What makes people happy has puzzled philosophers, psychologists, and ordinary people for centuries. Is happiness a gift we carry inside us, immune to outside conditions? Or is it built on the foundations of good jobs, strong relationships, financial comfort, and good health? 



Every year, projects like the <a href="https://worldhappiness.report" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Happiness Report</a> attempt to measure and explain well-being across societies. Yet, the more we explore, the clearer it becomes: happiness isn’t simple, and it certainly isn’t the same for everyone.



A new study published in the journal Nature Human Behaviour sheds powerful light on this puzzle. It challenges the idea that happiness follows one clear path. According to lead author Emorie Beck and her team, people find happiness in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-believe-they-deserve-good-karma-more-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">different ways</a> - and what works for one person may not work at all for another.



“We have to understand the sources of happiness to build effective interventions,” said Beck, assistant professor of psychology at the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-major-views-on-happiness">Two major views on happiness</h2>



For decades, researchers have debated whether happiness comes from our life circumstances or our inner world. The first model, known as the “bottom-up” approach, argues that happiness builds up from life’s specific parts. 



When people are satisfied with domains such as their job, relationships, income, health, and housing, their overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-chasing-happiness-makes-you-feel-worse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life satisfaction</a> improves. This model shapes many public policies and international surveys. These efforts aim to boost happiness by improving access to external goods and services that support well-being.



But life doesn't always support that framework. Some people remain joyful even while facing hardship or loss. They seem untouched by circumstances that might break others. This brings attention to the “top-down” view of happiness. 



This model suggests that personality traits, mindsets, and emotional habits shape how we experience life. It emphasizes mental health practices, therapy, or mindfulness as tools to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-influences-online-shopping-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improve well-being</a> by adjusting internal attitudes.



“But we all know people in our lives who experience traumatic events yet seem to be happy,” noted Beck.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-on-happiness">A new perspective on happiness </h2>



The idea that both internal and external <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-increases-feelings-of-hope-happiness-and-gratitude/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forces</a> shape happiness isn’t new. What makes this study stand out is its attempt to measure this interaction across individuals and time. 



According to the third model Beck and her team explored, happiness may flow in both directions. Inner qualities and outer life domains affect each other in ways that are dynamic and complex. From this perspective, targeting either the environment or the mind can make a difference.



But this still leaves many questions unanswered. Do all people follow the same pattern? Do policies based on population averages truly help those they aim to support? To answer these questions, the researchers introduced a fourth idea - a “personalized happiness” perspective.



This new approach proposes that happiness is not universal. Instead, the causes and effects of happiness are idiographic, or specific to each person. What raises happiness for one individual may not move the needle at all for another.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decades-of-data-on-happiness">Decades of data on happiness </h2>



To explore these ideas, Beck and her collaborators analyzed an enormous data set. They studied 40,074 people in five countries: Germany, Britain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Australia. 



These participants had taken part in repeated surveys over as many as 33 years. The surveys asked about their overall life <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-happier-being-single-men-or-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">satisfaction</a> and satisfaction in five life areas: work, income, health, housing, and relationships.



“What comes out is that we see roughly equal groups that demonstrate each pattern,” Beck explained.



Some participants fit the bottom-up model. Their happiness closely tracked satisfaction in life’s domains. Others followed a top-down pattern. Their internal well-being remained stable despite changes in their life circumstances. 



Another group showed bidirectional influence, where changes in one area affected the other. Finally, some individuals did not fit any clear model at all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-happiness-is-more-than-a-theory">Personalized happiness is more than a theory</h2>



These findings gave weight to the personalized happiness approach. The researchers discovered that the population-level models often failed to match the actual patterns seen in individual lives. 



Between 41.4% and 50.8% of participants showed mostly one-way influences between domain satisfaction and life satisfaction. Only 19.3% to 25.9% showed bidirectional effects.



This shows that population averages often hide personal truths. Happiness, the study reveals, is shaped by unique configurations of traits and experiences. Even two people with similar incomes or job satisfaction may report entirely different levels of happiness.



The data also revealed that some people’s overall satisfaction did not link clearly to any of the measured domains. These individuals may experience satisfaction influenced by broader structural forces or singular life events that were not captured in the surveys.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-therapy">Implications for therapy</h2>



If the aim is to improve happiness for as many people as possible, this research sends a powerful message. One-size-fits-all strategies will not work. Improving healthcare, housing, or income may support some individuals, but not all. 



Likewise, mindfulness programs or therapy-based initiatives may not benefit people whose happiness depends more on external conditions. "Importantly, the most effective policies will be tailored to the individual themselves,” said Beck.



This perspective urges governments, organizations, and mental health practitioners to think differently. Instead of targeting a universal happiness recipe, they should aim to understand the diverse ingredients people draw from to feel fulfilled. 



Doing so might not just improve lives - it may also make public efforts more effective and meaningful.



“These things are treated separately, but they aren’t really. They feed into each other at a personal level,” Beck added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-needs-and-differences">Individual needs and differences </h2>



The idea of personalized happiness, while promising, also presents challenges. The study showed clear individual patterns, but distinguishing those from random variations is difficult. 



Beck and her colleagues suggest that future research needs more precise and innovative methods to capture these subtle trends.



Supported by the <a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute on Aging</a>, this study lays the groundwork for a more human-centered view of happiness. Rather than assuming happiness is something we all measure in the same way, it invites a deeper respect for individual stories, differences, and needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-path-doesn-t-fit-all">One path doesn’t fit all</h2>



This research invites us to rethink everything we thought we knew about happiness. It is not an endpoint with a single route. For some, it lies in community or stability. For others, it may come from within - through purpose, peace, or personal growth.



The science is clear: happiness is personal. To understand it, we must listen more closely, not just to the numbers, but to the people behind them.



Other contributors included Joshua Jackson of&nbsp;<a href="https://wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University</a>, Felix Cheung of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a>, and Stuti Thapa of the&nbsp;<a href="https://utulsa.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tulsa</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02171-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a>.



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Where does happiness come from? It depends on who you are

What makes people happy has puzzled philosophers, psychologists, and ordinary people for centuries. Is happiness a gift we carry inside us, immune to outside conditions? Or is it built on the foundations of good jobs, strong relationships, financial comfort, and good health? Every year, projects like the World Happiness Report attempt to measure and explain well-being across societies. Yet, the more we explore, the clearer it becomes: happiness isn’t simple, and it certainly isn’t the same for everyone. A new study published in the journal Nature Human...

