<p>For years, scientists believed they had a decent handle on what was melting the ice in West Antarctica. Warmer oceans and stronger winds blowing in from the west - that was the popular theory.</p>



<p>But now, after running climate simulations using local data, researchers have discovered that we might have been looking the wrong way entirely. It’s not the westerly winds causing the biggest trouble - it’s the northerly winds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-loss-means-rising-seas">Ice loss means rising seas</h2>



<p>Antarctica holds most of the planet’s freshwater, frozen in a massive sheet of ice that covers an area bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined. </p>



<p>That ice isn’t just sitting still. Some of it flows slowly into the ocean, held back by giant floating extensions called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-melting-ice-shelves-threaten-global-sea-levels/">ice shelves</a>. If the ice sheet in West Antarctica collapses, sea levels around the world could rise by as much as 20 feet.</p>



<p>Even small changes in how fast that ice melts can have huge consequences for coastal cities, global currents, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-prediction-model-is-a-major-breakthrough-in-weather-forecasting/">weather systems</a>. </p>



<p>That’s why scientists have spent decades trying to understand what’s causing the West Antarctic ice sheet to shrink. It’s been getting smaller since at least the 1940s. But not all the pieces of the puzzle were adding up.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-antarctica-s-hidden-winds">Tracking Antarctica’s hidden winds</h2>



<p>The new study was led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> (UW). They weren’t satisfied with the usual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a>, which often rely on global data and struggle with the lack of weather stations in Antarctica. So they decided to build something better.</p>



<p>They pulled in proxy data - long-term records preserved in things like ice cores, tree rings, and coral. These natural sources can give clues about past wind and weather patterns, helping fill in the gaps left by satellite data and on-the-ground observations.</p>



<p>“We thought that we were going to support what the climate models showed, which was that the westerly winds were getting stronger near the coast of Antarctica,” said Gemma O’Connor, lead author and a UW postdoctoral researcher. </p>



<p>“But there was no evidence of westerly winds strengthening in this part of Antarctica.” That finding was odd. If westerly winds weren’t to blame, what was?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northerly-winds-drive-the-ice-melt">Northerly winds drive the ice melt</h2>



<p>The team used high-resolution simulations to test 30 different wind scenarios. Each run of the model applied a different wind pattern to see what happened to the ice over a five-year stretch. They repeated the process again and again.</p>



<p>One pattern kept showing up: when winds came from the north, ice loss accelerated. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-westerly-winds-are-changing-and-the-consequences-are-unknown/">Westerly winds</a> didn’t do much.</p>



<p>Northerly winds shifted sea ice, closing small open areas in the ice cover known as polynyas. These are basically patches where heat can escape from the ocean into the atmosphere. When the winds closed them off, the ocean held onto more of its heat.</p>



<p>“Sea ice is a really good insulator, it keeps the ocean relatively warm compared to the air,” said Kyle Armour, a UW professor. “When northerly winds close the polynyas, it reduces ocean heat loss, which means warmer waters and more melting of ice shelves below the surface.”</p>



<p>This hidden heating creates a chain reaction. As the warmer water melts the ice shelves from below, freshwater enters the salty sea. That mix causes a difference in density, which pulls even more warm ocean water into the region - speeding up the melt further.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-climate-connection-we-didn-t-expect">A climate connection we didn’t expect</h2>



<p>The big question is: what’s making those northerly winds stronger? Early signs point to climate change. </p>



<p>Emissions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/">greenhouse gases</a> are likely decreasing air pressure over the Amundsen Sea, a region that shapes many of Antarctica’s weather patterns. Lower pressure strengthens the northerly winds - the same ones that are making the melt worse.</p>



<p>“This mechanism provides a connection between West Antarctic ice loss and human-induced climate change, albeit a different mechanism than we previously suspected,” O’Connor said.</p>



<p>This isn’t just a scientific curiosity. It’s a real link between our actions and the future of the world’s ice. If our emissions are playing a role in these winds, then reducing those emissions could slow the melting.</p>



<p>“We know the Earth is warming up on average, but that alone doesn’t explain ice loss in Antarctica,” said Eric Steig, professor of Earth and space sciences at UW. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northerly-winds-change-the-story">Northerly winds change the story</h2>



<p>For decades, the focus has been on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-westerly-winds-are-changing-and-the-consequences-are-unknown/">westerly winds</a> - the ones that blow from west to east across the Southern Hemisphere. </p>



<p>Scientists thought they were pushing warm ocean water toward Antarctica and driving the ice to melt faster. But they missed something important.</p>



<p>“I think what Gemma has done is going to lead to a complete revolution in the understanding of what drives Antarctic ice loss,” Armour said. “We had all sorts of theories about the winds that blow from west to east, but the northerly winds weren’t even on our radar. We were off by 90 degrees.”</p>



<p>The lesson here is clear. Climate science is constantly evolving, and even long-standing ideas can be turned on their head. In this case, or rather, on their side.</p>



<p>Understanding which way the wind is blowing - literally - might be one of the keys to protecting the future of Earth’s ice.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01757-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



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Antarctic ice melt traced to an overlooked source

For years, scientists believed they had a decent handle on what was melting the ice in West Antarctica. Warmer oceans and stronger winds blowing in from the west - that was the popular theory. But now, after running climate simulations using local data, researchers have discovered that we might have been looking the wrong way entirely. It’s not the westerly winds causing the biggest trouble - it’s the northerly winds. Ice loss means rising seas Antarctica holds most of the planet’s freshwater, frozen in a massive sheet...

<p>Coral reefs around the globe are currently suffering through a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">bleaching</a> event, a consequence of unprecedented ocean heat levels driven by the climate crisis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to a joint statement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) and the International Coral Reef Initiative (<a href="https://icriforum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICRI</a>), over half of the world's coral reef areas are affected. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-coral-bleaching">Unprecedented coral bleaching</h2>



<p>With extensive bleaching impacting at least 53 countries across various oceans, this event could mark the most severe coral bleaching event in recorded history.</p>



<p>“It is likely that this event will surpass the previous peak of 56.1% soon,” said Derek Manzello, the coordinator for <a href="https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch program</a>. “The percentage of reef areas experiencing bleaching-level heat stress has been increasing by roughly 1% per week.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleaching-deprives-corals-of-their-energy-source">Bleaching deprives corals of their energy source</h2>



<p>Coral bleaching occurs when corals, stressed by elevated water temperatures, expel the symbiotic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-support-corals/">algae</a> living within their tissues. These algae not only give corals their vibrant colors but also transfer a large part of their energy through photosynthesis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Without the algae, the corals lose their coloration, turning stark white, while being deprived of an essential energy source, leading to weakened health and potentially mass mortality if conditions do not improve.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-s-fourth-bleaching-event">World's fourth bleaching event</h2>



<p>This event is the world's fourth documented global bleaching event, following previous occurrences in 1998, 2010, and from 2014-2017. </p>



<p>Over the past year, regions experiencing significant bleaching include vast areas such as Florida, the wider Caribbean, Mexico, Brazil, Australia, the South Pacific, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, Indonesia, and the Indian Ocean, encompassing locations like the east coast of Africa and the Seychelles.</p>



<p>Researchers at the Center for Island Research and Environmental Observatory (<a href="https://www.criobe.pf/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRIOBE</a>) are diligently studying coral ecosystems to develop strategies for resilience. </p>



<p>Under the guidance of PhD student Laetitia Hédouin, these teams are identifying and genetically analyzing corals that exhibit resistance to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/corals-can-be-trained-to-endure-heat-stress/">thermal stress</a>. </p>



<p>These corals are then grown in coral nurseries to study their resilience capabilities in comparison to other colonies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-ocean-heat">Record ocean heat</h2>



<p>Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, a renowned climate scientist specializing in coral reefs at the <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Queensland</a>, had predicted this mass bleaching event months in advance. </p>



<p>“We knew sea temperatures were increasing rapidly, but not at this speed. The worrying issue is that we don’t know how long this massive temperature change is likely to last,” said Professor Hoegh-Guldberg.</p>



<p>Recent records have shown that the last 12 months have been the warmest in recorded history, with ocean temperatures reaching new highs. </p>



<p>Data from the European Commission’s <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> confirmed record-high global sea surface temperatures for February and March. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-bleaching-alert-maps">Coral bleaching alert maps</h2>



<p>In response to the escalating threat, scientists at NOAA's Coral Reef Watch program have introduced three new alert levels on their coral bleaching alert maps to better monitor and assess the scale of underwater warming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arrival-of-la-nina-nbsp">The arrival of La Niña&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the potential arrival of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">La Niña</a> between June and August could offer some relief. This cooler climate phase might help reduce ocean temperatures, providing a respite for the beleaguered reefs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, Manzello warned that, despite potential cooling, past La Niña years have still experienced bleaching events. </p>



<p>He voiced specific concerns for the reefs around Florida and the Caribbean as the summer approaches, highlighting the vulnerability of these areas to even slight increases in seasonal warming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-s-great-barrier-reef">Australia’s Great Barrier Reef</h2>



