What makes people happy has puzzled philosophers, psychologists, and ordinary people for centuries. Is happiness a gift we carry inside us, immune to outside conditions? Or is it built on the foundations of good jobs, strong relationships, financial comfort, and good health? 



Every year, projects like the <a href="https://worldhappiness.report" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Happiness Report</a> attempt to measure and explain well-being across societies. Yet, the more we explore, the clearer it becomes: happiness isn’t simple, and it certainly isn’t the same for everyone.



A new study published in the journal Nature Human Behaviour sheds powerful light on this puzzle. It challenges the idea that happiness follows one clear path. According to lead author Emorie Beck and her team, people find happiness in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-believe-they-deserve-good-karma-more-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">different ways</a> - and what works for one person may not work at all for another.



“We have to understand the sources of happiness to build effective interventions,” said Beck, assistant professor of psychology at the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-major-views-on-happiness">Two major views on happiness</h2>



For decades, researchers have debated whether happiness comes from our life circumstances or our inner world. The first model, known as the “bottom-up” approach, argues that happiness builds up from life’s specific parts. 



When people are satisfied with domains such as their job, relationships, income, health, and housing, their overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-chasing-happiness-makes-you-feel-worse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life satisfaction</a> improves. This model shapes many public policies and international surveys. These efforts aim to boost happiness by improving access to external goods and services that support well-being.



But life doesn't always support that framework. Some people remain joyful even while facing hardship or loss. They seem untouched by circumstances that might break others. This brings attention to the “top-down” view of happiness. 



This model suggests that personality traits, mindsets, and emotional habits shape how we experience life. It emphasizes mental health practices, therapy, or mindfulness as tools to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-influences-online-shopping-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improve well-being</a> by adjusting internal attitudes.



“But we all know people in our lives who experience traumatic events yet seem to be happy,” noted Beck.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-on-happiness">A new perspective on happiness </h2>



The idea that both internal and external <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-increases-feelings-of-hope-happiness-and-gratitude/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forces</a> shape happiness isn’t new. What makes this study stand out is its attempt to measure this interaction across individuals and time. 



According to the third model Beck and her team explored, happiness may flow in both directions. Inner qualities and outer life domains affect each other in ways that are dynamic and complex. From this perspective, targeting either the environment or the mind can make a difference.



But this still leaves many questions unanswered. Do all people follow the same pattern? Do policies based on population averages truly help those they aim to support? To answer these questions, the researchers introduced a fourth idea - a “personalized happiness” perspective.



This new approach proposes that happiness is not universal. Instead, the causes and effects of happiness are idiographic, or specific to each person. What raises happiness for one individual may not move the needle at all for another.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decades-of-data-on-happiness">Decades of data on happiness </h2>



To explore these ideas, Beck and her collaborators analyzed an enormous data set. They studied 40,074 people in five countries: Germany, Britain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Australia. 



These participants had taken part in repeated surveys over as many as 33 years. The surveys asked about their overall life <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-is-happier-being-single-men-or-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">satisfaction</a> and satisfaction in five life areas: work, income, health, housing, and relationships.



“What comes out is that we see roughly equal groups that demonstrate each pattern,” Beck explained.



Some participants fit the bottom-up model. Their happiness closely tracked satisfaction in life’s domains. Others followed a top-down pattern. Their internal well-being remained stable despite changes in their life circumstances. 



Another group showed bidirectional influence, where changes in one area affected the other. Finally, some individuals did not fit any clear model at all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-happiness-is-more-than-a-theory">Personalized happiness is more than a theory</h2>



These findings gave weight to the personalized happiness approach. The researchers discovered that the population-level models often failed to match the actual patterns seen in individual lives. 



Between 41.4% and 50.8% of participants showed mostly one-way influences between domain satisfaction and life satisfaction. Only 19.3% to 25.9% showed bidirectional effects.



This shows that population averages often hide personal truths. Happiness, the study reveals, is shaped by unique configurations of traits and experiences. Even two people with similar incomes or job satisfaction may report entirely different levels of happiness.



The data also revealed that some people’s overall satisfaction did not link clearly to any of the measured domains. These individuals may experience satisfaction influenced by broader structural forces or singular life events that were not captured in the surveys.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-therapy">Implications for therapy</h2>



If the aim is to improve happiness for as many people as possible, this research sends a powerful message. One-size-fits-all strategies will not work. Improving healthcare, housing, or income may support some individuals, but not all. 



Likewise, mindfulness programs or therapy-based initiatives may not benefit people whose happiness depends more on external conditions. "Importantly, the most effective policies will be tailored to the individual themselves,” said Beck.



This perspective urges governments, organizations, and mental health practitioners to think differently. Instead of targeting a universal happiness recipe, they should aim to understand the diverse ingredients people draw from to feel fulfilled. 



Doing so might not just improve lives - it may also make public efforts more effective and meaningful.



“These things are treated separately, but they aren’t really. They feed into each other at a personal level,” Beck added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-needs-and-differences">Individual needs and differences </h2>



The idea of personalized happiness, while promising, also presents challenges. The study showed clear individual patterns, but distinguishing those from random variations is difficult. 



Beck and her colleagues suggest that future research needs more precise and innovative methods to capture these subtle trends.



Supported by the <a href="https://www.nia.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institute on Aging</a>, this study lays the groundwork for a more human-centered view of happiness. Rather than assuming happiness is something we all measure in the same way, it invites a deeper respect for individual stories, differences, and needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-path-doesn-t-fit-all">One path doesn’t fit all</h2>



This research invites us to rethink everything we thought we knew about happiness. It is not an endpoint with a single route. For some, it lies in community or stability. For others, it may come from within - through purpose, peace, or personal growth.



The science is clear: happiness is personal. To understand it, we must listen more closely, not just to the numbers, but to the people behind them.



Other contributors included Joshua Jackson of&nbsp;<a href="https://wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University</a>, Felix Cheung of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a>, and Stuti Thapa of the&nbsp;<a href="https://utulsa.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tulsa</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02171-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Where does happiness come from? It depends on who you are

What makes people happy has puzzled philosophers, psychologists, and ordinary people for centuries. Is happiness a gift we carry inside us, immune to outside conditions? Or is it built on the foundations of good jobs, strong relationships, financial comfort, and good health? Every year, projects like the World Happiness Report attempt to measure and explain well-being across societies. Yet, the more we explore, the clearer it becomes: happiness isn’t simple, and it certainly isn’t the same for everyone. A new study published in the journal Nature Human...

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (HPAI H5N1) remains a low risk to the general public. U.S. public health experts believe available treatments and vaccines, along with those in development, can prevent severe disease. 



Despite this reassurance, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) continues to monitor the virus closely, evaluating potential changes.



In a commentary published in the&nbsp;New England Journal of Medicine, Dr. Jeanne M. Marrazzo and Dr. Michael G. Ison from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) emphasize the importance of balancing vigilance with normalcy regarding HPAI H5N1. 



"People should find a balance between enhanced vigilance and ‘business as usual’ with respect to HPAI H5N1," the experts stated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-spread-of-bird-flu-virus">Global spread of bird flu virus</h2>



Since 1996, HPAI H5N1 has circulated across at least 23 countries. By late 2021, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-mutations-found-in-first-severe-u-s-human-case/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> spread from Europe to North America, infecting wild birds and poultry farms. 



In 2022, it devastated birds and marine mammals in South America. Alarmingly, in March 2024, U.S. Department of Agriculture (<a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>) scientists detected HPAI H5N1 in dairy cows, spreading to herds across 16 states. Over the past 30 days, the virus has been identified in dairy herds in three U.S. states.



Human infections remain rare but concerning. In 2024, 66 confirmed and 7 probable cases were reported in the U.S., along with one case in Canada. 