Unhealthy,Woman,Sit,In,Blanket,Hat,Feel,Sick,Suffer,From

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, a wealth of research has highlighted the virus’s ability to impact various organ systems, leading to a condition known as long COVID, characterized by persistent and often debilitating health issues.&nbsp;



Recent findings from the <a href="https://medicine.wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis</a> and the <a href="https://www.va.gov/st-louis-health-care/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System</a> have now shown that hospitalization due to seasonal influenza can also result in long-term, detrimental health effects, particularly on the lungs and airways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-health-risks-nbsp">Extended health risks&nbsp;</h2>



This study, which compared the long-term health impacts of COVID-19 and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-passed-swine-flu-to-pigs-370-times-since-2009/">flu</a>, found that patients hospitalized for either condition face increased risks of death, rehospitalization, and various health problems for up to 18 months following infection. Significantly, the greatest risk period extends beyond the first 30 days after initial infection.



“The study illustrates the high toll of death and loss of health following hospitalization with either COVID-19 or seasonal influenza,” said senior author Ziyad Al-Aly, MD, a clinical epidemiologist at Washington University.&nbsp;



“It’s critical to note that the health risks were higher after the first 30 days of infection. Many people think they’re over COVID-19 or the flu after being discharged from the hospital. That may be true for some people. But our research shows that both viruses can cause long-haul illness.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Published on Dec. 14 in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00684-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Infectious Diseases</a>, the study involved a comprehensive 18-month post-infection analysis, comparing risks of death, hospital readmissions, and 94 adverse health outcomes across major organ systems.



“A review of past studies on COVID-19 versus the flu focused on a short-term and narrow set of health outcomes. Our novel approach compared the long-term health effects of a vast array of conditions,” Al-Aly said.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-nbsp">Key insights&nbsp;</h2>



“The big answer is that both COVID-19 and the flu led to long-term health problems, and the big aha moment was the realization that the magnitude of long-term health loss eclipsed the problems that these patients endured in the early phase of the infection. Long COVID is much more of a health problem than COVID, and long flu is much more of a health problem than the flu.”



Al-Aly pointed out that while both COVID-19 and the flu lead to long-term health issues, the risks associated with COVID-19 are significantly higher in many organ systems, except for the lungs, where flu poses a greater threat.&nbsp;



“This tells us the flu is truly more of a respiratory virus, like we’ve all thought for the past 100 years. By comparison, COVID-19 is more aggressive and indiscriminate in that it can attack the pulmonary system, but it can also strike any organ system and is more likely to cause fatal or severe conditions involving the heart, brain, kidneys and other organs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-19-outcomes">COVID-19 outcomes</h2>



The study utilized de-identified medical records from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs database, including data from 81,280 COVID-19 patients and 10,985 flu patients hospitalized during specific periods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mortality-risk">Mortality risk</h3>



The analysis revealed that COVID-19 patients had a 50 percent higher risk of death than those with the flu, equating to about eight additional deaths per 100 persons in the COVID-19 group compared to those with flu.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-complications-nbsp">Health complications&nbsp;</h3>



COVID-19 was associated with an increased risk of 68 percent of the health conditions studied (64 of 94), while the flu was linked to an elevated risk of six percent of conditions (six of 94), mainly affecting the respiratory system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hospital-readmission">Hospital readmission</h3>



Over 18 months, COVID-19 patients also faced a higher risk of hospital readmission and ICU admission. The findings underscore the importance of reducing hospitalizations for both viruses to lessen overall health loss in populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Al-Aly stressed the significance of vaccinations for both COVID-19 and the flu, especially for vulnerable groups like the elderly and immunocompromised, as they can prevent severe illness and reduce hospitalization and death risks.



Highlighting the long-term impact of these viral infections, Al-Aly concluded: “The idea that COVID-19 or flu are just acute illnesses overlooks their larger long-term effects on human health.” He called for a paradigm shift in how viral infections are perceived, emphasizing their role as major contributors to chronic diseases.



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"Long flu" emerges as a public health risk

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, a wealth of research has...

In an era where half of all marriages in the United States are estimated to end in divorce by the time <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-blood-pressure-is-commonly-shared-by-couples-worldwide/">spouses</a> reach their 50s, the quest for sustaining and nurturing romantic relationships is more critical than ever.&nbsp;



This concern extends to broader societal impacts, including the well-being of families, children, and financial stability. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Ronald Rogge, an associate professor of Psychology at the <a href="https://www.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester</a>, has dedicated nearly three decades to researching the intricate dynamics of romantic relationships and families. His goal is to find viable ways to help couples strengthen their bonds.



According to Professor Rogge, his latest and most successful project is a relationship app named Agapé, co-developed with Khadesha Okwudili, a former University of Rochester student.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-agape-app">The Agapé app</h2>



A recent pilot study revealed that after using the app for one month, eight out of ten study participants reported improved and healthier relationships.



“Our primary goal was to create an app that couples would intrinsically enjoy using, which would naturally grow in popularity, and thereby organically extend its reach,” said Professor Rogge.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-for-the-app">Inspiration for the app</h2>



In her 20s, Okwudili was diagnosed with a heart arrhythmia disorder and had several near-death experiences. These health struggles led Okwudili to seek more profound interactions in her relationships. She started asking her loved ones meaningful questions because she wasn't sure how much time she had left with them.&nbsp;



“Over time, I realized that although my health was deteriorating, my relationships started thriving in a way that they hadn’t before," said Okwudili.



In collaboration with Professor Rogge, she developed and tested content for Agapé, generating thousands of questions that would be relevant for a wide range of couples.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-it-works">How it works</h2>



Agapé operates by sending daily prompts to registered couples. These prompts range from reflective questions about past experiences with their partner to more whimsical queries, such as “What’s something that your partner did in the past week that made you laugh?” or “Describe a time you were thankful to have your partner by your side.”



