In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp;



Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-heart-with-light">Controlling the heart with light</h2>



The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest.



The external controller detects abnormal rhythms and sends light through the body to activate the pacemaker and restore heartbeat. The study demonstrates the device’s effectiveness across animal and human donor hearts.&nbsp;



The development of the pacemaker was led by John A. Rogers, a professor of material science, biomedical engineering, and neurological surgery at <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>.&nbsp;



“We have developed what is, to our knowledge, the world’s smallest pacemaker,” said Professor Rogers.



“There’s a crucial need for temporary pacemakers in the context of pediatric heart surgeries, and that’s a use case where size miniaturization is incredibly important. In terms of the device load on the body - the smaller, the better.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solution-designed-for-newborns">Solution designed for newborns</h2>



Though the light-activated pacemaker can function in patients of all sizes, its miniaturized design was motivated by the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-speech-is-driven-by-heart-rate-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. 



Igor Efimov is a co-leader of the study and experimental cardiologist at Northwestern.&nbsp;



“About 1% of children are born with congenital heart defects. The good news is that these children only need temporary pacing after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-robot-could-transform-minimally-invasive-surgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surgery</a>. In about seven days or so, most patients’ hearts will self-repair. But those seven days are absolutely critical," said Efimov.



Traditional pacemakers require surgery and have wires sticking out of the chest to connect to an external device. When they are no longer needed, the wires are removed - risking bleeding, tissue damage, or even death.



“Wires literally protrude from the body, attached to a pacemaker outside the body,” Efimov explained. “When the pacemaker is no longer needed, a physician pulls it out. The wires can become enveloped in scar tissue. That’s actually how Neil Armstrong died.”



The new injectable pacemaker addresses these risks. All of its components are biocompatible and bioresorbable, meaning they safely dissolve in the body’s fluids without needing surgical removal. Once the device has served its purpose, it simply disappears.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-light-activated-pacemaker">Refining the light-activated pacemaker</h2>



This innovation builds on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00948-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> by Rogers and Efimov, who developed a quarter-sized dissolvable pacemaker in 2021. Surgeons asked for a smaller version to allow easier placement and suit the smallest patients.&nbsp;



The original device used near-field communication (NFC), but its antenna limited how small the device could be made. To overcome this, the team replaced the NFC system with a novel light-based mechanism.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/pacemaker_light-activated_worlds-smallest_heart-health_Northwestern_1s.webp" alt="The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University" class="wp-image-1964846"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The tiny pacemaker sits next to a single grain of rice on a fingertip. The device is so small that it can be non-invasively injected into the body via a syringe. Click image to enlarge. Credit: John A. Rogers/Northwestern University</figcaption></figure>



“Instead of using the radio frequency scheme for wireless control, we developed a light-based scheme for turning the pacemaker on and delivering stimulation pulses to the surface of the heart. This is one feature that allowed us to dramatically reduce the size,” said Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powered-by-the-body-s-own-fluids">Powered by the body’s own fluids</h2>



The engineers also reimagined how to power the tiny pacemaker. Rather than requiring a battery or external power source, the device uses a simple galvanic cell - a chemical battery formed by two different metals as electrodes.&nbsp;



When the device is inside the body, surrounding biofluids act as the electrolyte, allowing electrical current to flow and stimulate the heart.



“A very tiny light-activated switch on the opposite side from the battery allows us to turn the device from its ‘off’ state to an ‘on’ state upon delivery of light that passes through the patient’s body from the skin-mounted patch,” explained Professor Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-trauma-and-risk">Reducing trauma and risk</h2>



Using infrared light, which can safely penetrate deep into the body, the wearable controller detects when a patient’s heart rate falls too low. It then triggers a light-emitting diode (LED) to flash on and off at the desired pacing rhythm.&nbsp;



“Infrared light penetrates very well through the body,” Efimov said. “If you put a flashlight against your palm, you will see the light glow through the other side of your hand. It turns out that our bodies are great conductors of light.”



Despite its microscopic size - just 1.8 mm wide, 3.5 mm long, and 1 mm thick - the pacemaker delivers stimulation on par with traditional devices. “The heart requires a tiny amount of electrical stimulation,” Rogers said.&nbsp;



“By minimizing the size, we dramatically simplify the implantation procedures, we reduce trauma and risk to the patient, and, with the dissolvable nature of the device, we eliminate any need for secondary surgical extraction procedures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-heart-care">A new era of heart care</h2>



Because these light-activated pacemakers are so small and wireless, doctors could one day deploy multiple units on different parts of the heart to create more advanced pacing systems. 



Each device could be controlled independently using different light wavelengths, enabling personalized and precisely timed stimulation across the heart’s surface.



“We can deploy a number of such small pacemakers onto the outside of the heart and control each one,” Efimov said. “Then we can achieve improved synchronized functional care.”



Professor Rogers noted that because it’s so small, the pacemaker can be integrated with almost any kind of implantable device.



“We also demonstrated integration of collections of these devices across the frameworks that serve as transcatheter aortic valve replacements to address complications that can occur during a patient’s recovery process," said Rogers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-bioelectronic-medicine">Future of bioelectronic medicine</h2>



While this breakthrough has clear implications for pediatric heart care, the technology could pave the way for a new generation of bioelectronic medicine.&nbsp;



These tiny, dissolvable devices could one day be adapted to promote nerve and bone regeneration, manage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-meditation-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pain</a>, support wound healing, and more.



Northwestern engineers shrank the device and removed risks by making it dissolve after use. In doing so, they’ve created a tool that could reshape how doctors care for the heart - from the tiniest patients to adults.



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Click here to <a href="https://youtu.be/j_0hZ8cUwgo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watch a video interview...</a>



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08726-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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World's smallest pacemaker is set to revolutionize heart health

In a remarkable medical breakthrough, engineers have developed a light-activated pacemaker so tiny that doctors can inject it into the body through a syringe. Remarkably, the device simply dissolves after it’s no longer needed.&nbsp; Designed for newborns, the pacemaker could transform temporary heart care after congenital defect surgeries. Controlling the heart with light The new pacemaker is smaller than a grain of rice. It's wirelessly activated through pulses of light which are delivered by a soft, wearable device mounted on the patient’s chest. The external controller detects...

For years, red wine has been romanticized as the “healthy” alcohol. Some credit its deep ruby hue and rich antioxidants with protective effects - particularly against cancer.



The main reason? <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resveratrol-may-boost-female-fertility-naturally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resveratrol</a>. This plant compound, found in grape skins, has been linked to anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Many have assumed that a glass of red is safer than other forms of alcohol.



But, new research from Brown University suggests otherwise. A comprehensive meta-analysis examined the effects of both red and white wine on cancer risk. The results? No special protection from red wine. Even more surprising - white wine may actually increase the risk of skin cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-wine-vs-white-wine">Red wine vs. white wine</h2>



“We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to assess whether red wine is truly a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-polyphenols-promote-heart-health-youthful-skin-and-a-healthy-waistline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthier choice</a> than white wine,” Cho said. 



“Our analysis included as many published epidemiological studies as possible that separately explored the relationship between red and white wine consumption and cancer risk. The results revealed no significant difference in cancer risk between red and white wine overall."



“However, we did observe a distinction when it came to skin cancer risk. Specifically, the consumption of white wine, but not red wine, was associated with an increased risk of skin cancer.”



The research included 42 studies and nearly 96,000 participants. Red and white wine showed no major differences in overall cancer risk. But white wine? It stood out. According to the findings, those who drank white wine had a 22% higher risk of developing skin cancer compared to red wine drinkers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-wine-might-increase-cancer-risk">White wine might increase cancer risk</h2>



Scientists are still piecing the puzzle together. One possible explanation lies in acetaldehyde - a byproduct of alcohol metabolism.



This compound can damage DNA, increasing the likelihood of cancerous mutations. White wine might contain higher levels of acetaldehyde than red <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healing-chronic-wounds-with-gold-and-red-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wine</a>, making it a bigger threat.



There are also lifestyle habits to consider. People who drink wine may be more likely to spend time outdoors - whether at vineyards, rooftop brunches, or beachside gatherings. Sun exposure, combined with alcohol’s potential to impair DNA repair, could make skin cancer more likely.



The connection isn’t fully understood, but the evidence showed that white wine drinkers had a greater risk of skin cancer compared to those who preferred red wine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-wine-and-cancer-risk-in-women">White wine and cancer risk in women</h2>



Another surprising discovery was white wine’s impact on women. The study found that women who drank white wine had a 26% higher risk of developing cancer.