These cases were linked to two types of the virus - one circulating in birds (D1.1) and another in dairy cows (B3.13).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keys-to-controlling-bird-flu-virus-outbreak">Keys to controlling bird flu virus outbreak</h2>



Drs. <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marrazzo</a> and <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tcA1nDcAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ison</a> outline four essential strategies to manage the current HPAI H5N1 outbreak:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promote-collaboration-across-disciplines">Promote collaboration across disciplines</h3>



Effective control requires timely collaboration among experts in human and veterinary medicine, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/efforts-to-control-bird-flu-are-not-working-are-humans-next/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health</a>, health care, and occupational safety. 



Building trust with communities and ensuring individuals seek care for symptoms, such as conjunctivitis, are equally critical. Fortunately, most U.S. cases have been mild, resolving without treatment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhance-disease-surveillance">Enhance disease surveillance</h3>



The Canadian HPAI H5N1 patient who developed respiratory failure highlights the urgency of vigilant disease surveillance. Genetic mutations in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-outbreak-in-domestic-cats-raises-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> found in this patient highlight the need for complete genomic sequencing of viral samples. 



Dr. Marrazzo and Dr. Ison emphasize that this data should be shared quickly to identify and track viral changes, which might signal an increased risk of human-to-human transmission.



"Without information pertaining to where and when isolates were collected, the data cannot be linked phylogenetically to other reported sequences," the authors noted. This early detection helps pinpoint mutations that may enhance the virus’s ability to infect human respiratory systems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advance-medical-countermeasures">Advance medical countermeasures</h3>



Developing and testing vaccines and therapies remain vital. Fortunately, current vaccine candidates effectively neutralize circulating virus strains, and antivirals have shown promise in mitigating transmission and illness severity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-bird-flu-virus-exposure">Minimizing bird flu virus exposure</h3>



Reducing contact with the bird flu virus is essential to limit its spread and protect individuals, especially those at higher risk of exposure. 



Workers who handle poultry or cows, such as farmers or animal handlers, are particularly vulnerable because the virus can spread through infected animals or their environments.



To stay safe, these workers should follow guidelines from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a> (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and USDA. This includes wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, and protective clothing, to create a barrier against the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seal-colony-lost-95-of-its-pups-to-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a>.



Additionally, understanding occupational risks is vital. Workers should learn how the virus spreads, recognize potential symptoms of infection, and follow safe handling practices. 



These precautions not only protect individual workers but also help prevent the virus from spreading further, potentially affecting others or reaching broader populations. By taking these steps, the risk of infection can be significantly reduced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-challenges-of-bird-flu">Ongoing challenges of bird flu</h2>



The four strategies outlined by Dr. Marrazzo and Dr. Ison aim to enhance our understanding of the H5N1 virus's spread, evolution, and impact.



By integrating robust collaborations, effective surveillance, medical advancements, and preventive practices, public health experts hope to control the virus and answer key questions about its behavior.



While HPAI H5N1 presents ongoing challenges, the collective effort of scientists, health officials, and communities ensures we remain prepared for any future developments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe2416323" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New England Journal of Medicine</a>.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Bird flu virus: Preparing for tomorrow despite minimal risk today

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza A virus (HPAI H5N1) remains...

Ever wondered if what you eat could be the secret to a sharper memory and better cognitive performance? A recent study from Tulane University School of Medicine has given us food for thought. The researchers propose that the brain-boosting benefits of the Mediterranean diet may be linked to changes in our gut's bacterial balance.



The study, published in the journal Gut Microbes Reports, reveals a striking connection between dietary choices, gut bacteria, and brain function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-mediterranean-diet">What is the Mediterranean diet?</h2>



The Mediterranean diet draws inspiration from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-may-be-a-fountain-of-youth-for-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional cuisines</a> of Mediterranean countries like Greece, Italy, and Spain. It focuses on whole, nutrient-rich foods and prioritizes healthy fats, with olive oil serving as the main source.



The diet includes abundant vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and seeds, along with lean proteins like fish and seafood, and moderate amounts of poultry, eggs, and dairy. 



Red meat and processed foods are consumed sparingly, while meals are rich in fiber from plant-based sources such as legumes and whole grains. Herbs and spices are used to flavor dishes, reducing the reliance on salt. 



This balanced and varied approach to eating has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-a-delicious-way-to-manage-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">numerous health benefits</a>, including improved heart and brain health, reduced inflammation, and a lower risk of chronic diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-diet-influences-the-brain">How diet influences the brain</h2>



The study, led by Dr. Rebecca Solch-Ottaiano, found that the Mediterranean diet alters gut bacteria patterns in ways that boost memory and cognitive skills.



“We’ve known that what we eat affects brain function, but this study explores how that could be happening,” Dr. Solch-Ottaiano explained. “Our findings suggest that dietary choices can influence cognitive performance by reshaping the gut microbiome.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-shifts-gut-bacteria">Mediterranean diet shifts gut bacteria</h2>



Using young rats as subjects, the researchers compared the effects of a Mediterranean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> to a typical Western diet over 14 weeks. 



The Mediterranean diet, rich in olive oil, fish, and fiber, led to significant shifts in gut bacteria. Four types of beneficial bacteria increased, while five types linked to poorer memory declined. 



These shifts in gut bacteria correlated with key cognitive and health improvements in the Mediterranean diet group:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Better memory and learning: The rats performed better on tests designed to measure memory and problem-solving abilities.</li>



<li>Improved cognitive flexibility: They adapted more easily to new information or changes in their environment.</li>



<li>Enhanced working memory: Their ability to retain and use short-term information was stronger.</li>



<li>Lower bad cholesterol: They exhibited reduced levels of LDL cholesterol, which is often linked to poor health outcomes.</li>
</ul>



The study pinpointed specific bacteria - such as higher levels of Candidatus Saccharimonas - that correlated with better cognitive outcomes. Conversely, higher levels of Bifidobacterium were linked to poorer memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-young-brains">Implications for young brains</h2>



This research is the first to examine the Mediterranean diet’s impact on gut microbiota and cognitive function relative to the Western diet in a rodent model. 



By using young rats, equivalent to 18-year-old humans, the study highlights how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary choices</a> during critical developmental periods can influence long-term brain health.



“Our findings suggest that the Mediterranean diet or its biological effects could be harnessed to improve scholastic performance in adolescents, or work performance in young adults,” said Dr. Demetrius M. Maraganore. 



“While these findings are based on animal models, they echo human studies linking the Mediterranean diet to improved memory and reduced dementia risk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-mediterranean-diet">Building a Mediterranean diet</h2>



Adopting a Mediterranean eating pattern involves simple yet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impactful changes</a>:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Use olive oil as the primary fat source.</li>



<li>Eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains.</li>



<li>Include fish and lean proteins in your meals.</li>



<li>Limit red meat and saturated fats.</li>



<li>Increase fiber intake with diverse plant-based foods.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-for-brain-and-gut-health">Mediterranean diet for brain and gut health</h2>



Though these findings are promising, the researchers emphasize the need for larger human studies to confirm the effects. 



Understanding the intricate links between diet, gut bacteria, and brain function could unlock new strategies for enhancing cognitive health.



For now, incorporating Mediterranean diet principles into your meals might be a simple step toward better brain and gut health. As science delves deeper, the promise of harnessing dietary power for cognitive benefits continues to grow.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/29933935.2024.2439490" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gut Microbes Reports</a>.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Mediterranean diet boosts brain power by altering the gut

Ever wondered if what you eat could be the secret...

Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have made breakthrough discoveries about human migration patterns across Europe during the first millennium AD.&nbsp;



Using advanced DNA analysis techniques, they traced the movement of populations across the continent, offering new insights into how ancient groups interacted and reshaped the genetic landscape of Europe.&nbsp;



The findings, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08275-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>, highlight a dynamic era of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-first-arrived-in-europe-1-3-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> and cultural evolution that shaped the foundation of modern European societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-lens-for-genetic-analysis">A new lens for genetic analysis</h2>



At the heart of the research is Twigstats, a new analytical method that allows scientists to identify subtle genetic differences between populations that are otherwise very similar.&nbsp;



Traditional tools have been effective in studying major population shifts, such as those between hunter-gatherers and early farmers, but they often miss finer-scale changes. 