Once both partners respond, they can view each other's answers, potentially sparking meaningful conversations. The app draws from over 4,000 pilot-tested prompts and four decades of marital and couples research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pilot-study">Pilot study</h2>



The pilot study involved 405 romantic couples, primarily in their twenties and thirties. The researchers assessed the app's effectiveness over a month, with participants providing baseline assessments, weekly wellness checks, and a final assessment.&nbsp;



Remarkably, 80 percent reported enhanced romantic relationships, including reduced negative perceptions and increased satisfaction and dedication.&nbsp;



Furthermore, 70 percent noted improvements in their well-being, with a reduction in depressive symptoms. High engagement levels, user enjoyment, and ease of use were also noted, critical factors for sustained application use.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationship-enhancement">Relationship enhancement</h2>



While the Agapé app focuses on romantic connections, its utility extends to other close relationships, such as friendships or family ties.&nbsp;



The app's underlying principles are universally applicable to various intimate bonds, potentially offering even more significant benefits when used across different relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digital-innovation-nbsp">Digital innovation&nbsp;</h2>



The advent of the Agapé app marks a significant milestone in the realm of relationship enhancement tools. Unlike previous interventions that often faced practical barriers or low engagement issues, Agapé stands out with its high user engagement and accessibility.&nbsp;



"It helps get my research into the hands of millions of couples and, I hope, will actually improve their lives," said Professor Rogge. In a world where technology often drives people apart, Agapé uses digital innovation to bring people closer, one prompt at a time.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0001166" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Family Psychology</a>.



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Agapé: A new app could help strengthen romantic relationships

In an era where half of all marriages in the...

In a bold move on Thursday, the <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) asked governments to implement tobacco-like regulations for e-cigarettes by banning all flavored vapes. 



This presents a significant challenge to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-tobacco-leads-to-over-1-3-million-cancer-deaths-each-year/">tobacco</a> industry, which has been increasingly investing in smoking alternatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-concerns">Growing concerns</h2>



The U.N. agency's recommendations stem from concerns about the rising use of e-cigarettes or vapes, particularly among youth.&nbsp;



Despite being viewed by some researchers, campaigners, and governments as a tool to mitigate the harms of smoking, the WHO emphasized the need for "urgent measures" to regulate vapes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-trend">Alarming trend</h2>



The organization's Director-General, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, highlighted the alarming trend of children and young people getting addicted to nicotine through e-cigarettes.&nbsp;



"Kids are being recruited and trapped at an early age to use e-cigarettes and may get hooked to nicotine," said Ghebreyesus.



The WHO cited studies indicating that vapes might not significantly help smokers quit and could pose health risks. The agency also raised concerns about the increasing usage of vapes among 13-15 year olds, fueled by aggressive marketing strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proposed-regulatory-measures">Proposed regulatory measures</h2>



In line with tobacco control, the WHO urged the imposition of stringent measures on e-cigarettes. These include bans on all flavoring agents, such as menthol, and the application of traditional tobacco control measures like high taxes and prohibitions on public usage.&nbsp;



Though the WHO does not hold regulatory power over nations, its recommendations often influence national policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-industry-backlash-nbsp">Industry backlash&nbsp;</h2>



Organizations like Imperial Tobacco and the UK Vaping Industry Association argue that vapes, especially flavored ones, play a crucial role in helping smokers transition away from traditional tobacco, asserting that they pose significantly lower health risks.&nbsp;



This view is shared by some tobacco control advocates. For instance, Cancer Research UK acknowledges that while e-cigarettes are not entirely risk-free, they are less harmful than smoking tobacco, which is known to cause a plethora of cancers.



Marina Murphy, senior director of scientific and medical affairs at vaping firm ANDS, criticized the WHO's stance as being "detached from reality."&nbsp;



"Regulating vapes like cigarettes would only serve to reinforce misunderstandings about the relative risks of vaping and send the wrong message to smokers," said Murphy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unknown-health-impacts">Unknown health impacts</h2>



Despite the industry backlash, the WHO maintains its position, citing the unknown long-term health impacts of flavored vapes.&nbsp;



The organization points out that e-cigarettes generate substances known to be carcinogenic and pose risks to heart and lung health, especially concerning considering the potential impact on brain development in young users.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nicotine-products-nbsp">Nicotine products&nbsp;</h2>



The WHO's call for a ban on flavored vapes and the implementation of tobacco-style controls represents a significant turning point in the ongoing debate about the role of e-cigarettes in public health.&nbsp;



With strong arguments on both sides, the global response to these recommendations will likely shape the future landscape of nicotine products and their regulation.



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The World Health Organization wants to ban flavored vapes 

In a bold move on Thursday, the World Health Organization...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cigarettes-accelerates-aging/">Smoking</a> has been identified as a factor contributing to the shrinkage of the brain, according to a study conducted by researchers at the <a href="https://medicine.wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis</a>. 



The study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.09.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science</a>, sheds light on the connection between smoking and a reduction in brain tissue, offering insights into why smokers face an elevated risk of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-premature-loss-of-brain-volume">Premature loss of brain volume</h2>



The research indicates that while quitting smoking prevents further loss of brain tissue, it doesn’t fully restore the brain to its original size. Consequently, smoking accelerates the aging process of the brain, causing it to lose volume prematurely, in addition to the natural age-related decline.&nbsp;



Senior author Dr. Laura J. Bierut, an Alumni Endowed Professor of Psychiatry, emphasized that the impact of smoking on the brain has been overlooked until recently due to a focus on the well-known effects of smoking on the lungs and heart.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



“Up until recently, scientists have overlooked the effects of smoking on the brain, in part because we were focused on all the terrible effects of smoking on the lungs and the heart. But as we’ve started looking at the brain more closely, it’s become apparent that smoking is also really bad for your brain,” explained Dr. Bierut.



The study aimed to disentangle the complex relationship between genes, smoking behavior, and brain size. Using data from the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Biobank</a>, a biomedical database with information on over 40,000 participants, the researchers explored the connections between genetic risk for smoking, smoking history, and brain volume. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dose-dependent-changes">Dose dependent changes</h2>



Dr. Bierut and first author Yoonhoo Chang, a graduate student, analyzed de-identified data on brain volume, smoking history, and genetic risk for smoking for 32,094 people.



Moreover, the study found that the association between smoking and brain volume depended on the dose, with a higher number of packs smoked per day corresponding to smaller brain volume.&nbsp;



Mediation analysis, a statistical approach, helped determine the sequence of events: genetic predisposition leads to smoking, which, in turn, leads to decreased brain volume.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Thus, the study highlights the importance of recognizing smoking as detrimental not only to lung and heart health but also to brain health.&nbsp;



As Dr. Bierut explained, the irreversible reduction in brain volume associated with smoking aligns with increased aging, which is significant as the population ages, considering that both aging and smoking are risk factors for dementia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irreversible-effects">Irreversible effects</h2>



Moreover, the experts discovered that the shrinkage of the brain appears to be irreversible, as individuals who had quit smoking years before still exhibited permanently smaller brains compared to those who had never smoked.&nbsp;



Despite the irreversibility of past damage, the study emphasizes the modifiable nature of smoking as a risk factor, encouraging individuals to quit smoking to prevent further harm to the brain and reduce the risk of dementia.



