<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

<p>The Earth's climate is a complex beast, full of twists and turns that span millennia. Researchers digging into the frozen history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-sheet-fracture-sets-a-speed-record-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic</a> ice have uncovered a startling revelation: today's carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are skyrocketing at a pace ten times faster than any natural spike in the last 50,000 years. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-dioxide-and-its-impact">Carbon dioxide and its impact</h2>



<p>CO2 is a naturally occurring gas in the Earth's atmosphere that plays a crucial role in regulating the planet's temperature. However, excessive amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere lead to a rise in global temperatures. This is due to the greenhouse effect, where CO2 traps heat radiated from the Earth's surface, preventing it from escaping into space.</p>



<p>CO2 levels have naturally fluctuated throughout Earth's history. Factors include volcanic activity and Earth's orbital patterns. However, the current rapid increase is mainly due to human activities. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, plays a big role. This burning releases large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. It leads to an imbalance in the natural carbon cycle.</p>



<p>This excess CO2 acts as a blanket, trapping heat and causing the planet to warm. The consequences of this warming are far-reaching and include rising sea levels, more frequent and intense heatwaves, disruptions to weather patterns, and threats to biodiversity. Addressing this issue requires a significant reduction in CO2 emissions through transitioning to cleaner energy sources and adopting sustainable practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores">Ice cores</h2>



<p>Ice cores,&nbsp;extracted from ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-suffered-extremely-rapid-ice-loss-after-the-last-ice-age-alarming-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> sheets such as those in Antarctica,&nbsp;serve as invaluable records of Earth's past climate.These long cylinders of ice are formed from the gradual accumulation of snow over centuries and millennia.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As the snow compresses into ice,&nbsp;tiny air bubbles become trapped within the layers.&nbsp;These air bubbles contain samples of the ancient atmosphere,&nbsp;preserving information about its composition at the time the ice formed.</p>



<p>Scientists extract gases from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-protective-ice-barriers-are-melting-at-double-the-pace/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> cores. They measure levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This data helps them build a timeline of Earth's climate. It shows natural fluctuations and human impacts on the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-spikes-and-ice-sheet-collapses">CO2 spikes and ice sheet collapses</h2>



<p>Previous research hinted at sudden CO2 jumps during the last <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-force-moves-ross-ice-shelf-antarctica-every-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> age,&nbsp;but the data wasn't detailed enough to paint a complete picture.&nbsp;Now,&nbsp;with more precise measurements,&nbsp;scientists have uncovered a fascinating pattern.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The CO2 spikes coincided with dramatic events called Heinrich Events, which were essentially massive collapses of the North American ice sheet that triggered abrupt climate shifts around the globe.</p>



<p>"These Heinrich Events are truly remarkable," said <a href="https://ceoas.oregonstate.edu/people/christo-buizert" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Christo Buizert</a>, an associate professor in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences and co-author of the study. "We think they are caused by a dramatic collapse of the North American ice sheet. This sets into motion a chain reaction that involves changes to the tropical monsoons, the Southern hemisphere westerly winds and these large burps of CO2 coming out of the oceans.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-cores-reveal-10x-faster-co2-rise">Ice cores reveal 10x faster CO2 rise</h2>



<p>Historical data from ice cores reveals that the most significant natural increase in atmospheric CO2 levels occurred over a period of 55 years. It has resulted in a rise of approximately 14 parts per million (ppm).&nbsp;</p>



<p>The current rate of CO2 increase is alarmingly fast. It is primarily caused by human activities. These activities include burning fossil fuels and deforestation. In the past, similar increases took much longer. Now, they happen in just five to six years.</p>



<p>This accelerated rate is unprecedented and highlights the significant impact human actions are having on the Earth's atmosphere and climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chilling-warning-for-the-future">Chilling warning for the future</h2>



<p>The research doesn't just offer a glimpse into the past; it raises red flags for our future. Past CO2 spikes were linked to changes in powerful winds called westerlies, which influence the ocean's ability to absorb CO2. Some research suggests these winds may strengthen again due to climate change, potentially hindering the Southern Ocean's ability to absorb our excess carbon emissions.</p>



<p>"We rely on the Southern Ocean to take up part of the carbon dioxide we emit,&nbsp;but rapidly increasing southerly winds weaken its ability to do so," warns Kathleen Wendt,&nbsp;the lead author of the study.</p>



<p>The Earth's climate is a complex puzzle,&nbsp;and the latest research from Antarctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> cores adds a crucial piece.&nbsp;The unprecedented rate at which we're pumping CO2 into the atmosphere is a wake-up call.&nbsp;It's as if we're hitting the fast-forward button on a natural process that typically unfolds over thousands of years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This new understanding of past climate shifts is valuable. It also serves as a stark reminder. We need to take urgent action. This is to mitigate the potentially devastating consequences of climate change.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319652121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Sea ice reveals that CO2 is rising at the fastest rate in 50,000 years

The Earth's climate is a complex beast, full of twists and...

<p>In recent years, avocados have become synonymous with modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-one-avocado-each-day-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating habits</a>, especially popular among millennials who frequent trendy cafés. However, this beloved fruit faces an imminent threat due to the worsening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-our-way-out-of-the-climate-crisis-with-farm-free-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crisis</a>. </p>



<p>Recent research predicts a significant decline in the world’s prime avocado-growing regions, with projections showing up to a 41% reduction by 2050. </p>



<p>The culprit? An increasingly hotter, drier climate, which poses a serious challenge to avocado cultivation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vulnerability-of-avocados">The vulnerability of avocados</h2>



<p>Avocados, often hailed as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-avocado-debate-understanding-the-impacts-of-our-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superfood</a>, require substantial amounts of water to thrive. This characteristic renders them particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. </p>



<p>According to the report titled "Getting Smashed: The climate danger facing avocados" released by <a href="https://www.christianaid.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">C</a><a href="https://www.christianaid.org.uk/news/what-we-do/avocados-are-getting-smashed-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hristian Aid</a>, if global warming continues unchecked, the suitable areas for growing this fruit could decrease dramatically. </p>



<p>"Avocados might be a superfood but their kryptonite is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-crop-growing-regions-are-shifting-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. They are thirsty plants that are ill-suited to a hotter, drought-prone planet," said Mariana Paoli, Global Advocacy Lead at Christian Aid.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impact-of-declining-avocado-production">Global impact of declining avocado production</h2>



<p>The decline in avocado production extends beyond just affecting enthusiasts of guacamole or avocado toast; it has significant global implications. As the seventh-largest importer of avocado crops, the UK exemplifies the fruit's importance on an international scale. </p>



<p>Avocados, rich in nutrients and healthy fats, form an essential component of diets worldwide. Moreover, ongoing research points to potential health benefits, including avocados' properties against diseases such as cancer. </p>



<p>Yet, the anticipated conditions of extreme heat and prolonged drought threaten the ability of avocado trees to thrive and produce fruit effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-regions-will-be-hit-harder-than-others">Some regions will be hit harder than others</h2>



<p>Specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-crop-growing-regions-are-shifting-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regions</a> are expected to suffer more than others. For example, Michoacán, a pivotal avocado-growing area in Mexico, might see its production capacity plummet by 59% by 2050, even if global temperature increases stay below 2°Celsius. </p>



