Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a> College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural economics to look not just at what people buy, but why they buy it, how often, and what those habits reveal about the modern consumer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-move-beyond-florists">Flowers move beyond florists</h2>



Drawing on a nationally representative survey of more than 8,500 people, the team found remarkable variety rather than a single archetype. Using marketing-style cluster analysis, they identified 13 distinct kinds of flower buyers.



Some are the classic date-night crowd: heavy on roses, big on Valentine’s Day. Others show up once a year for anniversaries and otherwise keep their wallets shut. 



A growing slice is buying flowers solely for themselves - home-use-only shoppers who treat stems like candles or throw pillows, a mood boost for the living room. And then there’s the “everything” group: people who purchase for all kinds of occasions and tend to spend the most overall.



Ask people what flowers mean and the responses span the spectrum. Word clouds from open-ended answers lit up with “beauty” and “smell,” but also “expensive” and “waste.”



Even so, buyers describe tangible upsides. Those who’d purchased flowers in the past year were more likely to report feeling better at home and at work - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-and-self-guided-nature-program-quickly-improves-mood-and-reduces-stress/">improved mood</a>, less stress, higher morale. The effect was strongest among recent purchasers.



As agricultural economist Ben Campbell put it, “there’s a perceived benefit of buying flowers - whether it’s real or not. People feel they’re getting something valuable from the experience.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-changed-how-we-buy-flowers">Covid changed how we buy flowers</h2>



Behind the scenes, the cut-flower supply chain is both global and intricate. Imports - especially roses from Colombia - still dominate U.S. shelves. But the domestic picture has shifted in surprising ways.



When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-lockdowns-weakened-our-immune-systems/">COVID-19</a> hit, weddings and funerals vanished overnight. Growers plowed under fields. Florists closed their doors. And then, stuck at home, people started buying flowers anyway - to brighten kitchen tables and Zoom backgrounds, to mark time when weeks blurred together. Grocery stores and even convenience stores leaned into the demand.



“It became almost like therapy,” said Julie Campbell, the study’s lead author and a horticulture professor. “The habit stuck around.”



That collective turn inward sparked new growth outdoors. From 2017 to 2022, open-field flower acreage in the U.S. more than doubled. Much of that expansion came from small and mid-sized farms growing stems that don’t ship well - zinnias, dahlias, snapdragons - varieties that explode with color but wilt on long-haul flights. 



Rather than compete with mass-produced roses from the Andes, these growers staked out a complementary niche: seasonal, local, and often more diverse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-farms-find-their-niche">Local farms find their niche</h2>



Today’s bouquets are often a collage of origins. One sleeve might hold Ecuadorian roses, California ranunculus, and Georgia-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-wildflowers-may-be-harming-bees/">wildflowers</a>, all in the same mix.



Consumers seem comfortable with that blend, and many are learning to read seasonality the way they do with produce: peonies in late spring, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/">sunflowers</a> in midsummer, chrysanthemums in fall.



For domestic growers, that seasonality is an advantage. It allows them to sell what travels poorly and tell a fresher story - field to vase instead of farm to table. For retailers, it’s an opportunity to meet shoppers where they already are.



The UGA study suggests that people inclined to toss a bouquet in the cart also value other small home upgrades. In other words, flowers are converging with the broader “home as haven” mindset that accelerated during the pandemic and never really retreated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-are-no-longer-just-gifts">Flowers are no longer just gifts</h2>



If there’s one throughline in the data, it’s diversity of intent. Flowers are still gifts, of course, but self-purchase is no longer niche. 



The “everything” buyers - those who grab stems for birthdays, apologies, Tuesdays, and everything in between - anchor the market, yet the once-a-year romantics and the treat-yourself crowd matter too.



That mix is why bouquets now show up in so many retail formats. A pharmacy endcap might catch the anniversary buyer; a grocery display might tempt the self-care shopper who wants tulips with their tomatoes.



It also helps explain the emotional payoffs respondents described. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flower-quality-is-a-critical-driver-of-bee-abundance/">Fresh flowers</a> are a fast, visible change in a room and an affordable luxury compared to furniture or renovations. That hit of beauty, scent, and novelty can feel outsize relative to the spend, which reinforces repeat purchases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-industry-goes-next"><a></a>Where the industry goes next</h2>



Policy and logistics will continue to shape the landscape - trade agreements, air freight costs, and climate impacts all ripple into what appears in the bucket by the checkout. But the UGA team’s work points to a few practical implications now.



Retailers can segment more intelligently, tailoring assortments and messaging to different buyer types rather than assuming a single use case. 



Growers can lean into their strengths - distinctive, local, and seasonal - without trying to displace imports that excel at year-round volume. And marketers can speak to well-being without overpromising: flowers won’t solve life’s problems, but they routinely make spaces feel better, and people notice.



Perhaps the biggest takeaway is the simplest: Americans are still buying flowers - and not just to hand to someone else.



Whether it’s a dozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-delicate-roses-have-such-harsh-prickles/">roses</a> flown in from Colombia or a handful of dahlias clipped from a nearby farm, fresh stems have become an everyday indulgence. They sit by the sink, brighten a desk, bookend the produce aisle, and remind us, in small ways, why bringing a bit of the outside in still resonates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/horttech/35/3/article-p286.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HortTechnology</a>.



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Why more people are buying flowers for everyday therapy

Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast. Researchers at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural...

Fly,Amanita,Mushroom,In,The,Center,,With,Background,Of,Pine

Beneath the earth's surface, a silent partnership has been thriving for millions of years. Plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a> work together in a remarkable way. 



Plants share the carbon they make from sunlight. In return, fungi provide them with water and important nutrients. 



At the center of this trade-off, fungi extend tiny structures into the plant roots, making it easier for both sides to exchange these vital resources.



Utilizing RNA sequencing, researchers have achieved spatially-resolved transcriptomics. This approach is a first of its kind for cross-kingdom research. 



Consequently, with this method, they have mapped the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genetics-research-just-got-a-lot-easier-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gene expression</a> of both plants and fungi with astonishing clarity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-fungi-and-the-wonders-of-symbiosis">Plants, fungi, and the wonders of symbiosis</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Symbiosis</a> is a biological concept referring to the interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. 



This relationship can vary in nature, being mutualistic, parasitic, or commensalistic:



<ul>
<li>Mutualism involves interactions where both species benefit from the relationship. An example is the relationship between bees and flowers, where bees get nectar for food while pollinating the flowers in the process. </li>



<li>Parasitism is a relationship where one organism, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Parasites may live on the skin or inside the host organism. An example is the relationship between tapeworms and vertebrates. </li>



<li>Commensalism involves a relationship where one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. An example is barnacles that attach to whales. The barnacles gain mobility and access to nutrient-rich waters, while the whale is unaffected by their presence.</li>
</ul>



The relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-some-birds-hunt-for-truffles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underground fungi</a> and plant roots falls under the category of mutualism and is specifically known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-everywhere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhiza</a>. In this symbiotic association, the fungi colonize the plant roots, leading to a mutually beneficial relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cellular-interactions">Understanding cellular interactions</h2>



Benjamin Cole, the senior author of the study and a research scientist at the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://jgi.doe.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joint Genome Institute (JGI)</a>, emphasized the importance of understanding the cellular dynamics of this relationship. 



"Our goal was to dissect the symbiosis at the cellular level, to see how these distinct cell types from different kingdoms interact without the distraction of external biological activity," Cole explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-agricultural-implications">Environmental and agricultural implications</h2>



The implications of this research are profound. On the fungal side, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-networks-that-help-trees-communicate-determine-the-nature-of-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal networks</a> can act as carbon sinks, storing the carbon compounds that plants synthesize.



Moreover, this aspect of their relationship suggests a strategy for improving soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-rooted-crops-can-significantly-improve-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon storage</a>, a crucial factor in combating atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.