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Smoking causes irreversible shrinkage of brain volume

Smoking has been identified as a factor contributing to the...

Recent research from Texas A&amp;M University has brought to light startling revelations about the impact of a father's alcohol consumption on sperm and fetal development. The findings of Dr. Michael Golding's lab, part of the <a href="https://vetmed.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Veterinary Medicine &amp; Biomedical Sciences</a>, have reshaped our understanding of how long it takes for the negative effects of alcohol to dissipate from a father’s sperm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-alcohol-s-impact-on-sperm">Studying alcohol's impact on sperm</h2>



The team discovered that the recovery process for sperm affected by alcohol is significantly longer than previously thought. 



Dr. Golding explained, “When someone is consuming alcohol on a regular basis and then stops, their body goes through withdrawal. We discovered that a father’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaping-linked-to-lower-sperm-counts-and-testicular-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> are still negatively impacted by drinking even during the withdrawal process, meaning it takes much longer than we previously thought for the sperm to return to normal.”



This extended duration of impairment has profound implications, particularly considering the risks associated with <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15677-fetal-alcohol-syndrome" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fetal Alcohol Syndrome</a> (FAS). FAS can lead to various developmental issues, including abnormal facial features, low birth weight, attention and hyperactivity problems, and poor coordination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reassessing-paternal-influence">Reassessing paternal influence</h2>



Historically, the focus for FAS diagnosis has been solely on maternal alcohol consumption. Dr. Golding noted, “For years, there’s really been no consideration of male alcohol use whatsoever.” His research aims to fill this gap, revealing a significant paternal influence in alcohol exposure and fetal development.



Dr. Golding’s team uncovered that the withdrawal phase from alcohol causes oxidative stress in the liver, similar to the stress experienced during active drinking. This alcohol-induced stress sends signals throughout the male body, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-sperm-structure-offers-new-insights-on-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> and reproductive system. 



“The reproductive system interprets that signal and says, ‘Oh, we are living in an environment that has a really strong oxidative stressor in it. I need to program the offspring to be able to adapt to that kind of environment.’ But the adaptations to the sperm aren’t beneficial — they lead to problems like FAS,” Golding elaborated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-expecting-couples">Implications for expecting couples</h2>



Golding’s research is essential in shifting the conversation about responsibility for alcohol-related birth defects. He emphasizes that the psychological trauma and societal blame have traditionally been directed at mothers. 



However, his findings suggest that fathers' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-sperm-count-directly-linked-to-mobile-phone-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> also play a crucial role in preventing birth defects, particularly when alcohol is involved.



Dr. Golding advises couples planning to conceive to consider these findings seriously. Given that sperm generation takes around 60 days and the withdrawal process adds at least a month, he recommends that fathers abstain from alcohol for at least three months before conception. 



“There’s still a lot of work to be done to get a hard answer, but... my estimate would be to wait at least three months,” Golding advises.



In summary, the work of Dr. Golding and his team is a significant step in understanding and preventing alcohol-related birth defects caused by the fathers' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-eggs-are-attracted-to-some-sperm-more-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a>. It broadens the scope of responsibility to include fathers, and also provides vital information for couples planning to conceive, potentially leading to healthier pregnancy outcomes and child development.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/andr.13566">Andrology</a>.



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Drinking alcohol has a significant negative impact on a father's sperm

Recent research from Texas A&amp;M University has brought to light...

Group,Of,Young,People,Practicing,Yoga,Lesson,Doing,Dead,Body,

Yoga nidra, a form of mindfulness training, is emerging as a potential tool for enhancing sleep quality, cognition, learning, and memory. Conducted by Karuna Datta of the <a href="https://afmc.nic.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Armed Forces Medical College</a> in India, the study identified significant benefits, even for novice practitioners.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-yoga-nidra-and-physiology">Studying yoga nidra and physiology</h2>



The research focused on a two-week intervention with a group of novice yoga nidra practitioners. The study differentiated itself from previous ones by employing objective measures, such as polysomnographic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-we-sleep-study-reveals-new-clues-behind-this-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> analysis and a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests. 



These measures were applied before and after the participants engaged in a two-week yoga nidra practice, which was facilitated through a 20-minute audio recording used during the daytime.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-and-cognitive-benefits">Sleep and cognitive benefits</h2>



One of the notable outcomes of the study was an increase in the percentage of delta-waves during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consistent-sleep-slows-down-aging-at-a-cellular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep sleep</a>. Delta-waves are crucial for the restoration and healing processes during sleep. 



The researchers observed not only an enhanced sleep efficiency but also a marked improvement in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-counteracts-negative-effects-of-sleep-deprivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quality of sleep</a>, evidenced by these increased delta-wave activities.



The study also revealed significant improvements in various cognitive abilities. Participants demonstrated faster responses across all cognitive tests without compromising accuracy. 



More specifically, improvements were noted in tasks assessing working memory, abstraction, recognition of fear and anger, and spatial learning and memory tasks. These findings align with existing research linking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sleep-stimulation-can-improve-cardiac-function-overnight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delta-wave slee</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-impairs-the-brain-potentially-causing-neurological-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">p</a> to improved attention and memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-yoga-nidra-improves-sleep">Why yoga nidra improves sleep</h2>



Yoga nidra differs from more physically demanding yoga practices. Instead of focusing on physical postures, breathing, and muscle control, it guides individuals into a state of conscious relaxation while lying down. This aspect of yoga nidra makes it a highly accessible activity for a wide range of individuals.



The authors of the study believe that their findings provide objective evidence supporting the effectiveness of yoga nidra in enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sleep-stimulation-can-improve-cardiac-function-overnight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a> and cognitive performance. Given its low cost and accessibility, this yoga style could be a beneficial practice for many individuals.



Reflecting on the study's implications, the authors explained, “Yoga nidra practice improves sleep and makes brain processing faster. Accuracy also increased, especially with learning and memory-related tasks.”



In summary, this pilot study offers promising insights into the benefits of practicing yoga nidra. With its unique approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-improves-health-by-helping-people-make-smart-dietary-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mindfulness</a> and relaxation, yoga nidra not only enhances <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-age-could-predict-health-and-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a> but also boosts cognitive abilities. 