<p>This region, like others, has experienced significant land clearance to meet the soaring demand, primarily from the US. Currently, Mexico leads the global avocado market, but the future seems uncertain with these climatic challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-response-and-the-call-for-action">The response and the call for action</h2>



<p>The report not only highlights the challenges faced due to climate change but also urges actionable responses. It calls for stronger support for farmers and emphasizes the urgency of reducing emissions. </p>



<p>Transitioning from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources is identified as a critical step in mitigating these adverse effects.</p>



<p>Beyond their environmental impact, avocados have also sparked significant cultural debate. In Australia, they became a symbol of generational economic discussions after millionaire Tim Gurner controversially linked millennials' penchant for avocado toast with their struggles in achieving home ownership in 2017.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-avocado-farming">The future of avocado farming</h2>



<p>As the situation evolves, it's clear that both producers and consumers face a challenging future. With prices likely to rise due to scarcity, significant shifts in the global market are anticipated. </p>



<p>Accordingly, the report urges wealthier nations to take robust actions to reduce their emissions and transition to cleaner energy solutions. These measures are crucial not just for those who enjoy this fruit, but for the global community reliant on such vital crops. </p>



<p>Ultimately, the steps we take now could determine their availability and affordability for generations to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-plight-of-avocado-farmers">The plight of avocado farmers</h2>



<p>Jolis Bigirimana, who leads Farmer’s Pride in Burundi, described the dire circumstances faced by avocado farmers.</p>



<p>‘We are experiencing hot temperatures, heavy rain, and erosion which is having a terrible impact on farmers' productivity and their income. We only have a very short period of rainfall here in Burundi and during that period avocado growers used to water their plants,” said Bigirimana.</p>



<p>“But because of climate change the weather is now more extreme and this has affected our productivity. It now costs us a lot of money to water our crops which has affected our income and is a threat to our livelihoods.”</p>



<p>"We need to see richer, polluting countries to cut their carbon emissions which is driving this extreme weather and also provide climate finance to help us adapt to the changing climate.”</p>



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Avocados are threatened by extreme climate conditions

In recent years, avocados have become synonymous with modern eating...

<p>According to a recent study, the summer of 2023 was the hottest in the Northern Hemisphere over the last two thousand years, marking it nearly four degrees Celsius warmer than the coldest recorded summer in the same period. This finding highlights a stark contrast in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/death-valley-may-reach-the-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature extremes</a> over the millennia.</p>



<p>While 2023 is recognized as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hottest year</a> on record, our reliance on instrumental records only dates back to approximately 1850, and even these are often geographically limited. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hottest-summer-since-the-peak-of-the-roman-empire-nbsp">Hottest summer since the peak of the Roman Empire&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A team of scientists from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> and <a href="https://www.uni-mainz.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz</a> has now extended this perspective by integrating data derived from tree rings, which chronicle climate changes annually and span two millennia.</p>



<p>Despite natural climate fluctuations over centuries, the summer of 2023 has set a new precedent, being the hottest since the peak of the Roman Empire, exceeding natural climate variability by half a degree Celsius.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-global-warming">Rapid global warming</h2>



<p>“When you look at the long sweep of history, you can see just how dramatic recent global warming is,” said Ulf Büntgen, an expert in dendroecology and paleoclimatology at Cambridge. “2023 was an exceptionally hot year, and this trend will continue unless we reduce<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> greenhouse gas emissions</a> dramatically.”</p>



<p>These findings also show that the thresholds set by the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aim to keep global warming below 1.5C above pre-industrial levels, have already been surpassed in the Northern Hemisphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-climate-patterns-nbsp">Historical climate patterns&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The scientists meticulously compared sparse and inconsistent early instrumental temperature records from 1850 to 1900 with extensive tree-ring data. This comparison not only provided a more comprehensive view of historical climate patterns but also led to the recalibration of the 19th-century temperature baseline, which is now understood to be several tenths of a degree Celsius cooler than previously estimated.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Consequently, the summer of 2023 in the Northern Hemisphere was found to be 2.07C warmer than the average temperatures between 1850 and 1900.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-better-perspective-on-climate-change-nbsp">A better perspective on climate change&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Many of the conversations we have around global warming are tied to a baseline temperature from the mid-19th century, but why is this the baseline? What is normal, in the context of a constantly-changing climate, when we’ve only got 150 years of meteorological measurements?” Büntgen said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Only when we look at climate reconstructions can we better account for natural variability and put recent anthropogenic climate change into context.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-rings-revealed-the-hottest-summer">Tree rings revealed the hottest summer</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-largest-ever-solar-storm-discovered-through-tree-rings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tree rings</a> are particularly valuable for this type of research, providing detailed and accurately dated records of past summer temperatures. These records indicate that most cooler periods in the last 2000 years followed major volcanic eruptions, like the one in 536 CE, which resulted in the coldest summer on record, being 3.93C colder than the summer of 2023. </p>



<p>In contrast, warmer periods are often linked to the El Niño climate pattern, which has been exacerbated by greenhouse gas emissions in recent decades, leading to stronger El Niño events and consequently hotter summers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-and-more-severe-heat-waves-nbsp">Longer and more severe heat waves&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“It’s true that the climate is always changing, but the warming in 2023, caused by greenhouse gasses, is additionally amplified by El Niño conditions, so we end up with longer and more severe heat waves and extended periods of drought,” said lead author Jan Esper, a professor of climate science at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“When you look at the big picture, it shows just how urgent it is that we reduce greenhouse gas emissions immediately.”</p>



<p>The scientists argued that while their results are robust for the Northern Hemisphere, it is more difficult to obtain global averages for the same period due to lack of data for the Southern Hemisphere. Moreover, the Southern Hemisphere also responds differently to global warming, since it is far more ocean-covered than the Northern Hemisphere.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07512-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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The summer of 2023 was the hottest in 2,000 years

According to a recent study, the summer of 2023 was...

<p>Recent findings from a global scientific review have cast a shadow over the effectiveness of market-based approaches to forest conservation. </p>



<p>Initiatives such as carbon offsets and deforestation-free certification schemes, while popular, appear to have made only limited progress in protecting forests and alleviating poverty. In some cases, these strategies have even exacerbated economic inequalities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comprehensive forest conservation study</h2>



<p>The review, conducted by the <a href="https://www.iufro.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union of Forest Research Organizations</a> (IUFRO), represents the most comprehensive examination of its kind in conservation. </p>



<p>The study draws on extensive academic research and fieldwork, encompassing the insights of 15,000 scientists across 120 countries. </p>



<p>The findings, presented at a high-level UN forum, underscore the urgent need for a reassessment of current conservation policies.</p>



<p>Maria Brockhaus, a contributing author from the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, emphasized the inadequacy of these market mechanisms. </p>



<p>"The evidence does not support the claim of win-wins or triple wins for environment, economy, and people," said Brockhaus. She noted that in regions where market-based policies have been prevalent for decades, poverty and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/declaring-an-area-protected-is-not-enough-to-prevent-forest-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest loss</a> remain persistent challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Challenges in market-based conservation</h2>



<p>The report underscores a concerning trend of complex and overlapping market schemes where financial actors and shareholders prioritize short-term profits over sustainable forest governance. </p>



<p>Constance McDermott, the lead author from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, pointed out the generally disappointing success rate. </p>



<p>Specific cases, such as a $120 million project in the Democratic Republic of Congo, benefited entrenched interests without addressing significant issues like logging by powerful businesses. </p>