Twigstats overcomes this limitation, offering a sharper lens to examine the genetic complexities of historical migrations.



Leo Speidel, the study’s first author, emphasized the significance of this innovation. “Twigstats allows us to see what we couldn’t before, in this case migrations all across Europe originating in the north of Europe in the Iron Age, and then back into Scandinavia before the Viking Age.”



By applying this tool to over 1,500 genomes from individuals who lived between the years 1 and 1000 AD, the researchers reconstructed migration patterns spanning key historical periods, including the Iron Age, the fall of the Roman Empire, the early medieval Migration Period, and the Viking Age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-migrations-into-southern-europe-nbsp">Human migrations into Southern Europe&nbsp;</h2>



Historical records from the Roman Empire mention conflicts with Germanic groups beyond its borders. 



The genetic evidence uncovered by Twigstats supports these accounts, revealing waves of migration from Northern Germany and Scandinavia into Southern Europe during the early first millennium.



This migration left its mark on the genetic makeup of regions such as southern Germany, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, and southern Britain.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/early-human-migration_through-europe_3-waves_credit-Francis-Crick-Institute_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/early-human-migration_through-europe_3-waves_credit-Francis-Crick-Institute_1s.webp" alt="Three waves of migrations across Europe were identified in the paper. Credit: Leo Speidel, The Francis Crick Institute" class="wp-image-1955656"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Three waves of migrations across Europe were identified in the paper. Credit: Leo Speidel, The Francis Crick Institute</figcaption></figure>



In some cases, individuals carried exclusively Scandinavian-like ancestry, indicating significant movement of people from the north.&nbsp;



These findings align with the linguistic evolution of Germanic languages, with one branch remaining in Scandinavia, another becoming extinct, and the third forming the basis of modern German and English.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scandinavian-influence-in-pre-viking-britain">Scandinavian influence in pre-Viking Britain</h2>



An unexpected discovery was the presence of Scandinavian ancestry in Britain centuries before the Viking Age.&nbsp;



The researchers identified a second-to-fourth-century individual from York who exhibited 25% early Iron Age Scandinavian ancestry.&nbsp;



This predates the Anglo-Saxon and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vikings-landed-in-the-americas-500-years-before-columbus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Viking</a> migrations traditionally associated with Scandinavian influence in Britain. The finding highlights the long-standing connections between Scandinavia and the British Isles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-migrations-into-scandinavia">Human migrations into Scandinavia</h2>



The study also uncovered a later migration wave into Scandinavia between 300 and 800 AD, preceding the Viking Age. 



Genetic evidence shows that many individuals from this period carried ancestry from Central Europe. This influx likely reflects sustained population movements rather than isolated events.



On the Swedish island of Öland, individuals with Central European ancestry were found to have grown up locally, based on biomolecular analysis of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bronze-age-teeth-discovery-highlight-the-evolution-of-the-human-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">teeth</a>. This suggests a lasting integration of migrants into Scandinavian communities.&nbsp;



Archaeological evidence points to periods of conflict in Scandinavia during this time, which may have influenced these movements, though more research is needed to understand the underlying causes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-viking-age-and-genetic-mixing">The Viking Age and genetic mixing</h2>



The Viking Age, known for its raiding and settlement activities, left a significant genetic footprint across Europe. The research confirmed that many individuals in Viking-controlled territories carried mixed local and Scandinavian ancestries.&nbsp;



For example, Viking remains in present-day Ukraine and Russia were linked to Sweden, while those in Britain traced ancestry to Denmark.



Mass graves in Britain containing Viking warriors who died violently further support historical accounts of raiding parties and battles. These findings illustrate the profound impact of Viking expansion on the genetic and cultural landscape of Europe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-richer-understanding-of-human-migrations">A richer understanding of human migrations </h2>



These discoveries add depth to historical narratives of human migration patterns during the first millennium AD.&nbsp;



Peter Heather, co-author and professor of Medieval History at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King’s College London</a>, emphasized the significance of Twigstats.&nbsp;



“Historical sources indicate that migration played some role in the massive restructuring of the human landscape of western Eurasia. Twigstats opens up the exciting possibility of finally resolving these crucial questions,” said Professor Heather. 



The study not only validates historical accounts but also offers new perspectives on the scale and trajectories of these migrations.&nbsp;



By integrating genetic data with archaeological and historical records, researchers can build a more comprehensive understanding of how human populations evolved during this transformative period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-research">Implications for future research</h2>



The success of Twigstats marks a turning point in the study of ancient migrations.&nbsp;



“The goal was a data analysis method that would provide a sharper lens for fine-scale genetic history,” said senior author Pontus Skoglund, group leader of the Ancient Genomics Laboratory at the <a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Francis Crick Institute</a>.



The team plans to expand the record of ancient genomes to apply Twigstats to other regions and populations worldwide. This could reveal previously unknown migration patterns and deepen our understanding of how human societies have interacted and adapted over millennia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-intersection-of-genetics-and-history">The intersection of genetics and history</h2>



As researchers continue to refine genetic analysis techniques, studies like this offer valuable insights into the complex interplay of migration, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-sets-human-culture-apart-from-other-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culture</a>, and genetics.&nbsp;



By tracing the movements of ancient populations, scientists not only uncover the roots of modern societies but also provide a framework for understanding the enduring impact of human mobility on the world today.&nbsp;



The discoveries made possible by Twigstats represent a significant step forward in unraveling the mysteries of human history.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Ancient DNA reveals human migration patterns in the first millennium AD

Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have made breakthrough discoveries...

Hula hooping, often considered a playful pastime, raises intriguing scientific questions. What keeps a hula hoop up against gravity? Are some body types better for hula hooping than others?”



A team of mathematicians from New York University (NYU) sought answers to these questions, and uncovered findings that extend beyond hula hooping to potential engineering applications.



The study, published in the&nbsp;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the first to investigate the physics and mathematics of hula hooping.



Study senior author Leif Ristroph is an associate professor at NYU’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.



“We were specifically interested in what kinds of body motions and shapes could successfully hold the hoop up and what physical requirements and restrictions are involved,” explained Ristroph.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-the-physics-of-hula-hooping">Testing the physics of hula hooping</h2>



To investigate, the researchers created miniature robotic hula hoopers at <a href="https://math.nyu.edu/aml/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU’s Applied Mathematics Laboratory</a>. 



Using 3D-printed shapes representing human forms - such as cylinders, cones, and hourglass shapes - the team tested gyrating motions that were powered by motors.



These shapes were scaled to one-tenth human size, and hoops of about six inches in diameter were set into motion. High-speed video captured the dynamics of the hoop movements.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="OCk5PM2663-4185363-12187" type="single"]</div>



The experiments revealed surprising results. The specific gyration motion or the body’s cross-sectional shape (e.g., circular or elliptical) didn’t significantly impact the hoop’s ability to twirl. 



“In all cases, good twirling motions of the hoop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-can-bend-way-more-than-your-brain-lets-you-believe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">around the body</a> could be set up without any special effort,” Ristroph explained.



However, maintaining the hula hoop’s elevation against gravity required specific body features. A sloping surface, akin to hips, helped push the hoop upward, while a curvy waist provided stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-some-excel-at-hula-hooping">Why some excel at hula hooping</h2>



The findings shed light on why some individuals naturally excel at hula hooping while others struggle. 



“People come in many different body types - some who have these slope and curvature traits in their hips and waist and some who don’t,” noted Ristroph. “Our results might explain why some people are natural hoopers and others seem to have to work extra hard.”