As research in this area continues to evolve, yoga nidra might become a more widely recognized and utilized tool in the pursuit of better mental and physical well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-yoga-nidra">More about yoga nidra</h2>



As discussed above, yoga nidra, often referred to as "yogic sleep," is a powerful meditation technique rooted in ancient Indian traditions. Unlike conventional yoga that emphasizes physical postures, yoga nidra focuses on deep relaxation while maintaining full consciousness. 



Practitioners often describe the experience as a state of awakened sleep, where the body rests deeply while the mind remains quietly alert.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-process-of-yoga-nidra">Process of yoga nidra</h3>



To practice yoga nidra, one begins by preparing a comfortable and quiet space, often lying down in a relaxed position. The environment plays a crucial role, as it should be conducive to relaxation and free from distractions.



The core of yoga nidra is a guided meditation, which typically involves a series of steps:



Setting an Intention: The practice begins with the setting of a personal intention or 'Sankalpa', which acts as a guiding beacon throughout the session.



Body Scan and Breath Awareness: This involves a conscious and systematic journey through different parts of the body, often accompanied by awareness of the breath. This process helps in releasing physical tension and anchoring the mind.



Emotional Exploration: Some practices may include exploring emotions or feelings, allowing a safe space for acknowledgment and release.



Visualization and Imagery: The use of imagery or visualization can lead the practitioner to a deeper state of relaxation and insight.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-and-health-benefits-of-yoga-nidra">Sleep and health benefits of yoga nidra</h3>



One of the most immediate benefits of yoga nidra is profound relaxation. By guiding the mind through various stages of consciousness, it helps <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/getting-high-quality-sleep-helps-prevent-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reduce stress and anxiety</a>, promoting a sense of well-being.



As mentioned previously, regular practice of yoga nidra can significantly improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/best-measure-of-sleep-quality-is-how-you-feel-not-what-your-tracker-says/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a>. It helps in calming the nervous system, thereby aiding in better sleep patterns and potentially alleviating issues like insomnia.



Yoga nidra is known to enhance mental clarity and concentration. It also provides a space to process emotions, leading to greater emotional stability and resilience.



Though it's a predominantly mental practice, yoga nidra also positively impacts physical health. It can lower blood pressure, reduce chronic pain, and improve immune system function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incorporating-yoga-nidra-into-daily-life">Incorporating yoga nidra into daily life</h3>



One of the key advantages of yoga nidra is its accessibility. It does not require any special physical skills or equipment, making it suitable for people of all ages and physical abilities.



For maximum benefit, regular practice is recommended. Even short sessions of 10-20 minutes can be highly effective in reaping the benefits of this practice. 



It can be a standalone practice or integrated with other forms of yoga or meditation routines. Most enthusiasts believe that it complements other practices by deepening relaxation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-may-be-as-effective-as-drugs-for-treating-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mindfulness</a>.



In summary, yoga nidra offers a unique and powerful way to explore the depths of relaxation and consciousness. Its benefits extend from the mental to the physical, making it a holistic practice for overall well-being. 



Whether you are seeking stress relief, better sleep, or deeper meditation, yoga nidra can be a transformative tool in your wellness journey.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0294678" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



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Practicing yoga nidra improves sleep, memory and cognition

Yoga nidra, a form of mindfulness training, is emerging as...

Black,Woman,,Healthy,And,Green,Smoothie,With,Nutrition,For,Detox

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern California</a> (USC) have uncovered a simple yet effective strategy for encouraging meat eaters to opt for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/">vegan options</a>. The experts say to focus on health and sustainability in labeling food, rather than emphasizing the absence of animal products.&nbsp;



The research sheds light on the power of words in influencing dietary choices. The study, involving over 7,500 U.S. adults, revealed a significant resistance to the terms "vegan" and "plant-based."&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rebranding-vegan-foods-nbsp">Rebranding vegan foods&nbsp;</h2>



When a gourmet gift basket devoid of meat and dairy was labeled "vegan" or "plant-based," it was less likely to be chosen by Americans. By contrast, labeling the same basket as "healthy" or "sustainable" nearly doubled its appeal.&nbsp;



This discovery underscores the potential impact of rebranding vegan foods to highlight their health and environmental benefits.



“The word ‘vegan’ has a negative connotation,” said study co-author Wändi Bruine de Bruin, co-director of the Behavioral Sciences Program at the USC Schaeffer Center for Health Policy &amp; Economics. “Focusing on the health and environmental benefits is helpful because a lot of people are increasingly concerned about eating food that is healthy and good for the planet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-striking-results-nbsp">Striking results&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers presented participants with a choice between a vegan gourmet gift basket and one containing meat and cheese. The vegan basket's label varied among "vegan," "plant-based," "healthy," "sustainable," and "healthy and sustainable." 



The results were striking. Only 20% of the participants chose the basket labeled "vegan," and 27% chose it when labeled "plant-based."



The choice for the vegan basket surged to 42% with the "healthy" label, 43% for "sustainable," and 44% for "healthy and sustainable."



The effect of labeling was consistent across different socio-demographic groups, but most pronounced among red-meat eaters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



Joe Árvai, director of the USC Dornsife Wrigley Institute for Environmental Studies, emphasized the urgency of modifying behaviors to benefit the environment.



“We live in deeply polarized times where even the mere mention of certain words and phrases – from ‘climate change’ to going ‘vegetarian’ – can trigger people into inaction or, worse, even higher levels of unsustainable consumption,” said Árvai.&nbsp;



“That’s why studies like this are so important. They help us to understand how to talk about some of the most important issues of our time in a way that motivates action without causing half the country to tune us out.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-solution-nbsp">Simple solution&nbsp;</h2>



Bruine de Bruin noted that the promising results lie in the simplicity of changing labels, which is both cost-effective and easy to implement.&nbsp;



"Supermarkets, stores, and restaurants can choose to change how they market products and themselves, based on these findings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-dietary-habits-nbsp">Shifting dietary habits&nbsp;</h2>



The research was led by Patrycja Sleboda, a former research associate at the USC Wrigley Institute and visiting scholar at the Schaeffer Center. Now an assistant professor of psychology at Baruch College, City University of New York, Sleboda played a pivotal role in the study.



The research presents a new approach to encouraging vegan food choices by strategically labeling products. By focusing on health and sustainability rather than veganism, there is potential to significantly shift dietary habits, contributing to both personal health and environmental conservation.