<p>Similarly, in Malaysia, indigenous groups saw no benefits from a plantation venture promised to improve their livelihoods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unintended-consequences-and-global-policies">Unintended consequences and global policies</h2>



<p>The study also critiques green trade policies from affluent nations, such as the EU’s ban on imports linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-brands-fail-to-fight-against-deforestation-and-human-rights-violations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, intended as conservation measures. </p>



<p>While these policies may appear beneficial from a distance, they often fail to consider the adverse effects on local communities. </p>



<p>McDermott illustrated this by discussing the plight of farmers in Ghana, where - despite numerous sustainable and conservation initiatives - deforestation rates have increased, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paying-farmers-conservation-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farmers</a>' earnings have decreased.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-carbon-markets">The future of carbon markets</h2>



<p>Despite the turbulence in current strategies, carbon markets are poised to expand into a multi-billion-dollar industry as corporations aim to meet net-zero climate targets through purchasing credits. </p>



<p>These credits often originate from projects in developing countries aimed at reducing emissions. However, there is growing concern about the actual benefits reaching the poor communities involved.</p>



<p>Kenya’s President William Ruto has even touted Africa's carbon sinks as an "unparalleled economic goldmine," though the distribution of these potential billions remains uncertain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Radical rethink of market-based conservation </h2>



<p>The review from IUFRO and the insights of scientists like Brockhaus and McDermott call for a "radical rethink" of how market-based approaches are employed. </p>



<p>Without addressing the broader economic and governance challenges associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-forests-offset-a-years-worth-of-global-fossil-fuel-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest management</a>, these market mechanisms alone cannot solve the intricate problems of deforestation and poverty. </p>



<p>As the evidence mounts, the global community may need to pivot towards more integrated and holistic approaches to conservation and economic development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market-based approaches to forest conservation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Market-based approaches to forest conservation involve economic strategies that incentivize the protection and sustainable management of forests. </p>



<p>These methods aim to align financial incentives with conservation goals, making it economically advantageous for stakeholders to preserve forest ecosystems rather than deplete them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Carbon credits</h3>



<p>One common approach is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-carbon-credits-are-not-tied-to-forest-preservation-as-claimed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon credits</a>, where companies or governments pay for projects that reduce carbon emissions, such as reforestation or forest preservation, effectively turning carbon storage into a commodity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This not only provides financial support for conservation efforts but also helps combat climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecosystem services&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Another method is payment for ecosystem services, which compensates landowners for managing their land in ways that maintain its ecological benefits. These services might include clean water, biodiversity, and carbon storage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This approach gives economic value to the ecological functions of forests, encouraging landowners to maintain these landscapes rather than convert them for more destructive uses like agriculture or logging.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Eco-tourism&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Eco-tourism is also a significant market-driven conservation strategy, where revenue is generated by people visiting natural areas. </p>



<p>This revenue can provide a sustainable source of income for local communities and fund conservation efforts, making it financially viable for communities to keep forests intact rather than clear them for other types of development.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Certified forest products&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Trade in certified timber and non-timber forest products is another avenue. Certification schemes like the Forest Stewardship Council promote the responsible management of forests. </p>



<p>Products from certified forests are sold at premium prices, which can drive more sustainable practices in the forestry sector.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Market-based strategies fall short on forest conservation

Recent findings from a global scientific review have cast a...

<p>A recent study published by <a href="https://corp.oup.com/">Oxford University Press</a> highlights a disturbing trend in the health of coral reefs globally, underscoring the severe implications of climate change on ocean temperatures and circulation patterns.</p>



<p>Over the past year, these vital ecosystems have experienced unprecedented levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleaching</a> and mortality, particularly around the Caribbean, the coasts of Mexico and Central America, and several Pacific islands including Kiribati and Fiji. </p>



<p>The data reveals a grim future, suggesting that coral reefs might soon vanish if current trends persist.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Record temperatures and coral reefs</h2>



<p>2023 has been a record-breaking year, witnessing the highest temperatures ever measured both on land and in the oceans. Particularly affected regions, like those around Jamaica, saw the most extreme daily air temperatures and prolonged periods of elevated sea surface temperatures. </p>



<p>These significant thermal anomalies have led to the most severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching</a> events recorded in the Northern Hemisphere to date. Given the trends observed, similar devastating impacts on coral reefs are anticipated for the Southern Hemisphere in early 2024.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closer-look-at-hotspots">Closer look at hotspots</h2>



<p>The researchers employed hotspot analysis to predict bleaching events, identifying areas where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea surface</a> temperature exceeded the average of the warmest month by more than one degree Celsius. </p>



<p>These findings were based on open-access ocean temperature data obtained from satellite observations, providing crucial insights into the patterns of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greater-temperature-changes-linked-to-worse-extinction-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature anomalies</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Spatial and temporal trends in 2023</h2>



<p>The research provided a detailed examination of the spatial and temporal distribution of coral bleaching hotspots over the course of 2023. It showed that major ocean currents underwent significant warming, indicative of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-could-speed-up-global-2c-temperature-rise-by-eight-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">accelerated heat</a> transport from tropical regions to the poles. </p>



<p>This warming is not only affecting sub-polar oceans but also contributing to the rapid melting of polar ice and increased stratification of ocean layers - critical elements of global warming not fully captured in current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projections. </p>



<p>These changes pose significant threats to the health and survival of coral reefs globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-dire-warning-for-coral-reefs">A dire warning for coral reefs</h2>



<p>According to Thomas Goreau, the lead author of the study, the plight of coral reefs has been worsening since the 1980s, with high temperatures leading to widespread bleaching and death. </p>



<p>"Coral reefs, the most vulnerable of all ecosystems, began to bleach and die from high temperatures starting in the 1980s. Most coral around the world has been killed, and survivors can’t take more warming," Goreau explained. </p>



<p>He emphasized that the sudden spike in global temperatures during 2023 further jeopardizes these ecosystems, indicating that large-scale changes in ocean circulation are occurring, causing positive feedback that amplifies global warming effects not included in IPCC models.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-urgency-of-addressing-climate-change">The urgency of addressing climate change</h2>



<p>The findings of this research underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate climate change impacts. </p>



<p>As ocean temperatures continue to rise and disrupt natural processes, the survival of coral reefs and the overall health of marine environments are at stake. </p>



<p>This study serves as a crucial call to action, urging global efforts to understand and combat the underlying causes of climate change before it's too late for our planet's most delicate ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Coral reefs and rising temperatures&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Coral reefs are vibrant underwater ecosystems, often referred to as the rainforests of the sea due to their rich biodiversity. </p>



<p>These delicate structures are built by colonies of tiny animals called coral polyps, which form symbiotic relationships with algae known as zooxanthellae. The algae provide corals with food through photosynthesis and contribute to their vibrant colors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental changes</h3>



<p>However, coral reefs are extremely sensitive to changes in their environment, particularly to rising ocean temperatures. </p>



<p>As temperatures increase, corals experience stress, which leads to bleaching. This occurs when the stressed corals expel the zooxanthellae, losing their color and main source of food. </p>



<p>Bleaching can cause widespread die-offs. Even when corals survive a bleaching event, they are more susceptible to disease and death.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Profound impacts</h3>



<p>The impact of rising temperatures on coral reefs is profound. Reefs protect coastal areas from storm surge and erosion, support fishing industries, and are hotspots for marine biodiversity. Their decline affects not only the marine species that depend on them but also the livelihoods of millions of people worldwide.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/oocc/article/4/1/kgae005/7666987" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford Open Climate Change</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Coral reefs could vanish if temperatures continue to rise

A recent study published by Oxford University Press highlights a...