What makes women more vulnerable? Hormones could be a factor. Alcohol consumption has been linked to increased estrogen levels, which may contribute to hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast cancer. 



Since white wine tends to be more popular among female drinkers, its risks deserve closer scrutiny.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-red-wine-s-antioxidants">What about red wine’s antioxidants?</h2>



For years, red wine has been hyped as a heart-healthy, disease-fighting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-and-depression-study-challenges-self-medication-theory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beverage</a>. Much of this reputation comes from resveratrol. 



In lab studies, resveratrol has shown promising anti-cancer effects - slowing tumor growth, reducing inflammation, and even interfering with cancer cell reproduction.



So why doesn’t red wine protect against cancer? It is likely because the amount of resveratrol in a glass of wine is too small to make a meaningful difference.



Research suggests that resveratrol is rapidly metabolized in the body, preventing it from reaching levels high enough to be truly beneficial. Ultimately, the idea of red wine as a cancer shield doesn’t hold up when put to the test.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bigger-picture-alcohol-and-cancer">The bigger picture: Alcohol and cancer</h2>



Beyond the red vs. white debate, one fact remains clear - alcohol itself is a known carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as a Group 1 carcinogen, meaning there is strong evidence that it contributes to cancer.



Alcohol metabolizes into acetaldehyde, a toxic substance that can damage DNA and prevent cells from repairing themselves. In 2020 alone, alcohol consumption was linked to over 740,000 cancer cases worldwide. It plays a role in cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, colon, breast, and esophagus.



This means that while some alcoholic drinks may be worse than others, none are completely risk-free.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-the-future">What this means for the future</h2>



This research adds weight to an ongoing discussion: does the type of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/semaglutide-shows-promise-in-reducing-alcohol-cravings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a> you drink matter? 



While red and white wine appear to have similar overall risks, the strong link between white wine and skin cancer - especially in women - raises serious concerns.



Future studies will need to investigate why white wine has this specific impact. 



Is it due to a particular chemical compound? Drinking habits? A combination of factors? Until scientists find clearer answers, these findings offer a reason to rethink assumptions about alcohol and health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moderation-is-key">Moderation is key</h2>



Wine has long been associated with relaxation, indulgence, and even sophistication. But science continues to chip away at its reputation as a "healthy" choice.



The takeaway? Moderation is key. Those who choose to drink should do so with full awareness of the risks - knowing that no type of alcohol is truly safe when it comes to cancer. 



Red wine might not be the protective elixir some had hoped for, and white wine may come with its own unique dangers.



At the end of the day, the choice is personal. But it’s always better to make that choice informed.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/3/534" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrients</a>.



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Red or white? The surprising truth about wine and cancer risk

For years, red wine has been romanticized as the “healthy”...

Millions of lives are lost each year as a result of smoking's negative effects, but a new study has discovered another hidden danger in cigarette smoke and discarded cigarette waste.



Researchers at the <a href="https://tu-dresden.de/?set_language=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Dresden</a> (TUD) have found that harmful compounds in cigarettes greatly increase the development and dissemination of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, both in the environment and in the lungs of smokers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-dangers-of-cigarette-waste">Hidden dangers of cigarette waste</h2>



“Cigarette filters contain many of the&nbsp;toxic substances&nbsp;found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cigarette-smoke-exposure-elevates-cancer-risk-in-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cigarette smoke</a>,” explained Dr. Uli Klümper from the Institute of Hydrobiology at the TUD.



“In our study, we found that when these filters end up in waterbodies, they are increasingly colonized by potentially pathogenic bugs and bacteria displaying&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-increasing-enterococci-looming-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic resistance</a>, as these are particularly well adapted to the adverse conditions on the filters.”



The research group found that cigarette waste not only pollutes the environment but also poses significant public health risks. 



As these discarded cigarette butts sit in lakes, rivers, and oceans, resistant bacteria multiply rapidly on them.



This could result in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotics-for-childhood-infections-are-becoming-ineffective/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infections</a> that are more difficult to treat, which poses an additional public health concern that had previously gone largely unnoticed.



“This underlines the need for stricter measures against the careless discarding of cigarette butts, and highlights another hidden health hazard caused by smoking,” said Dr. Klümper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cigarette-waste-and-microbial-communities">Cigarette waste and microbial communities </h2>



There are many complex ways in which cigarette waste interacts with microbial ecosystems, influencing their balance and behavior. 



Cigarette butts, often discarded without a second thought, create a toxic microenvironment that selects for the survival of the most resilient bacteria. 



These bacteria, many of which already possess antibiotic resistance, thrive in polluted water bodies and form dense biofilms on cigarette filters.



Biofilms are communities of microbes, including bacteria, that adhere to surfaces and transfer genetic material more effectively than planktonic (drifting) bacteria.



The poisonous chemicals seeping from cigarette filters enhance this activity, so bacterial populations become more likely to transfer resistance genes. 



With time, these fortified bacterial colonies can find their way into natural water systems, facilitating the spread of antibiotic-resistant infections from the environment to humans.



By acting as both a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollutant</a> and an incubator for dangerous pathogens, cigarette waste is not just an eyesore but a public health hazard that demands urgent intervention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-severe-infections-in-smokers">Risk of severe infections in smokers</h2>



Apart from the ecological consequences, the research discovered similarly worrying effects for consumers of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-bans-could-help-prevent-1-2-million-lung-cancer-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tobacco</a>.



Smokers inadvertently speed up the transmission of antibiotic-resistant germs in their lungs, diminishing the efficacy of antibiotic therapy at times of infection.



The researchers used laboratory tests that modeled conditions within the human lungs, but in artificial lung fluid. They made a striking observation: toxic substances in cigarette smoke stressed out bacteria in lung fluid.



Under this stress, bacteria exchanged antibiotic resistance genes at an accelerated rate, significantly increasing their spread.



“In our experiments with an artificial lung medium, we were able to show that the toxic substances that accumulate in the lung fluid due to&nbsp;cigarette smoke&nbsp;trigger a stress reaction in the bacteria which, among other things, more than doubles the frequency with which&nbsp;resistance genes&nbsp;are passed on between bacteria via plasmids,” explained the researchers.



This reaction effectively speeds up the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant infections, thus complicating medical treatments and increasing risks of severe infections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-call-to-action">Global call to action</h2>



Countless lives are lost each year from cigarette-smoking-related illnesses, but the new findings point towards an even stronger rationale for curtailing cigarette smoking without delay.



Reduction in cigarette waste pollution benefits communities by constraining the propagation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water bodies.



Simultaneously, stopping smoking cuts exposure to harmful bacteria, enhancing health conditions overall.



The research highlights the need for stronger public policy and heightened public understanding regarding the threat posed by cigarette waste - an overlooked source of antibiotic resistance bacteria.



Ultimately, the research indicates that smoking dangers run much deeper than they appear, and threaten health in ways that need urgent attention and response.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP14704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>.



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Cigarette waste fuels antibiotic resistance

Millions of lives are lost each year as a result...

We think we understand our dogs and their emotions. We see a wagging tail as happiness and whimpering as sadness, projecting our emotions onto them. This perception forms the foundation of our bond, but what if we are getting it wrong?



New research from Arizona State University (<a href="https://www.asu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ASU</a>) suggests that dog owners frequently misinterpret their pet’s emotions. Instead of reading a dog’s true signals, we rely on context, assuming that we know how our pets feel based on the situation rather than their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-focus-more-when-humans-use-eye-contact-and-gestures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">actual behavior</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-dog-emotions">Understanding dog emotions</h2>



Communication with a dog requires patience and observation. Unlike humans, dogs do not express themselves with words. Instead, they rely on body language, facial expressions, and vocalizations. This can make emotional interpretation challenging, especially when our own biases come into play.



At first glance, it seems simple. You give your dog a treat, and she wags her tail before trotting away happily. You believe she is delighted, that she understands your affection, and that the two of you share a moment of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rewards-of-dog-ownership-outweigh-the-challenges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connection</a>. But is that what really happens?



According to ASU researchers Holly Molinaro and Clive Wynne, our interpretation of dog emotions often strays from reality. The study reveals that humans tend to judge a dog’s emotional state based on the surrounding situation rather than the dog’s actual behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-human-bias">Impact of human bias</h2>



Dogs have their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-suffer-from-the-january-blues-just-like-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">own way of expressing</a> emotions, but humans frequently misunderstand these signals. This misinterpretation often occurs because we project our feelings onto them. We assume a dog feels happy or guilty because that is how we would feel in a similar situation.



