<p>For years, scientists believed they had a decent handle on what was melting the ice in West Antarctica. Warmer oceans and stronger winds blowing in from the west - that was the popular theory.</p>



<p>But now, after running climate simulations using local data, researchers have discovered that we might have been looking the wrong way entirely. It’s not the westerly winds causing the biggest trouble - it’s the northerly winds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-loss-means-rising-seas">Ice loss means rising seas</h2>



<p>Antarctica holds most of the planet’s freshwater, frozen in a massive sheet of ice that covers an area bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined. </p>



<p>That ice isn’t just sitting still. Some of it flows slowly into the ocean, held back by giant floating extensions called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-melting-ice-shelves-threaten-global-sea-levels/">ice shelves</a>. If the ice sheet in West Antarctica collapses, sea levels around the world could rise by as much as 20 feet.</p>



<p>Even small changes in how fast that ice melts can have huge consequences for coastal cities, global currents, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-prediction-model-is-a-major-breakthrough-in-weather-forecasting/">weather systems</a>. </p>



<p>That’s why scientists have spent decades trying to understand what’s causing the West Antarctic ice sheet to shrink. It’s been getting smaller since at least the 1940s. But not all the pieces of the puzzle were adding up.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-antarctica-s-hidden-winds">Tracking Antarctica’s hidden winds</h2>



<p>The new study was led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> (UW). They weren’t satisfied with the usual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a>, which often rely on global data and struggle with the lack of weather stations in Antarctica. So they decided to build something better.</p>



<p>They pulled in proxy data - long-term records preserved in things like ice cores, tree rings, and coral. These natural sources can give clues about past wind and weather patterns, helping fill in the gaps left by satellite data and on-the-ground observations.</p>



<p>“We thought that we were going to support what the climate models showed, which was that the westerly winds were getting stronger near the coast of Antarctica,” said Gemma O’Connor, lead author and a UW postdoctoral researcher. </p>



<p>“But there was no evidence of westerly winds strengthening in this part of Antarctica.” That finding was odd. If westerly winds weren’t to blame, what was?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northerly-winds-drive-the-ice-melt">Northerly winds drive the ice melt</h2>



<p>The team used high-resolution simulations to test 30 different wind scenarios. Each run of the model applied a different wind pattern to see what happened to the ice over a five-year stretch. They repeated the process again and again.</p>



<p>One pattern kept showing up: when winds came from the north, ice loss accelerated. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-westerly-winds-are-changing-and-the-consequences-are-unknown/">Westerly winds</a> didn’t do much.</p>



<p>Northerly winds shifted sea ice, closing small open areas in the ice cover known as polynyas. These are basically patches where heat can escape from the ocean into the atmosphere. When the winds closed them off, the ocean held onto more of its heat.</p>



<p>“Sea ice is a really good insulator, it keeps the ocean relatively warm compared to the air,” said Kyle Armour, a UW professor. “When northerly winds close the polynyas, it reduces ocean heat loss, which means warmer waters and more melting of ice shelves below the surface.”</p>



<p>This hidden heating creates a chain reaction. As the warmer water melts the ice shelves from below, freshwater enters the salty sea. That mix causes a difference in density, which pulls even more warm ocean water into the region - speeding up the melt further.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-climate-connection-we-didn-t-expect">A climate connection we didn’t expect</h2>



<p>The big question is: what’s making those northerly winds stronger? Early signs point to climate change. </p>



<p>Emissions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/">greenhouse gases</a> are likely decreasing air pressure over the Amundsen Sea, a region that shapes many of Antarctica’s weather patterns. Lower pressure strengthens the northerly winds - the same ones that are making the melt worse.</p>



<p>“This mechanism provides a connection between West Antarctic ice loss and human-induced climate change, albeit a different mechanism than we previously suspected,” O’Connor said.</p>



<p>This isn’t just a scientific curiosity. It’s a real link between our actions and the future of the world’s ice. If our emissions are playing a role in these winds, then reducing those emissions could slow the melting.</p>



<p>“We know the Earth is warming up on average, but that alone doesn’t explain ice loss in Antarctica,” said Eric Steig, professor of Earth and space sciences at UW. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northerly-winds-change-the-story">Northerly winds change the story</h2>



<p>For decades, the focus has been on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-westerly-winds-are-changing-and-the-consequences-are-unknown/">westerly winds</a> - the ones that blow from west to east across the Southern Hemisphere. </p>



<p>Scientists thought they were pushing warm ocean water toward Antarctica and driving the ice to melt faster. But they missed something important.</p>



<p>“I think what Gemma has done is going to lead to a complete revolution in the understanding of what drives Antarctic ice loss,” Armour said. “We had all sorts of theories about the winds that blow from west to east, but the northerly winds weren’t even on our radar. We were off by 90 degrees.”</p>



<p>The lesson here is clear. Climate science is constantly evolving, and even long-standing ideas can be turned on their head. In this case, or rather, on their side.</p>



<p>Understanding which way the wind is blowing - literally - might be one of the keys to protecting the future of Earth’s ice.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01757-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Antarctic ice melt traced to an overlooked source

For years, scientists believed they had a decent handle on what was melting the ice in West Antarctica. Warmer oceans and stronger winds blowing in from the west - that was the popular theory. But now, after running climate simulations using local data, researchers have discovered that we might have been looking the wrong way entirely. It’s not the westerly winds causing the biggest trouble - it’s the northerly winds. Ice loss means rising seas Antarctica holds most of the planet’s freshwater, frozen in a massive sheet...

<p>When Marcus Jones and his business partner, Akunna Olumba, decided to establish a pizzeria in Detroit, their vision was clear: to integrate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-technology-is-urgently-needed-to-save-the-climate/">sustainable technologies</a>, including solar panels, a high-efficiency tankless water heater, and a stormwater collection system on the roof. However, when they approached traditional banks to finance their clean energy projects, they encountered skepticism. </p>



<p>"The lenders thought we were crazy,” Jones said. The banks were hesitant to fund such green initiatives, doubting their financial viability due to a lack of precedent in lending for clean energy projects or efficiency upgrades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainability-in-business-operations">Sustainability in business operations</h2>



<p>Faced with this challenge, Jones and Olumba turned to a specialized financial institution, a green bank, designed to support projects aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-biodiversity-wildlife-habitats-delicate-balancing-act/">environmental impact</a>. This decision placed them at the forefront of a burgeoning movement that prioritizes sustainability in business operations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This movement is set to receive a significant boost, with the Biden administration announcing a $20 billion investment, which Vice President Kamala Harris has described as “the largest investment in financing for community-based climate projects in our nation’s history.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clean-energy-grants">Clean energy grants</h2>



<p>This groundbreaking initiative by the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) aims to distribute grants, varying from $500 million to $6.9 billion, to eight non-profit organizations. These funds are earmarked for projects that advance clean energy solutions, especially in underprivileged communities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The scope of these projects ranges from assisting families in acquiring electric induction stoves to constructing energy-efficient housing for low-income residents.</p>



<p>“We’re putting an unprecedented $20 billion to work in communities that for too long have been shut out of resources to lower costs and benefit from clean technology solutions,” explained EPA administrator Michael S. Regan.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critics-of-the-initiative-nbsp">Critics of the initiative&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Yet, this initiative has not been without its critics. Republicans have condemned the funding as a “greendoggle,” questioning EPA's capability to manage a program of this magnitude. </p>



<p>Despite these criticisms and attempts to repeal the program, the administration is pressing forward, with hopes that the initiative will leverage an additional $150 billion in private capital. </p>



<p>This ambitious goal reflects a belief that federal dollars can act as a catalyst, drawing private investment into the clean energy sector at a ratio of about $7 for every federal dollar spent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grants-intended-to-reduce-carbon-emissions">Grants intended to reduce carbon emissions</h2>



<p>The grants are part of the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/cleanenergy/inflation-reduction-act-guidebook/">Inflation Reduction Act</a>, a cornerstone of President Biden’s climate policy, which allocated $27 billion to what is known as the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/greenhouse-gas-reduction-fund">Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund</a>. </p>



<p>Among the largest recipients of this funding are the <a href="https://weareclimateunited.org/">Climate United Fund</a> and the <a href="https://coalitionforgreencapital.com/">Coalition for Green Capital</a>, with grants intended to reduce carbon emissions significantly over the next seven years.</p>



<p>The concept of a green bank is not new, having been proposed over two decades ago as a means to drive private investment into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/">renewable energy</a> projects and other environmental initiatives. </p>



<p>However, EPA's approach diversifies this concept by distributing funds across various nonprofit groups, allowing them to function as lenders for community-focused projects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-income-communities-and-clean-energy">Low-income communities and clean energy</h2>



<p>Senator Chris Van Hollen, an early advocate for a national green bank, highlighted the importance of this funding in enabling low-income communities to participate in the clean energy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-transition-may-boost-job-opportunities-in-the-u-s/">transition</a>. He pointed out that federal tax incentives for clean energy technologies often remain out of reach for individuals lacking the upfront capital for such investments.</p>



<p>Examples of the program’s potential impact are already visible in communities like De Soto, Georgia, where non-profit organizations have facilitated home appliance upgrades and energy-efficiency improvements for families. Mildred Carter, a beneficiary of such a program, shared her relief at receiving a grant for a new electric heat pump after her water heater failed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-model-for-community-level-clean-energy-financing">New model for community-level clean energy financing</h2>



<p>In Detroit, the success story of Detroit Pizza Bar, supported by a green loan for its sustainable technologies, underscores the tangible benefits of green financing for small businesses. </p>



<p>Jones noted that while customers might not initially notice the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-solar-panels-appealing/">solar panels</a> or rain barrels, the restaurant's commitment to sustainability is a point of pride and distinction.</p>



<p>As the Biden administration moves to announce these awards, the initiative represents a significant step toward inclusive, sustainable development, offering a new model for community-level clean energy financing. </p>



<p>Through such efforts, the administration aims to ensure that the benefits of clean technology are accessible to all, laying the groundwork for a more sustainable and equitable future.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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EPA awards $20 billion in grants for clean energy projects

When Marcus Jones and his business partner, Akunna Olumba, decided...