<p>In a significant shift, Japan’s Fisheries Agency has proposed the inclusion of fin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-alarming-decline-and-hopeful-recovery-of-fin-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a> in its commercial whaling activities - a move that extends beyond the current catch of three smaller whale species. </p>



<p>This announcement marks another step in the country's contentious journey with whaling, particularly since resuming commercial operations within its exclusive economic zone after exiting the International Whaling Commission in 2019.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A tradition revisited</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japan-commercial-whaling/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commercial whaling</a> resumed after Japan withdrew from international oversight, ending three decades of what was termed "research whaling." This practice was heavily criticized by global conservation communities, condemned as a guise for commercial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-whaling-wiped-two-species-of-whales-in-the-eastern-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whaling</a>, which had been prohibited since 1988. </p>



<p>Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi emphasized the cultural significance of whaling in Japan. "Whales are an important food resource and we believe they should be sustainably utilized just like any other marine resources, based on scientific evidence. It is also important to carry on Japan's traditional food culture."</p>



<p>The Fisheries Agency is now soliciting public feedback on this proposal until June 5, aiming for approval in the mid-June review meeting. </p>



<p>According to the agency, extensive stock surveys have indicated a sufficient recovery of the fin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fin-whales-are-finally-rebounding-in-the-antarctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale population</a> in the North Pacific, supporting the case for their inclusion in commercial whaling quotas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-proposal">Implications of the proposal</h2>



<p>Despite the inclusion of fin whales, Japan's agency emphasized that this expansion is not aimed at significantly increasing the supply of whale meat. Additionally, whalers targeting fin whales will not be subject to a specific quota.</p>



<p>For context, the quota for the other three species this year is set at 379, following a year in which only 294 whales were caught. </p>



<p>This catch is well below the allocated quota and much less than the numbers previously harvested in Antarctic and northwestern Pacific operations under the guise of research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-economic-perspectives">Cultural and economic perspectives</h2>



<p>The evolution of Japan's relationship with whale meat has been marked by necessity and cultural shifts. Post-World War II, whale meat was a critical, affordable protein source, with consumption peaking at 233,000 tons in 1962. </p>



<p>However, as other meats became available, whale meat’s popularity waned, with recent consumption dwindling to approximately 2,000 tons per year. </p>



<p>Despite this decline, some local voices, like Hideyuki Saito from Saitama, express a desire for a resurgence in popularity. "I want more people to appreciate the taste of whale," said Saito.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Global reactions to fin whale hunting</h2>



<p>Internationally, the practice of whaling, particularly the inclusion of fin whales, remains highly controversial. </p>



<p>For instance, Shirley Bosworth from Australia opposes whaling, highlighting the need for protection of these majestic creatures, which are often helped back to sea by communities when beached on Australian shores. </p>



<p>On the innovation front, <a href="https://www.kyodo-senpaku.co.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyodo Senpaku Co.</a>, a leading whaling company, has introduced whale meat vending machines and recently unveiled a new mother ship costing 7.5 billion yen, promising a commitment to sustainable whaling practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The future of fin whale hunting in Japan</h2>



<p>As Japan navigates the complexities of cultural heritage and global conservation efforts, the balance between traditional practices and ecological sustainability continues to be a pivotal challenge. </p>



<p>The proposal by the Fisheries Agency to include fin whales reflects a nation’s attempt to honor its past while engaging with the present - a conversation that remains as dynamic as the seas from which these debates have sprung.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about fin whales&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fin whales are the second-largest species of whale, closely following the blue whale in size. They can reach lengths of up to 85 feet and are known for their incredible speed and agility in the water, earning them the nickname "the greyhound of the sea."&nbsp;</p>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-whales-contribute-to-carbon-capture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a> have a distinctive asymmetrical head coloring, with the right lower jaw being bright white and the left side dark. They are baleen whales, using their fringed plates to filter small fish, squid, and krill from the ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Found throughout the world's oceans, from polar to tropical waters, fin whales prefer deep, offshore environments. Despite their vast range, they are listed as vulnerable due to past whaling practices which drastically reduced their numbers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Japan seeks to include fin whales in commercial hunts

In a significant shift, Japan’s Fisheries Agency has proposed the...

Protesters,Holding,Signs,With,Slogans,There's,No,Planet,B,And

<p>Despite deeply entrenched differences in beliefs about climate change, both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-are-gaping-divisions-in-americans-views-on-the-climate-debate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">liberals and conservatives</a> exhibit a surprising readiness to engage in climate actions. </p>



<p>This striking conclusion comes from a global experiment that involved 50,000 participants from various countries, including the United States, China, and Germany. </p>



<p>The study was led by researchers from <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York University</a>, whose findings challenge the traditional narrative of ideological deadlock on environmental issues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-actions-speak-louder-than-beliefs">Actions speak louder than beliefs</h2>



<p>The research reveals a nuanced picture: while political beliefs about climate change differ sharply, these do not necessarily prevent meaningful action. </p>



<p>In the experiment, conservatives - despite their skeptical views on climate change - participated in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-vast-majority-of-americans-support-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> actions at levels comparable to their liberal counterparts. </p>



<p>This phenomenon suggests that conservatives are willing to act against climate change, and not because their beliefs align with the liberal perspective.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-messaging-for-climate-belief">Effective messaging for climate belief </h2>



<p>The researchers also explored how different messages influence the beliefs and policy support among both political groups. </p>



<p>Various interventions were tested, from emphasizing the scientific consensus on climate change to asking participants to write letters to future generations about the climate actions they are taking to secure a livable planet. </p>



<p>Interestingly, while some messages like emphasizing scientific consensus did not sway conservatives beliefs, others (particularly those involving personal or future-focused narratives) increased engagement on climate actions across the board.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Proactive climate actions</h2>



<p>The researchers found that the effectiveness of climate action interventions varies significantly depending on the audience. For instance, presenting climate actions as responses to a widely recognized crisis might alienate conservatives. </p>



<p>Conversely, framing these actions within an ideological framework that resonates with conservative values can enhance engagement. </p>



<p>A key finding was that informing conservatives of broad concern about climate change actually decreased their likelihood of participating in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-planting-campaigns-fall-short-of-successful-reforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree-planting</a> efforts. </p>



<p>This emphasizes the importance of crafting messages that resonate with specific ideological groups to encourage proactive climate actions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-engagement-and-polarization">Global engagement and polarization</h2>



<p>The expansive scope of this experiment sheds light on global attitudes towards climate change. It confirmed a stark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/politicians-extreme-fueling-polarization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polarization</a> in beliefs and policy support: liberals across the world are more likely to believe in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-caused climate change</a> and support relevant policies compared to conservatives. </p>



<p>However, the silver lining is that irrespective of these beliefs, there is a shared willingness to take action among both groups, suggesting a common ground that can be built upon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Path forward</h2>



<p>The results of this research are invaluable for policymakers and climate activists who are trying to overcome deep-seated ideological differences. </p>



<p>By identifying which strategies effectively reach across political lines, they can develop more effective ways to increase participation and promote unified actions against climate change.</p>