“People do not look at what the dog is doing, instead they look at the situation surrounding the dog and base their emotional perception off of that,” said Molinaro.



Professor Clive Wynne, who studies dog behavior, further explained this challenge. "Our dogs are trying to communicate with us, but we humans seem determined to look at everything except the poor pooch himself."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-context-alters-emotion-perception">Context alters emotion perception</h2>



To test how humans perceive dog emotions, Molinaro and Wynne conducted two experiments. They filmed dogs in various scenarios, capturing moments believed to be positive, such as receiving treats or preparing for a walk, as well as negative situations, like mild scolding or encountering a vacuum cleaner.



Participants watched these videos, some with full context and others with altered backgrounds. In one experiment, the researchers edited the clips so that a dog filmed in a happy setting appeared to be in a negative one, and vice versa. The goal was to see how people would judge the emotions of the dog.



The findings were striking. People overwhelmingly relied on situational cues rather than the dog’s actual behavior to determine its emotional state.



“You see a dog getting a treat, you assume he must be feeling good. You see a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-affectionate-dog-breeds-that-adore-cuddles-and-hugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> getting yelled at, you assume he’s feeling bad,” Molinaro explained. “These assumptions of how you think the dog is feeling have nothing to do with the dog’s behavior or emotional cues, which is very striking.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mistaken-emotion-of-a-guilty-dog">Mistaken emotion of a “guilty” dog</h2>



One of the most common misinterpretations in dog behavior is the so-called "guilty look." Many dog owners believe their pet feels guilt after doing something wrong, but research suggests otherwise.



“When you yell at your dog for doing something bad and she makes that guilty face, is it really because she is guilty, or is it because she is scared you are going to reprimand her more?” said Molinaro.



Dogs react to human tone, posture, and body language. What appears as guilt is often fear or submission, a response to their owner’s reaction rather than an understanding of wrongdoing. This misunderstanding can affect training and the bond between pet and owner.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-influence-of-human-emotions">The influence of human emotions</h2>



Another factor in misreading dog emotions is anthropomorphism - the tendency to attribute human emotions to animals. While humans and dogs share a close <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relationship</a>, their emotional processing differs significantly.



“I have always found this idea that dogs and humans must have the same emotions to be very biased and without any real scientific proof to back it up, so I wanted to see if there are factors that might actually be affecting our perception of dog emotions,” Molinaro said.



Humans interpret emotions based on cultural and personal experiences. The way one person perceives sadness or happiness may differ from another. When it comes to animals, these subjective experiences shape how we understand their behavior, often leading to inaccurate assumptions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-better-understanding-of-dog-emotions">A better understanding of dog emotions</h2>



So how can dog owners learn to interpret their pet’s emotions more accurately? The key lies in awareness and observation. Recognizing our own biases is the first step toward better communication.



“The first step is just to be aware that we are not that good at reading dogs’ emotions,” Molinaro said. “We need to be humbler in our understanding of our dogs.”



Every dog has unique emotional expressions. Rather than assuming their feelings based on the situation, owners should pay closer attention to specific behavioral cues. A wagging tail does not always mean happiness, just as a tucked tail does not always indicate guilt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-stronger-bond">Building a stronger bond</h2>



By focusing on a dog’s individual personality and behavior, owners can develop a deeper connection with their pets. Understanding emotions takes time and effort, but the rewards are invaluable.



Molinaro emphasized the importance of looking beyond external factors. “Really pay attention to your own dog’s cues and behaviors."



Taking a few extra seconds to assess a dog’s body language, rather than making quick assumptions, can lead to a more meaningful and trusting relationship. Ultimately, a stronger bond between humans and their canine companions comes not from assumptions, but from true understanding.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08927936.2025.2469400" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthrozoös</a>.



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Lost in translation: How we misread our dogs’ emotions

We think we understand our dogs and their emotions. We...

When you take a deep breath, have you ever considered the composition of the air filling your lungs? Oxygen makes up only 21%, while nitrogen dominates. But this ratio has not always been constant. Throughout Earth’s history, oxygen levels have fluctuated, sometimes drastically, leading to mass extinctions and evolutionary shifts.



Scientists believe Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-oxygen-discovery-deep-ocean-rocks-upends-centuries-of-scientific-beliefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> became rich in oxygen about 2.5 billion years ago due to photosynthetic microorganisms. However, new research suggests volcanic activity may have played a crucial role in setting the stage for this transformation. 



A team of scientists led by the University of Tokyo proposes that volcanic eruptions influenced precursor oxygenation events, or "whiffs," that signaled the coming Great Oxygenation Event (GOE).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-microbes-in-oxygenation">Role of microbes in oxygenation</h2>



The GOE marked a significant increase in atmospheric oxygen, enabling the rise of complex life. The prevailing theory suggests that a surge in microorganisms capable of photosynthesis converted the carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere into one dominated by oxygen. 



But before the GOE, smaller oxygenation events occurred, hinting at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/it-took-200-million-years-for-earth-to-get-its-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier environmental shifts</a> that made oxygenation possible.



“Activity of microorganisms in the ocean played a central role in the evolution of atmospheric oxygen,” said Professor Eiichi Tajika from the Department of Earth and Planetary Science at the University of Tokyo. 



“However, we think this would not have immediately led to atmospheric oxygenation because the amount of nutrients such as phosphate in the ocean at that time was limited, restricting activity of cyanobacteria, a group of bacteria capable of photosynthesis."



“It likely took some massive geological events to seed the oceans with nutrients, including the growth of the continents and, as we suggest in our paper, intense volcanic activity, which we know to have occurred.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-igneous-provinces-and-their-impact">Large igneous provinces and their impact</h2>



The new study highlights the influence of large igneous provinces (LIPs), massive volcanic regions formed by intense eruptions. The researchers used a biogeochemical model to analyze how these eruptions altered Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-might-have-formed-long-before-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>.



They found that volcanic activity increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, warming the climate and supplying nutrients to the ocean. This, in turn, boosted marine productivity and triggered short-lived increases in atmospheric oxygen.



These whiffs lasted for several million years, suggesting that volcanic events repeatedly caused temporary atmospheric oxygenation before the GOE. 



However, as continents expanded, they reduced the likelihood of these transient events by stabilizing conditions. The study suggests that these whiffs indicate Earth was approaching a tipping point, leading to the permanent rise of atmospheric oxygen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-early-oxygen-bursts-on-earth">Signs of early oxygen bursts on Earth</h2>



“Understanding the whiffs is critical for constraining the timing of the emergence of photosynthetic microorganisms. The occurrences are inferred from concentrations of elements sensitive to atmospheric oxygen levels in the geologic record,” said study lead author Yasuto Watanabe.



“The biggest challenge was to develop a numerical model that could simulate the complex, dynamic behavior of biogeochemical cycles under late Archean conditions."



“We built upon our shared experience with using similar models for other times and purposes, refining and coupling different components together to simulate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-study-will-help-identify-which-planets-can-support-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamic behavior</a> of the late-Archean Earth system in the aftermath of the volatile volcanic events.”



The team examined redox-sensitive elements such as molybdenum, rhenium, and selenium, which indicate oxidative weathering of continental minerals. One well-documented whiff occurred around 2.5 billion years ago and is recorded in the Mt. McRae Shale in Australia.



These findings, along with isotopic data, support the idea that transient oxygenation events were linked to volcanic activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-volcanism-to-oxygenation">Linking volcanism to oxygenation</h2>



Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, leading to warming and increased weathering of rocks. 



This process delivers nutrients like phosphate to the ocean, fueling microbial activity. As these microorganisms thrived, they produced oxygen, leading to brief atmospheric oxygenation.



However, once the nutrient supply declined, oxygen levels dropped again. This cycle repeated until the GOE, when atmospheric conditions finally stabilized at higher oxygen levels. 



The model suggests that whiffs were a key step in the Earth system's transition from a reducing to an oxidizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxygen-levels-on-exoplanets-reveal-presence-of-alien-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-short-oxygen-bursts-led-to-earth-s-air">Short oxygen bursts led to Earth's air</h2>



These findings suggest that Earth’s atmosphere did not change in a single event but rather through a series of oxygenation episodes driven by geological and biological interactions. 



The rise of oxygen-utilizing enzymes before the GOE supports the idea that life was already adapting to these transient oxygen-rich periods.