<p>Coral reefs are like the bustling cities of the ocean that house a quarter of all marine species, including countless microbes. These reefs boost economies by supporting tourism and fisheries that adds billions to global economies.</p>



<p>However, these vital ecosystems are currently facing unparalleled threats. The combined pressures of climate change, disease, and various stressors have contributed to their consistent decline.</p>



<p>In response to this crisis, researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (<a href="https://www.whoi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHOI</a>) have embarked on a remarkable study. The experts have turned their attention to an unexpected ally for real-time monitoring of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-can-mislead-scientists-about-reef-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef health</a>: the microbes inhabiting these aquatic environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbes-role-in-coral-reef-survival">Microbes role in coral reef survival</h2>



<p>Cynthia Becker, a recent graduate of the MIT-WHOI Joint Program, led the research, which uncovers the critical role microbes play within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reef ecosystems</a>.</p>



<p>Microbes are essentially minuscule life forms that are invisible to the naked eye. They inhabit virtually every corner of our planet. This includes the air we breathe, the soil beneath our feet, the bodies of water that surround us, and even the internal recesses of our own bodies.</p>



<p>Within the intricate ecosystems of coral reefs, these microscopic organisms undertake the vital task of recycling organic substances and nutrients. The recycling process carried out by microbes goes beyond merely breaking down materials; it acts as a lifeline for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-corals-more-resilient-to-climate-change-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a>. This process provides corals with the essential nourishment they need to thrive.</p>



<p>Moreover, microbes lay the foundation for a diverse web of life that thrives on coral reefs. They support a vast array of species that depend on these vibrant underwater cities for survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-shifts-in-coral-reefs">Microbial shifts in coral reefs</h2>



<p>For seven years, the researchers closely studied microbial communities around eight reefs in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Their findings showed major changes in these communities due to hurricanes and disease outbreaks.</p>



<p>"Coral reefs have been declining for decades… It is important for us to monitor changes in coral reefs as they are happening, and the microbes in their environment can really help us do that,” said Becker. </p>



<p>The study documents the effects of major events, including hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017. It also covers the onset of the stony coral tissue loss disease outbreak in 2020.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the research details the significant changes within the microbial community resulting from these disturbances. This includes a notable 34% decline in Prochlorococcus, a critical photosynthetic bacteria, illustrating the profound impact these events have on the ecosystem's microbial balance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microscopic-monitoring-with-edna">Microscopic monitoring with eDNA</h2>



<p>The research highlights a shift from traditional macro-level studies of coral reefs to a focus on the microscopic level. </p>



<p>"A lot of how we study coral reefs is done on a macroorganismal level. This makes it difficult to track the health of these vulnerable reefs in real time," explained study co-author Amy Apprill, a microbial ecologist at WHOI. </p>



<p>To bridge the gap, the team utilized environmental DNA (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/measure-coral-reef-health-water-samples/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eDNA</a>) techniques to examine microbial DNA, providing a noninvasive method for assessing reef health. This approach allows for almost instantaneous health evaluations of the reefs, offering a crucial advantage in conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stages-in-edna">Stages in eDNA</h2>



<p>The technique starts with collecting water samples from the coral reefs, each containing approximately 1 million microbes per milliliter.</p>



<p>After collection, the microbial DNA within these samples is sequenced to analyze the present microbial communities.</p>



<p>Subsequently, this method provides a snapshot of the microbial community's composition, offering an insight into the reef's health in near real-time.</p>



<p>"Microbes are the hidden engines of coral reefs. By sampling the water, we can see the immediate impacts of disturbances and intervene to support the reefs before the situation potentially worsens,” noted Apprill.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-towards-a-future-of-healthy-reefs">Towards a future of healthy reefs</h2>



<p>Understanding the composition of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-bacteria-vital-to-coral-reef-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy reef</a> microbial community is crucial for assessing the overall health of the ecosystem.</p>



<p>Consequently, this knowledge can complement visual assessments, providing a fuller picture of a reef's condition and informing conservation strategies.</p>



<p>As the challenges facing these ecosystems intensify, the study offers a beacon of hope, leveraging the power of modern genomics to safeguard the future of our planet's coral reefs.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://enviromicro-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1462-2920.16610" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Microbiology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Microbes reveal the health of coral reefs in real time

Coral reefs are like the bustling cities of the ocean...

<p>Get ready for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/total-solar-eclipse-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celestial showdown</a>! On April 8th, a total <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-to-make-your-plans-to-see-the-annular-solar-eclipse-on-october-14/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar eclipse</a> is set to cast a dramatic shadow on the natural world. </p>



<p>As the moon blocks the sun, plunging parts of North America into midday darkness, scientists are scrambling to understand how birds, bats, and insects – creatures exquisitely tuned to light levels – will react to this unexpected blackout.</p>



<p>For instance, birds migrating north for the spring, their internal clocks set to navigate by daylight, may suddenly find themselves confused. Will they mistake the eclipse for nightfall and seek a place to roost? Will insects stop their buzzing? </p>



<p>This is not just idle speculation – it's science in the making, offering insights into how animals perceive and respond to changes in light.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-total-solar-eclipse">What is a total solar eclipse?</h2>



<p>When the moon glides between the Earth and the sun, a solar eclipse unfolds. This event casts the moon's shadow across the Earth, dimming the sun's light completely or in part over certain regions. The usual daylight fades into a unique twilight, creating moments of wonder that last briefly.</p>



<p>This phenomenon is not just a rare spectacle; it's a journey into the shadows that only a select portion of the Earth's surface, known as the "path of totality," gets to experience firsthand. </p>



<p>During this upcoming eclipse, the path of totality carves a route starting in Mexico, slicing through the heart of Texas, and continuing its arc northeastward to Maine. </p>



<p>Those situated within this narrow corridor are the fortunate audience to a dramatic display of nature's grandeur, where day briefly transforms into night, unveiling stars and planets against a darkened sky. The sun's corona - a fiery halo - becomes visible in a mesmerizing celestial show.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-navigation-during-total-solar-eclipse">Bird navigation during total solar eclipse</h2>



<p>Birds, with their unparalleled mastery of long-distance migration, have long fascinated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike. They possess an extraordinary array of navigational tools, a testament to nature's ingenuity. </p>



<p>From the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/importance-solar-eclipses-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient art</a> of celestial navigation - using the sun by day and stars by night to sense the Earth's magnetic field - birds have developed a sophisticated understanding of the world around them to guide their epic journeys across continents.</p>



<p>However, there's a compelling twist in their story. These avian travelers surprisingly undertake their lengthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-disturbances-throw-nocturnal-birds-off-course/">migrations</a> predominantly under the cloak of night. </p>



<p>This nocturnal strategy raises intriguing questions about how sudden environmental changes, such as the abrupt darkness of a total solar eclipse, might affect their intricate navigation systems. </p>



<p>Will the sudden darkness disorient them, or will they adapt seamlessly? The answers hold clues to their navigational abilities and the adaptability of wildlife amidst change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-2017-eclipse">The 2017 eclipse</h2>



<p>This isn't the first time researchers have studied the effects of a solar eclipse on wildlife. During the total eclipse of 2017, Cornell Lab of Ornithology scientists used weather radar to track how animals reacted. The results were intriguing.</p>



<p>"During the 2017 eclipse, we saw a decrease in flying insects, flying birds - but we didn't see anything like the typical pattern of movement when it gets dark at night," said Andrew Farnsworth, senior researcher at the <a href="https://www.birds.cornell.edu/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a>.</p>



<p>Normally, as the sun sets, there's a flurry of activity – insects and bats emerge, birds seek out places to rest. During the 2017 eclipse, this transition didn't unfold in the same way. Birds didn't completely go into nighttime mode, suggesting a level of confusion triggered by the unusual darkness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-grand-experiment-on-april-8th-2024">The grand experiment on April 8th 2024</h2>



<p>The April 8th eclipse presents a unique follow-up opportunity, with key differences that might illuminate new behavioral details. Here's what makes this one special:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spring-migration">Spring migration</h3>



<p>Unlike the 2017 eclipse, which happened in August during fall migration, this one hits during peak northward spring migration. With birds intensely motivated to reach their breeding grounds, any dramatic behavioral changes might be easier to detect.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longer-totality">Longer totality</h3>