This insight ties body mechanics to hula hooping ability, and offers a mathematical explanation for what many have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-we-see-the-world-based-on-what-we-expect-to-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">observed anecdotally</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-applications-of-the-research">Practical applications of the research</h2>



The study went beyond analyzing the mechanics of hula hooping by creating mathematical models that captured the dynamics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-in-a-pill-is-now-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>. 



These models provided formulas to explain how motion, body shape, and forces interact to keep the hoop in motion. While they were developed to understand hula hooping, these equations have practical applications in other fields, particularly in engineering and industrial design.



“We were surprised that an activity as popular, fun, and healthy as hula hooping wasn’t understood even at a basic physics level,” said Ristroph. 



“As we made progress on the research, we realized that the math and physics involved are very subtle, and the knowledge gained could be useful in inspiring engineering innovations, harvesting energy from vibrations, and improving in robotic positioners and movers used in industrial processing and manufacturing.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-hula-hoops-to-high-tech">From hula hoops to high-tech</h2>



The study initially aimed to explore the seemingly straightforward mechanics of hula hooping. However, it uncovered principles that have significant applications beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sitting-too-much-can-cause-premature-aging-even-if-you-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a> itself. 



By analyzing how energy transfers and movements keep the hoop in motion, researchers identified ways to harness similar energy from vibrations. These insights could optimize energy usage in various devices.



Moreover, the findings offer potential improvements in robotic designs, particularly in enhancing the precision and efficiency of robotic movers and positioners used in manufacturing and industrial processes. This means that understanding hula hooping could help develop more effective machines and systems.



In essence, the research shows how studying a playful activity like hula hooping can lead to advances in science and technology. It demonstrates how fundamental physics can drive innovative solutions in unexpected areas, and bridge the gap between recreation and engineering progress.



The research was a collaborative effort by Ristroph, NYU doctoral student Olivia Pomerenk, and former undergraduate student Xintong Zhu.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2411588121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



Video Credit: NYU’s Applied Mathematics Lab



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How hula hooping inspires robotics and energy efficiency

Hula hooping, often considered a playful pastime, raises intriguing scientific...

Researchers at the University of Iowa have called for a universal practice of surveying patients about their physical activity levels. The proposal is based on findings that highlight a powerful relationship between regular exercise and a lower risk of chronic diseases. 



The study, led by Lucas Carr, an associate professor in the Department of Health and Human Physiology, focused on more than 7,000 patients at the <a href="https://uihc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Iowa Health Care Medical Center</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-activity-and-chronic-disease">Physical activity and chronic disease</h2>



The research team compared self-reported <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/any-type-of-physical-activity-can-help-protect-the-brain/">physical activity</a> data with medical records. They found a significant connection between higher levels of physical activity and better health outcomes.&nbsp;



Moderate to vigorous exercise for at least 150 minutes a week was linked to a reduced risk of developing 19 chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-helps-the-body-fight-inflammation-and-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">illnesses</a>. These included cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes, and various forms of cancer.



Those who reported doing little or no exercise were more prone to develop these chronic diseases, emphasizing the pressing need to address inactivity among patients. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-activity-surveys-and-exercise-prescriptions-nbsp">Physical activity surveys and exercise prescriptions&nbsp;</h2>



Drawing on these results, the Iowa researchers suggest that health care systems should incorporate physical activity surveys into patient visits and offer relevant health and wellness services to those at greatest risk.



“In our health care environment, there's no easy pathway for a doctor to be reimbursed for helping patients become more physically active,” said Professor Carr. 



“And so, for these patients, many of whom report insufficient activity, we need options to easily connect them with supportive services like exercise prescriptions and/or community health specialists.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lowering-the-risk-of-chronic-diseases-nbsp">Lowering the risk of chronic diseases&nbsp;</h2>



This study originated from a desire to better understand how physical activity might affect overall health outcomes.&nbsp;



Collaborating with Dr. Britt Marcussen, a family medicine physician at UI Health Care, Professor Carr introduced a physical activity questionnaire for patients visiting for annual wellness exams. 



Between November 2017 and December 2022, individuals answered two simple questions: how many days per week they performed moderate to vigorous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-in-a-pill-is-now-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a>, and how many minutes in total they exercised at that intensity.



Data from more than 7,000 participants showed a significant gap between people who met the recommended thresholds for weekly exercise and those who were mostly sedentary.&nbsp;



The group of patients who exercised 150 minutes or more per week appeared to be at notably lower risk for the range of chronic illnesses examined. Meanwhile, those reporting limited or no exercise had a higher propensity to develop these diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-about-the-study-population">Observations about the study population</h2>



In addition to analyzing participants who took the survey, the research team also considered a group of 33,000 patients who did not receive the questionnaire.&nbsp;



The investigators found that those who responded to the survey tended to be younger and healthier than the non-responders, potentially reflecting a tendency for individuals who attend annual wellness exams to be more engaged in healthy behaviors overall.



Still, the central takeaway remains that reported physical activity levels correlated closely with the presence or absence of various chronic diseases, validating the essential role of regular exercise in promoting long-term health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a>.



“We believe this finding is a result of those patients who take the time to come in for annual wellness exams also are taking more time to engage in healthy behaviors, such as being physically active,” Carr said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promoting-physical-activity-in-medical-settings">Promoting physical activity in medical settings</h2>



Identifying patients who are largely sedentary is just one step, according to the researchers. They also propose that health care systems implement practical methods to help these individuals become more active, such as referrals to exercise programs, community health resources, or professional exercise prescriptions.&nbsp;



The experts point to a lack of structured pathways for physicians to be reimbursed for providing exercise guidance, which hinders widespread adoption of this type of support.



In a related investigation, published in the <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39657641/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Physical Activity and Health</a>, Carr’s team discovered that insurance providers reimbursed almost 95 percent of claims for exercise counseling when health care providers billed for it.&nbsp;



“Our findings suggest the recommended physical activity billing codes are reimbursed at a high rate when providers submit them for reimbursement, which reinforces the idea to make physical activity surveys and counseling services available,” explained Professor Carr.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-toward-a-healthier-future">Moving toward a healthier future</h2>



This series of studies underscores the value of easily administered questionnaires for identifying patients who may be at elevated risk of chronic diseases, as well as the importance of follow-up measures that connect sedentary individuals with services to help them become more active.&nbsp;



The results are consistent with a broader body of evidence linking regular physical activity with reduced risks of many major health conditions.



By advocating for a simple, rapid, two-question survey, the researchers at the University of Iowa demonstrate how such a tool can fit seamlessly into routine medical appointments without overburdening patients or clinicians.&nbsp;



They believe this approach provides not only valuable data on patient health but also a means to intervene and lessen the impact of chronic conditions.



The authors argue that widespread integration of physical activity questions in clinical settings could bring noticeable public health benefits, particularly if paired with robust exercise counseling and resources for those who need it.&nbsp;



With the knowledge that insurance often reimburses exercise counseling, physicians and hospital administrators may find it easier to build these options into patient care, helping fight the epidemic of chronic disease and fostering healthier lifestyles overall.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Fitness-focused medicine: Physical activity reduces chronic disease risk

Researchers at the University of Iowa have called for a...

Ancient societies had all sorts of attitudes toward altered states of mind. Some favored fermented drinks, while others explored psychoactive plants with potent effects. 



Either way, there is a growing body of evidence that many of our ancestors used mind-altering substances in ceremonial settings, personal rituals, and possibly even on the battlefield. 



From what we know about ancient cultures in Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, and beyond, it seems people were curious about the boundaries of consciousness from the very beginning.



In a new paper in Praehistorische Zeitschrift, researchers discuss the possibility that certain Germanic fighters experimented with psychoactive substances to gain an edge in warfare.