Subsequently, for plants, particularly those used as biofuel feedstocks in nutrient-deficient soils, enhancing this symbiotic relationship could significantly boost survival and productivity.



"This interaction is pivotal for plant survival in such challenging environments," noted Karen Serrano, the paper's first author and a graduate researcher at the Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deep-dive-into-the-root-of-the-matter">A deep dive into the root of the matter</h2>



Focusing on the model legume Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus irregularis, the team investigated their cooperative relationship from the ground up. 



By introducing R. irregularis spores to M. truncatula seedlings under controlled conditions, researchers observed the fungi's colonization of the plant roots. They then compared gene expression in both organisms against control seedlings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-dialogues-between-plants-and-fungi">Genetic dialogues between plants and fungi</h2>



Employing single nuclei RNA sequencing, the researchers could distinguish cell types within the plant roots and chart their gene expression. 



Spatial transcriptomics provided a map of gene expression across circular areas about the width of a human hair. This enabled a detailed view of the molecular dialogue between plant and fungal cells.



"This technique allowed us to capture a comprehensive profile of gene expression from both kingdoms, given its reliance on capturing polyadenylated transcripts," Serrano explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-engineering-and-bioenergy-crops">Genetic engineering and bioenergy crops</h2>



The team identified over 12,000 fungal genes and numerous plant genes, offering a granular insight into the symbiosis's dynamics. 



Among these, over 1,000 genes were upregulated, with 188 echoing findings from previous studies, presenting potential targets for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modified-plants-produce-pheromones-to-confuse-pests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic engineering</a>.



"These genes are prime candidates for future research. We hope the wider scientific community will build upon our findings," Serrano added.



Furthermore, while this research focused on a well-understood model system, future studies aim to explore arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in bioenergy crops like sorghum and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/switchgrass-could-be-a-major-weapon-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">switchgrass</a>.



"We're currently refining our methods to apply our findings to other bioenergy grasses, setting the stage for further advancements," Cole concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-fungi-and-earth-s-future">Plants, fungi, and Earth's future</h2>



This fascinating research has unlocked new insights into the ancient symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi. 



By employing cutting-edge techniques such as single nuclei RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, they have revealed the intricate molecular interactions that take place at the cellular level. 



The study's findings offer exciting possibilities for improving carbon storage, biofuel production, and sustainable agriculture. 



As the team continues to explore this fascinating symbiosis in other bioenergy grasses, we can anticipate further advancements in our understanding and application of this powerful alliance between plants and fungi.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-024-01666-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Plants</a>.



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Exploring the symbiotic relationship of plant roots and underground fungi

Beneath the earth's surface, a silent partnership has been thriving...

Plants use the process of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> to convert light into energy for growth. However, the amount of sunlight they receive can fluctuate throughout the day. Too much or too little sunlight can negatively impact their energy production. 



Recent research sheds light on how plants manage these shifts, revealing a communication system that lets them adjust their photosynthesis in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stages-in-photosynthesis">Stages in photosynthesis</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-finally-decoded-the-process-of-photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a> can be broken down into two main interconnected stages:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stage-1-the-light-driven-reaction">Stage 1: The light-driven reaction</h3>



This stage takes place within the chloroplasts, specialized structures found in plant cells. Chloroplasts are packed with membranes called thylakoids, which is where the light-driven reactions occur.



<ul>
<li>The power of chlorophyll: Chlorophyll, the green pigment that gives plants their color, is located within the thylakoid membranes. Its job is to capture light energy from the sun, acting like a tiny solar panel. </li>



<li>Energy conversion: When sunlight hits chlorophyll, it excites electrons within the molecules. This newfound energy is passed through a series of proteins within the thylakoids. Think of this like a relay race where the energy gets passed along. </li>



<li>Generating chemical energy: This electron transfer chain creates a sort of 'electrical current' within the chloroplast. The plant cell harnesses this energy flow to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). Consider ATP and NADPH as energy-carrying molecules, like rechargeable batteries that power the next stage of photosynthesis.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stage-2-the-carbon-fixing-reaction">Stage 2: The carbon-fixing reaction</h3>



This stage occurs in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids.



<ul>
<li>Building with carbon dioxide: The carbon-fixing reaction, also known as the Calvin Cycle, uses the ATP and NADPH generated in the light-driven reaction to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air. </li>



<li>Sugar production: Through a series of enzyme-driven steps, CO2 is combined with other molecules and rearranged, using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH. The ultimate output of this process is sugar, primarily in the form of glucose. </li>



<li>Fuel for the plant: These glucose molecules form the building blocks for the plant's growth and development. They can be used immediately for energy, combined into more complex carbohydrates like starches for storage, or even used to build the plant's physical structure in the form of cellulose.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuating-light-and-photosynthesis">Fluctuating light and photosynthesis</h2>



Light availability for plants is in a state of near-constant change. Several factors contribute to this:



<ul>
<li>Clouds: Cloud cover can dramatically reduce the amount of sunlight reaching a plant, often switching between bright sun and shade within minutes. </li>



<li>Shade: Plants growing beneath trees, within dense foliage, or in the shadows of buildings experience less direct sunlight and may need to adapt accordingly. </li>



<li>Day and night: The natural cycle of day and night presents the most predictable change in light conditions. Plants often adjust their internal processes in preparation for darkness.</li>
</ul>



Hence, plants require a delicate balance within their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/photosynthesis-efficient-enough/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthetic</a> machinery to ensure survival and efficient growth. In low-light conditions, plants need to focus on capturing as much sunlight as possible to produce the chemical energy that fuels their growth. They need to ramp up their light-harvesting processes to make the most of the limited light.



Too much sunlight can be harmful. The intense energy can overload the plant's photosynthetic machinery, leading to the production of damaging molecules called reactive oxygen species. To counter this, plants need mechanisms to quickly dissipate excess energy and protect themselves.



Due to dynamic light conditions, plants have evolved sophisticated ways to fine-tune their photosynthesis on a moment-to-moment basis, ensuring they either make the most of available sunlight or protect themselves from its excess.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-qe-plant-s-protection-mechanism">"qE": Plant's protection mechanism</h2>



Plants activate a protective mechanism called "energy-dependent quenching" (qE) when there's varying sunlight. This mechanism gets triggered when sensors inside the plant's chloroplasts signal an energy overload. 



Once active, qE acts like a safety valve – excess light energy is released as heat, preventing damage to the plant's photosynthetic machinery. While qE is crucial for survival in bright light, it reduces the plant's ability to harvest energy, especially when light levels change quickly. 



Understanding this balance between protection and energy production is an important area of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/researchers-boost-photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> for scientists aiming to improve plant growth and agricultural yields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kea3-the-master-switch-of-qe">KEA3: The master switch of qE</h2>



Scientists have discovered that a protein called KEA3 acts as a control switch for photosynthesis.



"The research team has decoded the molecular mechanism used by the plant to synchronize the two sub-processes of photosynthesis with each other," explained Professor Dr. Ute Armbruster from the <a href="https://www.molphot.hhu.de/en/molecular-photosynthesis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Molecular Photosynthesis</a>, the study's lead author.



KEA3 functions by monitoring conditions inside the chloroplast:



<ul>
<li>Sensor 1 (pH levels): The acidity (or pH level) of the area around chloroplasts changes in response to light – it becomes more acidic in bright light and less acidic in the shade. </li>



<li>Sensor 2 (Energy availability): KEA3 also gauges the plant's energy supply by directly sensing the levels of the ATP and NADPH molecules.</li>
</ul>



KEA3 uses the information from these two sensors to regulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. As the light-driven reactions ramp up, they pump protons (positively charged hydrogen ions) into the interior of the thylakoid membranes. This leads to a rapid drop in pH within the chloroplast, making it more acidic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kea3-role-in-photosynthesis-during-varying-light">KEA3 role in photosynthesis during varying light</h2>



Increased light also means a surge in the production of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH. The chloroplast becomes flush with chemical fuel.