<p>This time, the period of totality – when the sun is fully blocked – will last longer, giving scientists more time to collect data.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tech-advances">Tech advances</h3>



<p>BirdCast, a tool allowing people to track nightly migration right down to their county, has been launched since the 2017 eclipse. Combining radar data with tools like this will provide richer details.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-scientists-hope-to-discover">What the scientists hope to discover</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of a solar eclipse offers a rare experimental condition on a grand scale, allowing researchers to observe and analyze how birds react to an abrupt interruption in daylight. </p>



<p>It's here, in these moments of unexpected nightfall, that scientists see a unique opportunity for discovery. Such questions are at the heart of ongoing scientific investigations. </p>



<p>Researchers eagerly anticipate these natural experiments, hoping to uncover deeper insights into avian cognition, sensory perception, and adaptability. </p>



<p>"By seeing how animals react to the total eclipse, we can get clues to how they perceive and use light under normal circumstances. Birds and insects might use cues from light differently, for example," said Cecilia Nilsson, lead author of the 2017 study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-join-the-total-solar-eclipse-project">Join the total solar eclipse project</h2>



<p>While scientists analyze complex radar data, you can become a citizen scientist.</p>



<p>Observe animal behavior in your own backyard during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/annular-solar-eclipse-casts-a-shadow-over-north-america/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eclipse</a>. Do the birds seem confused? Do insects change their activity? Share your observations on platforms like <a href="https://ebird.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eBird</a>, where researchers access this valuable data.</p>



<p>Whether the results are wildly dramatic or reveal subtle changes, studying this eclipse is about more than just bird behavior. </p>



<p>It's a reminder of the balance between the natural world and cosmic events – a powerful illustration of how a little change in light can create fascinating ripples of effect.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Experience wildlife in shadow of today's total solar eclipse

Get ready for a celestial showdown! On April 8th, a...

Recycle,Your,Denim,Jeans,Concept.,Close-up,On,A,Pair,Of

<p>Okay, let's rip the band-aid off: that favorite pair of jeans in your closet might be contributing to a major environment pollution. You don't even need to drive – scientists say simply putting on "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-fashion-toll-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fast fashion</a>" jeans is as bad as driving over six miles in a gas-guzzling car. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-cost-of-blue-jeans">Environmental cost of blue jeans</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://english.gdut.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guangdong University of Technology</a> decided to track the environmental impact of a classic pair of jeans – from the cotton fields to the landfill. What they found is pretty shocking:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-short-jeans-lifespan-big-impact-on-environment">Short jeans lifespan, big impact on environment</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-fashion-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fast fashion</a> jeans differ critically from traditional jeans in their quick disposal. Their low quality and emphasis on fleeting trends lead to them being worn only a few times before being tossed.</p>



<p>Each time a fast fashion item is manufactured and transported, it generates a significant amount (2.5 Kg) of CO2. That's 11 times bigger of a carbon footprint than jeans you actually wear out over time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-hidden-cost-of-cheap">The hidden cost of "cheap"</h3>



<p>To keep prices low, fast fashion companies rely on a few key unsustainable practices:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Low-quality materials</strong>: Clothes are made from synthetic fabrics derived from fossil fuels, adding to pollution during production. The fabrics wear out quickly, leading to faster replacement cycles.<br></li>



<li><strong>Unethical labor</strong>: To cut costs, many companies exploit workers in overseas factories where labor is cheap and regulations are lax.<br></li>



<li><strong>Air transport</strong>: To keep up with trends, companies often ship clothes via air rather than sea, which releases vastly more emissions.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-difference-with-traditional-jeans">Difference with traditional jeans</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Higher quality means longer wear</strong>: Classic jeans are built to last. They're made from more durable materials which can withstand frequent wear, washing, and time itself.<br></li>



<li><strong>Focus on timeless style</strong>: Traditional brands often favor classic styles that don't quickly go out of fashion, again encouraging longer wear.<br></li>



<li><strong>Potential for ethical &amp; sustainable production</strong>: While issues exist within all garment manufacturing, companies with higher prices often have more opportunities to ensure ethical production and explore sustainable material choices like organic cotton.</li>
</ul>



<p>"The humble wardrobe staple – a pair of jeans – has a significant impact on the environment," notes Dr. Ya Zhou, the study's lead author. That's not what most of us think about when we check out the latest styles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jeans-trends-and-environmental-waste">Jeans, trends, and environmental waste</h2>



<p>The problem with fast fashion isn't the jeans themselves. It's how we buy and discard them. Here's the hard truth:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-illusion-of-need">The illusion of need</h3>



<p>Fast fashion isn't just about selling clothes – it's about creating an artificial sense of need for more. With constantly rotating trends, lightning-fast production cycles, and social media hype, brands actively create and then fulfill a feeling that you're missing out if you aren't always buying the latest items.</p>



<p>"Changing fashion trends induce people to purchase clothing frequently and use them short-lived to keep following the latest trends," explains Dr. Zhou. "Such overconsumption has led to a significant increase in resource and energy consumption in the clothing industry."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manipulating-value-perception">Manipulating value perception</h3>



<p>By keeping prices deceptively low, fast fashion makes buying seem inconsequential. You might grab three t-shirts, but don't feel the impact like you would with a single higher-quality item. </p>



<p>This disconnect between the cost and the true value (environmental, social) makes us more likely to over-consume without much thought.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planned-obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</h3>



<p>Fast fashion garments often have a built-in expiration date due to their shoddy construction and trend-focused designs. This encourages the mentality that clothes are inherently disposable – they aren't meant to become well-loved staples of your wardrobe but rather replaceable objects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-trash-can">The global trash can</h3>



<p>The problem doesn't end once we throw out our fast fashion items. Much of this clothing isn't recycled, nor does it naturally <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eco-friendly-vegan-leather-could-transform-the-fashion-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodegrade</a> well due to its synthetic composition. </p>



<p>Instead, it becomes a problem for countries burdened with mountains of secondhand clothes they can't manage, creating health and environmental hazards that persist long after the garments go out of style.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-jeans-work-for-the-environment">Making jeans work for the environment</h2>



<p>The study didn't just expose the problem, it offered some powerful ways we can change how we shop:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buying-second-hand">Buying second-hand</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Extending a garment's lifespan</strong>: The most significant environmental benefit of buying pre-loved jeans is that it gives a new life to a garment already made. You're preventing the need for a brand new pair to be manufactured (with its accompanying emissions), and instead extending the usefulness of existing resources.<br></li>



<li><strong>Uniqueness and creativity</strong>: Shopping secondhand fosters individual style and creativity. Rather than choosing from a mass-produced rack, you're going on a treasure hunt to find those one-of-a-kind pieces that speak to you. The added bonus is this often encourages learning basic mending and alterations, keeping your clothes in use even longer.<br></li>



<li><strong>Affordability and accessibility</strong>: Secondhand shopping is often a win for both the environment and your wallet. Thrift stores, online marketplaces, and even clothing swaps with friends open up access to quality garments at a fraction of their original price.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rent-the-trend">Rent the trend</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Fashion without ownership</strong>: Clothing rental addresses the issue of wanting to try the latest trends without the long-term commitment. You can enjoy variety and experimentation without those new garments ever needing to take up permanent space in your closet or end up in a landfill.<br></li>



<li><strong>Reduced production pressure</strong>: The popularity of rental services takes pressure off the system that demands the constant production of new apparel. When fashion trends can be experienced by multiple people via a single garment, there's less incentive for companies to churn out such enormous collections at breakneck speed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recycle-and-repurpose">Recycle and repurpose</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Minimizing landfill waste</strong>: While this is less impactful than extending the wear of a pair of jeans, it's absolutely better than throwing them in the trash. Textile recycling programs, though not perfect, can turn old fabrics into new materials, diverting them from harmful landfills.<br></li>



<li><strong>Reviving the denim</strong>: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recycle-upcycle-used-clothing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Upcycling</a> your truly worn-out jeans is another way to squeeze those last drops of usefulness out. Denim is a surprisingly versatile material that can be transformed into bags, quilts, even insulation.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buy-new-jeans-but-consider-the-environment">Buy new jeans but consider the environment</h2>



<p>Choosing second-hand or recycling can cut emissions by 90%. It's easy to feel overwhelmed by the scale of the problem, but here's the thing – consumer choices matter. </p>



<p>Every time you say "no" to fast fashion and take a more sustainable approach, you're sending a message. Think of it as your own mini-protest wrapped in a stylish pair of pre-owned jeans.</p>



<p>Let's turn those polluting trends around and make fashion something we can feel good about – for the planet and our closets. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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Why fast fashion jeans are bad for the environment

Okay, let's rip the band-aid off: that favorite pair of...