<p>The dire situation of coral reefs is further highlighted by extensive bleaching on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, the world’s largest coral reef system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following aerial and underwater surveys, a mass bleaching event was officially confirmed by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (<a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AIMS</a>) and the <a href="https://www.detsi.qld.gov.au/great-barrier-reef" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-is-the-primary-threat-to-coral-reefs">Climate change is the primary threat to coral reefs</h2>



<p>“The increasing frequency and extremity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heat-waves-are-persisting-in-the-u-s-even-in-winter/">marine heatwaves</a> driven by climate change, is testing the tolerance levels of coral reefs,” said Selina Stead, the CEO of AIMS.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Climate change is the biggest threat to coral reefs worldwide and this global confirmation illustrates just how extensive its impact has been across the last 12 months.That is why it is critical the world works to reduce carbon emissions. It is also important to ensure coral reefs are well managed at local and regional levels.”</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.unep.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Environment Program</a> has issued a stark warning: without significant reductions in emissions, the planet is on track to experience nearly 3 degrees Celsius of warming above pre-industrial levels within this century. This escalation in temperature poses a dire threat to global ecosystems, particularly coral reefs.</p>



<p>Scientists have projected that with a 2-degree Celsius increase in global temperatures - a threshold that could be reached by 2050 - about 99% of coral reefs worldwide are expected to perish. </p>



<p>The loss of these reefs would be catastrophic, not only for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/">marine biodiversity</a> but also for human communities. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-reefs-are-in-critical-condition-nbsp">Coral reefs are in critical condition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Coral reefs are crucial habitats for marine life, while also providing essential services to people. They buffer coastal areas against flooding from storms and rising sea levels and are fundamental to the livelihoods and food security of approximately a billion people around the world.</p>



<p>David Ritter, CEO of <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org.au/">Greenpeace Australia</a>, emphasized the critical condition of these marine ecosystems, arguing that reefs are confronting an “existential danger.” </p>



<p>He pointedly blamed “the main culprits fueling global warming: fossil fuel companies, and the governments who prop up this industry.”</p>



<p>“We are running out of runway to avoid irreversible climate disaster and must act quickly to ensure an immediate end to new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/">fossil fuels</a>,” he concluded.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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The world's largest coral bleaching event is now underway

Coral reefs around the globe are currently suffering through a...

Pine,Tree,Forestry,Exploitation,In,A,Sunny,Day,Near,Glencoe,

<p>In a fascinating study that sheds light on the intricate relationship between plants and the climate, researchers have discovered that ecosystems can have a significant impact on the world's climate. </p>



<p>The extent of this impact depends mostly on the mix of plants present, as recent research spearheaded by Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (<a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MLU</a>) reveals. </p>



<p>Utilizing a combination of satellite data and approximately 50,000 vegetation records from across Europe, the researchers have determined the significant role of local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a>. They found that it accounts for about five percent of regional climate regulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-and-europe-s-climate-in-a-delicate-balancing-act">Plants and Europe's climate in a delicate balancing act</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Global Change Biology</em>, the new study demonstrates how plant ecosystems can substantially affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-paradox-ocean-current-collapse-could-plunge-europe-into-cold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regional climates</a> based on their composition. </p>



<p>Dr. Stephan Kambach, a research associate in the Department of Geobotany at MLU, explains the intricate dynamics between flora and climate. </p>



<p>"The relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> and the climate is profoundly complex. On one hand, climatic conditions greatly influence plant growth and characteristics such as height, leaf thickness, and root depth. On the other hand, plants have various ways of influencing the climate," Kambach said.</p>



<p>Plants can affect the climate by reflecting sunlight, which reduces heat accumulation in certain areas. They also cool their surroundings through evaporation and absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-the-impact-of-plant-traits">Unearthing the impact of plant traits</h2>



<p>Despite known plant-climate interactions, the impact of specific plant traits on the climate was less understood.</p>



<p>To bridge this knowledge gap, an international team led by MLU combined regional satellite imagery with detailed local surveys. They analyzed plant traits across almost 50,000 locations in Europe.</p>



<p>"We made it a point to include a variety of habitats in our study, encompassing coniferous forests, deciduous and evergreen forests, shrublands, and open countryside," notes Professor Helge Bruelheide, senior author of the study and head of the Department of Geobotany at MLU.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varied-vegetation-varied-effects">Varied vegetation, varied effects</h2>



<p>The findings underscore that the climate-regulating processes observed are significantly influenced by the functional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-some-leaves-live-longer-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traits of local plants</a>. </p>



<p>"The impact varies considerably depending on the plant species present and their abundance in an ecosystem," Kambach adds. </p>



<p>Differences were particularly notable between<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-is-better-planting-forests-or-building-solar-farms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> types of forests</a>, such as evergreen coniferous and evergreen deciduous. </p>



<p>"Our analysis confirms that areas with higher plant cover reflect less sunlight. Similarly, plants with larger leaves tend to exhibit higher rates of evaporation and greater carbon sequestration," he elaborates.</p>



<p>This study is a pivotal outcome of the European research project "FeedBaCks," which aims to explore the feedback mechanisms between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-greening-projects-can-dramatically-boost-urban-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> and climate. It also examines their implications for humanity.</p>



<p>Coordinated by the University of Zurich, the project involves several prestigious institutions, including the universities of Brno, Frankfurt am Main, and Grenoble, as well as the Swiss Federal Research Institute, the Senckenberg Society for Natural Research, and the Stockholm Resilience Center.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustaining-europe-s-climate-through-plant-diversity">Sustaining Europe's climate through plant diversity</h2>



<p>Professor Bruelheide emphasizes the broader implications of their findings. "Our study highlights critical considerations for nature conservation and policy-making. It is crucial that the potential impacts and feedback effects of biodiversity are accounted for in strategies designed to mitigate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/local-plant-diversity-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>," he concludes.</p>



<p>In summary, this study has shed new light on the complex relationship between plants and climate. By combining satellite data with extensive vegetation records, they have demonstrated that ecosystems can significantly influence Europe's climate, depending on the mix of plants present and their functional traits. </p>



<p>This research advances our scientific understanding of plant-climate interactions and highlights the importance of considering biodiversity and ecosystem composition in nature conservation and climate change mitigation strategies. </p>



<p>As we face the challenges of a changing climate, this study provides a valuable foundation for developing more effective and holistic approaches to protecting our planet's future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17189" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em></em>.</p>



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Hidden power of plants and their impact on regional climate and ecosystems

In a fascinating study that sheds light on the intricate...

<p>Recent research reveals a concerning escalation in the simultaneous occurrence of heatwaves and extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-levels-ocean-heat-and-emissions-hit-record-highs-last-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rises</a> along coastlines worldwide. This phenomenon, known as Concurrent Heat Wave and Extreme Sea Level (CHWESL) events, has experienced a significant uptick in frequency between 1998 and 2017. </p>



<p>This increase is highly notable when compared to the preceding two decades. A recent study detailed in <em>Communications Earth &amp; Environment</em> highlights this alarming trend and includes projections that suggest an even more drastic increase under future high emissions scenarios.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-tide-and-temperature">Tracking the tide and temperature</h2>



<p>Shuo Wang and Mo Zhou conducted the research, focusing on CHWESL events from 1979 through 2017. They also projected future occurrences from 2025 to 2049, using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s high emissions pathway, the SSP5-8.5 scenario.</p>



<p>Their analysis shows that CHWESL events have already affected roughly 88% of the world’s coastlines during the study period.</p>



<p>Additionally, about 39% of these coastlines have experienced a noticeable increase in the frequency and duration of these events over the last two decades. Tropical regions have suffered most from this escalation.</p>



<p>The researchers found a strong correlation between the intensity of heatwaves and the increased likelihood of concurrent sea level rises. </p>



<p>Specifically, a 1% increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heat-waves-are-persisting-in-the-u-s-even-in-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat wave intensity</a> leads to a 2% increase in the likelihood of a CHWESL event occurring.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalating-chwesl-events-and-their-impacts">Escalating CHWESL events and their impacts</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the study forecasts that global coastal areas might endure, on average, 38 days of CHWESL conditions each year. This projection covers the period between 2025 and 2049.</p>



<p>Consequently, this represents a staggering increase of 31 days compared to the historical period of 1989–2013.</p>



<p>Such a surge in CHWESL events poses severe risks. The intensified <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/once-in-a-century-heatwave-may-soon-happen-every-other-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat</a> directly impacts human health, and heightened sea levels compound these effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthening-resilience-against-climatic-threats">Strengthening resilience against climatic threats</h2>



<p>"The significant rise in both the occurrence and intensity of these events, especially in tropical areas, calls for an urgent need to develop robust risk mitigation strategies," explained Shuo Wang. </p>



<p>"Countries, particularly those with low to middle incomes in these regions, are likely to face <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/frequent-heatwaves-have-become-the-norm-in-the-arctic-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">severe challenges</a> in coping with these dual threats," he adds.</p>



<p>Mo Zhou further emphasized the importance of preparedness. He stated, "It is crucial that we prioritize and refine our strategies for dealing with these events. Developing comprehensive risk mitigation plans is imperative for enhancing resilience against future CHWESL occurrences."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-collaboration-to-combat-chwesl-events">Global collaboration to combat CHWESL events</h2>



<p>The findings from Wang and Zhou’s study serve as a crucial call to action for policymakers, researchers, and community leaders globally.</p>



<p>Furthermore, as the planet warms and sea levels rise, experts project that the frequency and severity of CHWESL events will increase. </p>



<p>This trend underscores the urgent need for proactive approaches in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ignoring-climate-change-will-lead-to-ultra-extreme-heatwaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> adaptation and disaster preparedness.</p>



<p>Consequently, the intersection of intensifying heatwaves and rising sea levels presents a formidable challenge to coastal communities worldwide.</p>



<p>Therefore, addressing this dual hazard requires a concerted effort to integrate scientific research with effective policy and community engagement. </p>



<p>Such collaboration ensures that all nations, especially the most vulnerable, are equipped to manage and mitigate the risks of future CHWESL events.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01274-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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CHWESL events: When sea levels rise in response to heatwaves

Recent research reveals a concerning escalation in the simultaneous occurrence...