KEA3, the master switch protein, directly senses both the pH change and the high levels of ATP and NADPH. This combination of signals causes a change in the protein's structure that renders it inactive.



With KEA3 inactive, the protective qE mechanism is allowed to fully engage. Excess energy is safely released as heat, preventing damage caused by the overload of sunlight. Lots of sunlight leads to a rapid drop in pH and ample fuel supply. This inactivates KEA3, allowing qE to engage (protecting the plant).



When shifting to shade, the pH rises again, and fuel supplies decrease. This activates KEA3, which then signals to other parts of the plant to boost the light-harvesting reactions and maximize energy production under lower light conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-photosynthesis-in-changing-light">Understanding photosynthesis in changing light</h2>



"Through our work, we now understand for the first time how the two functional modules of photosynthesis communicate with each other via KEA3," said Professor Armbruster. 



"It is important to know this with a view to developing strategies to improve photosynthesis in the field, in order to increase crop yields in the long term."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47151-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Plants cleverly adapt their photosynthesis to changes in light

Plants use the process of photosynthesis to convert light into...

Bearded,Mature,Man,Smoking,Medical,Marijuana,In,Nature.

A recent study has uncovered a surprising link between recreational cannabis use and a decreased risk of subjective cognitive decline (SCD). The findings challenge previous research that suggested negative associations between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> use and cognitive health. 



This discovery has prompted a closer look at the potential protective effects of recreational cannabis consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-cognitive-decline-and-cannabis-use">Studying cognitive decline and cannabis use</h2>



Zhi Chen, a Master of Public Health (MPH) student, and Professor Roger Wong, Ph.D., MPH, MSW, from <a href="https://www.upstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Upstate Medical University</a>, analyzed data from the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>.



They discovered that non-medical cannabis use, such as for recreational purposes, was associated with a 96 percent decreased odds of SCD compared to non-users. 



Medical and dual (medical and non-medical) use also showed decreased odds of SCD, although not statistically significant. Surprisingly, cannabis consumption frequency and method were not significantly associated with SCD.



"The main takeaway is that cannabis might be protective for our cognition, but it is really crucial to have longitudinal studies because this is just a snapshot of 2021," said Wong, an assistant professor in the Department of Public Health &amp; Preventive Medicine. 



"We do not know if non-medical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-linked-to-psychosis-among-adolescents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> leads to better cognition or the other way around if those with better cognition are more likely to use non-medical cannabis. We need longitudinal studies to see long term if non-medical cannabis use is protecting our cognition over time. That's something we don't know yet, but that research is hindered since cannabis remains illegal federally," Wong explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-study-design">Unique study design</h2>



The study, published in Current Alzheimer Research, differs from previous research by focusing on middle-aged and older adults. In addition, they considered three facets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-strongly-linked-to-mental-disorders-in-a-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis use</a>: type of use (medical or non-medical), frequency of use, and mode of use (smoking, vaping, eating, or dabbing).



"The reason I think this study is so great is we looked at all the different dimensions of cannabis use," Wong said. "The fact that we included all three is a huge contribution to the research because I do not believe such a study has been done before."



The authors acknowledged some limitations with the study, including the inability to consider state-by-state <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-americans-have-tried-cannabis-and-nearly-a-fifth-use-it-regularly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis regulations</a>, which could lead to potential selection bias if certain states are over or underrepresented due to varying measures of cannabis use. 



However, the study's strengths include using a national data set, which increases the generalizability of the findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanisms-behind-cannabis-protection-from-cognitive-decline">Mechanisms behind cannabis protection from cognitive decline</h2>



Wong suggested that the difference in protection between medical and non-medical use could be attributed to the compounds that make up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-speculation-heres-what-really-causes-the-munchies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>. 



Non-medical cannabis has higher concentrations of THC, while medical-grade cannabis has higher concentrations of CBD. 



Non-medical users often use cannabis to improve sleep and reduce stress, which are risk factors for dementia. The protective effects of non-medical cannabis on SCD could come from better sleep and stress relief.



"Based on our findings, we don't see the CBD in medical cannabis being beneficial for cognitive health," Wong said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



In summary, this fascinating study challenges previous notions about the relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-potency-linked-to-dramatic-rise-in-psychiatric-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a> use and cognitive health, revealing that non-medical cannabis use may offer protection against subjective cognitive decline. 



While the findings are intriguing, the authors emphasize the need for longitudinal studies to better understand the long-term effects of non-medical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-cannabis-users-no-longer-need-conventional-sleep-aids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis use</a> on cognition and to explore the potential mechanisms behind these protective effects. 



As cannabis remains illegal at the federal level, researchers face challenges in conducting the necessary studies to fully unravel the complexities of this relationship. 



Nevertheless, this study serves as a starting point for further investigation into the potential benefits of non-medical cannabis use for cognitive health and highlights the importance of considering the various facets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runners-high-cannabis-makes-exercise-more-enjoyable-and-boosts-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis use</a> when examining its impact on the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-recreational-cannabis-use-and-cognitive-decline">More about recreational cannabis use and cognitive decline</h2>



As discussed previously, recreational cannabis use has gained significant attention in recent years, with an increasing number of states and countries legalizing its use for non-medical purposes. 



As the stigma surrounding cannabis continues to diminish, more people are exploring the potential benefits and risks associated with recreational use.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-recreational-cannabis-use">What is recreational cannabis use?</h3>



Recreational cannabis use refers to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-users-seem-to-sleep-better-than-most-other-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumption of cannabis</a> products for non-medical purposes, such as relaxation, social enjoyment, or personal experimentation. 



Unlike medical cannabis use, which aims to treat specific health conditions under the guidance of a healthcare professional, recreational use focuses on the pleasurable and psychoactive effects of the plant.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-popular-methods-of-consumption">Popular methods of consumption</h3>



Cannabis enthusiasts have developed various methods to consume the plant for recreational purposes:



<ul>
<li>Smoking: The most common method, involving inhaling the smoke from burning cannabis flowers or concentrates.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Vaporizing: A healthier alternative to smoking, vaporizers heat the cannabis to a temperature that releases the active compounds without producing harmful smoke.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Edibles: Cannabis-infused foods and beverages offer a discreet and long-lasting way to experience the effects of the plant.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Topicals: Cannabis-infused lotions, balms, and oils can be applied directly to the skin for localized effects, without the psychoactive properties.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-cannabis-high">Science behind the cannabis high</h3>



The primary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-cannabis-use-disorder-risk-varies-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychoactive compound</a> in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system to produce various effects, such as euphoria, relaxation, and altered perception. 



However, cannabis also contains numerous other compounds, like cannabidiol (CBD), which can modulate the effects of THC and provide potential therapeutic benefits.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responsible-use-and-harm-reduction">Responsible use and harm reduction</h3>



While recreational cannabis use is becoming more socially acceptable, it is crucial to approach it with caution and responsibility. Some key considerations include:



<ul>
<li>Legal age restrictions: Most jurisdictions that have legalized recreational cannabis set a minimum age limit of 21 years old.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Moderation: Starting with low doses and gradually increasing can help minimize the risk of adverse effects.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Avoiding driving: Cannabis can impair judgment and reaction time, making it dangerous to operate vehicles under its influence.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Being mindful of personal and family history: Those with a personal or family history of mental health issues or substance abuse should exercise extra caution when using cannabis recreationally.</li>
</ul>



As the legal landscape surrounding recreational cannabis use continues to evolve, it is essential for individuals to stay informed about the latest research, regulations, and best practices to ensure safe and responsible consumption.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/138726" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Alzheimer Research</a>.



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Recreational cannabis use helps protect against cognitive decline

A recent study has uncovered a surprising link between recreational...