<p>A recent study reveals that deep-rooted crops, AI, and gene editing significantly enhance soil carbon storage. Soil carbon enhancement is crucial in the battle against climate change, a fact underscored by the agricultural sector's significant contribution to global carbon emissions.</p>



<p>In 2020 alone, agriculture was responsible for emitting a staggering 16 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, marking a 9% increase since 2000. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (<a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAO</a>) has highlighted these figures, pointing to the urgent need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovative agricultural solutions</a>. </p>



<p>In this context, a recent article titled "Going deep: Roots, carbon, and analyzing subsoil carbon dynamics," offers a promising strategy. </p>



<p>Written by Angela Fernando and her team at the <a href="https://alliancebioversityciat.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT</a>, the article highlights soil carbon enhancement as a versatile solution. It improves food production, aids in achieving net-zero agricultural emissions, and tackles climate change effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-roots-in-soil-carbon-storage">Deep roots in soil carbon storage</h2>



<p>Fernando's mission is clear: to compile existing methodologies and insights in a singular, comprehensive resource for experts to leverage effectively. </p>



<p>At the core of their findings is the significance of deeper root systems in crops. Traditional practices often result in carbon release into the atmosphere, due to deep tillage and the decomposition of shallow roots. In contrast, Fernando supports the use of crop varieties that have deeper roots.</p>



<p>She metaphorically describes soil organic carbon as "a cushion hidden in the soil," emphasizing its resilience against microbial decomposition at depths around two meters and its vital role as a nutrient and water reservoir, especially during droughts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-root-s-dro1-gene-in-soil-carbon">Deep root's DRO1 gene in soil carbon</h2>



<p>The discovery of the DRO1 gene, responsible for controlling root angle, represents a significant breakthrough. This advancement allows for the creation of crop and forage varieties with roots that extend downwards to a meter or more.</p>



<p>"There's no new biomass; the roots are simply oriented to grow vertically down, thus safeguarding soil carbon," said Fernando.</p>



<p>Joe Tohme, director of the Alliance's Americas Hub, shares this excitement, calling the DRO1 discovery a major leap forward. He highlights its importance for adapting food crops to withstand water stress by tapping into deeper subsoil moisture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-shift-to-ai-and-remote-sensing">The shift to AI and remote sensing</h2>



<p>Yet, the quest to harness soil's carbon sequestration potential encounters significant hurdles, primarily in its measurement. </p>



<p>Michael Gomez Selvaraj, a digital agriculture scientist at the Alliance, highlights the drawbacks of traditional soil core analysis for large-scale studies, noting its labor intensity and limited representation. He advocates for combining remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) for quicker, more accurate soil carbon assessments across extensive areas.</p>



<p>Gomez describes the Alliance's efforts to fine-tune an AI model for precise <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-carbon-stored-underground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic carbon</a> measurement across large areas. "We are on the cusp of revolutionizing how we measure soil carbon," he says, envisioning deeper, non-intrusive methods in the pipeline.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-merging-genetics-ai-and-sustainability">Merging genetics, AI, and sustainability</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the researchers are optimistic about the broader implications of their work. Enhanced soil carbon measurement techniques could facilitate farmers' entry into carbon markets. Specifically, this is achieved by providing the accuracy necessary for carbon certification.</p>



<p>Moreover, creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deeper-plant-roots-could-boost-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-rooted crops</a> and forage varieties could increase carbon storage in the soil. Gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR, are key to speeding up the development of these resource-efficient plants. </p>



<p>This innovative approach blends genetic discoveries with AI and remote sensing technologies. It meets global climate goals and brings real advantages to farmers globally - setting the stage for a future of sustainable, carbon-efficient farming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-rooted-crops-and-soil-carbon-measurement">Deep-rooted crops and soil carbon measurement </h2>



<p>The research heralds a new era in agriculture, promising tangible benefits for farmers and the environment. Here's how these innovations could manifest in real-world agricultural settings:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-resistance-and-reduced-water-usage">Drought resistance and reduced water usage</h3>



<p>Deep-rooted crops can access water from deeper soil layers, making them more resilient during drought conditions. This trait could significantly reduce the need for irrigation, lowering water usage and costs for farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. </p>



<p>The adoption of these crops can ensure stable yields even in challenging weather conditions, securing food production and farmers' livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-health-and-fertility">Soil health and fertility</h3>



<p>By promoting the growth of crops with deeper root systems, farmers can enhance soil structure and fertility. Deep roots help in aerating the soil, reducing erosion, and facilitating the cycling of nutrients. This natural process can diminish the reliance on chemical fertilizers, leading to healthier soils and reduced input costs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-sequestration-and-financial-incentives">Carbon sequestration and financial incentives</h3>



<p>The use of advanced soil carbon measurement techniques can accurately quantify the carbon sequestered in farmlands. This precision opens doors for farmers to participate in carbon markets, earning carbon credits for their sustainable practices. </p>



<p>By providing a financial incentive for adopting carbon-friendly farming methods, this approach not only combats climate change but also enhances farmers' income streams.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em><em>Molecular Plant</em></em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Deep-rooted crops can significantly improve soil carbon storage

A recent study reveals that deep-rooted crops, AI, and gene...

<p><a href="https://www.colostate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a>'s Dr. Patrick Keys, an expert in climate and social change, has teamed up with water scientists and artists for a unique project. They've created compelling scenarios that explore what the future of Earth's water management might look like if we continue to meddle with the processes that make up the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-fluctuations-have-reshaped-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycle</a>. </p>



<p>It's a remarkable approach, using sci-fi inspired narratives to ignite discussions around an extremely urgent issue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-earth-s-water-cycle">What is Earth's water cycle?</h2>



<p>Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/water-cycle/#">water cycle</a> is a complex process that involves the continuous movement of water as it changes forms</p>



<p>The sun's heat causes water to evaporate from the surface of oceans, lakes, rivers, and even from the ground, transforming it into an invisible gas called water vapor. </p>



<p>Warm, moist air ascends into the atmosphere where it cools down. This cooling causes water vapor to turn into small water droplets or ice crystals, creating clouds. Once clouds are full, the droplets or crystals get too heavy to float and come down as rain, snow, hail, or sleet.</p>



<p>A significant portion of falling precipitation seeps into the Earth, refilling groundwater reserves. Meanwhile, some of the water travels across the surface as runoff. This runoff gathers in rivers, lakes, and oceans over time. </p>



<p>This ongoing cycle ensures the distribution and renewal of Earth's freshwater resources, making life on our planet possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-humans-are-changing-earth-s-water-cycle">How humans are changing Earth's water cycle</h2>



<p>Human activities are disrupting the delicate balance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-water-cycle-is-changing-much-faster-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycle</a> in ways we're only beginning to fully understand. Here are some key areas of concern:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altered-landscapes">Altered landscapes</h3>



<p>Deforestation, urbanization, and other land-use changes affect how water interacts with the land surface. This alters evaporation rates, influences how clouds form, and disrupts established rainfall patterns. For example, removing trees reduces the amount of water returning to the atmosphere through transpiration, potentially leading to drier conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weather-control">Weather control</h3>



<p>Cloud seeding, a technique where substances are introduced into clouds to encourage rainfall, is becoming increasingly sophisticated. While this technology could be helpful in drought-prone areas, it also raises questions about long-term impacts on weather patterns and the potential for conflicts over limited water resources, especially if used by multiple countries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unintended-consequences">Unintended consequences</h3>



<p>Our interventions in the water cycle, even if well-intentioned, may have unforeseen consequences that we haven't fully grasped yet. Could intensified storms, unpredictable flooding patterns, or long-term shifts in weather systems be an unexpected outcome of our attempts to manage water resources? Scientists are urgently trying to understand these potential long-term effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-fiction-explains-earth-s-water-cycle">Science fiction explains Earth's water cycle</h2>



<p>Dr. Key's project employs a unique method: envisioning possible futures several decades ahead, where manipulating the atmospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-a-major-influence-on-the-global-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycle</a> has become commonplace. Here's a deeper dive into the scenarios experts imagined:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cloud-wars">Cloud wars </h3>



<p>In this scenario, advanced technologies allow nations to manipulate weather patterns to their advantage. This could lead to conflicts or even outright battles as countries compete for control of rainclouds, potentially diverting precipitation away from their neighbors and causing water scarcity in other regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ethics-of-weather-control">The ethics of weather control</h3>



<p>With the power to control rainfall, questions of ethics and governance become paramount. If cloud seeding, for example, becomes a widely available tool, who has the authority to decide which regions receive rain and which ones don't? The potential for manipulation for political gain or even as a form of weaponization raises serious ethical concerns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-consequences">Unexpected consequences </h3>



<p>Changing the natural course of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-accelerating-the-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycle</a> may result in widespread, unforeseen effects. Scientists caution that our actions could unintentionally cause severe weather, including stronger storms and floods. These changes might also alter weather patterns over time, posing serious risks to various parts of the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"These scenarios have an ability to raise interesting questions about policy, regulation and enforcement - what those all may look like," said Dr. Keys. "This approach can also help us recognize some of the aspects we may not be paying attention to and make better sense of it all."</p>



<p>Crucially, this project isn't about creating a sense of doom and gloom. Instead, it aims to stimulate critical thinking and provoke proactive responses. Here's why this approach is so vital:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-big-picture">Understanding the big picture</h3>



<p>Scientific research and data provide the foundation for understanding the water cycle and its potential disruptions. However, stories help us translate that knowledge into real-world consequences. They illuminate the potential economic upheavals, political conflicts, and social disruptions that could arise from a world where control of the weather is wielded unequally.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sparking-action">Sparking action</h3>



<p>These scenarios create a sense of urgency. They challenge us to confront difficult questions about policies, regulations, and international cooperation on weather modification technologies before we're caught unprepared. This foresight could be crucial in developing timely solutions for water management challenges the world may face.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiring-solutions-for-changing-earth-s-water-cycles">Inspiring solutions for changing Earth's water cycles</h3>



<p>By imagining both the positive and negative possibilities, we open up space for innovation. We can envision not only the problems but also the potential for developing new technologies, governance structures, and collaborative approaches to ensure a sustainable and equitable future where precious water resources are managed responsibly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact-on-earth-s-water-cycle">Human impact on Earth's water cycle</h2>



<p>The blend of science, art, and speculative storytelling makes this project both intellectually stimulating and emotionally resonant. The striking visuals of possible futures drive home the potential impact of our actions in a way that scientific data alone cannot.</p>



<p>Dr. Keys hopes these scenarios will generate much-needed conversations around water management. After all, water is essential for life. How we manage this precious resource in the face of climate change and technological advancements will shape the very world we leave for generations to come.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2024.9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Sustainability</a></em>.</p>



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Sci-fi inspired scenarios illustrate our impact on Earth's water cycle

Colorado State University's Dr. Patrick Keys, an expert in climate...