<p>Every day, microplastics are making their way into our bodies through water, food, and even the air we breathe. Researchers led by the <a href="https://www.unm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New Mexico</a> (UNM) has explored the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consumption-of-microplastics-cant-be-avoided-and-they-damage-gut-health/">microplastics</a> on the human digestive system and organs including the kidney, liver, and brain.</p>



<p>“Over the past few decades, microplastics have been found in the ocean, in animals and plants, in tap water and bottled water. They appear to be everywhere,” said Eliseo Castillo, an expert in mucosal immunology at UNM.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-in-organ-tissues">Microplastics in organ tissues</h2>



<p>Experts estimate that the average person ingests about five grams of microplastics each week - the equivalent of the weight of a credit card. While many studies have focused on identifying and quantifying these particles, Castillo’s team is investigating their internal effects, particularly on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-gut-microbiome-is-shaped-by-what-we-eat/">gut</a> immune system.</p>



<p>In their experiments, mice were exposed to microplastics through their drinking water over a four-week period, mirroring the estimated weekly microplastic intake of humans. The results were alarming: microplastics not only migrated from the gut into the tissues of the liver, kidney, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-exposure-linked-to-changes-in-the-brain/">brain</a> but also altered metabolic pathways within these organs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-can-cross-the-intestinal-barrier-nbsp">Microplastics can cross the intestinal barrier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We could detect microplastics in certain tissues after the exposure. That tells us it can cross the intestinal barrier and infiltrate into other tissues,” Castillo said. “These mice were exposed for four weeks. Now, think about how that equates to humans, if we're exposed from birth to old age.”</p>



<p>The study also raises concerns about the potential for microplastics to exacerbate underlying health conditions. Castillo’s earlier research has shown that microplastics impact macrophages - the immune cells that protect the body from foreign particles. For instance, a 2021 study published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10565-021-09616-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell Biology and Toxicology</em></a> revealed that microplastics alter macrophage function, triggering them to release inflammatory molecules.</p>



<p>“It is changing the metabolism of the cells, which can alter inflammatory responses. During intestinal inflammation – states of chronic illness such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, which are both forms of inflammatory bowel disease – these macrophages become more inflammatory and they’re more abundant in the gut,” Castillo explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-diet-influence-microplastic-intake-nbsp">How does diet influence microplastic intake?&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, Castillo’s team, including postdoctoral fellow Sumira Phatak, is set to explore how diet influences microplastic uptake. They plan to experiment with different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthier-diets-are-not-attainable-for-everyone/">diets</a> in laboratory animals to see if certain foods affect the body’s absorption of microplastics.</p>



<p>“Everyone’s diet is different. So, what we're going to do is give these laboratory animals a high-cholesterol/high-fat diet, or high-fiber diet, and they will be either exposed or not exposed to microplastics. The goal is to try to understand if diet affects the uptake of microplastics into our body,” Castillo added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-gut-microbiota-nbsp">Changes in gut microbiota&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Moreover, Castillo’s PhD student, Aaron Romero, is investigating changes in the gut microbiota caused by microplastics. While it’s known that microplastics can alter the microbiota, the mechanisms behind these changes remain unclear.</p>



<p>Ultimately, the experts hope that these findings will not only deepen our understanding of the health impacts of microplastics but also catalyze changes in how plastics are produced and managed.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“At the end of the day, the research we are trying to do aims to find out how this is impacting gut health. Research continues to show the importance of gut health. If you don't have a healthy gut, it affects the brain, it affects the liver and so many other tissues. So even imagining that the microplastics are doing something in the gut, that chronic exposure could lead to systemic effects,” Castillo concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-associated-with-microplastic-ingestion">Health impacts associated with microplastic ingestion</h2>



<p>The extent and severity of health risks associated with microplastic exposure are still under investigation. More research is needed to determine the precise implications and to understand the mechanisms through which microplastics can affect human health. Here are some of the potential impacts:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-damage">Physical damage</h3>



<p>Microplastics can cause physical damage to tissues, especially if they are sharp or angular. They may irritate or perforate the tissues of the digestive tract.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-exposure">Chemical exposure</h3>



<p>Microplastics can carry pollutants, including toxic chemicals like heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and bisphenol A (BPA), which can leach into the body. These substances are known to have carcinogenic, developmental, and endocrine-disrupting effects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-and-immune-response">Inflammation and immune response</h3>



<p>There is evidence that microplastics can trigger inflammatory responses or affect the immune system. Small particles can be mistaken by the body as harmful invaders, leading to an immune response.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-bioaccumulation">Potential for bioaccumulation</h3>



<p>Microplastics might accumulate in the body and organs over time, especially since they are not biodegradable. The long-term health effects of this accumulation are not yet fully understood.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-on-gut-health">Effects on gut health</h3>



<p>Research has suggested that microplastics can affect the gut microbiota, potentially leading to gastrointestinal issues or impacting nutrient absorption.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP1343" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Health Perspectives</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Microplastics migrate from the gut to other organs

Every day, microplastics are making their way into our bodies...

Reduce,Carbon,Dioxide,Emissions,To,Limit,Global,Warming,And,Climate

<p>Climate change is the crisis of our generation. Scientists warn of dire consequences if we don't act soon. But tackling carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions means transforming our economy – and that sounds scary. Economic losses? Businesses collapsing? The end of the good life? </p>



<p>Hold on! It doesn't have to be that way. A new study shows how we can cut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> significantly with minimal damage to the economy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-and-economic-loss">CO2 and economic loss</h2>



<p>Our first instinct might be to simply shut down the companies that produce the most carbon emissions. After all, if we eliminate the biggest sources of pollution, we should solve the problem, right?</p>



<p>Unfortunately, it's not that simple. Our economies are highly interconnected. When you forcibly shut down major companies, especially those at the core of supply chains, it triggers a chain reaction. A study from the <a href="https://csh.ac.at/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complexity Science Hub</a> provides more details.</p>



<p>According to the research, closing the seven largest polluters in Hungary alone would cause a staggering 29% of jobs to disappear across the country. This means a huge number of people would lose their livelihoods and become unable to support themselves and their families.</p>



<p>The loss of jobs would ripple through the economy. With less income circulating, businesses in every sector would suffer a decline in demand. Hungary's economic output (the total value of goods and services produced) would plummet by 32%.</p>



<p>This kind of economic shock is unsustainable. It would cause immense hardship and social unrest, far outweighing the environmental benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-methane-cuts-could-prevent-nearly-a-million-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cutting emissions</a> from those few companies. Therefore, we need a different approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-look-beyond-co2-to-save-economic-losses">Look beyond CO2 to save economic losses</h2>



<p>Focusing solely on a company's carbon emissions is shortsighted. To understand the true impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-climate-change-impact-the-worlds-natural-capital/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> policies, we need to examine how individual companies fit into the intricate web of our economy. </p>



<p>Every company has a level of "systemic risk" attached to it. This measures how deeply embedded a company is within the supply chain network. </p>



<p>Some companies act as vital links that provide essential goods or services to many other businesses. Remove them, and you weaken or even break those chains, impacting the viability of their suppliers and customers.</p>



<p>To accurately assess the potential disruptions caused by<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> climate policies</a>, researchers at the Complexity Science Hub created the Economic Systemic Risk Index (ESRI). This innovative tool simulates the effects of a company shutting down. It reveals the ripple effects across the economy, helping policymakers identify companies whose closure would trigger widespread economic damage.</p>



<p>Imagine a company that provides a key component needed by many other businesses. If it closes, those dependent businesses may face production delays, revenue losses, and potential layoffs. Understanding this "systemic risk" helps us make climate policy decisions that don't cause excessive harm to the overall economy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformations-reduce-co2-emissions-and-save-economy">Transformations reduce CO2 emissions and save economy</h2>



<p>So, how do we reduce emissions <em>without</em> sacrificing jobs and the economy? The researchers developed a more strategic approach to identify companies for emission reduction efforts. This new ranking system goes beyond simply targeting the highest emitters. </p>



<p>Here's how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-focus">Dual focus</h3>



<p>The ranking considers two crucial factors:</p>



<p>A company's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-events-cost-the-global-economy-trillions-of-dollars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> emissions: This remains important, as we still need to reduce overall greenhouse gas output.</p>