By linking large-scale volcanic activity to early atmospheric oxygenation, this research provides a clearer picture of how Earth evolved into the habitable planet it is today. 



It also reinforces the idea that planetary-scale changes, driven by both internal and external factors, shaped the conditions necessary for complex life to emerge.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02090-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Earth's oxygen supply may have been kick-started by volcanoes

When you take a deep breath, have you ever considered...

Something is shifting in adolescent mental health. Anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms - once thought to be the struggles of a small fraction - are now affecting nearly a third of young people. Social expectations, academic pressures, and increasing screen time all contribute to this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/screen-time-delays-language-development-in-toddlers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growing concern</a>. 



But is technology the primary culprit? That’s the question researchers at the <a href="https://www.jyu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Jyväskylä</a> and the <a href="https://www.uef.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Eastern Finland</a> set out to answer.



The long-term study, which tracked 187 adolescents over eight years, offers some striking insights. Lifestyle choices - especially physical activity and screen time - emerge as key players in shaping mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-screen-time-s-heavy-toll">Screen time’s heavy toll</h2>



The more time adolescents spent on screens, the worse their mental health outcomes. But not all screens affected them equally. Mobile device use stood out as the biggest culprit, linked to heightened stress and depressive symptoms.



Dr. Eero Haapala is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences at the University of Jyväskylä.



“Several international, evidence-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-are-key-to-reducing-kids-screen-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recommendations</a> suggest that the leisure screen time of children and adolescents should be limited to two hours per day. Personally, I think that even this figure is high, as it amounts to almost one month of screen time per year,” said Dr. Haapala. 



A screen is just a tool - yet prolonged exposure can erode sleep quality, reduce meaningful social interactions, and expose adolescents to distressing online content. The result? More stress, more anxiety, more moments of feeling trapped in a digital loop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-movement-as-a-buffer-against-stress">Movement as a buffer against stress</h2>



Not all the findings were bleak. The research also uncovered a powerful antidote: movement. Adolescents who engaged in more physical activity - particularly supervised exercise - reported lower stress levels and fewer depressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-under-two-should-not-be-exposed-to-tv-or-screen-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symptoms</a>.



Sports participation, in particular, seemed to provide a buffer against mental health struggles, likely because of its structured environment and built-in social support.



“The modern sedentary lifestyle, with high screen exposure, challenges the mental health of children and adolescents,” said Dr. Haapala.



“Recent discussions have rightly focused on screen time and social media, but I hope our findings encourage adults in young people’s lives to promote a broad spectrum of healthy habits – especially by balancing screen time and physical activity.”



The key takeaway? Physical activity helps, but it’s not a cure-all. If screen time remains excessive, even active adolescents are at risk. The worst outcomes appeared in those with both high screen time and low physical activity - double trouble for mental health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-sleep-and-diet">What about sleep and diet?</h2>



The researchers also examined the impact of sleep and diet.



Unlike screen time and physical activity, these factors had a weaker connection to mental health outcomes. This might be because the study’s participants generally had adequate sleep and relatively healthy diets, making it harder to detect their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-with-too-much-screen-time-struggle-to-gain-language-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence</a>.



“Achieving change requires collaboration,” said Dr. Haapala. "Society as a whole - from families to policymakers - must invest in promoting healthy lifestyles for children and adolescents by ensuring balanced screen time, sufficient physical activity, adequate sleep, and a nutritious diet.”



While diet and sleep didn’t play as strong a role in this particular study, previous research suggests they do matter. Poor sleep patterns and unhealthy diets have been linked to increased anxiety, irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Still, the dominant players in this study were screen time and physical activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mobile-screens-are-the-worst-offenders">Mobile screens are the worst offenders</h2>



One of the study’s most eye-opening revelations? Mobile devices had a significantly stronger negative impact on mental health than other forms of screen time.



Unlike television, which is often a passive experience, mobile devices demand constant interaction. Whether through social media, gaming, or endless scrolling, they create a cycle that’s hard to break. More engagement often means more stress, and the pressure to stay connected can take a toll on self-esteem and emotional well-being.



Social media, in particular, amplifies these effects. Teenagers are not just consuming content - they’re comparing, curating, and responding. The pressure to maintain an online presence, measure up to influencers, or keep up with peers can turn a harmless scroll into a breeding ground for self-doubt.



Cutting down on mobile device use may be one of the most effective ways to reduce adolescent stress levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-the-screen-time">Breaking the screen time</h2>



One of the study’s strongest messages? Early intervention is key. 



The habits children form in elementary school often stick with them into adolescence. If kids grow up with unrestricted screen time and little encouragement for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/taking-a-smartphone-break-can-improve-your-life-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical activity</a>, they’re more likely to carry those patterns into their teenage years - when stress and depression become real risks.



Encouraging structured sports, outdoor play, and clear screen time limits can help. It’s not about eliminating screens but creating a balanced relationship with them. Programs that integrate both movement and responsible technology use could be the most effective way forward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-everyday-choices-and-long-term-health">Everyday choices and long-term health</h2>



This research is part of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study, which investigates how lifestyle choices impact long-term health outcomes. 



The PANIC Study operates within the Metabolic Diseases Research Community at the University of Eastern Finland. This research network, consisting of 20 teams, works across genetics, patient care, and disease prevention to uncover new ways to support physical and mental well-being.



By tracking children’s habits over several years, studies like this one help paint a clearer picture of how everyday choices - like how much time we spend moving versus sitting - shape adolescent health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-screen-time">Implications for screen time</h2>



This study delivers a clear message: less screen time, more movement. It’s a simple formula, yet difficult to implement in today’s digital world. 



Parents, teachers, and policymakers all have a role to play in helping young people develop healthier habits.



Future research will likely explore how different lifestyle factors - diet, sleep, stress management - interact with screen time and exercise.



But for now, the evidence is strong. Cutting back on mobile devices and increasing physical activity could be two of the best steps toward improving adolescent mental health.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2830233" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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Too much screen time is making teens anxious

Something is shifting in adolescent mental health. Anxiety, stress, and...

Conservation scientists from UNSW Sydney have used DNA technology to confirm that feral cats are the primary predators of reintroduced native animals in South Australia. 



This research aligns with existing data showing that feral cats have caused more native animal deaths than any other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-leopards-tracing-the-evolution-of-an-apex-predator/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> in Australia. Experts believe feral cats are responsible for two-thirds of mammal extinctions since European settlement.



The recent study suggests that the impact of feral cats may be greater than previously estimated. 



In collaboration with experts from the University of Adelaide, the researchers from <a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNSW</a> found that conventional methods of determining the cause of death often underestimated the role of feral cats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-the-cause-of-death">Pinpointing the cause of death</h2>



Professor Katherine Moseby, a co-author of the study, noted that pinpointing the exact cause of death for native animals has always been challenging.



“In past releases, we'd be radio tracking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saber-toothed-predators-evolved-the-perfect-fangs-for-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> after release, and if we found dead animals, it would be difficult to determine what caused their death. We would use field evidence like animal spoor, carcass remains, or bite marks on collars to guess whether it was feral cats, birds of prey, fox, or if they just died a natural death," said Professor Moseby.



“And because we’re working in really remote areas, it is difficult to access vets for necropsy. So taking a DNA swab of the dead animal was a really good way to identify if predation was the cause of death. And then we decided to compare the DNA outcomes with evidence in the field to determine if the latter was a reliable method of determining cause of death.”



The team concluded that field evidence alone was not a dependable way to confirm feral cat predation. DNA testing and necropsy were necessary to establish whether a cat had killed an animal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-from-conservation-sites">Evidence from conservation sites</h2>



The scientists analyzed DNA evidence collected from radio tracking collars and wounds on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-predator-prey-feast-ever-seen-in-the-ocean-enormous-quickly-altered-food-chain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a>’ bodies. The team examined two conservation sites in South Australia where native species had been released.



At one location, 148 brush-tailed possums and 110 western quolls were introduced between 2014 and 2016. At another, 42 greater bilbies and 89 bettongs were released in 2017. 



Of the 389 animals reintroduced, 74 were confirmed to have been killed by cats. DNA analysis identified 71 of these cases. Veterinary necropsy confirmed six cat-related deaths, while researchers witnessed three instances of feral cats killing prey.



Three of the four released species managed to survive in smaller numbers. However, bettongs failed to establish a stable population due to heavy predation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underestimated-killings-by-feral-cats">Underestimated killings by feral cats</h2>



The research showed that even DNA analysis underestimated the number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shell-fossils-lapworthella-fasciculata-reveal-ancient-predator-prey-battle-517-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> killed by feral cats.