Electric,Car,On,Charging,Spot,In,Front,Of,Architecture,Office

<p>An atmospheric chemist from the University of California, Berkeley, has established an extensive CO2 monitoring network across the San Francisco Bay Area. The network, consisting of more than 80 sensors, has recorded the first evidence that the adoption of electric vehicles is measurably lowering the area's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-future-is-electric-epa-sets-strictest-ever-vehicle-emission-rules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mastermind-behind-beaco2n">Mastermind behind BEACO2N</h2>



<p>The network of sensors, most of them located in the East Bay, is the brainchild of Ronald Cohen, <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Berkeley</a> professor of chemistry. </p>



<p>Cohen envisions inexpensive, publicly funded pollution and carbon dioxide monitors widely distributed around urban areas to pinpoint emission sources and the neighborhoods most affected. </p>



<p>With an estimated 70% of global CO2 emissions coming from cities, few urban areas have granular data about where those emissions originate.</p>



<p>In 2012, Cohen began setting up the Bay Area sensing network, known as the Berkeley Environmental Air Quality and CO2 Network (<a href="https://beacon.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BEACO2N</a>). </p>



<p>The network has now grown to more than 80 stations, including seven in San Francisco, stretching from Sonoma County through Vallejo and down to San Leandro.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-vehicles-reduced-carbon-emissions">Electric vehicles reduced carbon emissions</h2>



<p>Between 2018 and 2022, 57 of the sensors in BEACO2N recorded a small but steady decrease in CO2 emissions -- about 1.8% annually -- that translates to a 2.6% yearly drop in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emission rates</a>. </p>



<p>Naomi Asimow, a graduate student in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science, along with Cohen, concluded that the decrease was due to passenger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-electric-vehicle-tires-emit-20-more-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle electrification</a> based on California data for electric vehicle adoption, which is very high in the Bay Area.</p>



<p>"That's 2.6% less CO2 per mile driven each year," said Asimow.</p>



<p>The study, according to Cohen, demonstrates the utility of an urban network for monitoring and managing federal, state, and city mandates for CO2 reduction.</p>



<p>"We show from atmospheric measurements that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thermal-cloak-keeps-electric-vehicles-cool-in-the-summer-warm-in-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adoption of electric</a> vehicles is working, that it's having the intended effect on CO2 emissions," Cohen said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-action-desperately-needed">Accelerated action desperately needed</h2>



<p>Despite the good news, the yearly decrease needs to be much greater to meet California and Bay Area carbon reduction goals.</p>



<p>"The state of California has set this goal for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">net zero emissions</a> by 2045, and the goal is for 85% of the reduction to come from actual reduction of emissions, as opposed to direct removal of CO2 from the atmosphere. What we report is around half as fast as we need to go to get to net zero emissions by 2045," Asimow said.</p>



<p>"We're at 1.8% per year today. To get to the state's goal, we would need 3.7%," Cohen added. "So it's not too much higher than where we are; we're almost half of the way to that goal. But we have to sustain that for another 20 years."</p>



<p>The results emphasize the urgent need for accelerated actions to reduce CO2 in order to achieve the ambitious zero emission targets that cities seek.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-carbon-measurements-in-electric-vehicle-areas">Power of carbon measurements in electric vehicle areas</h2>



<p>One impetus for the study was to see whether the BEACO2N network could detect any downward trend in vehicle emissions since the state set goals for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas reduction</a> and the electric vehicle market has blossomed.</p>



<p>"We were curious if our data would show us our progress toward meeting California's emissions goals," Asimow said.</p>



<p>The UC Berkeley team's estimates combined direct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 measurements</a> with meteorological data to calculate ground-level emissions -- an approach using atmospheric observations that did pick up the modest downturn in CO2 levels. </p>



<p>This method proved more effective than the traditional "bottom-up" method for estimating carbon dioxide emissions, which did not predict the small but significant downward trend.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-widespread-adoption">Potential for widespread adoption</h2>



<p>Cohen argues that his sensors are inexpensive enough -- less than $10,000 per sensor, versus 20 times as much for pollution monitoring stations operated by the <a href="https://www.epa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Protection Agency</a> -- that major cities could afford to install a network to get a more granular view of unhealthy areas and sources of pollution. </p>



<p>The network sensors also measure five critical air pollutants: carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides (NO and NO2), ozone, and particulates (PM 2.5).</p>



<p>"We show that you can make observations and measure changes due to policies of all kinds in a cost-effective and relatively rapid way. The network involves about half a million dollars' worth of equipment — a one-time investment — and a person per year thinking about it," Cohen said. </p>



<p>"One of our goals is to demonstrate, both on the CO2 and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a> side of what we do, that this is cost-effective and translatable and easily accessible to the public in a way that nothing else is," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synergy-needed-between-ground-and-space-monitoring">Synergy needed between ground and space monitoring</h2>



<p>While satellites could monitor carbon dioxide levels across wide areas and with more granularity in the future, those satellites are not yet available, Cohen said.</p>



<p>"The optimal solution will be some combination of space-based assets and ground-based measurements," he said.</p>



<p>Los Angeles, California; Providence, Rhode Island; and Glasgow, Scotland, have already adopted Cohen's sensors to create their own pollution monitoring networks, paving the way for a cleaner, healthier future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-vehicles-carbon-emissions-and-the-future">Electric vehicles, carbon emissions, and the future</h2>



<p>In summary, the San Francisco Bay Area's pioneering CO2 monitoring network has provided the first evidence that the adoption of electric vehicles is measurably lowering the area's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-carbon-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>. </p>



<p>This very encouraging study demonstrates the effectiveness of atmospheric measurements in tracking CO2 levels while highlighting the potential for widespread adoption of affordable sensor networks in urban areas. </p>



<p>As cities around the world begin to implement similar monitoring systems, they take a crucial step towards a cleaner, healthier future. However, the results also underscore the need for accelerated efforts to reduce CO2 emissions and meet ambitious carbon reduction goals. </p>



<p>By combining ground-based measurements with future satellite monitoring, we can work towards a more comprehensive understanding of our impact on the atmosphere and take decisive action to combat climate change.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/journal/esthag" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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First evidence that electric vehicles measurably lower regional carbon emissions

An atmospheric chemist from the University of California, Berkeley, has...

<p>The ocean floor harbors up to 11 million tons of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-dropped-into-the-ocean-can-travel-hundreds-of-miles-while-sinking/">plastic debris</a>, according to new findings from <a href="https://www.csiro.au/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSIRO</a>, Australia's national science agency, in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a> in Canada.</p>



<p>With the alarming rate of one garbage truck's worth of plastic being dumped into the ocean every minute, and projections indicating a potential doubling of plastic use by 2040, grasping the dynamics of plastic's journey through marine environments is essential for the preservation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-life-in-the-deep-sea-will-soon-experience-drastic-changes/">marine life</a> and habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-resting-place-for-plastic-pollution-nbsp">A resting place for plastic pollution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We know that millions of tons of plastic waste enter our oceans every year but what we didn’t know is how much of this pollution ends up on our ocean floor,” said co-author Denise Hardesty, a Senior Research Scientist at CSIRO.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We discovered that the ocean floor has become a resting place, or reservoir, for most plastic pollution, with between 3 to 11 million tons of plastic estimated to be sinking to the ocean floor. While there has been a previous estimate of microplastics on the seafloor, this research looks at larger items, from nets and cups to plastic bags and everything in between.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enormous-amount-of-ocean-floor-plastic">Enormous amount of ocean floor plastic</h2>



<p>The study, led by Alice Zhu, a PhD candidate at the University of Toronto, reveals that the amount of plastic found on the ocean floor could surpass surface plastic by up to 100 times.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The ocean surface is a temporary resting place of plastic so it is expected that if we can stop plastic entering our oceans, the amount would be reduced. However, our research found that plastic will continue to end up in the deep ocean, which becomes a permanent resting place or sink for marine plastic pollution,” Zhu explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-plastic-on-the-ocean-floor-nbsp">Mapping plastic on the ocean floor&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To quantify and map the distribution of oceanic floor plastic, the research team developed two predictive models, leveraging data from remote operated vehicles (ROVs) and bottom trawls. Findings from ROV data indicate that an estimated 3 to 11 million metric tons of plastic litter the ocean's depths.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study indicates that plastic tends to aggregate around continental masses, with nearly half (46%) of the estimated plastic mass on the global ocean floor located above 200 m depth, while the remaining 54% is distributed in deeper waters, down to 11,000 meters.</p>