<p>The company's role within the supply chain: The ranking considers how critical a company is to the smooth functioning of the economy. This is measured by the newly developed ESRI we discussed earlier.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-impact">Prioritizing impact</h3>



<p>Companies are ranked based on a combined score that takes both emissions and systemic risk into account. Those with high emissions but a relatively low impact on the supply chain would be prioritized for transformation. </p>



<p>Essentially, the system helps us target companies that pollute the most while causing the least disruption to the economic flow.</p>



<p>This approach allows for a more balanced and effective strategy. We can significantly reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> while minimizing the negative consequences on jobs and economic output.</p>



<p>The result? "A 20% reduction in CO2 emissions would require the top 23 companies on the list to cease operations. This, however, would only result in a loss of 2% of jobs and 2% of economic output," said Johannes Stangl, Complexity Science Hub.</p>



<p>That's much more manageable!</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-better-data">Need for better data</h2>



<p>Now, this doesn't mean every company will skate through the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green transition</a>. There <em>will</em> be disruptions, and new green jobs will need to emerge. But this study gives us a powerful tool to be strategic about it.</p>



<p>Here's the challenge, though - this kind of research depends on highly detailed data about companies and their supply chains. In some countries, this data simply isn't available.</p>



<p>"This puts us at a disadvantage…where detailed data is available at company level…extensive information is available on the country's supply network." explained Stefan Thurner, co-author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-reduce-co2-impact-and-save-economic-loss">Tips to reduce CO2 impact and save economic loss</h2>



<p>This research should be a rallying cry. It's time for governments and businesses to:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demand-better-data">Demand better data</h3>



<p>This study highlights the critical importance of detailed, company-level economic data. To design effective climate policies that minimize harm, we need to truly understand the complex relationships and dependencies within the economic system.</p>



<p>Citizens and policymakers should demand greater transparency from both governments and corporations. Detailed information about supply chains, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-changes-in-diet-can-greatly-reduce-your-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprints</a>, and the potential impacts of shutdowns should be made readily available for analysis and informed decision-making.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invest-in-the-green-transition">Invest in the green transition</h3>



<p>The green transition isn't just about reducing CO2 emissions from existing businesses to save economic loss. It's a call to reshape our entire economic model with sustainability at the core.</p>



<p>Governments, investors, and businesses need to invest heavily in research and development of clean technologies, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-biodiversity-wildlife-habitats-delicate-balancing-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>, and sustainable infrastructure. This will create a thriving new green economy and plenty of new jobs in the process.</p>



<p>The green transition offers an opportunity to build a more resilient and equitable economy for all, not just maintain the status quo with slightly less pollution.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-affected-workers-and-businesses">Support affected workers and businesses</h3>



<p>As we shift towards a greener economy, there will inevitably be disruptions. We cannot allow workers and communities to be left behind.</p>



<p>Governments and businesses need to invest in robust programs offering retraining and career transition support for workers in declining industries. Help them develop the skills needed to thrive in emerging green sectors.</p>



<p>Small and medium-sized businesses, which are often more vulnerable to economic shocks, deserve targeted support to adapt to new sustainability requirements and find their niche in the green economy.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-energy-demand/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> crisis is daunting, but knowledge is power. This study shows that with the right approach, the green transformation doesn't have to be an economic apocalypse. Let's demand smarter, data-driven climate policies that protect both our planet and our livelihoods.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01321-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a></em>.</p>



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Reducing CO2 emissions by 20% is possible with only a 2% economic loss

Climate change is the crisis of our generation. Scientists warn...

<p>Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to recover naturally. <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birds</a> like the collared araçari play a vital role in the growth of diverse young forests by dispersing seeds of various tree species. </p>



<p>Recent findings from the lab of Professor Thomas Crowther at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> shed light on a significant barrier to natural forest regeneration. In the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where data was gathered, wild birds enhance carbon storage by up to 38%. This uplift is vital for the forest's health and our planet's climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-carbon-storage">What is carbon storage?</h2>



<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. This means it traps heat within Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the overall warming of our planet. Excessive amounts of CO2 lead to significant disruptions in weather patterns, rising temperatures, and other negative consequences of climate change.</p>



<p>Trees have an extraordinary ability to naturally remove CO2 from the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, they absorb CO2 and convert it into sugars for energy. The carbon from the CO2 is then stored within the tree's trunk, branches, leaves, and roots, helping the tree grow.</p>



<p>Large, healthy forests act as massive carbon sinks. This means they actively remove significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. Reducing the levels of CO2 in our air helps mitigate the effects of climate change and protects the planet for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seed-dispersal-in-forests-by-birds">Seed dispersal in forests by birds</h2>



<p>Birds play a crucial role in seed dispersal, particularly in maintaining the health and regeneration of forests. Many birds feed on fruits that contain seeds. As they eat, they ingest the seeds along with the fruit.</p>



<p>After eating, birds fly across various distances, carrying the seeds within them. This mobility allows seeds to be dispersed over a wider area than many other natural dispersal mechanisms.</p>



<p>Eventually, the seeds are excreted by the birds in different locations from where they were consumed. This dispersal through bird droppings introduces plant species into new areas.</p>



<p>The seeds, now in a new location and often mixed with natural fertilizers from the bird's droppings, can germinate and grow into new plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragmented-forests-a-problem-for-birds-seeds-and-us">Fragmented forests: A problem for birds, seeds and us</h2>



<p>Deforestation doesn't just remove trees; it disrupts crucial ecological processes like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-are-birds-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>. Smaller birds tend to consume large quantities of seeds but favor smaller seeds from trees with limited carbon storage potential. </p>



<p>Larger birds, like the Toco toucan, target larger, carbon-rich seeds. However, they are less inclined to venture across the open spaces created by deforestation. This means fragmented forests lose out on the most effective carbon-storing trees that depend on large birds for seed dispersal.</p>



<p>The researchers identified a critical threshold for bird movement and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-degradation-is-a-major-cause-of-bird-population-declines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> recovery. Landscapes maintaining at least 40% forest cover, with distances between forest patches not exceeding 133 meters (around 435 feet), allow birds greater freedom of movement. This translates to increased seed dispersal and a better chance for the forest to regenerate.</p>



<p>"This crucial information enables us to pinpoint active restoration efforts - like tree planting - in landscapes falling below this forest cover threshold, where assisted restoration is most urgent and effective," explained Daisy Dent, lead scientist at the Crowther Lab.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-seed-dispersal-beyond-tree-planting">Bird seed dispersal beyond tree planting</h2>



<p>While planting trees is a crucial aspect of reforestation efforts, it doesn't guarantee a fully restored, functional forest ecosystem. This study emphasizes that successful forest regeneration goes beyond just the sheer quantity of trees.</p>



<p>Natural processes, like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-is-harder-on-birds-in-the-forest-than-in-the-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, have evolved over millennia. These processes ensure that the right mix of tree species thrives in a given environment. This leads to a more resilient and biodiverse forest with increased long-term benefits.</p>



<p>Sometimes, creating the right conditions is all it takes for nature to work its magic. Restoring forest connectivity and protecting key species, like fruit-eating birds, creates a space for natural regeneration to flourish. This approach recognizes that the most effective solutions often involve working in tandem with nature rather than trying to replace it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-we-can-help-the-forests-and-birds-seed-dispersal">How we can help the forests and birds seed dispersal</h2>



<p>To ensure a balanced relationship between forests and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-reproduction-suffers-greatly-during-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> seed dispersal, the following steps can be considered:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connect-the-fragments">Connect the fragments</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Wildlife highways:</strong>&nbsp;Forest corridors act like safe highways for birds, particularly those that are hesitant to venture into open areas. These can range from narrow strips of trees to wider "stepping stones" of vegetation depending on the needs of local bird species.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting diversity:</strong>&nbsp;Corridors not only allow for safe passage, but they expand the foraging range for birds. This increases the chances of seeds from a wider variety of plants being dispersed as birds move about.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-feast">Fruit feast</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Supporting the seed spreaders:</strong>&nbsp;Native fruit trees fulfill the dietary needs of local bird populations, making them more likely to stay in the area and continue dispersing seeds. These trees are a vital food source, especially during times when other resources may be scarce.</li>



<li><strong>The right kind of fruit:</strong>&nbsp;Planting the native fruit trees that birds have co-evolved with ensures better success. These are the fruits the birds naturally recognize and prefer, making them more effective seed distributors for the local ecosystem.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-hunting-zones">No hunting zones</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ecosystem balance:</strong>&nbsp;Poaching disrupts the natural balance by removing birds from their vital roles as seed dispersers. Protecting them maintains healthy populations that contribute directly to the forest's ability to regenerate.</li>



<li><strong>Beyond just birds:</strong>&nbsp;Often, anti-poaching measures and protected areas benefit a wide variety of wildlife, not just birds. These can have cascading effects on the health of the forest as a whole.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the word</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Changing perceptions:</strong>&nbsp;Many people might not understand the intricate relationship between birds, seeds and forests. Educational campaigns can shift this mindset and promote the appreciation for birds as more than just pretty creatures.</li>



<li><strong>Advocacy and action:</strong>&nbsp;Increased public awareness can lead to greater support for conservation policies, funding for restoration projects, and individual choices that have positive impacts on bird habitats.</li>
</ul>



<p>"By identifying the thresholds of forest cover in the surrounding landscape that allow seed dispersal, we can identify areas where natural regeneration is possible, as well as areas where we need to actively plant trees, allowing us to maximize the cost-effectiveness of forest restoration," explained study co-author Danielle Ramos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"We have always known that birds are essential, but it is remarkable to discover the scale of those effects," said Professor Crowther. This study shows us that forests aren't just a bunch of trees - they're complex communities. </p>



<p>By protecting and restoring these habitats and the amazing creatures that call them home, we're not just saving birds, we're investing in our planet's future.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01989-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.</p>



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Birds increase forest recovery by dispersing seeds

Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to...