<p>The research instills a sense of hope, highlighting the capacity for collective efforts to address significant global issues. It demonstrates that, despite strong partisan beliefs regarding climate change, there is a broad-based willingness to take constructive actions. This transcends political boundaries, presenting a rare chance for building consensus and engaging in cooperative endeavors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">International views on climate action</h2>



<p>International views on climate action are diverse, shaped by each country's unique environmental, economic, and political contexts.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Developed countries&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Developed nations often lead in advocating for stringent climate policies, driven by a combination of environmental awareness, technological capacity, and international pressure. These countries typically focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing renewable energy usage, and investing in sustainable technologies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Developing countries</h3>



<p>Developing countries, while increasingly acknowledging the importance of climate action, face more complex challenges. Many are dealing with immediate issues like poverty and development, which can make costly climate initiatives less of a priority.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, they are also among the most vulnerable to climate impacts, which drives their interest in global climate agreements like the Paris Agreement.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These nations often call for more support from developed countries in terms of funding, technology transfer, and capacity building to help them mitigate and adapt to climate changes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Emerging economies&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Emerging economies, such as China and India, play critical roles due to their large populations and rapid industrial growth. These countries have made significant commitments to reduce carbon intensity but often emphasize the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities."&nbsp;</p>



<p>This principle acknowledges that while all nations must participate in climate action, developed nations have a greater responsibility due to their historical emissions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Local climate initiatives&nbsp;</h3>



<p>There is also a growing recognition of the role of non-state actors, including cities, regions, and corporations, in driving climate action. These entities often undertake ambitious climate initiatives that exceed national policies, especially in countries where national leadership on climate change is lacking.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate diplomacy&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Internationally, climate diplomacy is increasingly central, with countries leveraging their contributions to global climate action as part of their international influence and leadership.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The global dialogue continues to evolve, often pivoting around major international meetings like the United Nations Climate Change Conferences, where negotiations reflect the complex interplay of global equity, economic development, and environmental preservation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48112-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Conservatives and liberals unite on climate action despite different beliefs

Despite deeply entrenched differences in beliefs about climate change, both...

<p>Sleep, that elusive yet essential state, continues to fascinate scientists and the general public alike. With research underscoring its crucial role in everything from heart health to cognitive function, the pursuit of quality sleep has never been more pressing. Enter an unlikely hero: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-is-beneficial-for-physical-and-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardening</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-deprivation-epidemic">Sleep deprivation epidemic</h2>



<p>In our modern, hyper-connected world, the relentless pace of life and constant barrage of digital stimuli have created an environment where quality sleep is often sacrificed. </p>



<p>Smartphones, tablets, and laptops beckon us with endless entertainment, social media updates, and work emails, making it difficult to disconnect and wind down before bed. </p>



<p>The blue light emitted by these devices further disrupts our natural sleep-wake cycle by suppressing the production of melatonin, the hormone responsible for regulating sleep.</p>



<p>Studies have consistently shown that a significant proportion of adults, particularly those in industrialized nations, regularly fail to meet the recommended 7-8 hours of sleep per night. This chronic sleep deprivation, accumulating over time, has dire consequences for both physical and mental well-being. </p>



<p>Research has linked insufficient sleep to a heightened risk of chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even certain types of cancer. </p>



<p>Additionally, sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function, hindering memory, attention span, decision-making abilities, and creativity. It can also lead to mood swings, irritability, and an increased risk of developing mental health disorders like depression and anxiety.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapeutic-power-of-gardening-for-sleep">Therapeutic power of gardening for sleep</h2>



<p>While pharmaceuticals and sleep aids offer temporary relief for some, an emerging body of research suggests that a more natural solution might be found in the soil. </p>



<p>A recent study has revealed a compelling association between gardening and improved sleep quality.</p>



<p>“According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://sph.fudan.edu.cn/employee/158" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Activity Guideline for Americans</a>&nbsp;(2nd edition), gardening is a muscle-strengthening and multicomponent physical activity with one of the lowest injury risks, which is appropriate and recommended for older adults,” said study author&nbsp;<a href="https://sph.fudan.edu.cn/employee/158">Xiang Gao</a>, a dean and distinguished professor at <a href="https://www.fudan.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fudan University</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-between-gardening-and-sleep">Connection between gardening and sleep</h2>



<p>In their quest to understand the potential connection between gardening and sleep, the researchers turned to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a comprehensive health survey conducted annually across the United States. </p>



<p>This vast dataset provided them with a unique opportunity to analyze responses from over 62,000 adults, offering a wide range of demographic, lifestyle, and health information.</p>



<p>By meticulously comparing individuals who engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-can-improve-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardening</a> activities to those who did not exercise at all (non-exercisers) and those who participated in other forms of exercise, the researchers were able to isolate the specific impact of gardening on sleep patterns. </p>



<p>This approach allowed them to account for potential confounding factors and determine whether gardening had a unique association with sleep quality.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-benefits-for-sleep">Unique benefits for sleep</h2>



<p>The results of this analysis were striking. Gardeners consistently reported significantly fewer sleep complaints compared to both non-exercisers and individuals engaged in other forms of exercise. </p>



<p>This finding suggests that gardening may offer unique benefits for sleep that go beyond the general positive effects associated with physical activity.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the researchers observed a dose-dependent relationship between gardening and sleep quality. Individuals who spent more time gardening reported even fewer sleep complaints, indicating that the benefits of gardening for sleep may increase with greater engagement in this activity. </p>



<p>This observation opens up intriguing possibilities for using gardening as a potential therapeutic intervention for sleep disorders.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-blooming-field-of-possibilities">A blooming field of possibilities</h2>



<p>While this study offers tantalizing clues, it's just the tip of the iceberg. Scientists are eager to uncover the precise mechanisms behind gardening's sleep-enhancing effects. Several potential factors are under investigation:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical activity</h3>



<p>Gardening is not just a leisure activity; it's a form of exercise that involves various physical movements. Activities like digging, weeding, planting, and harvesting require the use of multiple muscle groups, from arms to legs, contributing to overall physical fitness. </p>



<p>Regular physical activity, such as gardening, enhances cardiovascular health, strengthens muscles, and improves flexibility. These physical benefits are crucial as they are directly linked to better sleep quality. </p>



<p>Engaging in such activities helps tire the body in a healthy way, leading to more restful and deeper sleep cycles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sunlight exposure</h3>



<p>Gardening typically requires spending significant time outdoors, which naturally increases exposure to sunlight. This exposure is essential for regulating our circadian rhythm, the body’s natural clock that dictates sleep patterns. </p>



<p>Sunlight helps maintain a healthy circadian rhythm by influencing the production of melatonin, a hormone that induces sleep. The more aligned our circadian rhythm is, the better our chances of falling asleep at the right time and enjoying uninterrupted sleep.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stress reduction</h3>



<p>The tranquil nature of gardening activities, from tending to plants to touching the soil, can significantly reduce levels of cortisol, the body's primary stress hormone. </p>



<p>High cortisol levels can interfere with sleep by keeping the body in a heightened state of alertness or anxiety. Gardening helps mitigate this by fostering a calming environment, allowing individuals to relax both physically and mentally. </p>



<p>This reduction in stress creates a more conducive atmosphere for sleep, making it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep throughout the night.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mindfulness and connection with nature</h3>