<p>Despite their smaller surface area compared to open oceans (11% versus 56% of the Earth's total area), inland and coastal seas are thought to contain an equivalent amount of plastic mass as the rest of the oceanic floor combined.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permanent-plastic-sink">Permanent plastic sink</h2>



<p>“The ocean surface is a temporary resting place of plastic so it is expected that if we can stop plastic entering our oceans, the amount would be reduced,” Zhu said. “However, our research found that plastic will continue to end up in the deep ocean, which becomes a permanent resting place or sink for marine plastic pollution.”&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These findings help to fill a longstanding knowledge gap on the behavior of plastic in the marine environment. Understanding the driving forces behind the transport and accumulation of plastic in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-temperatures-are-steadily-rising/">deep ocean</a> will help to inform source reduction and environmental remediation efforts, thereby reducing the risks that plastic pollution may pose to marine life,” she concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-ocean-ecosystems-nbsp">Impact on ocean ecosystems&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plastic pollution has a profound and multifaceted impact on ocean ecosystems, affecting nearly every level of the marine food web. Here are some of the key ways through which plastic impacts these environments:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-entanglement-and-ingestion">Entanglement and ingestion</h3>



<p>Marine animals, including seals, whales, turtles, and birds, can become entangled in plastic waste like fishing nets, six-pack rings, and plastic bags. This can lead to injury, illness, suffocation, starvation, and even death. Ingestion of plastic particles is also common, which can block digestive tracts, lead to starvation, and introduce toxic substances into the organisms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toxicity">Toxicity</h3>



<p>Many plastics leach harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/">chemicals</a>, including bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and other endocrine disruptors, into the water. These chemicals can accumulate in the food chain, affecting reproduction, growth, and survival of marine life. Additionally, plastics in the ocean can adsorb pollutants from the surrounding water, further increasing their toxicity to marine organisms that ingest them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-disruption">Habitat disruption</h3>



<p>Large accumulations of plastics can alter marine habitats. For instance, floating plastics can block sunlight from reaching photosynthetic algae and seagrasses, crucial sources of oxygen and food for many marine ecosystems. Plastic debris can also smother coral reefs, disrupting the delicate relationships between corals and the myriad of species that rely on coral ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-and-nanoplastics">Microplastics and nanoplastics</h3>



<p>As plastics break down into smaller pieces, they create microplastics and nanoplastics, which are especially problematic. These tiny particles can be ingested by a wide range of marine organisms, from plankton to larger fish, often with lethal outcomes. They can also carry harmful bacteria, introducing diseases to coral and other marine life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



<p>Beyond ecological damage, plastic pollution affects economic activities like tourism, fishing, and shipping. Beaches littered with plastic waste can deter tourists, while fishing industries suffer when marine life is killed or contaminated by plastics. Shipping routes can also be impeded by large accumulations of floating plastic debris.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104266" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers</em></a>.  </p>



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Ocean floor harbors up to 11 million tons of plastic debris 

The ocean floor harbors up to 11 million tons of...

<p>We all know the weather can be unpredictable, but if you've been out West recently, you might be wondering if things have gone totally haywire. California, in particular, has seen everything from crippling droughts to floods. Could human-caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> be behind this roller coaster of weather patterns in Western North America?</p>



<p>A team of researchers led by Professor Jin-Ho Yoon of the <a href="https://www.gist.ac.kr/en/main.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology</a> believes they've uncovered part of the answer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teleconnections-and-north-america-s-weather">Teleconnections and North America's weather</h2>



<p>The atmosphere is a vast network of flowing air currents that encircle the globe. These aren't gentle breezes; they're powerful patterns influencing our weather.</p>



<p>Scientists have identified key recurring air current patterns within this network, calling them "teleconnection patterns." These large-scale patterns interact and determine where storms develop and move, influencing the type of weather different regions of the world experience.</p>



<p>For winter weather in the Northern Hemisphere, three specific teleconnection patterns play crucial roles:</p>



<ul>
<li>The Pacific North American pattern (PNA)</li>



<li>The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)</li>



<li>The North American winter dipole (NAWD)</li>
</ul>



<p>When shifts happen in how these teleconnection patterns interact or fluctuate, we can witness unusual and often extreme weather events. </p>



<p>Studying these variations helps scientists understand the forces driving the increased severity and frequency of things like heavy rains, droughts, or heatwaves in certain parts of the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-america-s-extreme-weather">North America's extreme weather</h2>



<p>Professor Yoon's team used advanced climate models to study how human-caused changes to the atmosphere might be affecting the behavior of these teleconnection patterns. Here's what they discovered:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nawd-force-behind-north-america-s-weather">NAWD: Force behind North America's weather</h3>



<p>Research reveals that the North American winter dipole (NAWD) has consistently been the most influential teleconnection pattern within the last 70 years. This means it plays a significant role in dictating winter weather patterns across the continent.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pna-vs-nawd-a-shifting-rivalry">PNA vs. NAWD: A shifting rivalry </h3>



<p>Scientists observe an evolving dynamic between the Pacific North American pattern (PNA) and the NAWD. These two patterns increasingly operate in contrasting modes: if one exhibits a positive phase, the other often shows a negative phase. </p>



<p>Dr. Yoon highlights that this opposition is likely to drive more extreme weather events – think heavy rainfall or intense dry spells – in areas like California.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-jet-stream-factor">The jet stream factor </h3>



<p>The key driver behind these teleconnection pattern changes is the jet stream. This powerful, high-altitude air current influences where and how weather systems form. As the jet stream shifts, it creates a ripple effect, altering patterns like the PNA and NAWD.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact-the-greenhouse-gas-connection">Human impact: The greenhouse gas connection </h3>



<p>The central takeaway is that human activity is the culprit. Greenhouse gas emissions cause the jet stream to shift further north. This northward shift disrupts established weather patterns, directly affecting the behavior of teleconnections like the PNA and NAWD.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-from-north-america-s-weather">Implications from North America's weather</h2>



<p>"Climate models consider a range of factors affecting the atmosphere, including changes in greenhouse gas concentrations resulting from human activities. By running simulations with and without the influence of greenhouse gases, we can compare the results and see how they differ," explains Dr. Yoon.</p>



<p>The research paints a clear picture: our actions are directly disrupting the intricate network of air currents that govern our planet's weather systems. This disruption isn't theoretical; it's a tangible consequence we're already experiencing.</p>



<p>The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events – from devastating floods to scorching heatwaves – aren't simply future possibilities. These events are becoming increasingly common, a consequence of the ongoing changes to the atmosphere caused by greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/critical-knowledge-gaps-climate-biodiversity-diseases-earth-polycrisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> isn't a distant threat; it's a present reality with far-reaching consequences. The data from this study underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and implementing solutions that reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-take-action">How to take action</h2>



<p>It's easy to feel overwhelmed when faced with a problem as huge as climate change. But this research makes something clear: to get the weather back to "mostly boring" we need to drastically cut our greenhouse gas emissions. Here's where you fit into the story:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the Word</h3>



<p>Conversations can be a catalyst for change. Discuss this research with friends, family, and your community. Share facts about climate change and the connection to extreme weather to raise awareness and spark discussion.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assess-your-impact">Assess your impact</h3>



<p>Reflect on your lifestyle and identify areas where you can reduce your environmental impact. Consider:</p>



<ul>
<li>Energy consumption: Can you switch to energy-efficient appliances, or reduce electricity use?</li>



<li>Transportation: Are there opportunities to walk, bike, or use public transport instead of driving?</li>



<li>Waste and consumption: Can you minimize food waste, shop sustainably, or choose products with less packaging?</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demand-action">Demand action</h3>



<p>Support businesses that prioritize sustainability and actively work to reduce their carbon footprint. Vote for politicians who advocate for climate policies and hold them accountable for taking action on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crisis</a>.</p>



<p>Let's hope the changing weather serves as a wake-up call to the kind of extremes that could become our new normal if we don't get serious about climate solutions.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00608-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Npj Climate and Atmospheric Science</a></em>.</p>



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Human activity is rapidly changing weather in North America

We all know the weather can be unpredictable, but if...