“The DNA is good, but it's not infallible, and a lot of that is because we’re trying to get DNA from cat saliva found on the carcass, and that's quite difficult because DNA degrades quickly in the environment,” said Professor Moseby.



“But ultimately it highlighted that there are a lot more cat killings than previously thought.”



This discovery reinforces concerns that current estimates of feral cat predation may not fully capture the extent of their impact on native wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-controlling-feral-cats">Challenges in controlling feral cats</h2>



Senior author Ned Ryan-Schofield noted that one goal of the study was to assess whether conservationists could rely on field data for quicker assessments of cat predation.



“This could trigger prompt management action like increased cat control rather than waiting until DNA analysis occurred. However, we found that field evidence of cat predation are not obvious and even DNA testing is not infallible,” said Ryan-Schofield, a postgraduate researcher with the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>.



Despite advances in research, controlling feral cat populations remains a difficult task. The researchers acknowledge that feral cats will continue to pose a significant threat to native animals for years to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-conservation-efforts">Future conservation efforts</h2>



Professor Moseby emphasized the importance of continued <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-predator-found-in-one-of-the-deepest-parts-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> and improved management strategies.



“Until we develop genetic tools or other broad-scale methods targeted at feral cats, we can only rely on intensely managing them as best we can,” said Professor Moseby.



”We hope that this research might encourage more conservationists to use DNA and necropsy to identify the cause of death of animals in wildlife reintroductions, and to increase cat control even if no obvious evidence of cat predation are present.”



While eradicating feral cats from the Australian outback may not be possible in the near future, improving tracking and conservation techniques could help reduce their impact on endangered wildlife.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/AM/AM24031" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Mammalogy</a>.



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Feral cats kill more native animals than expected

Conservation scientists from UNSW Sydney have used DNA technology to...

Autumn,Blooming,Purple,Chrysanthemum,Flowers,Covered,With,Snow.,Frozen,Flowers

The world is changing, and so is the climate. Sudden temperature drops, unexpected frosts, and shifting weather patterns challenge ecosystems in many ways. 



For plants, these changes are especially harsh. Unlike animals, they cannot migrate, seek shelter, or generate body heat in cold weather. Instead, they rely on internal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-warming-alters-plant-germination-and-disrupts-ecosystem-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptations to survive</a>.



Varvara Dikaya at <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå University</a> explored this challenge in her doctoral research. She studied a protein which plays a key role in plant adaptation to low temperatures.



The findings reveal that this protein participates in multiple signaling pathways, enabling plants to survive harsh conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-response-strategies-of-plants">Cold response strategies of plants </h2>



Unlike animals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shaded-plants-capture-light-beyond-the-visible-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> cannot seek warmth or migrate. Their survival depends on internal mechanisms that adjust to temperature shifts. 



Past research focused on molecules like amino acids and sugars, which help prevent freezing. Scientists also studied core temperature-response mechanisms, but many crucial components remained unknown.



Dikaya’s <a href="http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1933796" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> uncovers a missing piece of this puzzle - RNA splicing. This process determines which proteins are produced in plant cells, directly impacting cold response strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-rna-splicing-the-basics">Understanding RNA splicing - the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-cells-communicate-with-each-other-through-rna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a> splicing is like an editing process for your genes, making sure your cells get the right instructions to build proteins. 



When a gene gets copied into RNA, it includes extra sections called introns that don’t actually code for anything useful. 



Before the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA can do its job</a>, the cell cuts out these introns and stitches together the remaining pieces, called exons. 



This process turns a raw RNA transcript into a polished, ready-to-go messenger RNA (mRNA) that cells can use to make proteins.



Sometimes, cells splice RNA in different ways, mixing and matching exons to produce multiple proteins from the same gene. 



This alternative splicing is why our relatively small number of genes can make such a huge range of proteins. When splicing goes wrong, though, it can lead to diseases like cancer and genetic disorders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-splicing">The role of splicing </h2>



"Splicing acts as a central hub controlling the information flow from DNA to RNA, defining which proteins are synthesized from a certain gene," explained Dikaya, who is a doctoral student in the Department of Plant Physiology at Umeå University and <a href="https://www.upsc.se" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå Plant Science Center</a>.



Her research focused on PORCUPINE, a protein discovered when scientists observed that plants with a mutation in this gene became unusually cold-sensitive. The mutation's spiky shoot tips inspired the name.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-temperature-drops">Impact of temperature drops</h2>



"The PORCUPINE mutant appears normal under ambient temperature conditions but cannot develop properly in the case of even a mild temperature drop," the team noted.



"Already at 16 degrees, the mutant grows shorter roots with increased root hair density and much smaller rosettes than normal. This is very special,."



Dikaya’s work reveals that cold temperatures trigger an increase in PORCUPINE RNA in cells. This suggests that the plant produces more of this protein to cope with the stress. 



However, PORCUPINE is not just a passive responder. It actively participates in the spliceosome, a complex that processes RNA before it transforms into proteins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-player-in-rna-processing">Key player in RNA processing</h2>



PORCUPINE is not just a responder to cold; it is an active participant in RNA processing. 



This protein is part of the spliceosome, a complex molecular machine that modifies RNA before it is translated into proteins. Without proper RNA splicing, plants cannot produce the proteins they need to survive.



By studying PORCUPINE’s role in the spliceosome, Dikaya and her team discovered that it influences multiple genetic pathways. 



Some of these pathways control how plants sense and react to cold temperature shifts. Others regulate growth patterns that determine whether a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> can withstand stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-network-of-cold-responses">A network of cold responses</h2>



Dikaya and her colleagues identified several genes controlled by PORCUPINE, all of which influence how plants respond to temperature changes. Her research highlights how intricate these responses are, involving multiple overlapping pathways.



"Our findings show the complexity of the cold response in plants. It is important to understand all aspects and identify fundamental mechanisms that could be applied later on in a practical manner," Dikaya noted.



"Such knowledge will be essential to create more resilient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioelectric-future-harnessing-the-natural-energy-of-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> capable of withstanding environmental challenges in the future, even though it is still a long way to go."



Her work provides a deeper understanding of how plants adjust to fluctuating temperatures. This knowledge could pave the way for crops that can better withstand future climate uncertainties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-cold-resistant-plants">Future of cold-resistant plants</h2>



The challenges of climate change are not going away, and neither is the need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phantom-nutrient-the-secret-force-that-fuels-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient crops</a>. 



If researchers can harness the knowledge gained from studies like Dikaya’s, they may be able to develop plant varieties that thrive despite temperature fluctuations.



Although there is still much to learn, this research brings us one step closer to understanding the intricate mechanisms that allow plants to survive. In the years ahead, discoveries like this could reshape agriculture and help ensure food security in a changing world.



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Plants have an amazing ability to 'rewire' themselves to survive winter

The world is changing, and so is the climate. Sudden...

Galaxies don't float around at random. They line up along strands of cosmic filaments, sometimes stretching millions of light-years, that shape how stars and other structures form across the universe. 



These strands link galaxies in a pattern that astronomers call the cosmic web. By observing this vast network, researchers learn how galactic neighborhoods emerge, grow, and fuel new stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-filament-connections">Cosmic filament connections</h2>



Astronomers have long suspected that this web exists because nearly 85% of all matter in the universe appears to be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-if-it-exists-has-a-strictly-limited-lifetime-new-study-says/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, a form of matter that does not interact with light in a direct way. 



Computer simulations suggest that this invisible substance gathers into filaments under the pull of gravity. 



Gas follows these filaments, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-seen-creating-their-own-food-gases-x-rays-fascinating-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feeding galaxies</a> nestled where strands intersect. Until recently, only hints of that gas emerged through absorption signatures. 



Detecting the faint glow of the most abundant element, hydrogen, remained a challenge.



This fascinating research was led by Davide Tornotti, Ph.D. student at the <a href="https://en.unimib.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Milano-Bicocca</a>, in collaboration with the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (<a href="https://www.mpa-garching.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPA</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-definition-detailed-images">High-definition detailed images</h2>



A new investigation offered a closer look at a filament linking two galaxies that existed when the universe was about 2 billion years old. 



Each galaxy hosts an active supermassive black hole. The team targeted these objects with an instrument named <a href="https://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/develop/instruments/muse.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MUSE</a> (Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer) on the Very Large Telescope (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VLT</a>) in Chile. 