<p>Gardening offers a unique opportunity to engage in mindfulness through close interaction with the natural environment. The focus required in nurturing plants, observing their growth, and connecting with the earth can significantly reduce mental clutter and daily worries. </p>



<p>The practice of mindfulness and increased connection with nature can lead to a decrease in rumination - the repetitive, often negative, thinking that can disrupt sleep - and promote a more peaceful mind that is ready for sleep.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sense of accomplishment</h3>



<p>Gardening produces visible and tangible results, whether it's the growth of new plants, the blossoming of flowers, or the harvest of fruits and vegetables. These outcomes provide a significant sense of accomplishment and can boost self-esteem. </p>



<p>Achieving goals and witnessing the fruits of one's labor can offer emotional satisfaction and joy, which contribute to a positive state of mind at bedtime. Feeling good about one's achievements during the day can ease the transition into sleep, making it more likely to enjoy a restful night.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-gardener-s-guide-to-nurturing-your-sleep">A gardener's guide to nurturing your sleep</h2>



<p>Eager to cultivate your own sleep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-hacks-social-media/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">garden</a>? Here are a few tips to get you started:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Choose the right plants:</strong>&nbsp;Opt for fragrant herbs like lavender,&nbsp;chamomile,&nbsp;or jasmine,&nbsp;known for their calming properties.</li>



<li><strong>Create a sensory haven:</strong>&nbsp;Incorporate elements that engage all the senses,&nbsp;such as wind chimes,&nbsp;soft lighting,&nbsp;and comfortable seating.</li>



<li><strong>Garden mindfully:</strong>&nbsp;Focus on the present moment,&nbsp;noticing the feel of the soil,&nbsp;the scent of the flowers,&nbsp;and the sounds of nature.</li>



<li><strong>Keep a garden journal:</strong>&nbsp;Record your observations,&nbsp;thoughts,&nbsp;and feelings,&nbsp;allowing yourself to reflect and de-stress.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-sleep-the-bountiful-harvest-of-gardening">Beyond sleep: The bountiful harvest of gardening</h2>



<p>The potential benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-got-a-major-boost-from-the-covid-19-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardening</a> don't stop at sleep. Ongoing research by Gao and his team suggests that gardening may also protect against cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. </p>



<p>This underscores the interconnectedness of our physical, mental, and emotional health and the profound impact that simple activities like gardening can have.</p>



<p>As scientists continue to delve into the multifaceted relationship between gardening and well-being, we can expect to see even more evidence supporting its therapeutic potential. It's a reminder that sometimes, the most effective remedies are not found in a bottle, but in the natural world around us.</p>



<p>Whether you're a seasoned gardener or a novice with a budding interest, consider adding this fulfilling activity to your routine. Not only will you reap the rewards of fresh produce and a beautiful landscape, but you might also cultivate a healthier mind, body, and, most importantly, a more restful night's sleep.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <em class=""><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032724005263" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Affective Disorders</a></em>.</p>



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Gardening significantly improves sleep quality in adults

Sleep, that elusive yet essential state, continues to fascinate scientists...

Isopoda,"powder,Red",On,Wood.,Isopoda,Is,An,Order,Of

<p>Recent research into the eating habits of desert isopods reveals how these small creatures make complex choices about what they eat, which in turn affects their survival and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-secret-love-lives-of-woodlice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems they inhabit</a>. </p>



<p>This study provides valuable insights into the subtle dynamics of food selection in harsh environments and highlights the role of isopods in maintaining ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-insights-into-desert-isopods">Nutritional insights into desert isopods</h2>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Moshe Zaguri under the mentorship of Prof. Dror Hawlena at the <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University</a>, with collaboration from Prof. David Raubenheimer at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a>. </p>



<p>Their findings, published in Ecology Letters, examine the multifaceted factors influencing the dietary decisions of the desert isopods, known scientifically as <em>Hemilepistus reaumuri</em>.</p>



<p>These creatures primarily consume dry plant leaves and a nutritionally sparse yet crucial component called biological soil crust (BSC). BSC is the upper layer of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-microbes-survive-the-desert-by-sleeping-through-the-dry-spells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert soils</a>, teeming with microorganisms vital for the isopods' diet. </p>



<p>The study focused on how isopods manage their intake of proteins, sugars, and particularly calcium, which is essential for building their exoskeletons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-regulation-and-food-choices">Nutrient regulation and food choices</h2>



<p>The researchers found that desert isopods are adept at adjusting their diet to maintain an optimal balance of nutrients. They typically obtain most of their proteins and sugars from dry leaves, but turn to soil crust to meet their significant calcium needs.</p>



<p>Interestingly, a notable twist in the research involved adding artificial calcium sources to the leaf litter. While this approach fulfilled the isopods' calcium requirements, it unexpectedly led to stunted growth.</p>



<p>Additionally, further experiments used gamma-radiation to sterilize the soil crust, which preserved its nutritional content but eradicated the microorganisms. </p>



<p>Isopods feeding on this sterilized crust displayed different growth patterns and lower assimilation efficiencies than those consuming live <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-organisms-manage-water-in-the-worlds-driest-places/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological soil crust</a> (BSC).</p>



<p>These findings indicate that the live microorganisms within the BSC are essential for helping isopods efficiently digest the fibrous plant material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-preferences-of-desert-isopods">Surprising preferences of desert isopods</h2>



<p>Field observations and lab tests showed that contrary to expectations, isopods preferred the macronutrient-poor BSC over richer plant litter, consuming it three times as much. </p>



<p>Even when the calcium intake was the same, isopods thrived better on natural BSC than on artificial diets. When consuming gamma-radiation sterilized BSC, the isopods increased their consumption but grew more slowly, further underscoring the importance of live microorganisms in their diet.</p>



<p>"Our findings underscore the complexity of dietary decision-making among desert isopods and highlight the importance of considering multifaceted factors in understanding trophic interactions," Dr. Zaguri highlighted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desert-isopods-as-key-players-in-ecosystem-management">Desert isopods as key players in ecosystem management</h2>



<p>Understanding how desert isopods select their food and regulate their nutrient intake sheds light on broader ecological dynamics.</p>



<p>These insights are crucial for ecosystem management and conservation, suggesting that maintaining the natural balance of microorganisms in soil crusts could be key to supporting healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-desert-plants-are-not-immune-to-climate-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert ecosystems</a>.</p>



<p>This research highlights the deep interconnectedness between organisms and their environments, underscoring its implications for the management and conservation of fragile ecosystems. </p>



<p>It reveals how the dietary choices of desert isopods affect their survival and the overall health of their habitat. By understanding these relationships, conservation strategies can be better tailored to preserve these delicate ecological systems.</p>



<p>The findings also open the door for more interdisciplinary studies that aim to dissect the complex interactions influencing dietary behaviors and ecosystem health. </p>



<p>This future research will further elucidate how various environmental and biological factors interplay to shape the dynamics within ecosystems. </p>



<p>Such studies are crucial for developing more effective conservation practices and for fostering a deeper understanding of ecological balance.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.tdz08kq57" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Desert isopods balance their diets to boost ecosystem health

Recent research into the eating habits of desert isopods reveals...