<p>When you think of an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-ringed-octopus-a-master-of-deception-inspires-new-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octopus</a>, you'll likely conjure up images of a creature camouflaging seamlessly into its surroundings or slipping out of an impossibly small escape route. These abilities – to hide, to hunt, to survive – depend heavily on their extraordinary vision. But sadly, climate change is threatening the incredible vision of octopus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-octopus-eyes-wonders-of-the-animal-world">Octopus eyes: Wonders of the animal world</h2>



<p>To understand the threat, we must first appreciate just how fantastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-can-octopus-brains-tell-us-about-human-brains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octopus</a> eyes are. Humans have complex visual systems and dedicate a significant portion of our brains to processing what we see. However, octopuses surpass us with a remarkable 70% of their brain dedicated to vision. </p>



<p>This incredibly sophisticated system isn't just about seeing, but is integral to every aspect of an octopus's existence.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopuses-social-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Octopuses</a> interact with the world in a uniquely visual way. Their ability to camouflage, changing skin color and texture, depends on accurately perceiving their surroundings. They use their eyes to expertly judge distances and depths, allowing them to precisely target their prey. </p>



<p>Additionally, they have a complex language of visual cues and signals that they use to communicate with each other.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impair-octopus-vision-proteins">Climate change impair octopus vision proteins</h2>



<p>Recent research uncovered a critical problem: rising ocean temperatures directly impact the fundamental components of octopus vision. Within their eyes, specialized proteins are responsible for maintaining clear lenses and adapting to different light levels. </p>



<p>"We found several proteins important for vision that were affected by thermal stress," said Dr. Qiaz Hua, a recent Ph.D. graduate from the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>'s School of Biological Sciences.</p>



<p>Sadly, warmer ocean conditions cause these proteins to malfunction. For an octopus, impaired vision, whether blurry or an inability to adjust to light changes, has dire consequences in their underwater environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unhatched-eggs">Unhatched eggs</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, impaired eyesight isn't the only concern as temperatures rise. Even slight temperature increases of just a few degrees could be disastrous for octopus populations.</p>



<p>"We found a high mortality rate under future warming conditions. Out of three replicate octopus broods, none of the eggs hatched for two of them and less than half of the eggs hatched for the remaining brood," said Dr. Hua.</p>



<p>The tragedy extends beyond the unhatched eggs. The octopus mothers themselves died while their eggs were still developing. This is because octopuses are incredibly dedicated parents. They invest significant time and energy into protecting and nurturing their eggs. </p>



<p>The stress of warmer oceans takes a heavy toll on the mothers. This stress triggers a devastating chain of events within their bodies, ultimately leading to their deaths and leaving no new generation of octopuses to take their place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptability-and-octopus-vision">Adaptability and octopus vision</h2>



<p>Octopuses are widely known for their remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-identify-cold-adaptations-in-nervous-system-of-antarctic-octopus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptability</a>. Countless stories showcase their problem-solving skills and Houdini-like escapes from seemingly impossible situations. </p>



<p>However, the threat posed by climate change is unlike anything they've faced before. It operates on a microscopic level, disrupting the very building blocks of their survival – their vision. </p>



<p>Climate change alters the chemistry within their bodies, specifically affecting the proteins essential for proper vision. This unseen attack undermines their ability to see clearly, navigate their environment, and ultimately, survive.</p>



<p>"Our study shows that even for a highly adaptable taxon like octopuses, they may not be able to survive future ocean changes," said Dr. Hua.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-of-octopus-vision-impairment">Broader impact of octopus vision impairment</h2>



<p>The impairment of octopus vision due to ocean warming is not just a singular issue affecting a species; it unveils a looming crisis with far-reaching ecological consequences. Octopuses, known for their intelligence and adaptability, play a pivotal role in marine ecosystems. </p>



<p>They are apex predators in many environments, controlling populations of crustaceans, fish, and other marine creatures. Thus, their decline could trigger an imbalance in marine biodiversity, leading to unpredictable shifts in the ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fundamental-behaviors-disrupted">Fundamental behaviors disrupted</h2>



<p>The impact of vision impairment on octopuses extends beyond their survival; it disrupts their fundamental behaviors, such as hunting and evading predators. This disruption could lead to a decrease in their population numbers, affecting the marine food web. </p>



<p>Species that rely on octopuses for food might face starvation, while species octopuses prey on could overpopulate, causing further ecological imbalances.</p>



<p>Moreover, octopuses have a unique role in the marine environment due to their behaviors, such as their interactions with their surroundings and other species. They are known to be ecosystem engineers in some contexts, altering their habitat in ways that can benefit other marine life. </p>



<p>A decline in octopus populations could lead to the loss of these beneficial impacts, further emphasizing the interconnectedness of marine species and the cascading effects of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-the-octopus">The future of the octopus </h2>



<p>While the situation is serious, there's still hope for the future of octopuses. We have the power to change their fate, but it demands a concerted global effort. Dr. Hua's research is crucial in raising awareness and inspiring further investigation into the wide range of threats faced by octopuses. </p>



<p>These threats include not only rising temperatures but also ocean acidification and diminishing oxygen levels. This study serves as a powerful reminder of the intricate connections within our planet's ecosystems. Even seemingly small changes can ripple outward, causing devastating, unforeseen consequences.</p>



<p>Imagine the profound loss to our world if octopuses, masters of vision and camouflage, were suddenly unable to perceive their surroundings clearly. Their unique abilities and role in the delicate balance of ocean life make them irreplaceable. </p>



<p>Their plight highlights the urgent need to understand and address the impact of climate change on our planet's extraordinary biodiversity.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Warming seas impair octopus vision to a critical extent

When you think of an octopus, you'll likely conjure up...

<p>A remarkable advancement at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a> is redefining the future of sustainable fashion with the development of vegan leather.</p>



<p>This innovative material, completely free from animal products and plastics, is the result of cutting-edge genetic engineering techniques. Remarkably, it possesses the unique capability to dye itself.</p>



<p>Consequently, this breakthrough represents a major leap towards more sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-fashion-toll-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fashion</a> practices. It also broadens the horizons for environmentally conscious production methods, setting a new standard for the industry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eco-friendly-solution-to-dye-pollution">Eco-friendly solution to dye pollution</h2>



<p>The fashion industry, historically notorious for its heavy environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-fashion-rayon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">footprint</a>, especially in fabric dyeing processes, is at the cusp of a revolution. </p>



<p>Synthetic dyes, particularly black used in leather production, are among the most polluting aspects of fashion manufacturing. </p>



<p>The research team from Imperial College London embarked on a mission to tackle this issue head-on, leveraging the power of biology to create a viable, eco-friendly alternative.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-in-vegan-leather-production">Bacteria in vegan leather production</h2>



<p>Their research, published in the prestigious <em>Nature Biotechnology</em> journal, showcases a method that could transform the textile industry. </p>



<p>By engineering bacteria to simultaneously produce a durable material and its pigment, they've unlocked the potential for fabrics. These materials are not only diverse in color and pattern but also significantly less harmful to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-fashion-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>.</p>



<p>Subsequently, professor <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/t.ellis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tom Ellis</a>, leading Imperial College's Department of Bioengineering team, views this breakthrough as a monumental step for both synthetic biology and sustainable fashion. </p>



<p>He underscores the stark environmental differences between traditional leather production and their bacterial cellulose-based alternative.</p>



<p>Unlike its conventional and plastic-based counterparts, this new material requires far fewer resources --such as carbon emissions, water, and land use. Importantly, it does not depend on petrochemicals, guaranteeing safe and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-breakthrough-plastics-that-wont-make-us-sick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-toxic biodegradation</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-designers-using-vegan-leather">Designers using vegan leather</h2>



<p>The development of this vegan leather wasn't confined to lab experiments. It was brought to life through unique collaborations with designers.</p>



<p>Subsequently, the researchers engineered a bacteria species to produce microbial cellulose, a substance valued for its strength, flexibility, and malleability. Furthermore, they integrated the ability to directly generate the pigment eumelanin into the material. </p>



<p>This innovative approach yielded not only the upper part of a shoe but also a sleek, black wallet, demonstrating the practical application and versatility of the material.</p>



<p>Expanding on these initial prototypes, the research team explored the potential for dynamic coloration. They modified bacteria to react to blue light, allowing the material to develop colors or patterns in targeted areas. </p>



<p>This method could transform design processes by integrating intricate patterns and logos directly into the fabric as it grows.</p>



<p>Building on this, Dr. Kenneth Walker, a study co-author, highlights the crucial collaboration between scientists and designers in advancing sustainable fashion. He emphasizes the technique's scalability and its potential to combine aesthetics with eco-friendly practices, merging innovation with sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-charting-the-future-of-sustainable-fashion">Charting the future of sustainable fashion</h2>



<p>Armed with £2 million in funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (<a href="https://www.ukri.org/councils/bbsrc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BBSRC</a>), part of UK Research and Innovation (<a href="https://www.ukri.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UKRI</a>), the research team is now poised for expansion.</p>



<p>Beyond vegan leather, the team now aims to extend their innovations beyond black dye. They are delving into a range of pigments that the material-growing microbes can produce. This exploration could revolutionize the palette of sustainable fashion.</p>



<p>Moreover, the team's efforts extend beyond just creating sustainable vegan leather materials; they aim to tackle the environmental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fur-free-fashion-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">issues prevalent</a> in fashion production. This includes addressing the hazardous use of chromium in leather processing.</p>



<p>As they continue to innovate, the researchers are keen to engage with the fashion industry at large, aspiring to integrate their materials into mainstream fashion production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-and-sustainability">Innovation and sustainability</h2>



<p>The vegan leather project undertaken by the team at Imperial College London epitomizes the intersection of innovation and sustainability. </p>



<p>By combining synthetic biology's capabilities with fashion design's creative vision, they've charted a path towards a future in which fashion not only aligns with environmental stewardship, but actively promotes it.</p>



<p>As the fashion industry addresses its environmental impact, this research offers hope, presenting a solution that blends aesthetics with ecological responsibility. The collaboration between scientists and designers in this project models how sustainable fashion is not only necessary but achievable.</p>



<p>Moving forward, the team's collaboration with the wider fashion industry is crucial. Their efforts highlight the need to reconsider the materials and processes behind our fashion choices. </p>



<p>Embracing these innovations could markedly lessen the industry's environmental impact, steering fashion towards a future that values both style and sustainability.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em><em>Nature Biotechnology</em></em></a>.</p>



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Eco-friendly vegan leather could transform the fashion industry

A remarkable advancement at Imperial College London is redefining the...