They devoted hundreds of hours to gather data from a single region of the sky. This ambitious effort allowed them to capture a detailed picture of a cosmic filament spanning roughly 3 million light-years.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/cosmic-web-filaments_3-million-light-years_universe_credit-Mailand-Bicocca_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/cosmic-web-filaments_3-million-light-years_universe_credit-Mailand-Bicocca_1s.webp" alt="The image shows the diffuse gas (yellow to purple) contained within the cosmic filament connecting two galaxies (yellow stars), extending across a vast distance of 3 million light-years. Credit: Davide Tornotti/University of Milano-Bicocca" class="wp-image-1961951"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The image shows the diffuse gas (yellow to purple) contained within the cosmic filament connecting two galaxies (yellow stars), extending across a vast distance of 3 million light-years. Credit: Davide Tornotti/University of Milano-Bicocca</figcaption></figure>



That high-definition image, reported in Nature Astronomy, indicates that the gas forming this strand supplies vital ingredients for star formation. 



For the first time, researchers traced its boundary with precise detail. 



They confirmed that the gas inside the filament appears to be connected directly to the gas within the host galaxies, illuminating how these immense structures contribute to the evolution of galaxies across cosmic time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-faint-light">Pinpointing faint light</h2>



"By capturing the faint light emitted by this filament, which traveled for just under 12 billion years to reach Earth, we were able to precisely characterize its shape," explains Tornotti. 



"For the first time, we could trace the boundary between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colliding-galaxy-clusters-stir-up-hot-sloshing-gas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas residing in galaxies</a> and the material contained within the cosmic web through direct measurements."



Such clarity reflects the cutting-edge design of MUSE. Its ability to split incoming light into many wavelength channels helps astronomers detect emissions usually lost in the glare of brighter sources. 



The study team matched their observations against supercomputer simulations from MPA. 



"When compared to the novel high-definition image of the cosmic web, we find substantial agreement between current theory and observations," Tornotti adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-cosmic-filaments-matter">Why cosmic filaments matter</h2>



These results support the notion that galaxies rely on these filaments for fresh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-are-much-bigger-than-we-originally-believed-gas-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supplies of gas</a>. 



The strands appear to be a backbone for how structure arises, guiding both dark matter and regular matter into clusters of stars. 



Such conclusions also highlight the synergy between observational campaigns and theoretical models.



The data show that, at least in this case, the shape and density of the gas nearly match what cosmologists predict. 



By confirming this match, scientists gain new confidence in their models of how dark matter shapes galaxies. 



It also suggests that more discoveries like this one may be around the corner as advanced telescopes refine their methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



"We are thrilled by this direct, high-definition observation of a cosmic filament. But as people say in Bavaria: 'Eine ist keine' - one doesn't count," MPA staff scientist Fabrizio Arrigoni Battaia exclaimed.



"So we are gathering further data to uncover more such structures, with the ultimate goal of having a comprehensive vision of how gas is distributed and flows in the cosmic web." 



These words from Battaia highlight the continuing effort to capture the faint glow of additional strands, offering a path to understand how galaxies replenish their star-making material.



Refining this view of large-scale gas networks could reshape our picture of cosmic activity. 



By tracing these filaments in different parts of the sky, researchers can confirm whether galaxy formation truly follows the same pattern everywhere. 



Each new finding builds on the last, revealing how galaxies maintain and renew themselves. Observers see a chance for deeper insights into the elusive connections that govern the biggest structures known.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-filaments-and-future-exploration">Cosmic filaments and future exploration</h2>



To sum it all up, high-resolution views of the cosmic web might once have seemed like a distant vision. They are now moving into focus, showing how gas behaves across millions of light-years. 



This single observation campaign has sharpened humanity’s understanding of the engine that drives galaxy growth. 



It underscores how dedicated, patient efforts can shed light on some of the faintest signals in the cosmos, giving a glimpse into the hidden architecture that shapes everything we see in the night sky.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.17035">Nature Astronomy</a>.



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First high-def image of the 'cosmic web' shows hidden universal highways

Galaxies don't float around at random. They line up along...

When it comes to blending into their surroundings, nature has produced many masters of disguise. From the chameleon’s shifting hues to the arctic hare’s seasonal coat change, camouflage is an essential survival tool in the wild. But one of the most remarkable camouflage experts might not be the first to come to mind - the squid.



Along with their cephalopod relatives like octopuses and cuttlefish, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-and-squid-senses-linked-to-human-brain-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">squid</a> have an extraordinary ability to alter their skin color almost instantly. This unique trait has helped them evade predators and hunt effectively for millions of years, dating back to the age of the dinosaurs.&nbsp;



However, despite their long evolutionary history, much about the mechanisms behind this ability remains a mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-details-about-squid-camouflage-nbsp">New details about squid camouflage&nbsp;</h2>



Leila Deravi, an associate professor of chemistry and chemical biology at <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northeastern University</a>, is working to change that. Her recently published study reveals new insights into how squid camouflage operates.&nbsp;



The research demonstrates that squid possess specialized organs that function similarly to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-recycle-solar-cells-sustainably-with-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cells</a>, generating energy that powers their remarkable skin transformations.&nbsp;



The findings not only advance the understanding of these fascinating creatures but could also influence the development of new materials and technology for human use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-squid-camouflage">The science of squid camouflage</h2>



Deravi has spent years studying cephalopods, captivated by their unique biological abilities. Her Biomaterials Design Group at Northeastern focuses on uncovering the mechanics of squid camouflage, with the goal of applying these natural processes to innovative materials.



More recently, her team has concentrated on chromatophores, the specialized pigmented structures responsible for a squid’s ability to change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-got-their-colors-150-million-years-before-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color</a>. This focus led to a groundbreaking discovery.



Chromatophores are tiny, pigmented organs embedded in the squid’s skin. These structures are surrounded by muscle fibers controlled by neurons, allowing the animal to open and close pigment sacs in response to its environment.



Working alongside another type of skin cell, called iridophores, chromatophores produce a broad range of colors. While chromatophores contain red, yellow, and brown pigments, iridophores reflect greens and blues, giving squid the ability to create a full spectrum of colors in a fraction of a second.



“To have something sense the colors around it and distribute [them] within hundreds of milliseconds is really insane,” Deravi said. “It’s not something that’s easy to do, especially in a living system that’s under water.”



Scientists have long believed that chromatophores function much like pixels on a digital display, simply reflecting colors as needed. But Deravi’s latest research shows that these structures do much more than act as mere colorants - they actually sense and generate energy from light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-squid-s-organic-solar-cells">Squid’s organic solar cells</h2>



Her study reveals that chromatophores operate as light-sensitive energy converters, much like solar cells. This capability allows squid to harness external <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescence-emerged-in-animals-540-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light</a> and transform it into energy that assists in their camouflage process.



“It can see whatever light is on the outside and convert that light into energy and then harvest that energy to help distribute camouflage,” Deravi explained.



To test this theory, her research team constructed a squid-powered solar cell. Using conductive glass, semiconductors, electrolytes, and pigmented nanoparticles extracted from squid chromatophores, they created a circuit capable of responding to light.&nbsp;



By exposing the circuit to simulated sunlight, they measured the energy output to determine whether the chromatophores could genuinely generate electrical current.



“We found that the more granules you put into there, the higher the photocurrent response is,” Deravi said.&nbsp;



“It’s a direct indication that the pieces of the chromatophore are actually converting the light from the sun’s simulated light to the voltage, which can complete the circuit and then be harvested, potentially, for a power supply in the animal.”



This marks the first time that scientists have directly linked the chromatophores of a cephalopod to an energy-generating function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-squid-camouflage-nbsp">Secrets of squid camouflage&nbsp;</h2>



Understanding how cephalopods achieve their dynamic camouflage could have broad applications beyond marine biology.&nbsp;



Deravi’s lab has already translated their discoveries into practical uses, such as developing wearable UV sensors to help prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melanoma-has-been-replaced-as-the-deadliest-form-of-skin-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin cancer</a>. Her startup, Seaspire, is also exploring how these findings could lead to more environmentally friendly and effective sunscreens.



Squid’s ability to distribute color efficiently with minimal energy consumption could also inspire advancements in wearable technology.&nbsp;



Today’s wearable electronics must balance size, weight, and power usage. Studying how squid utilize their natural solar cells might provide clues for designing more energy-efficient, interactive materials.



“The squid might be the key to developing a truly ‘living digital skin,’” Deravi suggested.