A recent study reveals that deep-rooted crops, AI, and gene editing significantly enhance soil carbon storage. Soil carbon enhancement is crucial in the battle against climate change, a fact underscored by the agricultural sector's significant contribution to global carbon emissions.



In 2020 alone, agriculture was responsible for emitting a staggering 16 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, marking a 9% increase since 2000. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (<a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAO</a>) has highlighted these figures, pointing to the urgent need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovative agricultural solutions</a>. 



In this context, a recent article titled "Going deep: Roots, carbon, and analyzing subsoil carbon dynamics," offers a promising strategy. 



Written by Angela Fernando and her team at the <a href="https://alliancebioversityciat.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT</a>, the article highlights soil carbon enhancement as a versatile solution. It improves food production, aids in achieving net-zero agricultural emissions, and tackles climate change effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-roots-in-soil-carbon-storage">Deep roots in soil carbon storage</h2>



Fernando's mission is clear: to compile existing methodologies and insights in a singular, comprehensive resource for experts to leverage effectively. 



At the core of their findings is the significance of deeper root systems in crops. Traditional practices often result in carbon release into the atmosphere, due to deep tillage and the decomposition of shallow roots. In contrast, Fernando supports the use of crop varieties that have deeper roots.



She metaphorically describes soil organic carbon as "a cushion hidden in the soil," emphasizing its resilience against microbial decomposition at depths around two meters and its vital role as a nutrient and water reservoir, especially during droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-root-s-dro1-gene-in-soil-carbon">Deep root's DRO1 gene in soil carbon</h2>



The discovery of the DRO1 gene, responsible for controlling root angle, represents a significant breakthrough. This advancement allows for the creation of crop and forage varieties with roots that extend downwards to a meter or more.



"There's no new biomass; the roots are simply oriented to grow vertically down, thus safeguarding soil carbon," said Fernando.



Joe Tohme, director of the Alliance's Americas Hub, shares this excitement, calling the DRO1 discovery a major leap forward. He highlights its importance for adapting food crops to withstand water stress by tapping into deeper subsoil moisture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-shift-to-ai-and-remote-sensing">The shift to AI and remote sensing</h2>



Yet, the quest to harness soil's carbon sequestration potential encounters significant hurdles, primarily in its measurement. 



Michael Gomez Selvaraj, a digital agriculture scientist at the Alliance, highlights the drawbacks of traditional soil core analysis for large-scale studies, noting its labor intensity and limited representation. He advocates for combining remote sensing and artificial intelligence (AI) for quicker, more accurate soil carbon assessments across extensive areas.



Gomez describes the Alliance's efforts to fine-tune an AI model for precise <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-carbon-stored-underground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic carbon</a> measurement across large areas. "We are on the cusp of revolutionizing how we measure soil carbon," he says, envisioning deeper, non-intrusive methods in the pipeline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-merging-genetics-ai-and-sustainability">Merging genetics, AI, and sustainability</h2>



Looking ahead, the researchers are optimistic about the broader implications of their work. Enhanced soil carbon measurement techniques could facilitate farmers' entry into carbon markets. Specifically, this is achieved by providing the accuracy necessary for carbon certification.



Moreover, creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deeper-plant-roots-could-boost-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-rooted crops</a> and forage varieties could increase carbon storage in the soil. Gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR, are key to speeding up the development of these resource-efficient plants. 



This innovative approach blends genetic discoveries with AI and remote sensing technologies. It meets global climate goals and brings real advantages to farmers globally - setting the stage for a future of sustainable, carbon-efficient farming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-rooted-crops-and-soil-carbon-measurement">Deep-rooted crops and soil carbon measurement </h2>



The research heralds a new era in agriculture, promising tangible benefits for farmers and the environment. Here's how these innovations could manifest in real-world agricultural settings:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-resistance-and-reduced-water-usage">Drought resistance and reduced water usage</h3>



Deep-rooted crops can access water from deeper soil layers, making them more resilient during drought conditions. This trait could significantly reduce the need for irrigation, lowering water usage and costs for farmers in arid and semi-arid regions. 



The adoption of these crops can ensure stable yields even in challenging weather conditions, securing food production and farmers' livelihoods.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-health-and-fertility">Soil health and fertility</h3>



By promoting the growth of crops with deeper root systems, farmers can enhance soil structure and fertility. Deep roots help in aerating the soil, reducing erosion, and facilitating the cycling of nutrients. This natural process can diminish the reliance on chemical fertilizers, leading to healthier soils and reduced input costs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-sequestration-and-financial-incentives">Carbon sequestration and financial incentives</h3>



The use of advanced soil carbon measurement techniques can accurately quantify the carbon sequestered in farmlands. This precision opens doors for farmers to participate in carbon markets, earning carbon credits for their sustainable practices. 



By providing a financial incentive for adopting carbon-friendly farming methods, this approach not only combats climate change but also enhances farmers' income streams.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Plant</a>.



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Deep-rooted crops can significantly improve soil carbon storage

A recent study reveals that deep-rooted crops, AI, and gene...

Sunflowers,In,The,Garden,,Flowers,Image

Unraveling the secrets of flower symmetry within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-extracts-shield-blueberries-from-fruit-rot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunflower</a> family, a new study offers insights into the evolutionary history of this diverse group. Encompassing a broad array of species such as asters, daisies, lettuce, and artichokes, the research delves into the intricate development of symmetrical patterns across sunflowers. 



These findings advance our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fibonacci-spirals-an-unexpected-twist-in-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant evolution</a> significantly. Furthermore, they open up new avenues for agricultural innovation. This highlights the potential for selective breeding to enhance desirable traits in crops, thereby improving food production and horticulture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symmetry-in-sunflowers-family-tree">Symmetry in sunflowers family tree</h2>



The research, published in the prestigious journal Plant Communication, was led by Hong Ma, a renowned expert in plant reproductive development and evolution at <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>. 



Ma's team embarked on a quest to explore the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflowers-use-multiple-light-response-systems-to-track-the-sun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunflower</a> family tree, uncovering that the symmetry seen in sunflower flowers -- a trait often taken for granted -- evolved several times independently through convergent evolution.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/convergent-evolution-reptiles-amphibians/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Convergent evolution</a> occurs when unrelated species develop similar traits independently, often in response to analogous environmental challenges or lifestyles," Ma elucidates. 



"This can make it difficult to determine how closely related two species are by comparing their traits, so having a detailed family tree based on DNA sequence is crucial to understanding how and when these traits evolved," Ma explained.



This revelation challenges prior assumptions, showcasing the complexity and dynamism of evolutionary paths within the sunflower family. Consequently, it underscores the importance of genetic research in unraveling these mysteries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunflowers-bilateral-symmetry">Sunflowers' bilateral symmetry</h2>



The study's insights into the family's flower symmetry are particularly fascinating. The sunflower, with its head composed of numerous smaller flowers, typically shows radial symmetry. 



However, the team discovered that bilateral symmetry -- where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflowers-use-an-internal-clock-to-bloom-at-optimal-times/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flower</a> can be divided into two equal halves along only one line -- has independently appeared across different species within the family. Intriguingly, this feature has also disappeared multiple times over the course of evolutionary history.



This finding is tightly linked to the function of the CYC2 gene, which plays a crucial role in regulating flower development. 



The emergence and loss of bilateral symmetry in sunflowers point to the nuanced and complex interactions between genetics and evolutionary processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genomic-analysis-of-sunflower-symmetry">Genomic analysis of sunflower symmetry</h2>



To achieve a more detailed family tree, Ma and his colleagues combined public and newly generated transcriptomes. They also utilized an extensive collection of skimmed genomes.



This innovative approach includes genome skimming from both fresh and dried plant samples. As a result, the team was able to broaden their analysis to encompass 706 species within the sunflower family.



