certain birds might use infrasound (low-frequency sound waves) to navigate, picking up cues from distant sources like the ocean.</p>



<h4 id="h-social-learning">Social learning</h4>



<p>Some animals learn routes and landmarks by following older, more experienced individuals.</p>



<h4 id="h-geometric-path-integration">Geometric path integration</h4>



<p>Certain insects, like desert ants, keep track of the direction and distance they have traveled from a starting point, allowing them to return directly to it.</p>



<h4 id="h-visual-maps">Visual maps</h4>



<p>Pigeons, for example, are believed to create visual maps based on their surroundings, which they use for navigation.</p>



<p>Each species may rely on one or a combination of these methods, depending on its specific needs, environment, and evolutionary history.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study of animal navigation provides insights not only into the amazing capabilities of animals but also into potential technologies and systems humans might develop for navigation.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

New clues about animal navigation and how they know where they are at all times

In a new study, researchers have unlocked vital insights into...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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