She envisions a future where wearable technology mimics the adaptability of squid skin, seamlessly responding to environmental changes without relying on bulky batteries or complicated circuitry.



“If you think about fully wearable stuff, you just have to think about how to make it the most energetically favorable in order to be fully interactive with the surroundings,” Deravi said. “We’re trying to tap into what the blueprint is that the animal uses to do this and how that correlates to adapting to the environment as well.”



As scientists continue to unlock the secrets of squid camouflage, their discoveries may lead to transformative new technologies - taking inspiration from nature’s own evolutionary genius.



The study is published in the <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/tc/d4tc04333b" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Materials Chemistry C</a>.



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How squid power their amazing camouflage abilities

When it comes to blending into their surroundings, nature has...

A recent study confirmed that the Antarctic ozone layer is currently healing, as a result of global efforts to reduce ozone-depleting substances.&nbsp;



The study demonstrates that joint international measures - in particular, the phase-out of chemicals that damage the ozone layer - have led to a meaningful restoration of this critical atmospheric shield.



Scientists, including the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> team that led the current study, have previously detected indications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burning-up-of-satellites-severely-harms-ozone-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone recovery</a>.



However, this new study is the first to provide strong statistical evidence that the improvement is primarily driven by the reduction of ozone-depleting substances, rather than factors like natural weather fluctuations or rising greenhouse gas levels in the stratosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recovery-of-the-ozone-hole">Recovery of the ozone hole</h2>



“There’s been a lot of qualitative evidence showing that the Antarctic ozone hole is getting better. This is really the first study that has quantified confidence in the recovery of the ozone hole,” said study co-author Susan Solomon, a professor of environmental studies and chemistry at MIT.&nbsp;



“The conclusion is, with 95 percent confidence, it is recovering. Which is awesome. And it shows we can actually solve environmental problems.”



Solomon worked on this project with lead author and graduate student Peidong Wang and contributors from multiple other research institutions.&nbsp;



The team’s findings offer strong support for the success of international policy interventions - specifically the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1987-ozone-treaty-had-an-unexpected-benefit-for-the-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montreal Protocol</a>, which curbed the production of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-ozone-hole-over-antarctica-nbsp">Seasonal ozone hole over Antarctica&nbsp;</h2>



Within the Earth’s stratosphere, ozone is a naturally occurring gas that acts as a sort of sunscreen, protecting the planet from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.&nbsp;



However, in 1985, scientists discovered that a seasonal “hole” in the ozone layer developed over Antarctica each austral spring - letting in greater quantities of dangerous UV rays.&nbsp;



By 1986, Solomon, then a scientist at the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA), led expeditions that identified CFCs as the chief culprit in stratospheric ozone loss. The Montreal Protocol, enacted in 1987, aimed to gradually eliminate these chemicals worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-and-human-caused-changes-nbsp">Natural and human-caused changes&nbsp;</h2>



“While detecting a statistically significant increase in ozone is relatively straightforward, attributing these changes to specific forcings is more challenging,” Wang said.&nbsp;



In past studies, although ozone levels in the Antarctic region seemed to be improving, scientists struggled to confirm just how much of that recovery was driven by reductions in CFCs as opposed to natural weather variability - such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-climate-shifts-date-back-250-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>, La Niña, or the polar vortex - or the effects of rising greenhouse gases.



To tackle these uncertainties, the researchers adopted a “fingerprinting” method, originally developed by Nobel Prize-winning scientist Klaus Hasselmann for distinguishing the impacts of human-caused climate change from natural fluctuations in the climate system.&nbsp;



The MIT-led team adapted this fingerprinting to separate human-driven ozone gains from other atmospheric noise.



They began by running climate simulations for various scenarios: a hypothetical world where greenhouse gases did not rise, a world where ozone-depleting substances were not phased out, and other alternative pathways.&nbsp;



In these virtual settings, they examined how ozone levels would shift, both over time and with seasonal changes. By comparing these model outcomes, the scientists identified a characteristic signal of ozone healing - an unmistakable pattern that occurred only when CFCs were curbed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-fingerprint-in-the-data">Distinct “fingerprint” in the data</h2>



The researchers then combed through 15 years’ worth of satellite observations of the Antarctic ozone hole. 



Step by step, they tested whether the actual data exhibited the predicted pattern of recovery - a fingerprint tied specifically to the global phase-out of CFCs. The match was impressively strong.



“After 15 years of observational records, we see this signal to noise with 95 percent confidence, suggesting there’s only a very small chance that the observed pattern similarity can be explained by variability noise,” Wang said.&nbsp;



“This gives us confidence in the fingerprint. It also gives us confidence that we can solve environmental problems. What we can learn from ozone studies is how different countries can swiftly follow these treaties to decrease emissions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-healing-ozone-hole">Lessons from the healing ozone hole</h2>



The study’s findings imply that if these trends persist, the Antarctic ozone hole could eventually close for good.&nbsp;



“By something like 2035, we might see a year when there’s no ozone hole depletion at all in the Antarctic. And that will be very exciting for me,” Wang said. “And some of you will see the ozone hole go away completely in your lifetimes. And people did that.”



From a broader perspective, the ozone hole’s gradual healing stands as a success story for international cooperation on an environmental crisis.&nbsp;



At the height of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/use-of-banned-ozone-depleting-chemicals-is-increasing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CFC use</a>, aerosol propellants, refrigerants, and other industrial processes threatened to erode Earth’s UV shield to dangerous levels. Rapid science-based policymaking in the form of the Montreal Protocol turned the tide, demonstrating that even large-scale environmental challenges can be confronted.



The researchers consider this a timely lesson for today’s leaders, as the world grapples with complex ecological problems, including climate change.&nbsp;



By illustrating how robust, evidence-based treaties can drive positive, global-scale outcomes, the current work highlights both the vulnerability of Earth’s atmosphere and the power of coordinated human action.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08640-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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The ozone layer is healing - will the hole disappear for good?

A recent study confirmed that the Antarctic ozone layer is...

A team of engineers has recently created a breakthrough prosthetic hand that can deftly handle everyday objects, from plush toys to water bottles, adjusting its grip to avoid damaging them.&nbsp;



In doing so, the experts have introduced a novel hybrid approach to robotic hands, merging rigid and soft elements in a way that mimics the human hand’s unique design.



The innovative research was conducted in the Neuroengineering and Biomedical Instrumentations Lab at <a href="https://neuroengineering.bme.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a>. The team previously developed an electronic “<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-tech-will-track-emotions-through-changes-in-our-skin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin</a>” with a humanlike sense of pain in 2018. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prosthetic-hand-with-sensing-capabilities-nbsp">Prosthetic hand with sensing capabilities&nbsp;</h2>



The new hand features a multi-finger setup made of rubberlike polymers over a rigid, 3D-printed skeleton. 



Its three layers of tactile sensors, modeled after the layers of human skin, go beyond simple contact detection to identify textures, shapes, and the precise force needed to pick up various items.



“The goal from the beginning has been to create a prosthetic hand that we model based on the human hand’s physical and sensing capabilities - a more natural prosthetic that functions and feels like a lost limb,” said Sriramana Sankar, a Johns Hopkins biomedical engineer who led the work.&nbsp;



“We want to give people with upper-limb loss the ability to safely and freely interact with their environment, to feel and hold their loved ones without concern of hurting them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-soft-and-rigid-elements">Bridging soft and rigid elements</h2>



In prosthetic technology, robotic hands have often been either too stiff to safely handle fragile objects or too soft to manage heavier ones. This new device tackles that issue by combining a pliable exterior with an internal frame.&nbsp;



The soft, air-filled finger joints can accommodate delicate items without crushing them, while the solid core provides the stability needed to lift or grip sturdier materials.



“We’re combining the strengths of both rigid and soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-with-space-to-think-will-become-more-useful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotics</a> to mimic the human hand,” Sankar explained.&nbsp;"The human hand isn’t completely rigid or purely soft - it’s a hybrid system, with bones, soft joints, and tissue working together. That’s what we want our prosthetic hand to achieve.”&nbsp;



Sankar noted that this is new territory for robotics and prosthetics, which haven’t fully embraced this hybrid technology before. “It’s being able to give a firm handshake or pick up a soft object without fear of crushing it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoring-the-sensation-of-touch-nbsp">Restoring the sensation of touch&nbsp;</h2>



Another central focus is restoring a sensation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-a-hidden-way-that-humans-feel-and-sense-touch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">touch</a> to individuals with upper-limb loss. The device employs machine learning algorithms to process signals from the artificial receptors embedded in its fingertips.&nbsp;



These signals merge with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-fuels-neuron-growth-through-muscle-signals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle</a> activity from the forearm to guide grip strength, finger positioning, and overall dexterity.