The study was funded by the National Science Foundation. The results are published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102217" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Environmental Psychology</a>.



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Don't say "vegan": Food labeling should focus on health and sustainability 

Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC) have uncovered...

The winter holiday season has been identified as the most dangerous time of the year for heart attacks. During the last week of December, more people die from heart attacks than any other time of the year, according to a new report from the <a href="https://www.heart.org/">American Heart Association</a>.



The study pinpointed December 25th as the day with the highest number of cardiac deaths in the United States, followed by December 26th and January 1st.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-evidence">Additional evidence</h2>



Research from the British Medical Journal, based on more than 16 years of data, observed a 15 percent rise in heart attacks during the winter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holiday-travel-healthy-tips-from-the-american-heart-association/">holidays</a>.&nbsp;



Notably, heart attacks surged by 37% on Christmas Eve, particularly at 10 p.m., affecting mainly those over 75 and individuals with diabetes or pre-existing heart conditions.



A study presented at the British Cardiovascular Society meeting reinforced previous findings that severe heart attacks are more common on Mondays. In 2023, Christmas Day lands on a Monday.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sobering-facts">Sobering facts</h2>



Dr. Johanna Contreras is a clinical volunteer for the American Heart Association and a cardiologist at Mt. Sinai Hospital System in New York City.&nbsp;



"No one wants to think of tragedy during this joyous time of year as we gather with family and friends. However, these startling facts are very sobering. We don’t know exactly what triggers this increase in heart attacks during the holidays, it’s likely a combination of factors,” said Dr. Contreras.



“Winter weather has been noted to increase heart attack risk due to restricted blood flow when arteries may be constricted in cold temperatures. We also know the holidays bring a lot of added stress to many people. There are lots of parties and family gatherings where many tend to overindulge in rich foods and drink.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ignoring-the-warning-signs">Ignoring the warning signs</h2>



According to Dr. Contreras, one of the most critical factors might be that people ignore important warning signs of a heart attack or stroke.



“While you may not want to spend the holidays in a doctor’s office or hospital, getting checked out and receiving prompt treatment if there is a problem is one of the best gifts you can give yourself and your loved ones for all the celebrations to come."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-family-history">Family history</h2>



Dr. Contreras emphasized the importance of not ignoring symptoms of heart attack or stroke. She also noted that family gatherings are also a good time to talk about family health history.



“Many of the health factors that impact heart disease and stroke are heredity. If any of your parents, siblings or grandparents have had a heart attack or stroke, you are likely at higher risk, too. But the good news is, you can lower your risk with preventive measures. Knowing that history is an important first step.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-from-the-american-heart-association-nbsp">Tips from the American Heart Association&nbsp;</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-know-symptoms-and-take-action">Know symptoms and take action</h3>



Heart attack signs and stroke symptoms vary in men and women and it’s important to recognize them early and call 9-1-1 for help. The sooner medical treatment begins, the better the chances of survival and preventing heart damage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrate-in-moderation">Celebrate in moderation</h3>



Eating healthfully during the holidays doesn’t have to mean depriving yourself, there are still ways to eat smart. Look for small, healthy changes and swaps you can make so you continue to feel your best while eating and drinking in moderation, and don’t forget to watch your salt intake.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plan-for-peace-on-earth-and-goodwill-toward-yourself">Plan for peace on earth and goodwill toward yourself</h3>



Make time to take care of yourself during the busy holiday. Reduce stress from family interactions, strained finances, hectic schedules and other stressors prevalent this time of year, including traveling.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keep-moving">Keep moving</h3>



The American Heart Association recommends at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week and this number usually drops during the hustle and bustle of the holidays. Get creative with ways to stay active, even if it’s going for a family walk or another fun activity you can do with your loved ones.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stick-to-your-meds">Stick to your meds</h3>



Busy holidays can cause you to skip medications, forgetting them when away from home or not getting refills in a timely manner. The American Heart Association has a medication chart to help stay on top of it, and be sure to keep tabs on your blood pressure numbers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifesaving-steps-nbsp">Lifesaving steps&nbsp;</h2>



“Hands-Only CPR is something nearly everyone can learn and do. We encourage at least one person in every family to learn CPR because statistics show that most cardiac arrests occur outside the hospital and often in the home,” said Dr. Contreras.&nbsp;



“The American Heart Association has a short instructional video at Heart.org/HandsOnlyCPR. Watching the video and learning Hands-Only CPR could be a lifesaving and life-changing activity for the family to do together as you’re gathered for the holidays.”



“We do know there are ways to mitigate your risk for a deadly heart attack. So, we encourage everyone to pause during the holiday hustle and bustle and make note of these important steps that could be lifesaving."



The American Heart Association has more on ways to live heart-healthy during the holidays and all year long at <a href="https://www.heart.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart.org</a>.



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More people die from heart attacks during the holidays

The winter holiday season has been identified as the most...

In recent years, the quality of diet among adolescents in the United States has become a growing concern. A study published by <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elsevier</a> highlights the alarming implications of poor dietary habits in young people.&nbsp;



The research reveals serious risks that adolescents face due to inadequate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrition-for-neurons-the-role-of-breast-milk-in-shaping-our-brains/">nutrition</a>, including heart attack, stroke, and diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-quality-of-adolescents">Diet quality of adolescents</h2>



"Diets high in energy, fat, and refined carbohydrates and low in fruits, vegetables, and fiber are cross-sectionally associated with higher cardiometabolic risk factors and higher adiposity in adolescence," wrote the study authors.



"Unfortunately, these poor dietary patterns are relatively reflective of the current US patterns among youth. The diet quality of adolescents is among the worst across all age groups in the US; preventing the risk of chronic disease through improving diet patterns is an area of great need."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The researchers used the Healthy Eating Index-2015, a tool designed to assess diet quality, in conjunction with medical testing. The focus was on adolescents who were 10 to 16 years old. 



The team analyzed data from the Translational Investigation of Growth and Everyday Routine in Kids (TIGER Kids) cohort. This cohort provided crucial insights into the lifestyle of youths in Louisiana's metropolitan areas, which are often medically underserved, poverty-stricken, and grappling with issues like food insecurity, obesity, and related diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targets-for-future-interventions-nbsp">Targets for future interventions&nbsp;</h2>



Participants in the study contributed baseline data, with follow-up measures taken two years later. This longitudinal approach offered a clear view of dietary patterns and their evolution over time.