"Our increased sample size allowed us to resolve more of the finer branches on the sunflower family tree. This higher-resolution tree allowed us to reconstruct where and when traits like flower symmetry evolved, demonstrating that bilateral symmetry must have evolved many times independently," Ma states. 



This deeper understanding not only illuminates the evolutionary journey of the sunflower family but also enriches our general knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/these-plants-have-maintained-genetic-stability-for-350-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-cyc2-gene-in-sunflower-symmetry">Role of CYC2 gene in sunflower symmetry</h2>



The study further investigates the molecular evolution of the CYC2 gene. It finds a significant correlation between its expression and the development of bilaterally symmetric flowers.



This discovery suggests that variations in how the CYC2 gene is expressed in different sunflower species may drive the convergent evolution of flower symmetry. 



Consequently, this research sets the stage for future studies and breeding programs to enhance plant traits.



By understanding the genetic underpinnings of traits like flower symmetry, scientists can guide the selective breeding process more effectively. 



As a result, this could potentially lead to the development of more productive and resilient plant varieties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



The implications of this study extend far beyond the confines of academic research. The sunflower family, one of the largest and most economically significant plant families, includes over 28,000 species. Many of these species play crucial roles in agriculture and horticulture. 



Moreover, the insights gained from understanding the evolutionary relationships and genetic mechanisms within this family can inform the development of new plant varieties. This contributes to food security, biodiversity, and the sustainability of agricultural systems.



In summary, this study marks a significant advancement in our comprehension of sunflower symmetry, plant evolution and genetics. By elucidating the complex evolutionary history of the sunflower family, this research provides valuable insights. 



Consequently, these insights could revolutionize plant breeding, offering new strategies for enhancing the diversity and resilience of plant species.



Ultimately, this research not only deepens our understanding of the natural world but also holds promise for future innovations in agriculture and beyond.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Communications</a>.



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Sunflower family tree explains evolution of flower symmetry

Unraveling the secrets of flower symmetry within the sunflower family,...

Researchers have discovered that a plant-based plastics release significantly fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> than its conventional counterpart when exposed to sunlight and seawater. 



The findings highlight the potential of bio-based plastics as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional petroleum-derived plastics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-plastics-vs-conventional-plastics">Plant-based plastics vs. conventional plastics</h2>



The research, led by Professor <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/about-us/structure-and-governance/our-people/our-staff/hom-dhakal" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hom Dhakal</a> from the University of Portsmouth's <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/about-us/structure-and-governance/organisational-structure/our-academic-structure/faculty-of-technology/school-of-mechanical-and-design-engineering" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Mechanical and Design Engineering</a> and experts from the Flanders Marine Institute (<a href="https://www.vliz.be/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VLIZ</a>) in Belgium, compared the breakdown of two types of plastic under extreme conditions. 



The study subjected a bio-based plastic made from natural feedstocks and a conventional plastic made from petroleum derivatives to intense UV light and seawater for 76 days, simulating 24 months of sun exposure in central Europe.



"Bio-based plastics are gaining interest as alternatives to conventional plastics, but little is known about their potential source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-embedded-in-tissues-of-whales-and-dolphins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> pollution in the marine environment," explained Professor Dhakal, a member of Revolution Plastics. 



"It's important to understand how these materials behave when they're exposed to extreme environments, so we can predict how they'll work when they're used in marine applications, like building a boat hull, and what impact they might have on ocean life," Dhakal continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-microplastics-pollution">Causes of microplastics pollution</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastic pollution</a> has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental issues of our time. These tiny plastic particles, measuring less than 5mm in size, infiltrate marine ecosystems, posing a severe threat to aquatic life and potentially entering the human food chain. 



To effectively combat this growing problem, we must first understand the primary causes behind the proliferation of microplastics in our oceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Plastic waste tsunami</h3>



The primary culprit behind the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-discovered-in-every-human-placenta-tested-after-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics crisis</a> is the staggering amount of plastic waste that enters our oceans daily.



This relentless influx of plastic debris, ranging from single-use packaging to discarded fishing gear, sets the stage for the formation of microplastics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fragmentation of plastic waste</h3>



When exposed to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-clouds-may-be-affecting-the-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental stressors</a> such as UV radiation, wind, and waves, larger plastic items begin to degrade and fragment into smaller pieces. 



This process of physical breakdown is accelerated by the harsh conditions found in marine environments. As a result, once-intact plastic waste gradually disintegrates into countless microplastic particles that contaminate the oceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Primary microplastics</h3>



In addition to the fragmentation of larger plastic debris, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citizen-scientists-uncover-microplastics-in-the-remote-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> can also enter the oceans directly in their microscopic form. 



Known as primary microplastics, these particles are intentionally manufactured for various applications, such as cosmetic exfoliants, industrial abrasives, and synthetic clothing fibers. 



When these products are used or washed, the microplastics they contain can easily find their way into waterways and, ultimately, the oceans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Microplastics' impact on marine life</h3>



Once microplastics enter the marine environment, they pose a significant threat to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic organisms</a>. Many marine species, from tiny zooplankton to majestic whales, inadvertently ingest these plastic particles, mistaking them for food. 



This ingestion can lead to malnutrition, digestive blockages, and even starvation. Moreover, microplastics can act as vectors for harmful chemicals, introducing toxins into the marine food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nine-times-less-microplastics-from-plant-based-plastics">Nine times less microplastics from plant-based plastics</h2>



The study's results showed that the plant-based plastic material released nine times less microplastics than the conventional plastic. 



According to the <a href="https://plasticoceans.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plastic Oceans International Organization</a>, a truckload of plastic waste is dumped into the oceans every minute, contributing to the growing problem of microplastic pollution.



"By knowing the effect of different types of plastics on the environment, we can make better choices to protect our oceans," Professor Dhakal emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pla-vs-polypropylene">PLA vs. polypropylene</h2>



The researchers compared polypropylene, a non-biodegradable and difficult-to-recycle conventional industrial polymer, with polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer. 



While the PLA released fewer microplastics, Professor Dhakal cautioned, "Although our findings show that the PLA released less microplastics, which means using plant-based plastics instead of oil-based ones might seem like a good idea to reduce plastic pollution in the ocean, we need to be careful as microplastics are still clearly being released and that remains a concern."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-stressors-favor-plant-based-plastics">Environmental stressors favor plant-based plastics</h2>



The study also revealed that the size and shape of the released <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-linked-to-risk-of-stroke-and-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> varied depending on the type of plastic. The conventional plastic released smaller pieces and had fewer fiber-like shapes compared to the plant-based plastic.



"Overall our research provides valuable insights into the behavior of different plastic types under environmental stressors, which is important for our future work to tackle plastic pollution," Professor Dhakal said. 



"There is a clear need for continued research and proactive measures to mitigate the impact of microplastics on marine ecosystems," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-plastics-offer-hope-for-the-future">Plant-based plastics offer hope for the future</h2>



In summary, the fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastic pollution</a> in our oceans continues, and the development of new plant-based plastics offers a glimmer of hope. 



While this study shows that plant-based plastics release less microplastics than conventional plastics, the presence of these tiny particles in our oceans remains a concern. 



The <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/research/research-groups-and-centres/revolution-plastics-institute" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Revolution Plastics</a> initiative, of which Professor Dhakal is a member, plays a crucial role in driving research, informing policies, and contributing to the global effort to end plastic pollution. 



As we move forward, it is essential to continue exploring innovative solutions, raising awareness, and taking proactive measures to protect our marine ecosystems from the detrimental effects of microplastics.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651324000563?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety</a>.



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Plant-based plastics drastically reduce microplastic pollution

Researchers have discovered that a plant-based plastics release significantly fewer...