“The sensory information from its fingers is translated into the language of nerves to provide naturalistic sensory feedback through electrical nerve stimulation,” Sankar said. “Each of its soft air-filled finger joints can be controlled with the forearm’s muscles.”



For many prosthesis users, regaining the ability to “feel” objects is equally as important as being able to hold them.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifelike-prosthetic-hands-nbsp">Lifelike prosthetic hands&nbsp;</h2>



According to Nitish Thakor, a Johns Hopkins biomedical engineering professor who directed the work, any <a href="https://youtu.be/dnPrY7xA08c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifelike prosthetic hand</a> must incorporate three major components. 



First, sensors need to detect what the hand is touching; second, the system must convert that data into nerve-like signals; and third, the user’s nerves have to receive those signals as if they come from a natural limb.



“If you’re holding a cup of coffee, how do you know you’re about to drop it? Your palm and fingertips send signals to your brain that the cup is slipping,” Thakor said.&nbsp;



“Our system is neurally inspired - it models the hand’s touch receptors to produce nervelike messages so the prosthetics’ ‘brain,’ or its computer, understands if something is hot or cold, soft or hard, or slipping from the grip.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-successful-tests-on-everyday-objects">Successful tests on everyday objects</h2>



In controlled lab experiments, the researchers tested the new hand’s performance on 15 ordinary items, ranging from stuffed animals and dish sponges to pineapples and sturdy cardboard boxes. 



These trials showed the hand deftly recognized each object’s characteristics and adjusted its grip accordingly.



The team reported a success rate of 99.69% in handling these items without error, a marked improvement over existing prosthetic hands.&nbsp;



One notable demonstration involved the hand lifting a fragile plastic cup filled with water using only three fingers - without denting the cup or spilling the liquid.



Although the prototype represents a major step toward prostheses that blend humanlike sensitivity and adaptability, the researchers emphasize that the system is still in early development.&nbsp;



Stronger grip forces, additional sensors, and more durable materials are among the enhancements they envision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-prosthetics">What's next for prosthetics?</h2>



Thakor also sees this hybrid approach to dexterity benefiting not just amputees but the broader robotics field. 



Robots that can handle delicate objects, such as glassware or soft materials, while still possessing the strength for more demanding tasks will be vital in settings ranging from warehouses to healthcare facilities.



“This hybrid dexterity isn’t just essential for next-generation prostheses,” Thakor said. “It’s what the robotic hands of the future need because they won’t just be handling large, heavy objects. They’ll need to work with delicate materials such as glass, fabric, or soft toys.”&nbsp;



“That’s why a hybrid robot, designed like the human hand, is so valuable - it combines soft and rigid structures, just like our skin, tissue, and bones.”



As this technology matures, it could lead to more natural prosthetics that let users regain a full range of motion and sensation.&nbsp;



The engineers hope that the progress made here will spur further refinements, ultimately resulting in prosthetic hands that can handle everything from a gentle handshake to a firm grasp of heavier objects - all while preserving a truly humanlike sense of touch.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr9300" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.&nbsp;



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Future of prosthetics: Bionic hand 'knows' what it’s touching

A team of engineers has recently created a breakthrough prosthetic...

The universe is in a constant state of motion, shaped by gravity, collisions, and the unseen force of dark matter. Galaxy clusters - the largest gravitationally bound structures in the cosmos - contain vast amounts of hot gas, providing an ideal laboratory to study these interactions.



Scientists have long theorized that cluster mergers drive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/80-million-pixels-reveal-the-brilliance-of-a-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic evolution</a>, but finding direct evidence has remained a challenge.



A recent breakthrough by the <a href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xrism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">XRISM</a> collaboration has changed this. By examining X-ray data from the XRISM satellite, astronomers have uncovered large-scale flows of hot gas in the core of the Centaurus Cluster. 



The findings confirm that galaxy cluster collisions trigger a process known as “sloshing,” where hot gas moves in vast waves within the cluster.



This not only explains how clusters evolve but also provides a long-sought answer to a puzzling question - why does the gas in these clusters remain hot when it should have cooled long ago?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immense-gravitational-forces">Immense gravitational forces </h2>



Galaxy clusters are massive cosmic structures held together by dark matter. 



Astronomers have theorized that the immense gravitational forces between galaxies and galaxy clusters drive their growth through mergers and collisions. However, direct evidence for this has been lacking.



The discovery of sloshing gas in the Centaurus Cluster provides the strongest confirmation yet of these dynamic interactions.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-structure-in-universe-is-1-4-billion-light-years-long-quipu-superstructure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clusters</a> do not exist in isolation. They move, collide, and merge over billions of years, shaping the structure of the universe. 



When two clusters interact, their hot gas - known as the intracluster medium (ICM) - does not remain static. Instead, it is disturbed by these colossal encounters, triggering massive flows that propagate throughout the cluster.



This movement plays a crucial role in maintaining the high temperatures observed in these systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hot-gas-movement-in-a-galaxy-cluster">Hot gas movement in a galaxy cluster</h2>



The international XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission) collaboration has observed the Centaurus galaxy cluster with the XRISM satellite, launched in 2023 by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (<a href="https://global.jaxa.jp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAXA</a>). 



The onboard spectrometer, called Resolve, features advanced precision spectroscopy, allowing for the accurate identification of gas velocities.



Looking at the core of the Centaurus Cluster, including the central galaxy NGC 4696, the experts discovered for the first time a bulk flow of hot gas traveling around 130 to 310 kilometers per second in the line-of-sight from Earth.



They were also able to create a map of how the velocity varies at locations away from the center. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-direct-evidence-of-sloshing-gas">First direct evidence of sloshing gas </h2>



A task team led by Professor Yutaka Fujita from <a href="https://www.tmu.ac.jp/english/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tokyo Metropolitan University</a> and Professor Kosuke Sato from the <a href="https://www.kek.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">High Energy Accelerator Research Organization</a> analyzed the data. 



The team compared their findings with simulations and found that the observed gas movement matched a process known as “sloshing.”



This phenomenon occurs when hot gas, also called the intracluster medium (ICM), moves due to collisions with other galactic clusters. Their research provides the first direct evidence of this kind of “sloshing.” 



It confirms a long-standing hypothesis about how galaxy clusters evolve over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sloshing-gas-keeps-clusters-hot">Sloshing gas keeps clusters hot</h2>



This breakthrough does not just confirm a theoretical concept. It also provides a missing piece in understanding how galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-origins-of-young-star-clusters-traced-to-three-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clusters</a> maintain their extreme temperatures. 



The discovery that gas flows inside clusters act as a natural heat transport mechanism solves a major astrophysical mystery.



The study also solves a long-standing unsolved mystery for astronomers of how such bright X-ray emitting gas stays hot. 



Theoretically, such intense radiation should entail a loss of energy, leading to cooling of the gas; this is known as radiative cooling. The time scale over which this cooling should occur is shorter than the age of the cluster, but observations so far suggest that, somehow, the gas manages to stay hot. 



These new findings present an elegant solution to this problem. If the gas in the cluster core can “slosh,” involving vast bulk flows of gas to-and-fro around the center, energy can be transported to the core through a mixing process, keeping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-glittering-galaxies-captured-in-the-antlia-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gas</a> hot and the emissions bright. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-astrophysics">The future of astrophysics</h2>



These remarkably precise measurements are a significant leap forward in our understanding of the formation and evolution of galactic clusters.



With years still left in the XRISM mission, the world of astrophysics eagerly awaits more insights into the changing nature of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-seen-creating-their-own-food-gases-x-rays-fascinating-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



The ability to measure gas velocities with such high precision opens new doors for studying not just galaxy clusters but also other cosmic phenomena. Understanding how energy moves through space and how massive structures interact over time can help refine models of the universe’s evolution.



Future missions may build upon XRISM’s discoveries, using even more advanced technology to observe larger and more distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-galaxies-found-in-the-depths-of-the-spiderweb-protocluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clusters</a>. 



By continuing to study the motion of hot gas, astronomers hope to deepen their understanding of how the universe’s largest structures are shaped by time, gravity, and unseen forces.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08561-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



Image Credit: JAXA



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Colliding galaxy clusters stir up hot, 'sloshing' gas

The universe is in a constant state of motion, shaped...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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