<p>Coffee is the fuel that keeps the world running. Whether you prefer a bold espresso or a creamy cappuccino, the chances are that your favorite brew comes from a plant called <em>Coffea arabica</em>. Yet, behind the daily caffeine fix lies an incredible genome story spanning hundreds of thousands of years, continents, and even changing climates. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-coffee-genome">History of coffee genome</h2>



<p>You might not think about it as you sip your morning coffee, but within your cup lies a fascinating genetic story. Scientists at the University of Buffalo (<a href="https://www.buffalo.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UB</a>) have recently created an incredibly detailed map of the DNA of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-stimulates-digestion-and-protects-against-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>. This map, known as a genome, acts like a blueprint for the plant, revealing the complex ancestry of the coffee you enjoy.</p>



<p>“We’ve used genomic information in plants alive today to go back in time and paint the most accurate picture possible of Arabica’s long history, as well as determine how modern cultivated varieties are related to each other,” said study co-author Victor Albert, a professor in the <a href="https://arts-sciences.buffalo.edu/biological-sciences.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UB Department of Biological Sciences</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It turns out that Arabica coffee isn't the product of a single, isolated lineage. Instead, it's the result of a natural hybridization event between two different coffee species: <em>Coffea canephora</em> (commonly known as Robusta) and <em>Coffea eugenioides</em>. </p>



<p>This unusual event is called allopolyploidization. In this process, the two parent species contributed their full sets of chromosomes, resulting in Arabica inheriting a double set of genetic instructions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-origin">Coffee origin</h2>



<p>The story of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dedicated-coffee-drinkers-have-lower-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> becomes even more intriguing when we consider how it came to be. This remarkable merging of two coffee species wasn't the result of human manipulation in a laboratory or on a carefully controlled plantation. It was an entirely natural event that unfolded within the lush forests of Ethiopia.</p>



<p>Scientists harnessed the power of advanced computer modeling to trace the origins of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-with-milk-has-powerful-anti-inflammatory-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>. These models allowed them to look back through time, pinpointing the birthplace of this unique coffee species. Their findings suggest that this extraordinary hybridization event, where two species became one, occurred an astonishing 600,000 to a million years ago.</p>



<p>To put that in perspective, this was long before the emergence of modern humans, let alone the development of coffee brewing techniques or the rise of coffee shops. Coffee was flourishing in its natural environment, completely independent of human influence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-coffee-genome">Climate impact on coffee genome</h2>



<p>The delicate aroma and smooth taste of Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-before-breakfast-has-a-negative-impact-on-metabolism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> disguise its surprisingly robust history. While we may think of it as a cultivated plant, Arabica comes from a long lineage that has successfully weathered dramatic environmental changes.</p>



<p>“A detailed understanding of the origins and breeding history of contemporary varieties are crucial to developing new Arabica cultivars better adapted to climate change,” explained Professor Albert.</p>



<p>Earth's climate has fluctuated significantly over the past millennia, experiencing periods of intense glaciation followed by warmer, wetter phases. Scientists studying the Arabica genome were able to trace how these climate shifts impacted the coffee plant populations. Their findings revealed a fascinating correlation between climate and Arabica's abundance.</p>



<p>During harsh periods, particularly extended droughts, the Arabica population numbers dwindled. These challenging times likely resulted in increased competition for resources and reduced breeding success. </p>



<p>However, when the climate shifted towards warmer and wetter conditions, Arabica populations experienced a boom. Favorable growing conditions allowed the plants to thrive and reproduce more readily.</p>



<p>This cyclical pattern of population decline and growth, linked directly to climate change, demonstrates the remarkable resilience of Arabica coffee over hundreds of thousands of years. It highlights the plant's remarkable ability to adapt and survive in a dynamic environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-ancestors">Coffee ancestors </h2>



<p>Coffee plants share an ancestral bond with Eastern Africa, specifically an expansive geological formation known as the Great Rift Valley. This region has served as a natural cradle for coffee's evolution. Interestingly, scientists have observed a distinct geographical divide between the wild coffee plants of the region and the specific varieties that humans have cultivated for our beloved beverages.</p>



<p>The cultivated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-great-coffee-debate-harmful-or-beneficial/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> varieties that dominate global production all trace their origins to the eastern side of the Great Rift Valley, the region closer to Yemen. This geographical pattern provides strong support for the historical understanding that Yemen played a pivotal role in the initial domestication of coffee sometime around the 15th century. </p>



<p>It was from this starting point that coffee cultivation practices and the enjoyment of coffee spread outwards, eventually establishing the vibrant global coffee culture we experience today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-mapping-reveals-coffee-future">Genome mapping reveals coffee future</h2>



<p>Despite its immense popularity, Arabica coffee faces significant threats. Centuries of selective breeding practices have led to a limited genetic diversity within Arabica populations. This lack of diversity leaves the species highly susceptible to devastating pests and diseases, such as the notorious coffee leaf rust. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the ongoing impacts of climate change, including unpredictable weather patterns and rising temperatures, pose additional challenges to the survival and productivity of Arabica coffee plants.</p>



<p>However, the recent mapping of the Arabica <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a> offers a glimmer of hope. This intricate genetic blueprint allows scientists to delve deeper into the coffee plant's inner workings. By analyzing this map, researchers can identify specific genes that might be associated with resistance to diseases or the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. </p>



<p>This newfound knowledge is essential for developing strategies to safeguard the future of Arabica coffee production. It provides a roadmap for researchers seeking ways to breed more resilient coffee varieties, ensuring our continued enjoyment of this beloved beverage.</p>



<p>So, the next time you take a sip of your morning brew, remember this: your coffee carries within it a tale of natural wonder, ancient climates, and the enduring power of plants. From Ethiopia to your cup, the story of coffee is one to savor. </p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.06.556570v2">BioR<em>xiv</em></a>.</p>



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Coffee genome adapted to climate changes over millennia

Coffee is the fuel that keeps the world running. Whether...

Graphical,Representation,Of,Chemical,Processes,In,Photosynthesis,With,Elements,Placed

<p>A recent study has revealed a significant yet often overlooked component of the Earth’s carbon cycle: soil inorganic carbon (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-of-2c-would-unleash-230-billions-tons-of-soil-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SIC</a>). </p>



<p>Traditionally, discussions about soil carbon have focused predominantly on soil organic carbon (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SOC</a>), which refers to the decomposed organic matter in soil. </p>



<p>SIC, primarily composed of materials like calcium carbonate, plays a vital role in the global carbon cycle. This role is especially crucial in arid regions with infertile soils, where SIC significantly impacts soil health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-are-disrupting-earths-largest-carbon-storage-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon storage</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-inorganic-carbon-surpasses-vegetation-carbon">Soil inorganic carbon surpasses vegetation carbon</h2>



<p>The groundbreaking research led by Prof. Huang Yuanyuan from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research of the <a href="http://english.igsnrr.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, along with Prof. Zhang Ganlin of the <a href="http://english.issas.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Soil Science, CAS</a>, quantifies the global store of soil inorganic carbon (SIC).</p>



<p>Their findings reveal that the amount of SIC exceeds the carbon found in the world's vegetation fivefold. This significant discovery challenges the long-held perception that SIC is less significant than soil organic carbon (SOC).</p>



<p>Specifically, the study published in the journal <em>Science</em> identifies an astonishing 2,305 billion tons of SIC in the top two meters of soil globally. This finding challenges the long-held perception that SIC is less significant than SOC.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-fragility-of-carbon-fortresses">The fragility of carbon fortresses</h2>



<p>Prof. Huang highlights the precarious state of this vast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-carbon-buried-deep-beneath-the-forest-is-disrupted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon store</a>, explaining, "This huge carbon pool is vulnerable to changes in the environment, especially soil acidification. Acids dissolve calcium carbonate and remove it either as carbon dioxide gas or directly into the water.” </p>



<p>Countries like China and India, facing significant soil acidification from industrial activities and intensive farming, are at a particular risk. </p>



<p>Prof. Huang warns, “Without remedial actions and better soil practices, the world is likely to face a disturbance of SIC in the next thirty years.” </p>



<p>SIC degradation impairs the soil’s ability to neutralize acidity, regulate nutrients, support plant growth, and stabilize organic carbon. Essentially, the health of our ecosystems and the efficacy of carbon sequestration strategies heavily depend on the stability of SIC.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lost-soil-inorganic-carbon">Lost soil inorganic carbon</h2>