The study was led by archaeologist <a href="https://akokowski.academia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Prof. Andrzej Kokowski</a> alongside biologists from <a href="https://study.gov.pl/university/maria-curie-sklodowska-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Maria Curie-Skłodowska University</a> in Lublin, Poland, and it taps into a fascinating area of debate about what these ancient communities might have consumed before they clashed with soldiers of the mighty Roman Empire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-humans-and-psychoactive-plants">Ancient humans and psychoactive plants</h2>



Ancient civilizations in the Middle East left us clues that they understood the power of certain psychoactive plants or plant extracts. 



Evidence from Mesopotamia <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/arcm.12806" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suggests</a> that the Sumerians recognized the potential of poppy cultivation over 5,000 years ago.



Meanwhile, the Egyptians produced beer as early as <a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/51721/chapter-abstract/419816733?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">8,000 years ago</a>, and some <a href="https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/43c3119d-743e-4c7b-a028-ca29b1ab3fc6/content" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">researchers</a> believe that they later discovered ways to harness the poppy’s narcotic components for medical and religious ceremonies.&nbsp;



Across the Mediterranean, the Greeks refined methods of harvesting poppy sap to make opium, which became a prized substance in certain circles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-tools-in-germanic-contexts">Hidden tools in Germanic contexts</h2>



The new study highlights how small artifacts, possibly too tiny to hold food, may have delivered stimulating powders or tinctures to those who wielded swords and shields. 



Although a direct chemical analysis of these artifacts would be the gold standard of proof, the researchers rely on indirect clues from burial and settlement sites. 



The authors remark that certain items fit into the category of “dispensers,” indicating they might have delivered a measured dose of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-potency-linked-to-dramatic-rise-in-psychiatric-disorders/">potent substance</a> in the heat of conflict.



The team also introduce a thought-provoking line in their paper: “The ‘war on drugs’ seems to be the aberration.” 



This statement by the study's authors implies that, in ancient times, the notion of banning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-potency-linked-to-dramatic-rise-in-psychiatric-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these substances</a> may not have been front and center. 



Instead, societies either tolerated or ritualized them, weaving them into social gatherings, medical treatments, and possibly warfare traditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-misconceptions-and-roman-views">Cultural misconceptions and Roman views</h2>



One of the more intriguing angles is how the Romans regarded their northern adversaries. Romans often portrayed the so-called “barbarians” as unsophisticated, suggesting that refined substances like opium were beyond their reach. 



Yet material findings seem to contradict that assumption. Scholars argue that people living outside Roman borders had their own knowledge networks, which may have included information on creative uses of plants and fungi.



Other historical studies support the idea that ancient communities across Europe and Asia <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-real-impact-of-burning-magic-herbs-in-spiritual-rituals/">experimented with an array of herbs</a>. 



A range of species, including henbane and belladonna, was accessible through trade routes and local foraging. The question is whether some of these plants could have boosted courage or dulled pain during battle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychoactive-plants-impact">Psychoactive plants impact</h2>



If these warriors had any way to harness psychoactive substances, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-drug-use-found-during-bronze-age-ceremonies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychological effects</a> might have included the numbing of fear or the triggering heightened aggression. 



In the face of enemy lines, an altered state could offer perceived protection or confidence.



Away from the battlefield, the same substances might have been used to ease injuries or find temporary relief from stress.



Researchers also point out that large-scale access to psychoactive plants or extracts would have demanded precise expertise. 



Someone in the community would have needed to cultivate and distribute these items, and would have known about their potency. 



This opens discussions about economic networks that financed these endeavors. It may also hint at the existence of supply chains stretching across large territories and bringing together resources from different regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-reflections-on-the-ancient-past">Modern reflections on the ancient past</h2>



Discussions about drug use in antiquity challenge our assumptions about humanity’s relationship with altered consciousness. Today’s laws and views on intoxicants are shaped by modern cultures and governments.&nbsp;



People often regard drug use as a specific modern problem or rebellious act. Yet, archaeological evidence suggests that it can be an age-old behavior shaped by survival, celebration, and even worship.



Some contemporary <a href="https://www.hellenic.org.au/post/ritual-religious-drug-use-in-ancient-greece" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">researchers</a> hold that these early experiments helped shape social cohesion, ritualistic practices, and medical traditions.&nbsp;



The further we look into prehistory, the more we see how deeply entwined these substances might have been with community life. Whether they were used to ramp up bravery in <a href="https://www.caymanchem.com/news/drugs-used-in-conflict-and-wars" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">war</a> or heal the wounded in small villages, they likely played a distinct role in shaping cultural identities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-debates-and-continuing-questions">Debates and continuing questions</h2>



Studies on ancient drug use can provoke lively debate among archaeologists and historians. 



Some specialists believe that minimal chemical residue in the artifacts makes firm conclusions elusive. Others lean on contextual clues found near skeletal remains or in areas associated with combat. 



No matter the stance, each new piece of research fuels broader conversations about how ancient societies navigated social norms, survival strategies, and the universal human drive for altered experiences.



Several puzzles still remain. Did these <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25386392/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Germanic fighters</a> incorporate psychoactive mixtures into spiritual traditions as well? Were there dedicated roles for people in the community - like herbalists or specialists - who oversaw dosing?&nbsp;



These topics carry important anthropological questions about the balance between practical needs and personal exploration. Answers may emerge as more evidence surfaces, but for now, there is enough intrigue to keep experts on their toes.



The information for this article is published in the journal <a href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pz-2024-2017/html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Praehistorische Zeitschrift</a>. 



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Ancient warriors may have used psychoactive plants for courage in battle

Ancient societies had all sorts of attitudes toward altered states...

Ebola, a severe hemorrhagic disease caused by a virus endemic in parts of East-Central and West Africa, is generally known to spread through contact with bodily fluids from individuals who have the infection.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebola-virus-on-the-skin-surface">Ebola virus on the skin surface</h2>



More recent outbreaks, such as the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa, have shown that infectious Ebola virus (EBOV) is also found on the surface of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-tech-will-track-emotions-through-changes-in-our-skin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin</a> of those who have succumbed to infection or at late times during infection.&nbsp;



Although this suggests that the virus can be transmitted from skin contact with someone in the later stages of the disease, researchers have not yet fully understood how the virus exits the body and appears on the skin’s surface.



In a recent study, scientists at <a href="https://uihealthcare.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Iowa Health Care</a>, working with colleagues at <a href="https://www.txbiomed.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Biomedical Research Institute</a> and <a href="https://www.bu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boston University</a>, have uncovered a cellular route that EBOV uses to traverse the inner and outer layers of skin and emerge onto the surface.&nbsp;



The researchers identified new cell types within the skin that are targeted by EBOV during infection and confirms that human skin tissues actively sustain EBOV infection.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-route-of-ebola-infection">Possible route of Ebola infection</h2>



The results, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adr6140" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>, suggest that the skin’s surface may be one possible route of person-to-person transmission.



“The skin is the largest organ in the human body yet is woefully understudied compared to most other organs. Interactions of EBOV with skin cells have not previously been extensively examined,” said study senior author Wendy Maury, a professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Iowa.&nbsp;



“Our work provides evidence for one mechanistic avenue that EBOV uses to exit from the human body. A comprehensive understanding of which cells are targeted during virus infection is critical for rational development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/willow-bark-may-contain-life-saving-antiviral-medications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antiviral</a> approaches.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-skin-model-for-tracking-ebola">Human skin model for tracking Ebola</h2>



The research team, guided by Maury and Kelly Messingham, a research professor of dermatology at the University of Iowa, designed a new method for discovering which skin cells are infected by Ebola virus.&nbsp;



They constructed a human skin explant system using full-thickness biopsies from healthy individuals, preserving both the deeper (dermal) and surface (epidermal) layers of skin.