Plastic,Garbage,On,The,Mountain,River,Bank

<p>The sight of plastic pollution in rivers is unfortunately all too familiar. Images of bottles bobbing along the surface or plastic bags snagged on branches are emblematic of a growing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental crisis</a>. However, the problem runs much deeper -- literally. </p>



<p>A significant portion of plastic pollution in our rivers is invisible to the naked eye, consisting of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics and fragments</a> that sink beneath the surface. </p>



<p>This hidden reality has significant implications for our understanding of the problem and our ability to address it effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-and-nanoplastics-lurking-below">Microplastics and nanoplastics lurking below</h2>



<p>While larger plastic items like bottles and bags are easily visible and recognizable as pollutants, the majority of plastic pollution consists of less conspicuous forms. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-discovered-in-every-human-placenta-tested-after-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a>, tiny particles less than 5 millimeters in size, are a major contributor to this problem. </p>



<p>These particles originate from various sources, including the degradation of larger plastic debris over time, microbeads intentionally added to personal care products, and fibers shed from synthetic clothing during laundry. </p>



<p>Due to their small size, microplastics often evade detection and can be easily ingested by aquatic organisms, accumulating within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food chain</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-larger-plastic-debris-sinks-to-river-bottoms">Larger plastic debris sinks to river bottoms</h2>



<p>Larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-increases-create-identical-plastic-pollution-increase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic items</a> can also become submerged, posing a hidden threat to aquatic ecosystems. This occurs due to several factors. </p>



<p>The density of the plastic material itself plays a role, with denser plastics sinking more readily. The shape of the object also influences its buoyancy, as irregular shapes can trap air and temporarily prevent sinking. </p>



<p>Additionally, the presence of biofilms can significantly alter the fate of plastic debris. Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can colonize plastic surfaces, increasing their weight and causing them to sink. </p>



<p>Once submerged, these plastics can interact with the benthic environment, potentially impacting sediment composition, oxygen levels, and the organisms inhabiting the riverbed. </p>



<p>Furthermore, submerged plastics can leach harmful chemicals into the water, further compromising water quality and ecological balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-pollution-in-rivers">Plastic pollution in rivers</h2>



<p>A study led by James Lofty, a Ph.D. researcher at Cardiff University's <a href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/engineering" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Engineering</a>, has shed new light on the behavior of sinking plastics in rivers. </p>



<p>Lofty and his team conducted a series of experiments in which they released over 3,000 plastic items into large water channels designed to simulate real-world river conditions.</p>



<p>Using high-resolution cameras, they tracked the movement of these plastics, uncovering surprising findings. Contrary to previous assumptions, plastic fragments don't always sink in a uniform manner. </p>



<p>Their orientation can change as they descend, significantly impacting their sinking speed and ultimately their distribution within the river.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>"In our study, we demonstrate how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-kills-ocean-embryos-during-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> sink in different orientations. This significantly changes how fast a particle sinks. Previously it was thought that plastics always find a stable sinking orientation and therefore sink at a constant speed," explained Mr. Lofty.</p>



<p>"However, we've shown this is not the case for plastics which are fragmented and fractured. This is important, as the sinking rate of a plastic particle is essential for understanding its transport. This finding significantly changes our understanding of how plastics move in rivers," Lofty continued.</p>
</blockquote>



<p>This new understanding has far-reaching implications for how we quantify and manage plastic pollution in our waterways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-rivers-invisible-plastic-pollution">Tracking rivers invisible plastic pollution</h2>



<p>The research team leveraged their experimental findings to advance their understanding of plastic pollution dynamics in rivers. </p>



<p>They integrated their newly acquired knowledge about the varying sinking behaviors of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-river-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic types</a> into established physics-based equations that were initially designed for sediment transport prediction. </p>



<p>This integration involved adapting the equations to account for the unique characteristics of plastic debris, such as its density, shape, and size distribution. </p>



<p>By incorporating these plastic-specific parameters, the researchers developed a refined model that can quantify the transport and distribution of submerged plastic pollution in rivers with a high degree of accuracy. </p>



<p>This model offers a valuable tool for assessing the extent of plastic pollution in aquatic environments and informing targeted mitigation strategies. "Our method can be used in any river on account of it using this very well-known equation also used for sediments," noted Mr. Lofty.</p>



<p>This innovative approach overcomes the limitations of previous methods, such as underwater cameras and sonar, which are impractical for widespread use in rivers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>The study's findings underscore the importance of taking a comprehensive approach to tackling plastic pollution. We can no longer focus solely on the visible debris floating on the surface. The invisible plastics lurking beneath demand our attention as well.</p>



<p>By understanding the full scope of the problem, we can develop more targeted and effective solutions. This includes not only cleaning up existing pollution but also preventing more plastic from entering our rivers in the first place. </p>



<p>This will require a multi-pronged approach, encompassing everything from improved waste management practices to innovative materials and technologies that reduce our reliance on single-use plastics.</p>



<p>The research by Lofty and his team is a crucial step in this ongoing battle. By unveiling the hidden world of sinking plastics, they have empowered us with the knowledge and tools we need to protect our rivers and the delicate ecosystems they support.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135424002082?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water Research</a></em>.</p>



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Major plastic pollution lurks beneath the surface of rivers

The sight of plastic pollution in rivers is unfortunately all...

<p>The Amazon rainforest, often hailed as the "lungs of the Earth," is facing a dire threat from an unexpected source: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-wildfire-years-are-just-getting-started/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> raging through its untouched, old-growth forests. Despite a decrease in deforestation rates in 2023, a new <a href="https://terrabrasilis.dpi.inpe.br/queimadas/situacao-atual/estatisticas/estatisticas_estados/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survey</a> reveals a staggering 152% increase in these devastating fires compared to the previous year.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradoxical-problem-of-amazon-wildfire">Paradoxical problem of Amazon wildfire</h2>



<p>While deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has decreased, the escalating threat of wildfires presents a significant and multifaceted obstacle. This situation challenges the region's environmental well-being, highlighting the complexity of maintaining ecosystem health amid changing climate conditions.</p>



<p>The sharp increase in wildfires is particularly alarming as it predominantly affects untouched, old-growth forests. These areas have historically been spared from such extensive destruction. This represents a significant and worrying shift in the ecological balance of the region. Such changes threaten the stability and health of these critical ecosystems, which have long been preserved.</p>



<p>A comprehensive study, utilizing detailed satellite imagery analysis, revealed a staggering increase in forest wildfires from 13,477 in 2022 to 34,012 in 2023. This dramatic surge is primarily attributed to the prolonged drought conditions plaguing the region, highlighting the interconnectedness of environmental factors and the need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate the complex interplay of deforestation, drought, and fire. </p>



<p>The escalating frequency and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-on-warming-planet-requires-adaptive-capacity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> not only threaten the Amazon's biodiversity and carbon storage capacity but also jeopardize the livelihoods of local communities and indigenous populations who depend on the forest for their sustenance and cultural heritage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-and-the-domino-effect">Drought and the domino effect</h2>



<p>The Amazon region has been grappling with increasingly frequent and prolonged dry spells. Past droughts in 2010 and 2015-16 had already left the forest more susceptible to fire, causing fragmentation of the plant cover. The ongoing drought, which began last year, has only exacerbated this vulnerability.</p>



<p>"Climate change is a key driver of the increase in forest fires, and El Niño has also added risk owing to its links with the prolonged drought in the region," noted IBAMA/PREVFOGO, the National Center for Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention.</p>