<p>The study further highlights the annual loss of approximately 1.13 billion tons of inorganic carbon from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-soil-boosts-crop-growth-by-over-50/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soils</a> to inland waters. </p>



<p>Consequently, this significant figure underscores the complexity of carbon transport dynamics among the land, atmosphere, freshwater, and ocean systems. </p>



<p>Thus, the findings suggest that a more nuanced understanding of both types of soil carbon -- organic and inorganic -- is crucial for developing effective climate change mitigation strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-soil-inorganic-carbon-equation">Balancing soil inorganic carbon equation</h2>



<p>The urgency to address both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-soil-plays-a-major-role-in-fighting-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forms of soil</a> carbon in climate initiatives is clear. It is now evident that inorganic carbon deserves equal attention as organic carbon in our efforts to combat climate change. </p>



<p>International efforts like the “4 per mille initiative,” which focuses primarily on enhancing SOC, must also integrate strategies for preserving and augmenting SIC.</p>



<p>By broadening our understanding of soil carbon dynamics, the research team aims to develop more comprehensive strategies. </p>



<p>These strategies are intended to maintain soil health, enhance ecosystem services, and mitigate the impacts of climate change.</p>



<p>This shift could potentially transform soil management practices globally, ensuring they include protections and enhancements for both SOC and SIC.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-securing-carbon-securing-our-future">Securing carbon, securing our future</h2>



<p>This pivotal research not only deepens our understanding of global carbon stores but also emphasizes the critical need for holistic, informed approaches in climate policy and land management. </p>



<p>As the study illustrates, safeguarding our planet’s soil carbon stores, particularly inorganic carbon, is not just about preserving an ecological asset but about securing a sustainable future against the escalating challenges of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-soil-inorganic-carbon">More about soil inorganic carbon</h2>



<p>As discussed above, SIC is a fundamental component of soil that has implications beyond just the carbon cycle; it's crucial for understanding broader environmental and agricultural dynamics. Here’s a bit more about SIC:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-and-types">Formation and types</h3>



<p>SIC can exist in various forms, predominantly as carbonates such as calcium carbonate (limestone) and magnesium carbonate. </p>



<p>These carbonates are often the result of sedimentation and chemical reactions over geological timescales, including the precipitation of carbonates from dissolved ions in water and biological processes involving organisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distribution">Distribution</h3>



<p>The distribution of SIC varies significantly with climate, soil type, and local geology. It is more abundant in arid and semi-arid regions due to lower levels of organic matter and higher potential for carbonate formation through evaporation and less leaching by rainfall.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-roles-and-functions">Roles and functions</h3>



<p>Soil inorganic carbon contributes to buffering soil pH, which is crucial for plant nutrition and microbial activity in the soil.</p>



<p>It also influences the availability of essential nutrients like phosphorus, which can bind with calcium in calcareous soils. Soils with high SIC content can affect the soil structure and its ability to retain water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h3>



<p>SIC serves as a significant carbon reservoir. Its stability or disturbance impacts carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, thus playing a role in climate dynamics. Moreover, soil inorganic carbonates can neutralize acid rain, reducing its harmful effects on ecosystems.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi7918" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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Hidden pool of global soil carbon alters climate change models

A recent study has revealed a significant yet often overlooked...

<p>Climate change is transforming the very fabric of our ecosystems, and as it progresses, its effects on rainfall patterns have become more pronounced. </p>



<p>April showers, traditionally light and frequent, are increasingly turning into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/">heavy downpours</a>. This shift is not limited to just one month; it's a year-round global trend that is leading to more intense but less frequent rainfalls. </p>



<p>A comprehensive study led by the <a href="https://www.umd.edu/">University of Maryland</a> is shedding light on how changing rainfall patterns are affecting plant life across the globe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concentrated-rainfall-and-its-ecological-effects">Concentrated rainfall and its ecological effects</h2>



<p>The study reveals a significant trend. In most regions, over half of the annual rainfall now falls on just 12 days each year. Predictions indicate that future rainfall events will become even more concentrated. This new pattern of longer dry periods punctuated by heavy rains seems to offer mixed blessings. </p>



<p>According to Andrew Feldman, a researcher at the <a href="https://webhost.essic.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center</a> and the first author of the paper, plants in arid regions like the American West may benefit from these intense downpours. However, plants in naturally wetter areas could suffer under the same conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-plant-responses-to-new-rainfall-regimes">Diverse plant responses to new rainfall regimes</h2>



<p>The response of plants to these changing conditions varies dramatically. Plants in dry ecosystems generally respond better to large bursts of rainfall than those in wetter environments. This sensitivity can shift dominant vegetation types, potentially altering the balance of an ecosystem.</p>



<p>"Typically, more rainfall over a year will make plants happier and allow the ecosystem to support more vegetation," Feldman explained. "But changes in how rain is delivered - shifting from frequent light showers to fewer, heavier events - can adjust a plant's photosynthesis and growth by 10% to 30%, even if the total amount of water they receive remains constant."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-studies-on-plant-responses">Global studies on plant responses</h2>



<p>Research also shows that plants in moderately wet regions, such as the Midwestern United States, are highly susceptible to these shifts. Their functional changes could see as much as a 25% alteration within a year due to changing rainfall patterns.</p>



<p>Global studies also reflect diverse reactions. While 42% of cases showed plants struggling under new rainfall regimes, 35% indicated improvement. Meanwhile, 23% saw no significant change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-rainfall-the-broader-climate-change-context">Beyond rainfall: the broader climate change context</h2>



<p>This nuanced picture underscores the complexity of plant responses to rainfall variability. This variability is a critical factor influencing everything from crop yields to the absorption of carbon emitted by human activities.</p>



<p>"Plants are responsible for the largest flux of carbon on global land," Feldman noted, emphasizing the broader implications of these findings. "Understanding how they respond to daily rainfall variability is crucial, as it affects agricultural productivity and our planet's ability to sequester carbon."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-road-ahead-future-research-directions">The road ahead: Future research directions</h2>



<p>The research team, including experts from the <a href="https://twin-cities.umn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Minnesota</a>, <a href="https://www.montana.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montana State University</a>, <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a>, the <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, and NASA's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Spaceflight Center</a>, is expanding their studies. </p>



<p>The experts are preparing a global analysis to examine how plants respond to intense, sporadic rainfall through satellite measurements.</p>



<p>In addition, Feldman and his colleagues aim to identify the optimal rainfall frequencies that maximize photosynthesis and growth in plants. </p>



<p>"To accurately predict the impact of increasingly extreme rainfall on plant life, we must invest in understanding the soil and plant processes that are influenced by individual rainstorms and the subsequent dry periods," said Feldman.</p>



<p>As challenges evolve, the urgency for detailed, continuous research highlights the complex interplay between climate change and the natural world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rising temperatures and intense rainfall</h2>



<p>The link between rising temperatures and intense rainfall is primarily due to the increased capacity of warmer air to hold moisture. Here’s how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Increased water vapor</h3>



<p>As temperatures rise due to global warming, the amount of evaporation from the Earth's surface also increases. Warmer air can hold more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sci-fi-inspired-scenarios-illustrate-our-impact-on-earths-water-cycle/">water vapor</a> than cooler air. For every 1°C rise in temperature, the air's capacity to hold water vapor increases by about 7 percent.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Convection and instability</h3>



<p>Warmer temperatures often lead to greater atmospheric instability. This instability occurs because warm, moist air rises more readily. As this air rises, it cools and the water vapor condenses into cloud droplets, eventually leading to precipitation. The stronger and more rapid this rising motion (convection), the more intense the resulting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rising-impact-of-tropical-cyclones-in-a-warming-world/">storms</a> can be.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Increased rainfall intensity</h3>



<p>With more moisture in the atmosphere, when rain does occur, it can be more intense. This is because as the water vapor condenses into liquid or ice, it releases latent heat, which in turn fuels the storm, making it stronger and potentially more capable of producing heavy bursts of rain.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Climate patterns and changes</h3>



<p>Climate change also alters various climate patterns and systems like jet streams and ocean currents, which can further affect weather systems, potentially leading to more frequent and intense storms.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00534-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment</em>.</a></p>



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How changing rainfall patterns impact plants worldwide

Climate change is transforming the very fabric of our ecosystems,...