Next, the team placed these explants dermal side down in culture media, adding virus particles to simulate how EBOV would move from the bloodstream outward toward the skin’s exterior.&nbsp;



This setup let the researchers use specialized tracing and labeling techniques to observe how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-covid-19-virus-travels-deep-inside-our-lungs/">virus</a> progressed from one layer of skin to the next, tracking which cells became infected as time passed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-cells-prone-to-ebola-infection">Skin cells prone to Ebola infection</h2>



Prior clinical and animal studies indicated that skin cells could become infected with EBOV, yet they did not identify the particular cells involved.&nbsp;



In this work, the authors showed that EBOV infects several cell types in the skin explant, including macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes.&nbsp;



Some of these cells are also infected by EBOV in other tissues, but keratinocytes - particular to skin - had not been previously recognized as an EBOV replication site.



Notably, the virus appeared to replicate more actively in the epidermal layer than in the dermal layer when compared on a per-gram basis. Within three days, infectious virus was detected at the epidermal surface, underscoring the virus’s ability to rapidly move through skin to the surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tool-for-exploring-new-therapies">Tool for exploring new therapies </h2>



In addition to mapping how the virus travels through the skin, the scientists demonstrated that human skin explants offer a realistic, three-dimensional model for examining potential antiviral treatments against EBOV. This model could be an economical and valuable tool for exploring new therapies.



“This study explores the role of the skin as a potential route of Ebola virus infection and identifies, for the first time, several cell types in the skin that are permissive to infection,” Messingham said.&nbsp;



“In total, these findings elucidate a mechanism by which EBOV traffics to the skin’s surface and may explain person-to-person transmission via skin contact.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-ebola-infection-nbsp">New insights into Ebola infection&nbsp;</h2>



Beyond its discoveries about the skin, the research also zoomed in on interactions between the Ebola virus and two particular skin cell types, fibroblasts and keratinocytes.&nbsp;



The team found specific receptors on these cells that facilitate the virus’s entry, adding further clarity on how EBOV infects skin on a molecular level.



By clarifying one route the virus may take to exit the body, these findings expand our knowledge of Ebola’s spread and highlight why skin-to-skin contact in advanced cases of infection can pose such a risk.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-public-health-concern">Ongoing public health concern</h2>



Understanding these pathways, and identifying the cell types that the virus relies on, can influence future efforts to develop effective treatments and prevention measures.



This work also sets the stage for further investigations into how EBOV might exploit other organs or tissues and suggests potential ways to block the virus’s path at the skin level.&nbsp;



With Ebola remaining an ongoing global health concern, insights like these can help scientists target the virus more effectively and better protect those at risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-infection-equips-the-body-to-fight-off-the-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infection</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Skin may play a hidden role in Ebola infection

Ebola, a severe hemorrhagic disease caused by a virus endemic...

If you've ever felt that modern movies seem to resonate with a chorus of ominous verbs that echo through scenes of action, drama, and suspense, you're not alone.



A recent study confirms an increase in the use of violent language and disturbing phrases in film dialogues over the past half-century, shedding light on how our cinematic landscape has shifted over time.



Remarkably, this trend is not limited to crime movies but seems to creep into all genres, and subtly infiltrates even the most unexpected narratives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increase-in-murderous-verbs">Increase in "murderous verbs" </h2>



The researchers embarked on a quest to unravel the mystery of this unsettling trend, driven by a desire to understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/power-of-words-how-language-framing-shapes-our-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> shapes our perception of violence in cinema.



The team used a large database of more than 160,000 movie subtitles, spanning five decades from 1970 to 2020, and meticulously analyzed and quantified the incidence of chilling words like “murder” and “kill” in the dialogues. Their findings revealed a startling linguistic evolution in the film industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-killer-words-across-all-films">"Killer words" across all films</h2>



According to study co-author Brad Bushman, the surge in these "killer words" has been unsurprisingly variable. Yet, there has been a noteworthy upward trajectory over the 50 years.



Interestingly, this trend isn't confined to crime flicks. Characters in other genres of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-watching-movies-affect-our-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">movies</a> have also been upping their "kill-talk" game.



"Characters in noncrime movies are also talking more about killing and murdering today than they did 50 years ago. Not as much as characters in crime movies, and the increase hasn’t been as steep. But it is still happening. We found increases in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-finds-no-evidence-that-video-games-promote-violence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">violence</a> cross all genres," noted Bushman.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gender-dynamic-of-violent-language">Gender dynamic of violent language</h2>



Authored by researchers at the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> and The Ohio State University, the study was published as a research letter in the journal JAMA Pediatrics. The findings offer new insights into the evolving dynamics of film dialogue.



The study revealed that the rise in the use of violent language was not gender-specific, demonstrating a broad shift in cinematic trends.



Study lead author Babak Fotouhi highlighted an intriguing aspect of the findings. While men typically delivered more violent dialogues, women also showed a discernable increase over time, reflecting a significant shift in character portrayal across genders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steady-rise-in-violent-language">Steady rise in violent language</h2>



Using the subtitle database from opensubtitles.org, the researchers sifted through 166,534 movies, extracting references to murderous actions with painstaking precision.



The team calculated the proportion of "killer verbs" - semantics rooted in words like “kill” and “murder" which capture the darker tones of cinematic language.



The analysis painted a grim picture of evolving dialogue trends: close to 7% of the movies spewed murderous verbs over the study period, indicating a steady rise in violent language on the silver screen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-competitive-edge-of-violence-in-film">The competitive edge of violence in film</h2>



Pennsylvania-based post-doctoral researcher Amir Tohidi emphasized the team's focus on these ominous verbs to identify only the most severe forms of violence present in movie diologue, thus representing a conservative estimate. 



“We focused exclusively on murderous verbs in our analysis to establish a lower bound in our reporting,” said Tohidi. “Including less extreme forms of violence would result in a higher overall count of violence.“



The researchers noted that if they had incorporated less aggressive forms of violence in the analysis, the overall count of violent dialogue would have skyrocketed.



“We designed this to be a conservative estimate,” said Fotouhi. “It is likely there was more violence in the movies than what we calculated in terms of the dialogue.”



This research, backed by an enormous dataset, highlights the escalation in cinematic reference to violence.



"Movies are trying to compete for the audience’s attention and research shows that violence is one of the elements that most effectively hooks audiences," noted Fotouhi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-mindful-media-consumption">A call for mindful media consumption</h2>



Bushman weighed in with a cautionary note, suggesting that this unsettling trend may still be on an upward trajectory, with no clear peak in sight.



This observation highlights an urgent call to action: the need to promote greater <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tweens-used-media-more-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">media</a> literacy and encourage mindful media consumption. 



By equipping audiences - especially vulnerable groups like young viewers - with critical thinking skills, we can mitigate the potential impact of violent language on impressionable minds.



So, the next time you cozy up for a movie night, take a moment to reflect - our screens are brimming with more killer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-brain-uses-a-secret-thesaurus-to-find-the-right-words/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">words</a> than ever before, subtly shaping the narratives we consume.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2828322" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Pediatrics</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Movies are using more violent language including 'murderous verbs'

If you've ever felt that modern movies seem to resonate...

As the new year approaches, millions prepare to adopt healthier eating habits. However, experts warn that this well-intentioned shift towards "clean" eating can sometimes go too far, leading to a dangerous obsession known as orthorexia nervosa. 



Researchers, including those from Semmelweis University in Hungary, caution that overly restrictive “clean eating” diets can result in physical malnutrition and severe mental health issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-allure-of-clean-eating">Allure of clean eating</h2>



In recent years, clean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating</a> has become synonymous with health and discipline. For many, this lifestyle promises physical vitality and mental clarity.



Yet, a survey conducted by <a href="https://semmelweis.hu/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Semmelweis University</a> of 179 female fashion models revealed that over one-third showed symptoms of orthorexia nervosa - an unhealthy fixation on eating only “pure” foods. Alarmingly, about one-fifth of the control group, comprising students, exhibited similar tendencies.



Orthorexia nervosa manifests when an individual’s dedication to healthy eating disrupts their daily life. Warning signs include avoiding social gatherings, such as family meals or holiday celebrations, due to dietary restrictions. 