The,Sun,In,Space,On,A,Dark,Background.,Elements,Of

In a remarkable scientific breakthrough, researchers have discovered a new way to study the impact of solar storms on Earth by analyzing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radiocarbon-could-be-key-in-predicting-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiocarbon</a> concentration in tree rings. 



This finding has significant implications for understanding the frequency and severity of solar storms, as well as their potential effects on modern technology and society.



The study was conducted by a research group coordinated by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, in collaboration with the Natural Resources Institute Finland (<a href="https://www.luke.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke</a>) and the <a href="https://www.oulu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oulu</a>. 



The team was able to detect a spike in radiocarbon concentration in trees from Lapland, Finland, following the Carrington Event of 1859, one of the largest recorded solar storms in the last two centuries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-solar-storms-and-their-impact">Understanding solar storms and their impact</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar storms</a> occur when magnetized clouds of charged particles, known as solar plasma flows, are released from the Sun and interact with <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's geomagnetic field</a>. 



These interactions can result in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic storms</a>, which can cause aurorae, disrupt electrical and mobile networks, and pose challenges for satellite and navigation systems.



"Radiocarbon is like a cosmic marker describing phenomena associated with Earth, the solar system and outer space," says Markku Oinonen, Director of the University of Helsinki's Laboratory of Chronology, who headed the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-solar-storm-secrets-in-tree-rings">Decoding solar storm secrets in tree rings</h2>



To uncover the information stored in tree rings, researchers extract samples by carving from the wood material grown over individual years. 



The samples are then processed to cellulose and converted into pure carbon through burning and chemical reduction. Finally, the fraction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-largest-ever-solar-storm-discovered-through-tree-rings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiocarbon</a> in the pure carbon is measured using a particle accelerator.



"It's possible that the excess of radiocarbon caused by the solar flare was primarily transported to the lower atmosphere through northern regions, contrary to the general understanding of its movement," muses Doctoral Researcher Joonas Uusitalo from the Laboratory of Chronology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-society">Implications for modern society</h2>



A solar storm of the magnitude of the Carrington Event occurring in modern times would have severe consequences for our technology-dependent society. 



It could disrupt electrical and mobile networks, cause major problems for satellite and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-weather-poses-significant-risks-to-railway-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation systems</a>, and lead to issues in various sectors, such as air traffic. Therefore, accurate knowledge of solar behavior is crucial for societal preparedness.



"It's also possible that the cyclic change in the production of radiocarbon in the upper atmosphere caused by the variation in solar activity has resulted in the local differences on the ground level seen in our findings," Uusitalo adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-atmospheric-dynamics-and-the-carbon-cycle">Role of atmospheric dynamics and the carbon cycle</h2>



The study also addresses the atmospheric dynamics and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-significantly-impacted-neolithic-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon cycle</a> from the time before human-generated fossil fuel emissions. 



The findings can help develop increasingly detailed carbon cycle models, contributing to a better understanding of our planet's complex systems.



"The dynamic atmospheric carbon transport model was specifically developed for describing geographical differences in the distribution of radiocarbon in the atmosphere," says Postdoctoral Researcher Kseniia Golubenko from the University of Oulu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-storms-tree-rings-and-future-research">Solar storms, tree rings, and future research</h2>



While this fascinating study has opened up new avenues for investigating large solar storms like the Carrington Event, further research is needed to fully understand the implications of these findings. 



Historical records show that significant geomagnetic storms also took place in 1730 and 1770, making them likely targets for future research.



As scientists continue to unravel the secrets hidden within tree rings, we can expect to gain a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between the Sun, Earth, and the cosmic forces that shape our world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-solar-storms-and-the-carrington-event">More about solar storms and the Carrington Event</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aurora-borealis-seen-as-far-south-as-the-equator-after-largest-known-solar-storm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar storms</a>, also known as solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs), are explosive events that occur on the Sun's surface. 



These powerful eruptions release vast amounts of energy, radiation, and charged particles into space, potentially affecting Earth and other planets in the solar system.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-of-a-solar-storm">Anatomy of a solar storm</h3>



Solar storms originate from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-coronal-hole-from-geomagnetic-storm-prompts-aurora-alert-for-northern-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a>, which are dark, cool areas on the Sun's surface characterized by intense magnetic activity. 



When the magnetic field lines near sunspots become tangled and snap, they release an enormous amount of energy in the form of a solar flare.



 This sudden burst of radiation spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coronal-mass-ejections-the-sun-s-plasma-projectiles">Coronal mass ejections: The Sun's plasma projectiles</h3>



In addition to solar flares, the Sun occasionally releases billions of tons of plasma and magnetic fields into space, known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). 



These colossal clouds of charged particles travel at speeds of up to several million miles per hour, potentially causing geomagnetic storms when they interact with Earth's magnetic field.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-solar-storms-on-earth">Impact of solar storms on Earth</h3>



When a solar storm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-solar-storm-will-generate-auroras-as-far-south-as-alabama/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reaches Earth</a>, it can cause a range of effects:



<ul>
<li>Aurorae: The charged particles from the Sun interact with Earth's magnetic field, causing the beautiful displays of light known as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern and Southern Lights</a> (aurora borealis and aurora australis).</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Satellite Disruptions: Solar storms can damage or disrupt the operation of satellites, affecting GPS navigation, communication systems, and other technology that relies on satellite data.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Power Grid Failures: Strong geomagnetic storms can induce currents in power lines, potentially causing widespread blackouts and damaging electrical infrastructure.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-and-predicting-solar-storms">Monitoring and predicting solar storms</h3>



Scientists continuously monitor the Sun using various instruments, such as the Solar Dynamics Observatory (<a href="https://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SDO</a>) and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/soho/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SOHO</a>). These satellites provide real-time data on solar activity, allowing researchers to detect and study solar storms as they occur.



Predicting the timing and intensity of solar storms remains a challenge, but advances in solar physics and space weather modeling are improving our ability to forecast these events and mitigate their potential impact on Earth.



As we continue to explore the mysteries of the Sun and its effects on our planet, understanding solar storms becomes increasingly crucial for protecting our technology-dependent society and ensuring the safety of our space-based assets.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106632" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Carrington Event: Massive solar storm left scars in tree rings on Earth

In a remarkable scientific breakthrough, researchers have discovered a new...

The preservation of endangered species in natural habitats is significantly aided by the forest's oldest trees, according to research led by the <a href="https://web.ub.edu/en/web/ub/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Barcelona</a>. A prime example is the wolf lichen, currently at risk across Europe, which finds sanctuary in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-trees-are-vital-to-forest-survival/%C3%B9">ancient trees</a> of high mountains of the Pyrenees. 



This study is the first to examine the critical role that these ancient trees play in biodiversity conservation, attributing their effectiveness to their distinctive physiology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolf-lichen-thrives-among-old-trees">Wolf lichen thrives among old trees</h2>



With its limited distribution, the wolf lichen (Letharia vulpina) thrives in mature forests and among long-lived trees. This lichen, native to the American continent and found in Europe and the Iberian Peninsula's medium and high mountain areas, is particularly associated with the Pyrenees' oldest trees, notably the black pine (Pinus uncinata).



“These old trees are found in the most isolated places, they grow on rocks with very little substrate and show unique characteristics regarding structure and composition. Specifically, the black pine can even live for more than a millennium, and its decay would be the most important factor facilitating the presence of the lichen,” said senior author Sergi Munné-Bosch, an expert in Plant Biology at the University of Barcelona.