<p>A fascinating new discovery reveals that violent summer storms have a secret role in keeping things in balanced in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cautionary-tale-todays-ocean-oxygen-levels-may-have-cascading-impacts/">ocean</a>.</p>



<p>The ocean depths teem with a mysterious world unknown to most of us land-dwellers. But this delicate ecosystem is under threat. </p>



<p>Warmer waters caused by climate change hold less oxygen. It's a crisis for marine life, which needs oxygen to survive – just like us. But where does the deep sea even get its oxygen, and why is it running out?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-oxygen-problem">Deep sea oxygen problem</h2>



<p>"There is growing concern for the health of our coastal oceans as the climate warms because warmer water holds less oxygen," explains Professor Tom Rippeth of <a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bangor University</a>. </p>



<p>"Living creatures in the ocean are reliant on oxygen to survive in the same way as animals on land are. Oxygen is also used up as rotting matter decomposes in the depths of the ocean. This creates a summer oxygen deficit in the deep seas around the UK. Unfortunately, as our climate warms, this deficit is forecast to grow."</p>



<p>In the summer months, the sun's energy warms the surface layers of the ocean. Warmer water is naturally less dense than colder water. This difference in density creates a barrier that hinders mixing between the two layers.</p>



<p>This process where water masses with different properties form layers is called stratification. It's a bit like oil and water separating in a glass – they don't readily mix due to density differences.</p>



<p>The warmer, less dense top layer of the ocean interacts with the atmosphere, absorbing oxygen for use by marine life. However, this oxygen-rich water stays near the surface due to stratification - the natural separation of the ocean's water into horizontal layers by density. </p>



<p>The deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> layer, cut off from the surface and the atmosphere, can't replenish its oxygen. Additionally, biological processes like the decomposition of organic matter further consume the existing oxygen within this deep layer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summer-storms-and-ocean-mixing">Summer storms and ocean mixing</h2>



<p>You might not think of storms as helpful, but scientists from Bangor University, the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a>, and the National Oceanography Center have found they play an unexpected role.</p>



<p>At first glance, storms seem destructive. However, the powerful winds and waves associated with summer storms significantly churn the ocean's surface. This turbulence disrupts stratification.</p>



<p>The energy of the storm doesn't just impact the surface. It penetrates deeper, forcing the mixing of the oxygen-rich surface water with the oxygen-depleted layers below. This mixing helps replenish the oxygen in the deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-oxygen-levels-global/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>, combating the natural oxygen decline that occurs during summer.</p>



<p>Just how effective is this? The research shows that these storms can slow the worsening of deep-sea oxygen shortages by a whopping 50 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summer-storms-and-oceans-a-complex-balance">Summer storms and oceans: A complex balance</h2>



<p>This discovery underscores how seemingly isolated events, like storms far out at sea, are intricately connected to the health of deep-sea ecosystems. </p>



<p>It demonstrates that changes in weather patterns and storm intensity, likely influenced by climate change, have a direct bearing on the well-being of a vast marine environment and the life within it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-renewable-energy-sources">Renewable energy sources</h2>



<p>The study also raises some thought-provoking questions and highlights the importance of careful planning as we look to harness renewable energy sources.</p>



<p>As we explore sustainable solutions like floating wind farms, this research highlights the need to understand their potential impact on ocean dynamics like mixing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-oxygen-levels-are-affected-by-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen</a> distribution. This understanding will aid in making informed decisions about the best placement and design of such structures.</p>



<p>The need for renewable energy is clear, but this research reminds us that our actions can have far-reaching effects. It stresses the importance of thoroughly studying how our interventions interact with natural cycles in order to maintain healthy oceans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summer-storms-and-the-ocean-s-breath">Summer storms and the ocean's breath</h2>



<p>Speaking of renewable energy, there's another twist to this story. The development of floating wind farms has the potential to further aid the ocean's health.</p>



<p>"The tidal flow passed from the proposed floating wind turbines will generate a turbulent wake which will mix down oxygen in the summer. This positive impact will improve ocean health," says Professor Rippeth.</p>



<p>But wait, turbines mixing the ocean? Here's the idea: the very structures of floating wind farms could act as giant mixers, further circulating oxygenated water. However, Professor Rippeth cautions that we need to carefully consider how these farms are designed and placed to get the balance right.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-actions-have-consequences">Actions have consequences</h2>



<p>The study draws attention to the fact that even when we aim to do something positive, like transitioning to clean energy, there can be unintended consequences within complex systems like our planet. </p>



<p>This highlights the need to invest in thorough scientific research and the development of comprehensive models. A deep understanding of how various natural systems, including the atmosphere and vast oceans, interact is crucial. Only then can we anticipate and hopefully mitigate potential negative consequences of our actions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-towards-a-sustainable-planet">Towards a sustainable planet</h2>



<p>As we work towards a greener future, it's vital to understand the intricate workings of natural systems. Our pursuit of a more sustainable planet cannot be separated from our effort to understand the complex web of interactions that govern it. Scientific exploration isn't just a side project – it's integral to making informed choices that promote genuine long-term environmental welfare.</p>



<p>This small glimpse into the deep sea's hidden world shows us just how much we still have to learn about the incredible planet we call home.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47548-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Summer storms stir oxygen into the deep ocean

A fascinating new discovery reveals that violent summer storms have...

<p>In recent decades, the U.S. wheat market has shown remarkable stability despite facing the growing challenges of climate change and extreme weather conditions. </p>



<p>A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/">University of Southampton</a> delves deep into the wheat sector's resilience and the broader theme of food security in developed countries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wheat-market-forces-weather-economic-shifts">Wheat market forces weather economic shifts</h2>



<p>The research highlights the crucial role of market forces in maintaining price stability in the food market. Even under the pressures of varying climate conditions, this stability has persisted over the past half-century.</p>



<p>According to lead author Dr. Vincenzo De Lipsis, the study reveals significant shifts in what influences <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wheat-prices-will-spike-as-climate-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wheat prices</a> in the United States. </p>



<p>"Before the mid-70s, oil was the dominant driver of wheat price fluctuations in the US, but after this point, we see a much stronger influence coming from a wider set of factors that includes weather and food consumption," said Dr. De Lipsis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-on-global-agriculture">Impact of climate on global agriculture</h2>



<p>The study points out an increase in extreme weather events worldwide. Events such as droughts and floods have become more frequent and intense due to climate change.</p>



<p>Dr. De Lipsis emphasized the importance of understanding these changes. "Understanding the impact of this variability on food commodity prices is crucial, as it could have serious implications for food security," he said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-resilience-in-the-face-of-climate-variability">Agricultural resilience in the face of climate variability</h2>



<p>Despite the potential for weather fluctuations to adversely affect wheat prices, the research found minimal impact on the market. Such fluctuations have not significantly disturbed the market's stability.</p>



<p>Accordingly, we attribute this stability to the resilience and flexibility of the agricultural sector. Farmers and industries have successfully smoothed out supply chain disruptions.</p>



<p>"The market system around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-heat-is-threatening-wheat-and-the-global-food-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wheat</a> has remained competitive, functioning well and adapting to the new uncertain climate conditions," Dr. De Lipsis explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investments-strengthen-wheat-market-stability">Investments strengthen wheat market stability</h2>



<p>Substantial investments have further supported the stability in wheat prices and associated goods. These investments include storage facilities, modern infrastructure, and efficient transport links.</p>



<p>Consequently<strong>,</strong> these developments help buffer the supply of grain to retailers and consumers, reducing the market shocks that poor harvests might cause.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-market-strength-for-climate-adaptation">Harnessing market strength for climate adaptation</h2>



<p>Dr. De Lipsis outlined several takeaways for policymakers: "We have shown that market forces provide a powerful stabilizing mechanism to counter the increased variability in weather and harvest observed in the last half a century." </p>



<p>He noted that effective adaptation to climate challenges involves several key components. These include a competitive market, modern infrastructure, sufficient storage capacity, and a liquid futures market.</p>



<p>However, Dr. De Lipsis cautioned that while the U.S. system has proven robust, predicting its future effectiveness is challenging. These mechanisms may face unprecedented levels of weather variability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-us-wheat-market-s-blueprint-for-global-food-security">US wheat market's blueprint for global food security</h2>



<p>The resilience demonstrated by the U.S. wheat sector serves as a benchmark for other regions, especially developing countries.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of prioritizing investments in key areas to ensure a reliable and secure food supply globally.</p>



<p>However, while stability is more readily achieved in affluent nations, developing regions face a different reality. They are encouraged to enhance their infrastructure and market systems to safeguard against future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-infections-are-threatening-global-food-security/">food security</a> challenges.</p>



<p>As the world grapples with climate change and rising food demand, this study offers invaluable insights. It provides a roadmap for boosting food security with strategic investments and strong market mechanisms, preparing nations to manage the unpredictability of global agriculture. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-wheat-market-in-the-u-s">Significance of wheat market in the U.S</h2>



<p>The wheat market in the USA holds considerable significance for several key reasons:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact </h3>



<p>Agriculture is a major sector in the U.S. economy, and within this sector, wheat stands out as one of the top produced grains. The cultivation, harvesting, processing, and distribution of wheat generate thousands of jobs and contribute billions of dollars to the national GDP. </p>



<p>Wheat production also supports ancillary industries, including manufacturing (for farm equipment and machinery), transportation, and export services.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-security">Food security</h3>



<p>Wheat is a fundamental component of the American diet, used in a wide variety of foods such as bread, pasta, cereals, and other staple goods. Ensuring a stable supply of wheat is critical for maintaining food security. </p>



<p>The U.S. government, through policies and subsidies, often aims to stabilize wheat production to prevent market disruptions that could lead to price spikes or shortages, affecting millions of consumers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-influence">Global influence</h3>



<p>The United States is one of the world's leading wheat exporters, making its wheat market significant not just domestically but globally. </p>



<p>Changes in U.S. wheat production can have ripple effects on global wheat prices and availability. This means that U.S. wheat farmers and policymakers play a crucial role in global food security, especially in countries dependent on wheat imports.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-development">Research and development</h3>



<p>The U.S. invests heavily in agricultural research and development, including in the wheat sector. Innovations in crop genetics, pest management, and farming techniques developed in the U.S. can lead to higher yields, better disease resistance, and greater environmental sustainability. </p>



<p>These advancements not only benefit U.S. farmers but also have the potential to improve wheat production worldwide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-considerations">Environmental considerations</h3>



<p>As climate change poses increasing challenges to <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=Agriculture%20&amp;start=0">agriculture</a>, the U.S. wheat market's adaptability becomes even more crucial. </p>



<p>Research and practices in sustainable farming, water management, and crop rotation developed in the U.S. contribute to the resilience of the wheat market against environmental stresses. This not only ensures steady production but also serves as a model for other countries dealing with similar issues.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <em><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165188924000150?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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U.S. wheat market has been remarkably resilient amid climate change

In recent decades, the U.S. wheat market has shown remarkable...