People with this condition often experience stress when their eating routines are disrupted and may suffer from physical symptoms like hair loss, brittle nails, and chronic fatigue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks-of-restrictive-diets">Risks of restrictive diets</h2>



Dr. Nikolett Bogar of Semmelweis University emphasizes the dangers of such restrictive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-children-healthy-diets-can-be-very-challenging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>. 



“If someone eats only certain types of food - for example, fish, vegetables, green foods, raw items, or exclusively carbohydrate-free dishes - they can just as easily develop nutrient deficiencies as those with eating disorders,” said Dr. Bogar. “They don’t consume enough vitamins, minerals, protein or carbohydrates.”



The obsession with food quality over quantity is particularly concerning. While prioritizing healthy foods is important, it often leads to nutritionally inadequate diets. Severe cases of orthorexia nervosa can even escalate to clinical eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-growing-trend-of-clean-eating">A growing trend of clean eating </h2>



The research highlighted a startling reality: 90% of participants reported aspiring to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-diets-can-reduce-environmental-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy</a> and clean eating, mirroring the cultural obsession with slimness from past decades.



Statistics indicate that around 35% of people attempt to adopt healthier diets in January following indulgent holiday seasons.



However, experts warn against categorizing foods as strictly good or bad. Dr. Bogar advises embracing a balanced, long-term dietary approach. 



“Eating should not simply be seen as a source of nutrients but a social and cultural event, especially during the festive season and the following weeks,” said Dr. Bogar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-orthorexia-nervosa">Origins of orthorexia nervosa</h2>



Orthorexia nervosa, first introduced in 1997 by American physician Steven Bratman, describes an unhealthy fixation on consuming only "pure" or "clean" foods. 



Unlike other eating disorders, orthorexia focuses more on the quality of food rather than its quantity. Although widely discussed in medical and psychological circles, it is not yet officially recognized as an eating disorder in diagnostic manuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-eating-disorders">Consequences of eating disorders</h2>



Dr. Bratman observed that extreme clean eating trends could lead to severe consequences, both physical and psychological. Individuals with orthorexia often isolate themselves socially, avoiding gatherings where their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">specific dietary preferences</a> cannot be met.



This isolation can promote anxiety and stress, further compounding the mental toll. Over time, their limited food choices may result in malnutrition, depriving the body of essential nutrients. In extreme cases, this obsession can even lead to life-threatening outcomes.



Orthorexia impacts both men and women equally and is often linked to personality traits like perfectionism and narcissism. Many individuals with orthorexia strive for an ideal of purity or perfection in their eating habits. 



Interestingly, studies suggest that the underlying motivation for this behavior is not low self-esteem, as seen in some other eating disorders. Instead, it often stems from a desire to feel superior to others, using their strict dietary discipline as a marker of personal virtue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setting-new-dietary-goals">Setting new dietary goals</h2>



For those setting new dietary goals in January, experts recommend aiming for moderation. Dr. Bogar highlights the importance of indulgence without guilt. 



“Aim for a long-term, balanced diet rather than an ultra-clean one in January. Occasionally indulging in chocolates or holiday treats should be part of your diet – without guilt,” she added.



Ultimately, food should nourish the body and enrich life through shared cultural and social experiences. By embracing balance, individuals can avoid the pitfalls of orthorexia and maintain both physical and mental health.



This study, published in the journal Eating and Weight Disorders, serves as a timely reminder to approach clean eating and dietary resolutions with caution and self-compassion.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Obsession with eating 'clean' might result in eating disorders

As the new year approaches, millions prepare to adopt healthier...

In an interview with the&nbsp;Genomic Press, Professor Raz Yirmiya, a highly respected neuroscientist, discussed how inflammation in the body connects to depression.



As the head of the Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Professor Yirmiya has conducted innovative research that is changing the way scientists view the biology of depression.



The research shows that depression is not just about emotions or brain chemistry but also involves the immune system and inflammatory responses in the brain. These findings offer a deeper understanding of depression and open the door to new ways of treating it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-depression-and-its-traditional-understanding">Depression and its traditional understanding</h2>



Depression, often described as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-the-hidden-casualty-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">persistent feeling of sadness</a> or a loss of interest in life, has traditionally been understood as a mental health condition rooted in brain chemistry and psychological factors. 



For decades, treatments have primarily focused on correcting imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. This approach led to the development of widely used antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).



In addition to chemical imbalances, traditional views emphasized psychological causes such as unresolved trauma, chronic stress, or genetic predisposition. 



Various forms of therapy have played a significant role in addressing these aspects, helping individuals change negative thought patterns and manage their symptoms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-role-of-inflammation-in-depression">Exploring the role of inflammation in depression</h2>



Traditional perspectives often fail to fully explain why some people respond to treatments while others do not. 



The complexity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-and-the-internet-who-benefits-and-who-suffers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> - with its overlapping biological, psychological, and social causes - has made it challenging to find universal solutions.



These limitations have driven researchers to explore new angles, such as the role of inflammation, to uncover hidden contributors to the condition.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-inflammation-and-depression">Stress, inflammation, and depression</h2>



Professor Yirmiya's research reveals a compelling connection between stress, inflammation, and depression. 



"Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomscrolling-is-silently-ruining-our-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressed</a> patients do not have any overt inflammatory disease. However, we and others found that exposure to stress, which is the most significant trigger of depression in humans and animals, also activates inflammatory processes, particularly in the brain," he explained.



This insight highlights the complex role of the immune system in mental health and opens new avenues for therapeutic exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-musical-journey-to-neuroscience">A musical journey to neuroscience</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s journey into neuroscience began with his love of music. This unusual path shows how different interests can lead to big discoveries. His research on animals and humans shows how brain inflammation affects mood and thinking, and presents new ideas about depression.



"My overarching aim is to harness the extensive knowledge from my research and others to accelerate the development of novel antidepressant therapeutics targeting inflammatory processes," said Professor Yirmiya.



The findings reveal that both immune system activation and suppression can trigger depressive symptoms, emphasizing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">importance of personalized treatment approaches</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-stress-trigger-brain-inflammation">How does stress trigger brain inflammation?</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s research focuses on two key players in the brain’s immune system: microglia cells and interleukin-1. 



Microglia are specialized brain cells that act as the immune system’s defense team, while interleukin-1 is a molecule that triggers inflammation, often as a response to stress. Together, these factors play a crucial role in the way that stress might lead to depression.



The research raises important questions, such as how understanding these immune processes could help create better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-issues-are-prevalent-among-elite-athletes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> treatments. For instance, knowing exactly how stress triggers brain inflammation might allow scientists to develop therapies that prevent or reduce its harmful effects.



Professor Yirmiya also investigates how different immune responses may result in different types of depression. This insight could allow treatments to be customized for each individual, based on their specific immune activity and inflammatory levels. 



This approach, known as personalized medicine, offers the possibility of more effective and targeted care for people with depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-therapeutic-targets">Innovative therapeutic targets</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s team combines advanced molecular research with behavioral studies to uncover new ways to treat depression. They have focused on microglial checkpoint mechanisms, which regulate immune activity in the brain, and how these processes relate to stress resilience. 



This work from the <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> sheds new light on how the immune system affects mental health, particularly in conditions like depression.



By identifying specific targets within these mechanisms, the research offers hope for creating treatments tailored to an individual’s needs, and paves the way for more effective and personalized approaches to managing depression.



The <a href="https://genomicpress.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/brainmed/aop/article-10.61373-bm024k.0142/article-10.61373-bm024k.0142.xml">full interview</a>, titled&nbsp;“Raz Yirmiya: The inflammatory underpinning of depression,”&nbsp;will be published in the journal&nbsp;Brain Medicine.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Stress-related brain inflammation linked to depression

In an interview with the&nbsp;Genomic Press, Professor Raz Yirmiya, a...