<p>The first three months of 2023 alone witnessed 7,861 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-in-siberia-are-a-growing-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> in the Amazon, surpassing the figures for any of the previous eight years. This disturbing trend highlights the urgency of the situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-wildfire-s-fiery-footprint">Amazon wildfire's fiery footprint</h2>



<p>The geographical distribution of these fires is a critical factor in understanding their impact and devising appropriate responses. </p>



<p>“It’s important to understand the geographic pattern of these fires. Each of the areas concerned requires a different response. Our analysis pointed to more fires in old-growth forest areas than in previous years, which is alarming not just because of the loss of vegetation, which is invariably followed by deforestation, but also because the carbon stored by the forest becomes carbon emissions when it burns,” said&nbsp;<a href="https://bv.fapesp.br/en/pesquisador/708951/guilherme-augusto-verola-mataveli" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guilherme Augusto Verola Mataveli</a>, corresponding author of the article and a remote sensing specialist with INPE’s Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division.</p>



<p>The research highlights a worrisome trend of increased fire activity within the Amazon's old-growth forests. These ancient, untouched ecosystems are particularly susceptible to the detrimental impacts of wildfires due to their significant carbon storage capacity. </p>



<p>When forests in the Amazon burn, they release large amounts of stored carbon into the atmosphere. This release significantly contributes to the climate crisis by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The frequent occurrence of these wildfires poses a serious threat to the Amazon's unique biodiversity and ecological balance. Additionally, it exacerbates the global challenge of addressing and mitigating the effects of climate change.</p>



<p>"Old-growth forest stores larger amounts of carbon, which becomes greenhouse gas emissions when it burns, contributing to climate change," said Mataveli. "Another negative effect relates to public health problems. In October 2023, Manaus [the capital of Amazonas state] had the worst air quality of any city in the world bar one."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effects-and-dire-consequences">Ripple effects and dire consequences</h2>



<p>The repercussions of wildfires in old-growth forests extend far beyond the immediate loss of vegetation and carbon emissions. The fires also weaken the forest's resilience by impairing its ability to maintain a humid microclimate that is crucial for its survival.</p>



<p>The microclimate under the forest canopy helps to contain and recycle moisture throughout the ecosystem. When this climate diminishes, it compromises the health and sustainability of the forest.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the escalating threat of wildfires poses challenges for traditional subsistence farmers who rely on controlled burns as a land management practice. The uncontrolled spread of fire disrupts their livelihoods and threatens their way of life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-s-future-a-call-for-urgent-action">Amazon's future: A call for urgent action</h2>



<p>The escalating crisis in the Amazon calls for immediate and concerted action. Researchers involved in the study stress the need for a multifaceted approach, including increased command-and-control operations, better-equipped fire brigades, and continuous improvement of monitoring systems.</p>



<p> "The Amazon is becoming more vulnerable environmentally, socially and economically as time passes without effective solutions to the fire problem," said Luiz Aragão, the leader of the research group.</p>



<p>As the Amazon burns, the fate of this invaluable ecosystem hangs in the balance, and the consequences of inaction are too dire to contemplate. The time to act is now, before the flames consume the very lungs of our planet.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17202" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Wildfires in old-growth Amazon forests increased by 152% in 2023

The Amazon rainforest, often hailed as the "lungs of the...

<p>Microrobots are at the forefront of addressing a significant environmental challenge. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a> - tiny fragments measuring 5 millimeters or less - not only contaminate our oceans and waterways but also pose substantial threats to wildlife and human health. </p>



<p>In a new study from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>, researchers have pioneered the use of innovative microrobots designed to tackle and effectively manage microplastic pollution.</p>



<p>“These particles are pervasive in aquatic environments, posing ecological risks due to their potential ingestion by marine organisms and the subsequent entry to the food chain, possibly impacting marine ecosystems and human health,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coexistence-of-bacteria-and-microplastics">Coexistence of bacteria and microplastics</h2>



<p>Originating from decomposed consumer products like old food packaging and children's toys, microplastics break down and attract harmful bacteria, including disease-causing pathogens. This complicates the cleanup process and intensifies the pollution problem.</p>



<p>“The coexistence of bacteria and microplastics complicates the task of their complete removal, exacerbating their impacts and posing a compounded threat to the environment and human well-being,” wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>“Despite the most recent advancements, the complex challenge of concurrently addressing the presence of free-swimming bacteria and microplastics remains largely unexplored, and ideas to reduce or prevent their interaction are yet to be discussed.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-the-power-of-microrobots">Harnessing the power of microrobots</h2>



<p>Under the guidance of Martin Pumera and his team, the creation of these microrobots marks a significant breakthrough in environmental technology. The team engineered the robots by fusing magnetic microparticles with positively charged polymer strands. </p>



<p>These polymers, emanating from the microparticles' surface, allow the robots to attract both microplastics and microbial contaminants effectively. Remarkably, each microrobot is minuscule, measuring only 2.8 micrometers in diameter.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="hX9y3m3klT-3611156-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Swarm dynamics and functionality of microrobots</h2>



<p>What's captivating about these microrobots is their swarming capability. When exposed to a rotating magnetic field, the robots cluster together in a manner similar to schools of fish. </p>



<p>The swarming behavior can be manipulated by varying the number of robots, which in turn affects the swarm's movement and speed. This innovative method was demonstrated in a video by the researchers, emphasizing the robots' efficiency in cleaning water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-testing-and-results">Field testing and results</h2>



<p>The practical application of these microrobots was evaluated in a controlled laboratory environment. The team introduced fluorescent polystyrene beads and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, which are known to cause infections such as pneumonia, into a water tank. </p>



<p>After adding the microrobots to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-spread-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contaminated water</a> and activating them with a rotating magnetic field, the results were encouraging. At a concentration of 7.5 milligrams per milliliter, the robots successfully captured about 80% of the bacteria. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the amount of microplastics in the water significantly decreased over time as they were drawn to the swarming robots.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reusability-and-sustainability">Reusability and sustainability</h2>



<p>Following the capture of microplastics and bacteria, the microrobots were collected using a permanent magnet. </p>



<p>The contaminants attached to the robots were then removed using ultrasound and exposed to ultraviolet radiation to ensure thorough disinfection. Remarkably, these cleaned microrobots could be reused. </p>



<p>Although they captured slightly lesser amounts during subsequent uses, their ability to be recycled highlights the sustainable potential of this technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The future of microrobots in environmental cleanup</h2>



<p>This microrobotic system offers a promising avenue for mitigating the impacts of plastic and bacterial pollution in water bodies. </p>



<p>According to the study authors, the technology not only addresses current environmental challenges but also opens up new possibilities for future advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-robotic-fish-developed-to-collect-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotic</a> environmental cleaning solutions. </p>



<p>“In summary, this multifaceted experiment demonstrated the ability of the self-propelled rotating microrobotic planes to capture bacterial contaminants and microplastics from water,” noted the researchers.</p>



<p>“The integration of qualitative and quantitative assessments emphasizes their robust performance and potential as materials for treating various environmental pollutants simultaneously.”</p>



<p>“This approach can stimulate the development of more sophisticated materials, including hybrid systems capable of capturing both positively and negatively charged contaminants at the same time. This is especially attractive for real-world water purification applications where contaminated water samples usually contain several types of pollutants.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsnano.4c02115" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Nano</a></em>.</p>



<p>Video Credit: American Chemical Society</p>



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Microrobots tested as clean-up crew for polluted waters

Microrobots are at the forefront of addressing a significant environmental...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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