Close,Up,Melting,Iceberg,On,Waters,Of,Southern,Ocean,To

<p>The pristine world of Antarctica, a kingdom of ice and snow, is facing a hidden danger: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a>. Its massive ice shelves, those vast floating platforms of ice, are destabilizing at an alarming rate. </p>



<p>As they melt away, they threaten to unleash the glaciers held back behind them, leading to a catastrophic rise in global sea levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-shelves-antarctica-s-critical-gatekeepers">Ice shelves: Antarctica's critical gatekeepers</h2>



<p>Picture ice shelves as colossal frozen extensions of the Antarctic continent, floating out over the ocean. These shelves form when massive glaciers flow from the land and out onto the ocean surface. Their immense size and thickness allow them to buttress the glaciers behind them, slowing their flow. </p>



<p>This buttressing effect is critical; it regulates the pace at which ice from the interior of Antarctica reaches the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-circumpolar-current-speed-increasing-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. If these ice shelves vanish or weaken significantly, the glaciers they hold back lose their restraint. </p>



<p>Consequently, the massive glaciers accelerate their flow into the ocean, resulting in a rise in global sea levels that will directly impact our coastlines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-usual-suspect-wind">The usual suspect: Wind</h2>



<p>For years, scientists attributed the primary cause of Antarctic ice shelf melt to strong winds swirling around the Southern Ocean. </p>



<p>The prevailing theory posited that these winds generated ocean currents capable of transporting warm water towards the underside of the ice shelves. </p>



<p>This warm water would then interact with the ice, causing significant melting from below and weakening the overall structure of the shelves.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-currents-melt-antarctica-s-ice-shelves">Ocean currents melt Antarctica's ice shelves</h2>



<p>A new discovery that challenges the long-held understanding of Antarctic ice shelf melt. It reveals that meandering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-surface-temperatures-are-speeding-up-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a> play a more significant role in the melting process than the previously emphasized role of winds.</p>



<p>The key finding lies in how these currents interact with the topography of the ocean floor. Variations in seabed shape influence the movement of ocean currents, causing them to twist and turn. </p>



<p>This complex movement can generate a force called 'upwelling' that pushes warmer water from deeper layers upwards towards the base of the ice shelves. </p>



<p>This warm water then erodes the ice shelves from below, a process that can be far more destructive than melting driven by wind-forced currents alone.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>"The intensity and trajectory of ocean currents encircling the ice shelves directly govern the influx of warm water, thereby intricately shaping their rate of melting," explained Taewook Park, <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korea Polar Research Institute.</a></p>
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effect-of-ocean-currents-melting-antarctica-s-ice">Effect of ocean currents melting Antarctica's ice</h2>



<p>The Antarctic holds enough ice to raise sea levels by a staggering 58 meters if it all melted by factors such as ocean currents. </p>



<p>While a complete meltdown is an extreme, worst-case scenario, even a much smaller rise would have devastating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/relationship-between-ocean-currents-and-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global consequences</a>. </p>



<p>A sea level increase of just a few meters would displace millions of people living in low-lying coastal areas, inundating homes, infrastructure, and agricultural land. </p>



<p>Major cities and economic hubs around the world would face escalating risks of flooding, storm surges, and erosion. </p>



<p>The faster those ice shelves melt, the sooner this threat becomes a harsh reality, forcing difficult choices about adaptation and relocation for countless communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>This new discovery necessitates a reevaluation of our current understanding of the complex interactions between the Southern Ocean currents and the Antarctica ice sheet. Prior models primarily focused on wind patterns as the driver of ice shelf melt. </p>



<p>This new research highlights the crucial role of ocean currents and seabed topography in influencing the movement and upwelling of warm water towards the ice shelves. </p>



<p>Consequently, climate models used to predict future sea level rise will require significant adjustments to incorporate these newly discovered dynamics. </p>



<p>“Our findings challenge conventional wisdom," explained Yoshihiro Nakayama from <a href="https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a>. </p>



<p>By integrating this information, scientists can develop more accurate and nuanced projections of how much global sea levels might rise due to Antarctic ice melt.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>"Our study underscores that the interplay between meandering ocean currents and the ocean floor generates upwelling velocity, bringing warm water to shallower depths. Subsequently, this warm water reaches the ice-ocean interface, accelerating ice shelf melting." Nakayama explains.</p>



<p>"This internal oceanic process driving ice shelf melting introduces a novel concept. With this in mind, we have to reevaluate winds driving Antarctic ice loss, which can significantly impact future projections," he concludes.</p>
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-takeaway">Key takeaway</h2>



<p>The recent Antarctica's ice shelf melt and currents research underscores the immense complexity and power of the ocean. Our understanding of its influence on Earth's most sensitive regions, like Antarctica, is still evolving. </p>



<p>This discovery highlights a crucial point: climate change isn't just a matter of rising air temperatures. It's a cascade of interconnected effects that ripple throughout Earth's various systems. </p>



<p>The ocean plays a far more significant role than previously thought, and its dynamic interactions with ice sheets and currents can have profound consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-sea-levels-spiked-dramatically-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global sea levels</a>. </p>



<p>As we delve deeper into climate science, it's becoming increasingly clear that a holistic approach is necessary to understand the intricate web of cause and effect that drives environmental change on our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ocean-currents">More about ocean currents</h2>



<p>As discussed above, ccean currents are like rivers flowing within the ocean, playing a crucial role in the global climate system and marine ecosystems. </p>



<p>They are complex movements of ocean water driven by a variety of factors, each contributing to the currents' characteristics and effects such as Antarctica ice melt. </p>



<p>Here's a more detailed look at what drives these currents, their types, and their impact on our planet:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Factors driving ocean currents</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Wind</strong>: Surface currents, which make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean, are primarily driven by the wind. These currents are directly influenced by the pattern of the wind in the different Earth’s climate zones and can be swift and powerful, like the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Coriolis effect</strong>: As the Earth rotates, it imparts a force known as the Coriolis effect, which causes currents to veer to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This effect is crucial in determining the direction of ocean currents.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Temperature and salinity</strong>: Variations in water density affect its movement. Cold, salty water is denser than warm, fresh water. This difference causes vertical movements—warmer water rises, and colder water sinks, creating a conveyor belt-like motion known as thermohaline circulation.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Tides and gravitational pull</strong>: Tidal currents are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. These are more predictable and can create significant water movements, especially near coastlines.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Bathymetry</strong>: The topography of the ocean floor (bathymetry) can influence the flow of ocean currents. Underwater features such as continental shelves, ridges, and trenches can direct and channel ocean currents.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Types of ocean currents</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Surface currents</strong>: Surface currents primarily exist in the upper 400 meters of the ocean and wind mainly drives them. They follow the major wind belts of the world and the Coriolis effect also affects them.<br></li>



<li><strong>Deep water currents</strong>: Deep water currents are heavily influenced by water density. This density depends on temperature and salinity levels. Together, these factors create a global conveyor belt. This conveyor belt is crucial for regulating Earth's climate as it distributes heat around the planet.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact of ocean currents beyond Antarctica's ice melt</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Climate regulation</strong>: Ocean currents distribute heat around the planet, thereby regulating weather and climate. For example, the Gulf Stream carries warm water from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic, making climates in Northern Europe milder.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Marine life</strong>: Currents carry nutrients and warm water, providing the basis for some of the world’s richest marine ecosystems. They also influence the migration patterns and distribution of marine life forms.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Navigation and human activity</strong>: Currents impact navigation routes for ships, especially in chokepoints like the Panama and Suez canals. Fishing industries and offshore operations are also influenced by current patterns.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Environmental impacts</strong>: Currents can carry pollutants, plastic debris, and organisms to different parts of the ocean, affecting marine ecosystems and biodiversity.</li>
</ul>



<p>Understanding ocean currents is crucial for predicting weather patterns, studying climate change, and managing marine resources effectively. They are integral to the Earth's system, influencing not just the oceans but the planetary environment as a whole.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47084-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Antarctic ice shelves are melting faster due to ocean currents

The pristine world of Antarctica, a kingdom of ice and...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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