“Paradoxically, the worse off these trees are, the more useful they are for the ecosystem (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plant-and-lichen-species-are-overlooked-victims-of-climate-change/">lichen conservation</a>). In other words, the less important they might seem as individuals because of their decline, the more important they are for the whole ecosystem."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-centenarian-and-millenarian-trees">Centenarian and millenarian trees</h2>



According to the scientists, the best habitat for the survival of the lichen L. vulpina is the oldest trees in the forest. “In the case of centenarian and millenarian trees, the simplicity of their development, the modular growth that allows them to respond better to injury and damage, and the high tolerance to extreme conditions (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-can-actually-benefit-trees-in-certain-circumstances/">water stress</a>, extreme temperatures, etc.) are factors that explain their great longevity in the natural environment," explained lead author Ot Pasques, a doctoral student in Plant Biology at the same university.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-growth-favors-longevity-in-trees">Slow growth favors longevity in trees</h2>



“Trees have survival limits in extreme conditions, but they can survive with little water and nutrient resources. They are able to survive extreme conditions and live longer, thanks to modular growth and compartmentalisation of the damage that can affect them,” added Munné-Bosch.&nbsp;



“Slow growth, which is associated with stress responses - such as the typical cold of high mountains or drought, which is increasingly frequent in the summer - also favors the longevity of these trees.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-necessity-of-safeguarding-ancient-trees-nbsp">Necessity of safeguarding ancient trees&nbsp;</h2>



The remarkable longevity of trees serves as a crucial biological factor underpinning their unique roles within ecosystems, highlighting the necessity of safeguarding ancient trees and species within secluded mountainous areas.&nbsp;



According to Munné-Bosch, every member within a population holds critical importance, not just for their own group or species, but for the entire planetary ecosystem. The interconnectedness of all life means that even the aging and demise of trees contribute vitally to the maintenance of biodiversity and ecological systems.



Yet, these forest behemoths face significant threats from human activities, notably from logging. “Environmental conditions are not a problem for these trees, but unfortunately we as a species are. Only with a deep respect for nature and the life of other living beings can we preserve the extraordinary longevity of these trees. And as we have found in this study, this will also be decisive for the preservation of all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aspen-forests-could-reverse-biodiversity-loss-in-europe/">biodiversity</a> as we know it today,” the authors concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-wolf-lichen">More about wolf lichen</h2>



Wolf lichen is a fascinating organism that thrives in various parts of the world, particularly in mountainous regions of North America and Europe. It's most recognizable for its vibrant yellow-green color, which makes it stand out in its natural forest environments.&nbsp;



This distinct hue comes from the presence of vulpinic acid, a substance that not only gives the lichen its color but also serves as a deterrent against predators due to its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-houseplants-can-poison-children-and-pets/">toxicity</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival">Survival</h3>



Wolf lichen is a type of fruticose lichen, meaning it has a shrubby appearance, with branching tendrils that allow it to attach to tree bark and rocks. This growth form enables it to absorb moisture and nutrients directly from the air, which is vital for its survival in various climates and altitudes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uses">Uses</h3>



Historically, wolf lichen has had several uses, both practical and sinister. Its bright color was used as a dye by indigenous peoples in North America for coloring wool and other materials.&nbsp;



However, its toxic properties also led to its use as a poison. There are accounts of it being mixed with meat to kill wolves and other predators, which is how it got its common name.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance-nbsp">Ecological significance&nbsp;</h3>



Today, wolf lichen is of interest to scientists and naturalists for its ecological roles and potential medicinal properties. It's studied for its ability to produce vulpinic acid and other compounds that may have antibacterial or other beneficial effects.&nbsp;



Despite its toxicity to some animals, wolf lichen is an integral part of its ecosystem, contributing to the biodiversity of the areas where it grows.



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.231786612" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Older trees help the endangered wolf lichen survive

The preservation of endangered species in natural habitats is significantly...

Did you know there's a group of plants native to Florida with a complex evolutionary history? They are called 'scrub mints': specialists in surviving harsh conditions. Sadly, their existence is now seriously threatened by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-surpassed-almost-every-safe-limit-to-keep-earth-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human development</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scrub-mints-plants-built-for-tough-times">Scrub mints: Plants built for tough times</h2>



Florida was way different three million years ago. The climate was significantly hotter than today, and sea levels were much higher, submerging significant portions of the state. 



Over time, the Earth cycled through ice ages and warmer periods. As ice sheets advanced and retreated, the size and shape of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/florida-plant-identification-for-beginners/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida peninsula</a> drastically changed. 



This dynamic environment favored plants that could withstand harsh conditions like limited water, nutrient-poor soil, and frequent wildfires.



Scrub mints weren't just survivors in this challenging landscape; they flourished. These flowering plants adapted to Florida's unique sandy scrubland habitats. While related to familiar <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/15-healing-herbs-you-can-grow-at-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culinary herbs</a> like basil and rosemary, scrub mints evolved even greater resilience to drought and heat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-scrub-mints">Origin of scrub mints </h2>



Interestingly, the story of how scrub mints came to be is even more intricate than scientists thought. Andre Naranjo, a former Ph.D. student at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, led a study analyzing a special type of DNA. The findings are making waves in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/miracle-plant-thought-to-be-extinct-rediscovered-in-turkey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> world:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-origins">Unexpected origins</h3>



The evolutionary history of many modern scrub mints involves "hybridization." This natural process occurs when distinct species interbreed, resulting in offspring with a mix of traits from both parents. Over time, these hybrid offspring can become established as unique populations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-underestimated-group">The underestimated group</h3>



A group of scrub mints known as "calamints" may contain hidden diversity. Initial observations suggested these plants were a few widespread species. 



However, closer scientific investigation hints that they might actually comprise multiple distinct species, each deserving of individual conservation attention.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-misclassified-plant">The misclassified plant</h3>



Titusville balms, a particularly rare type of scrub mint, were initially believed to be a product of recent hybridization. This classification meant they wouldn't qualify for protection under the <a href="https://www.fws.gov/law/endangered-species-act" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endangered Species Act</a>. 



However, Naranjo's research indicates a much longer evolutionary history, suggesting Titusville Balms are an ancient and unique group in need of protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ice-ages-shaped-scrub-mints-will-humans-destroy-them">The ice ages shaped scrub mints…Will humans destroy them?</h2>



While scrub mints have a knack for surviving in tough conditions, the rapid changes humans bring might be a different story. Here's the problem:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-losing-their-homeland">Losing their homeland</h3>



The biggest threat to scrub mints is habitat loss. These plants have evolved to thrive in Florida's unique sandy scrublands. 



Sadly, these same habitats are increasingly being converted for human use, such as housing developments or agricultural expansion. 



This habitat loss is a major reason why over half of the 24 known scrub mint species are classified as threatened or endangered.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-help-may-be-insufficient">Human help may be insufficient </h3>



Concerned individuals and organizations are working hard to restore and preserve scrub habitats. However, these efforts face significant challenges:



<ul>
<li>Controlled fires: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-spread-farther-where-woody-plants-replace-grasses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> are a natural part of scrub ecosystems, but they are often impractical or dangerous near developed areas. </li>



<li>Invasive species: Non-native, invasive plant species can quickly outcompete scrub mints, further straining their populations.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-action">A call to action</h2>



“If we continue with business as usual, this entire group of plants could go extinct within the next 100 years. And we won’t just lose these species. We’ll lose the scrub, one of the most truly authentic and formerly ubiquitous Florida habitats will just go away,” says Naranjo.



While the situation is serious, it's not hopeless. Learning about Florida's amazing scrub mints is the first step. Here's what you can do:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-be-aware">Be aware</h3>



The first step in protecting scrub mints is understanding them. Learning about their incredible evolutionary journey, their adaptations to Florida's environment, and the challenges they face helps raise awareness about their importance. Sharing this knowledge with others amplifies the message of conservation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-conservation-efforts">Support conservation efforts</h3>



There are many ways to actively support scrub mint conservation:



<ul>
<li>Financial donations: Consider donating to organizations dedicated to preserving Florida's scrubland habitats. These donations fund important work like habitat restoration, research, and education. </li>



<li>Volunteering: Many organizations rely on volunteers for tasks like removing invasive species, planting native vegetation, and participating in educational outreach. </li>



<li>Advocacy: Contacting your local representatives to voice your support for policies that protect Florida's unique ecosystems can make a powerful difference.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-scrub-mints">More about scrub mints</h2>



As discussed above, scrub mints (genus <a href="https://www.earth.com/endangered-species/dicerandra-frutescens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dicerandra</a>) are a group of flowering plants that boast a remarkable resilience and beauty, making them a subject of interest both for conservationists and plant enthusiasts. 