Baby,Loon,Riding,On,Its,Parent's,Back

<p>Have you ever heard the haunting, beautiful cry of the Common Loon echoing across a northern lake? It's a sound that evokes the wild spirit of untouched nature. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is subtly altering Common Loon habitats, and they might not have enough time to adapt. Unfortunately, this majestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-common-pests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> faces an uncertain future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-loons-water-clarity-and-climate-change">Common loons, water clarity and climate change</h2>



<p>A new study by <a href="https://www.chapman.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chapman University</a> professor Walter Piper reveals something alarming: declining water clarity is wreaking havoc on Common Loon populations. </p>



<p>These stunning black and white <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-severely-impact-birds-by-2080/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, known for their gorgeous plumage and eerie calls, rely on crystal-clear water to hunt for fish, their primary food source.</p>



<p>"Few animals on Earth are at once so beloved and so poorly understood as Common Loons," says Piper. "This partnership between a loon behaviorist and lake ecologists who collect satellite data on water clarity has given us a unique and powerful window onto foraging efficiency and the loon population as a whole that might help us conserve the species."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-water-clarity-on-loons">Impact of water clarity on loons</h2>



<p>Picture this: a loon gracefully dives underwater, its sleek form disappearing beneath the surface. With its exceptional underwater eyesight, the loon scans the lakebed for the glint of scales – the telltale signs of small fish. </p>



<p>When it spots a target, the chase begins. A successful hunt is essential, especially when loons have hungry chicks demanding food back at the nest.</p>



<p>Cloudy water fundamentally disrupts this process. Imagine the lake floor obscured by suspended silt, algae, or debris. </p>



<p>The loon's ability to see clearly is drastically reduced. Finding those small fish becomes incredibly difficult. This reduced visibility makes it much harder for loons to provide for their young. </p>



<p>The result? Chicks that receive less food end up with with lower body weights and face a much higher risk of not surviving.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impact-on-loons-environment">Climate change impact on loons environment </h2>



<p>Professor Piper's research points directly to a concerning culprit: increased rainfall. Over the past two and a half decades, a trend of heavier precipitation (strongly linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-climate-change-happening-too-fast-for-birds-to-keep-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>) has emerged. </p>



<p>This isn't just about a few more rainy days here and there. These heavier rain events act like a giant flush, washing a significant amount of unwanted materials into lakes and waterways. The influx of these materials is what directly reduces water clarity.</p>



<p>How it works isn't entirely understood yet. It could be:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dissolved-organic-matter-dom">Dissolved organic matter (DOM)</h3>



<p>Rainwater, as it travels over the ground, picks up leaves, soil, decaying plants, and other organic debris. These materials contain natural compounds that, when washed into lakes and rivers, act like a giant teabag. </p>



<p>Over time, they leach into the water, giving it a brownish or yellowish hue. This discoloration reduces light penetration, making it more difficult for loons to see their prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-runoff">Runoff</h3>



<p>Excess rainfall washes various pollutants into waterways. Fertilizers used on lawns and fields contain nutrients that fuel algae blooms, causing a murky green color that obscures visibility.</p>



<p>Moreover, animal waste from pets or livestock contains harmful bacteria and other contaminants that directly reduce water quality.</p>



<p>Faulty septic systems can leak sewage into the environment, introducing harmful bacteria, chemicals, and excess nutrients into the water system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-july-climate-change-a-crucial-time-for-loons">July climate change: A crucial time for loons</h2>



<p>The evidence collected over the past 25 years reveals a disturbing trend. Water clarity in the areas where loons live and raise their young has been consistently decreasing. </p>



<p>Concurrently, scientists have observed a decline in the average weights of both adult loons and, crucially, their chicks. This isn't a coincidence.</p>



<p>The month of July stands out as a critical period for loon chicks. This is their peak growth stage, demanding a significant amount of food for proper development. </p>



<p>Research has clearly demonstrated that adequate water clarity during this time is a vital factor in whether adult loons can successfully hunt and provide enough fish for their chicks. </p>



<p>When water clarity is poor in July, the ability of loons to meet the needs of their growing chicks suffers significantly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wider-consequences-of-climate-change-beyond-loons">Wider consequences of climate change beyond loons</h2>



<p>Common Loons hold a unique position within their ecosystem, making them sensitive to environmental changes. Because they sit at the top of the aquatic food chain, relying on abundant and healthy fish populations, any disruption to the delicate balance of the system will show up in their health and reproductive success.</p>



<p>The challenges faced by loons don't affect them in isolation. Declining water clarity, for example, likely impacts a wide variety of aquatic life, from the fish loons eat to the insects and plants those fish rely on. </p>



<p>When we see a decline in loon populations, it's a red flag, a warning sign that the entire ecosystem might be under stress. Changes in loon numbers can be an early indicator of wider ecological problems that necessitate attention and conservation efforts.</p>



<p>However, Professor Piper isn't giving up hope. He's currently establishing a second study on another loon population in Minnesota to see if the same factors are responsible for population declines observed there. This research could unlock the next key step in protecting these beloved birds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-we-do-something-to-save-loons-from-climate-change">Can we do something to save loons from climate change?</h2>



<p>While the science continues, there are things individuals can do to help loons and the lakes they love:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduce-runoff">Reduce runoff</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Eco-friendly lawn care</strong>: Opt for natural fertilizers that release nutrients slowly, reducing the risk of excess runoff into waterways during heavy rain. Avoid pesticides and herbicides that can harm aquatic life. Plant native grasses and groundcover that require less water and maintenance.<br></li>



<li><strong>Septic system maintenance</strong>: Have your septic system inspected and pumped regularly by a professional. This ensures that the system functions properly, preventing leaks of harmful pollutants that can contaminate water sources.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-is-more">Less is more</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Minimize harsh cleaners and chemicals</strong>: Many household cleaners contain ingredients that can disrupt aquatic ecosystems when washed down the drain. Look for eco-friendly alternatives or even make your own cleaning solutions using vinegar, baking soda, and natural soaps. This applies indoors and out – think twice before using harsh chemicals to pressure-wash your driveway or deck.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the word</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Share your knowledge</strong>: Talk to your friends, family, and neighbors about the importance of protecting loons and the lakes they inhabit. Explain how individual actions can make a collective difference in safeguarding water quality and the health of these iconic birds.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-common-loons">More about the common loons</h2>



<p>As discussed above, Common loons, known for their striking black-and-white plumage and haunting calls, are a fascinating species of waterbird primarily found in North America. </p>



<p>They are symbols of wilderness and are often associated with the pristine lakes of Canada and the northern United States, especially during their breeding season. Here’s a closer look at their diet, behavior, and other interesting traits:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diet</h3>



<p>Common loons are skilled hunters, primarily feeding on fish. They dive underwater to catch their prey, using their sharp beaks to grasp fish. </p>



<p>Apart from fish, their diet can include crustaceans, insect larvae, and occasionally small amphibians. Their ability to dive deep (up to 200 feet) allows them to access a wide variety of aquatic life, making them top predators in their aquatic ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Behavior</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Diving and swimming</strong>: Loons are excellent divers, propelling themselves underwater with their powerful legs positioned at the back of their bodies. This anatomical feature, while making them agile swimmers, renders them clumsy on land. They can only take off from water, needing a lengthy "runway" to gain enough speed for flight.<br></li>



<li><strong>Vocalizations</strong>: Loons are known for their varied and complex calls, which include wails, yodels, and hoots. Each type of call has specific meanings, ranging from signaling location to expressing distress or defending territory.<br></li>



<li><strong>Breeding and nesting</strong>: They are monogamous and return to the same breeding grounds yearly. Nests are built close to the water's edge, and both parents share duties in incubating the eggs and feeding the chicks.<br></li>



<li><strong>Migration</strong>: Common loons migrate to coastal waters in the winter. They shed their striking summer plumage for a duller gray, blending into the winter seascape. The journey is long, and they rely on specific stopover sites to rest and feed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fun Facts</h3>



<ul>
<li>Loons can live for more than 20 years in the wild.</li>



<li>They have solid bones, unlike most birds, which helps them dive deep.</li>



<li>The red eyes of the common loon might help with underwater vision, although their exact purpose remains a topic of debate among scientists.</li>
</ul>



<p>Understanding and protecting the common loon and its habitat is crucial for preserving the biodiversity of North America’s freshwater ecosystems. Their presence and health are indicators of clean, unpolluted water bodies.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a></em>.</p>



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Common Loons are threatened by climate change and pollution

Have you ever heard the haunting, beautiful cry of the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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