“Examining the data related to diet quality may help identify targets for future interventions in families, homes, and communities. Effective and timely interventions focusing on adherence to dietary guidelines are necessary for improving diet quality and reducing health risks," explained study co-author Dr. Amanda E. Staiano of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center at <a href="https://www.lsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Louisiana State University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-insights">Crucial insights</h2>



Of the 342 adolescents initially enrolled, 192 provided complete data for both the baseline and follow-up stages. These participants underwent various assessments, including wearing accelerometers, completing dietary recalls, and taking medical tests.



The study revealed that adolescents who displayed poor adherence to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans often continued these unhealthy eating patterns over the two-year period. This consistency suggests that the detrimental effects of a poor-quality diet were not only present but also likely to pose ongoing health risks throughout their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



The implications of this research are far-reaching. With the established link between poor diet quality and serious health risks, there is an urgent need for interventions targeting young people's dietary habits.



“This study found specific dietary quality patterns associated with adolescent cardiometabolic risk factors," said Dr. Staiano. "Promotion of nutrition knowledge is necessary, but knowledge is not consistently linked with food consumption behavior. Identifying barriers to consuming a healthful diet and investigating effective strategies to overcome these barriers may curtail future health risks.”



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2023.10.003" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior</a>.



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Poor diet quality in adolescence linked to lifelong health risks

In recent years, the quality of diet among adolescents in...

Researchers at the <a href="https://healthcare.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah Health</a> have discovered a significant link between cannabis exposure during pregnancy and a heightened risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. 



The large-scale study, involving over 9,000 pregnant individuals from various regions of the United States, marks a critical advancement in understanding the implications of cannabis use during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-brain-how-neurons-get-rewired-to-prepare-for-motherhood/">pregnancy</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-cannabis-use">Rising cannabis use</h2>



In the past decade, the use of medical marijuana in America has more than doubled, driven by the wave of state-level legalization.&nbsp;



However, despite its growing acceptance and usage as a medication, the full spectrum of health effects of cannabis, particularly on vulnerable groups like pregnant people, remains largely unexplored.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-risks">Unveiling the risks</h2>



The study conducted by experts at University of Utah Health stands out from previous research by employing more accurate methods of measuring cannabis exposure.&nbsp;



This approach allows for a clearer distinction between the effects directly attributable to cannabis and those stemming from other correlated health conditions.



"Cannabis use is not safe. It increases the risk of pregnancy complications. If possible, you shouldn’t use cannabis during pregnancy," said Dr. Robert Silver, professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confusing-information">Confusing information</h2>



Dr. Torri Metz noted the confusion among people seeking information on the health impacts of cannabis use.&nbsp;



“There’s so much information out there - discussion and social media channels and on the Internet - about cannabis use and pregnancy,” said Dr.&nbsp; Metz. “I think it’s hard for patients to understand what they should be worried about, if anything.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



The researchers found that cannabis exposure during pregnancy is linked to a 1.5 times increase in the risk of unhealthy outcomes. 



Specifically, 26% of cannabis-exposed pregnant people experienced adverse outcomes, compared to 17% among those not exposed. Notably, higher levels of cannabis exposure correlated with greater risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-novel-approach">A novel approach</h2>



Unlike other studies that relied on self-reported data, which often underestimates actual usage, the researchers measured levels of cannabis metabolic byproducts in urine samples for more accurate assessments.



The team investigated a range of negative health outcomes, including low birth weight, pregnancy-related high blood pressure, stillbirth, and preterm birth.&nbsp;



The strongest association was found with low birth weight. The findings raise concerns, particularly in the context of newer, more THC-concentrated cannabis products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



According to the researchers, previous studies in non-human primates have found that cannabis exposure can interfere with blood supply to the placenta. The current study suggests that cannabis may disrupt the human placenta in a similar way.



Dr. Silver noted that the results are especially concerning given the high amount of THC found in newer cannabis products. These more potent products were not yet widely available when the study data was collected, and their health impacts remain largely unknown.



The researchers urge people who are considering using cannabis while pregnant to have an open conversation with their doctor.&nbsp;



Dr. Silver said that continued research on the health impacts of cannabis is urgently needed so that patients can make informed decisions about their health. “As long as humans are interested in using this product, we ought to assess health effects both good and bad, as accurately as we can, and provide that information for folks.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.21146" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA</a>.



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Cannabis exposure linked to unhealthy pregnancy outcomes

Researchers at the University of Utah Health have discovered a...

Yggdrasil,From,Norse,Mythology,Known,For,Being,The,Tree,Of

In an insightful analysis, a team of conservation biologists have highlighted a significant gap in the current emoji library's representation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> and the "Tree of Life". They argue that while animals are well depicted, other forms of life like plants, fungi, and microorganisms are glaringly underrepresented.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assessing-emoji-biodiversity">Assessing emoji biodiversity</h2>



The research team, consisting of Stefano Mammola, Mattia Falaschi, and Gentile Francesco Ficetola, categorized emojis from the emoji library related to nature and animals from <a href="https://emojipedia.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emojipedia</a> and mapped them onto the phylogenetic tree of life. 



Their findings, displayed in a fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/tree-of-life_Phylogenetic-trees-of-emojis_Credit-iScience-Mammola_1medium-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phylogenetic trees of emojis</a>, revealed a skewed representation favoring animals, particularly vertebrates, over other vital lifeforms in the "tree of life".



“While the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-time-machine-reveals-a-century-of-biological-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> crisis may seem distant from the online world, in our increasingly digitized society, we should not underestimate the potential of emojis to raise awareness and foster appreciation for the diversity of life on Earth,” the research team wrote.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-of-life-and-the-emoji-library">"Tree of Life" and the emoji library</h2>



Their analysis identified 112 distinct organisms in emoji form: 92 animals, 16 plants, 1 fungus (likely Amanita muscaria), and 1 microorganism (likely Escherichia coli). Vertebrates dominated the animal emojis at 76%, followed by arthropods (16%). This starkly contrasts with real-world <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-greening-projects-can-dramatically-boost-urban-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, where arthropods far outnumber vertebrates.



“Currently available emojis encompass a broad range of animal species, while plants, fungi, and microorganisms are underrepresented,” the researchers write. “Such strong taxonomic bias is in line with current societal awareness of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/historic-treaty-adopted-to-protect-biodiversity-in-the-high-seas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, which tends to prioritize animals over other taxa.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emoji-library-s-representation-of-animals">Emoji library's representation of animals</h2>



The researchers then took a deeper dive into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-risks-will-persist-long-after-temperatures-peak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> characteristics of animal emojis. They managed to identify some emojis as individual animal species, like the bald eagle and giant panda, while they could only classify others at the genus or family level, such as those representing ants or crocodilians.