A new study funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has revealed notable differences in brain structures between adolescents who initiated substance use before the age of 15 and those who did not.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that some of these structural differences may exist even before any substance use, pointing to their potential role in influencing the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-maltreatment-triples-the-risk-of-substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substance initiation</a> later in life. 



This interplay between brain structure, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors provides fresh insights into understanding substance use and addiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substance-use-and-brain-structure">Substance use and brain structure</h2>



The study analyzed nearly 10,000 adolescents as part of the <a href="https://abcdstudy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study</a> (ABCD Study), the largest longitudinal research effort examining brain development in U.S. youth.&nbsp;



Researchers from <a href="https://washu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University in St. Louis</a> used MRI scans of children aged 9 to 11 and tracked them over three years, assessing their substance use patterns, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-has-a-hidden-impact-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>, nicotine, cannabis, and other illicit substances.



Of the 9,804 participants, 3,460 reported initiating substance use before age 15, with alcohol being the most common substance (90.2%), followed by nicotine and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-cannabis-use-affect-brain-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>.&nbsp;



Brain imaging revealed five significant structural differences at a global level between early users and non-users, including greater total brain volume and subcortical volume in those who initiated substance use.&nbsp;



Additionally, 39 regional structural differences were identified, over half of which involved cortical thickness. Some of these variations appeared specific to the type of substance used.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-pre-existing-brain-differences">Evidence of pre-existing brain differences</h2>



A key finding of the study was that many of these brain differences were evident in baseline MRIs taken before any reported substance use.&nbsp;



A secondary analysis excluded participants with substance use experience at the time of their initial MRI, focusing on a subgroup of 1,203 individuals. Even in this restricted comparison, many of the structural differences persisted, suggesting that these features might precede substance exposure.



The findings challenge the assumption that such differences are solely caused by the use of substances, indicating instead that they may reflect inherent vulnerabilities. 



This highlights the need for further research into how these pre-existing brain structures interact with other factors to influence substance use behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-structure-differences-and-behavior">Brain structure differences and behavior</h2>



The study linked some of the observed brain structural differences to regions associated with sensation-seeking and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sufficient-sleep-can-prevent-impulsive-behavior-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impulsivity</a>.&nbsp;



However, the researchers noted that additional investigation is needed to determine how these structural variations impact brain function or behavior.&nbsp;



The study emphasizes the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, prenatal conditions, and brain development in shaping substance use patterns.



For example, another recent <a href="https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS245190222400301X&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cjuwon.song%40nih.gov%7C3ae52944065e430c101908dd098ade56%7C14b77578977342d58507251ca2dc2b06%7C0%7C0%7C638677214233526614%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=2f6TsU15kj1Ejs95wOOlFQ05T6a9fF3qTT1sOsSTTvo%3D&amp;reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> from the ABCD study conducted by the University of Michigan found that patterns of brain connectivity in early adolescence could predict the initiation of drug use. 



This research also highlighted the role of environmental factors, such as pollution exposure, in shaping these trajectories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-prevention-and-intervention">Implications for prevention and intervention</h2>



Understanding the relationship between brain structure and substance use initiation could have significant implications for prevention strategies.&nbsp;



While the study underscores that brain structure alone cannot predict substance use, integrating these findings with data on genetics, environmental exposures, and behavioral patterns could inform more targeted interventions.



Future research will explore how these structural differences evolve as adolescents age and whether they are influenced by continued drug use or the development of substance use disorders. This work aims to refine models of addiction and improve strategies for early intervention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-step-toward-better-models-of-addiction">A step toward better models of addiction</h2>



The study, published in the journal JAMA Network Open, underscores the value of longitudinal data from the ABCD study in advancing our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zapping-the-brain-with-ultrasound-waves-may-cure-drug-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a>.&nbsp;



Researchers hope this growing body of evidence will reshape how substance use disorders are conceptualized and inform more accurate and effective prevention models.



“The hope is that these types of studies, in conjunction with other data on environmental exposures and genetic risk, could help change how we think about the development of substance use disorders,” said Alex Miller, the study’s corresponding author.&nbsp;



By illuminating the bidirectional relationship between brain structure and substance use, this research offers a promising path forward in tackling the complex issue of addiction.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Early substance use in adolescents linked to brain structure 

A new study funded by the National Institutes of Health...

The words we choose matter. They are not merely a string of symbols put together, they carry weight and shape our perception of the world around us.



Each word is selected with a frame in mind that subtly influences how a message is received and perceived by its audience.



One of the fascinating sectors of study that has come into focus is research on framing effects. This is an interdisciplinary exploration of when, how, and why language affects the way we perceive a message, and the ripple effects these variables have on our responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-language-framing-in-our-daily-lives">Language framing in our daily lives</h2>



An intriguing highlight in this area of research comes from <a href="https://www.vassar.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vassar College</a>, where a team led by Stephen Flusberg has investigated the power of framing and its impact on the larger society.



The team has presented a comprehensive review of previous studies on framing effects. The researchers have also designed a well-defined classification of linguistic framing techniques.



“The focus on linguistic control in popular media may reflect a deeper concern - and fascination - with the force of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-language-is-specially-stored-in-the-brain-for-easy-access/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> in our daily lives," the authors mentioned in their study. "We routinely use words to try to influence what other people are thinking, feeling, and doing.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metaphors-shape-our-beliefs">Metaphors shape our beliefs</h2>



A striking example of the team's discovery is the use of war metaphors. For instance, the term "battle," when used to describe an issue, can heighten the sense of urgency around it. Moreover, it can shape our beliefs about the subject in question.



The researchers highlighted a study which illustrated the stark difference in the perception of a cancer diagnosis when the framing words used were "battle" versus "journey."



"Metaphors are especially effective for shaping beliefs about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathtaking-nasa-photo-of-the-malaspina-glacier-resembles-an-abstract-painting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abstract</a> and complex issues like cancer because they leverage what you know - your cognitive frames - about more concrete, familiar domains like battles and journeys," the authors explained.



The research team also included Kevin Holmes from Reed College, Paul Thibodeau from Oberlin College, Robin Nabi from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Teenie Matlock from the University of California, Merced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-psychology-of-language-framing">The psychology of language framing</h2>



The paper concluded with insightful recommendations on how to use framing effectively, along with an invitation to ponder over the role of framing in our society.



“A deeper understanding of the psychology of framing can enhance not only our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-coordinate-group-activities-for-language-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication skills</a> and ability to navigate our linguistic environments, but also our prospects for getting things done," the team advised. 



"The research we have reviewed serves as a reminder to be mindful of both the words and phrases we use ourselves and the ones that grab our attention or generate a strong emotional response.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-powerful-effects-of-words">The powerful effects of words</h2>



Accompanying the paper was a commentary from James Walsh of The Agency Fund, where he articulated that framing is not just about mental shortcuts. It also plays a foundational role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-provide-insight-into-human-cognition-and-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognition</a>. 



Notably, the research on framing is not limited to psychology. It extends to areas such as economics and government policy.



“Flusberg et al. show that we have come a long way in our understanding of frames in the last 100 years," wrote Walsh. "Emerging evidence suggests that we're only just beginning to leverage their full potential, though. The coming 100 years promises to be even more exciting.”



Language and its framing effects have far-reaching implications. The words we choose not only influence our communication but also shape our perception. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-being-intentional-with-language">Being intentional with language </h2>



Framing effects are not limited to academic research or media; they permeate everyday <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-enjoy-deep-conversations-with-strangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conversations</a> and decisions. 



The choice of words can subtly guide thoughts, from how we describe a friend's situation to the language we use in workplace communication. 



For example, calling a challenge an "opportunity" instead of a "problem" can shift perspectives and encourage proactive solutions. 



This highlights the importance of being intentional with language, as the words we choose can influence not only how others perceive a message but also how they act upon it.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15291006241246966" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychological Science in the Public Interest</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Power of words: How language framing shapes our perception

The words we choose matter. They are not merely a...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way