In their findings, vertebrates accounted for 76% of the animal emojis, arthropods for 16%, mollusks for 4%, cnidarians for 2%, and annelids for 1%. Considering that over 1.3 million arthropod species exist compared to around 85,000 vertebrate species, the current emoji catalog significantly underrepresents arthropod <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-forest-biodiversity-has-massive-potential-for-carbon-capture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> while overrepresenting vertebrates.



Furthermore, the researchers pointed out the complete absence of emojis for platyhelminths (including flatworms and tapeworms) and nematodes, even though each of these groups includes more than 20,000 species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emoji-tree-of-life-diversity-is-evolving">Emoji "Tree of Life" diversity is evolving</h2>



Fortunately, the diversity of emojis seems to be on the rise. In 2015, emoji representation included only 45 animal taxa, but this number grew to 78 by 2019 and further to 92 by 2022. Not only did the number of animal emojis increase, but their representativeness of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-slow-down-biodiversity-loss-but-they-cant-reverse-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> also improved during this period. Initially, emojis only depicted vertebrates, arthropods, and mollusks. 



However, by 2020, annelids joined this group with the introduction of the "worm" emoji, likely symbolizing an earthworm, and cnidarians followed in 2021 with the addition of a red coral emoji.



“This increase in phylogenetic diversity driven by less-known taxa emphasizes a positive trend of enhanced opportunities for emojifying biodiversity communication, allowing users of digital platforms to discuss a range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-the-world-at-a-cost-food-production-and-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>-related topics and sentiments more effectively, beyond the icons depicting iconic species,” the researchers write.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-in-the-digitized-world">Biodiversity in the digitized world</h2>



The authors emphasize the role of emojis in today's digitized society for raising awareness about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>. 



“The development and maintenance of diverse and inclusive emoji sets are crucial to ensure the equitable representation of the tree of life in digital communication tools and to effectively convey messages on the importance of all the organisms for the functioning of the biosphere," they state.



Creating a more diverse emoji catalog could greatly aid conversations around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-for-biological-diversity-from-agreement-to-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> and conservation. The authors argue for the need for inclusive emoji sets to ensure equitable representation of all organisms and to effectively convey the importance of biodiversity in digital communications.



The team suggests that further research is needed to understand how nature-related emojis are utilized in discussions about biodiversity and conservation. This could potentially open up new avenues for engaging the public in these critical topics.



In summary, this eye-opening analysis by Mammola, Falaschi, and Ficetola underscores a critical need for a more inclusive emoji library that accurately represents the rich diversity of life. As digital communication continues to be a dominant medium, ensuring that our digital tools reflect the full spectrum of biodiversity becomes increasingly important for fostering awareness and engagement in conservation efforts.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589004223026469">iScience</a>.



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Current emoji library doesn’t accurately represent the Tree of Life

In an insightful analysis, a team of conservation biologists have...

Young,Caucasian,Woman,Eating,Healthy,Vegan,Avocado,Toast,With,Great

Type 2 diabetes, a condition affecting millions worldwide, has been a major health concern for decades. Recent research, however, sheds new light on how this disease can be effectively combatted through dietary choices. 



Scientists have found that adopting a healthy lifestyle, particularly focusing on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-are-great-for-weight-loss-regardless-of-the-type/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>, can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-diet-in-diabetes-prevention">Role of diet in diabetes prevention</h2>



A cornerstone of this new approach is the emphasis on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>. The research underscores that not only is it important to reduce the consumption of animal-based foods, but also to limit industrially processed and highly sugary foods. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can lead to considerable health benefits, including a reduced risk of diabetes.



For the first time, scientists have identified improvements in metabolism and liver and kidney function as key reasons behind the positive effects of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>. These factors contribute significantly to the lowered likelihood of obesity, a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The study's findings mark a significant advancement in understanding diabetes prevention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantifying-the-benefits">Quantifying the benefits</h2>



Through their research, the team managed to quantify the impact of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-plant-based-diets-reduce-the-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy plant-based diet</a>. Their analyses indicate a 24% reduction in diabetes risk, even among individuals with a genetic predisposition or other risk factors like obesity, advanced age, or a lack of physical activity. This is a substantial finding, highlighting the power of diet in managing health risks.



Conversely, the research also points out the risks associated with unhealthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/is-a-plant-based-diet-healthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diets</a>. Diets high in sweets, refined grains, and sugary drinks are linked to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, emphasizing the importance of not just a plant-based diet, but a healthy one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-diet-and-diabetes">Studying diet and diabetes</h2>



Professor Tilman Kühn, a leading figure in Public Health Nutrition at <a href="https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MedUni Vienna</a> and the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>, played a pivotal role in this study. Collaborating with researchers from <a href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen's University Belfast</a>, Professor Kühn’s work has been instrumental in identifying biomarkers of central metabolic processes and organ functions as mediators of the health effects of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-are-healthier-than-animal-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a>.



"Our study is the first to identify biomarkers of central metabolic processes and organ functions as mediators of the health effects of a plant-based diet," says Kühn.



Their research involved a comprehensive analysis of 113,097 participants in the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Biobank</a> study over twelve years. This large-scale study has provided invaluable insights into the long-term effects of diet on health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



The findings go beyond the commonly known benefits of reduced body fat percentage and waist circumference. It highlights the importance of considering central metabolic processes and organ functions in understanding the health impacts of diet.



One of the novel findings of this research is the emphasis on the full function of the liver and kidneys in diabetes prevention. These organs are crucial in individuals with diabetes, but the study reveals how a healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-helps-protect-against-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> can enhance their function, thereby reducing diabetes risk.



"However, our research has now shown that a healthy plant-based diet can improve liver and kidney function and thus reduce the risk of diabetes," says Kühn.



This research offers a new perspective on diabetes prevention. It underscores the importance of dietary choices, particularly the adoption of a healthy plant-based diet, in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. 



As noted by Professor Kühn, this study not only confirms known benefits but also reveals previously underestimated advantages of a plant-based diet, offering hope for millions at risk of this chronic condition.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1262363623000812?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diabetes and Metabolism</a>.



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Plant-based diets significantly reduce diabetes risk

Type 2 diabetes, a condition affecting millions worldwide, has been...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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