These plants are exclusively found in the southeastern United States, particularly in Florida, where they have adapted to thrive in the scrub habitats -- areas characterized by sandy soil, low nutrients, and periodic wildfires.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-and-characteristics">Appearance and characteristics</h3>



Scrub mints are notable for their aromatic leaves and striking flowers, which range in color from purple to white. The leaves are typically narrow, allowing the plant to minimize water loss, a crucial adaptation for survival in scrub habitats.



These plants vary in size but are generally small to medium shrubs. Their compact form helps them conserve resources in the challenging environments they inhabit.



The flowering season for scrub mints can vary depending on the species, but many bloom in the late summer to early fall, providing a splash of color in the scrub landscape when few other plants are in flower.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scrub-mint-habitat">Scrub mint habitat</h3>



While there are 24 species of scrub mints, their distribution is quite localized, with the majority being endemic to Florida. This means they are not naturally found anywhere else in the world. 



Their preferred habitat is the sand pine scrub, a unique ecosystem characterized by its sandy soil, sparse vegetation, and periodic wildfires.



Scrub mints have developed several adaptations to thrive in their harsh environments, including drought resistance and the ability to grow in nutrient-poor soils. Their flowers adapt to attract specific pollinators, including bees and butterflies, critical to the plants' reproductive processes.



Overall, Scrub mints represent incredible resilience in nature and a fascinating part of Florida's past. Whether they disappear due to human development or continue to thrive for millions more years depends on the choices we make today.



The study is published in&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</a>.



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These plants, now almost extinct, have been here millions of years

Did you know there's a group of plants native to...

Untitled design - 1

Gardening under the stars? That's so old-fashioned. NASA's setting its sights on a more extreme landscape: the Moon. In 2026, the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/artemis-iii/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis III mission</a> will land astronauts on the lunar surface, carrying a miniature greenhouse to grow plants on the moon that could change the future of space exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-grow-plants-on-the-moon">Why grow plants on the moon?</h2>



If <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lunar-anthropocene-how-humans-have-impacted-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humanity</a> truly aims to establish permanent settlements on the Moon or embark on long-duration voyages to Mars, mastering the art of space farming becomes not just beneficial but absolutely essential. 



Plants are Earth's original, solar-powered life-support machines. Their ability to recycle carbon dioxide into oxygen and convert sunlight into edible biomass has sustained life on our planet for eons.



But transplanting this system into the harsh vacuum of space brings extraordinary challenges. Extreme temperatures, intense radiation, and the lack of familiar soil and gravity create a hostile environment. Yet, overcoming these obstacles is key to our future as a spacefaring species. 



Space agriculture promises to reduce our reliance on Earth-supplied resources, making exploration more sustainable. It's the path to a future where astronauts cultivate their own food and oxygen, creating self-sufficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-plans-to-build-house-on-the-moon-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outposts</a> among the stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-nasa-s-moonshot-for-plants">LEAF: NASA's moonshot for plants</h2>



The Lunar Effects on Agricultural Flora (LEAF) is NASA's plant-growing experiment for the ages. Designed by Space Lab Technologies, this miniature greenhouse is getting ready to face the lunar environment head-on. 



Astronauts on Artemis III will set up these plant chambers, carefully sowing the seeds of three special plants: thale cress, duckweed, and Brassica rapa (which is basically a speedy version of cabbage). Their goal is to see how these Earth-born plants handle the unique challenges of growing on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-moon-plants">Meet the moon plants</h2>



Thale cress, Duckweed and brassica rapa are the chosen ones for this lunar saga. Each plant, a potential pioneer in space agriculture, holds the key to sustainable space exploration.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Thale cress </h3>



Thale cress, a humble plant with a comprehensive genetic blueprint, stands at the forefront of space botany research. 



Scientists have meticulously mapped its entire genetic code, making it the perfect space guinea pig. This little plant is about to embark on a mission: serving as a living laboratory in space. 



Exposed to the harsh realities of space – like intense radiation and no atmospheric shield – any changes in its genes will be like a flashing neon sign. These mutations will tell scientists a fascinating story about how space affects living things. 



By studying thale cress, NASA can learn how to protect future astronauts from radiation and even develop crops for future space colonies. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Duckweed </h3>



Duckweed, a marvel of biological efficiency, thrives with a simplicity that belies its potential. This plant, essentially a floating cluster of leaves, dispenses with the complexity of roots and stems. 



Yet, it is a powerhouse of nutrition, boasting a rapid growth rate that could turn it into the cornerstone of space agriculture. 



Its resilience and minimalistic approach to existence make it an ideal candidate for off-Earth farming experiments. 



In the microgravity of space, where every square inch and every drop of water counts, duckweed's ability to produce high yields with little input could revolutionize how astronauts approach food production. 



Its adaptability to a variety of conditions on Earth hints at its potential to thrive in controlled environments elsewhere, making it a leading contender for sustaining life on missions far from home.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Brassica rapa </h3>



Brassica rapa, with its rapid life cycle, could very well be the poster child for efficient space farming. This relative of the cabbage sprints through its growth phases, offering a swift return on the investment of planting it in extraterrestrial farms. 



Brassica rapa's rapid growth rate positions it perfectly for studies focused on how Earth's crops adjust to the harsh environment of space. 



Achieving successful cultivation of this plant on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-spacecraft-captures-stunning-photo-of-earth-and-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a> or Mars would represent a significant advancement. It would highlight progress in developing life support systems that can sustain human life beyond our planet.



Providing fresh, nutritious food quickly is crucial for the long-term health and morale of space travelers. Brassica rapa could emerge as a vital resource in the hostile and unforgiving environment of outer space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-more-than-moon-plants">Growing more than moon plants</h2>



"This research will be a pivotal step toward understanding how we might use agriculture in space to support human crew, paving the way for sustained Lunar exploration and even missions to Mars,” says Christine Escobar, vice president of <a href="https://spacelabtech.com/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Lab Technologies</a>.



LEAF is the star of the show, but Artemis III has another science payload on board. NASA's also sending equipment to monitor moonquakes and search for hidden resources like water ice. These clues are vital to setting up a base where we can stay for longer periods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-would-a-space-farmer-be-like">What would a space farmer be like?</h2>



A space farmer would take on the pioneering role of growing crops in the challenging environment beyond Earth's atmosphere. 



Such an individual would have to adapt traditional farming skills to meet the extraordinary demands of extraterrestrial agriculture. The following details offer insight into the multifaceted nature of a space farmer's role:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Highly skilled and versatile</h3>



Space farmers would need a deep understanding of plant biology, hydroponics, and aeroponics, coupled with the mechanical skills to maintain and repair their farming equipment under zero or low-gravity conditions. They'd be part scientist, part engineer, capable of troubleshooting both biological and technical issues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Innovator and problem solver</h3>



Given the unpredictable nature of space environments, they'd excel in innovation and improvisation, constantly developing new methods to enhance crop yield, nutritional value, and resistance to space-related stresses such as radiation and microgravity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physically and psychologically resilient</h3>



The physical isolation and confined spaces of extraterrestrial habitats demand a high level of mental and emotional resilience. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/novel-stretchy-sensors-could-transform-space-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space farmers</a> would be adept at managing the psychological challenges of long-duration missions, maintaining their well-being, and fostering a positive living and working environment for themselves and their crewmates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Eco-conscious and sustainable thinkers</h3>



Understanding the closed-loop ecosystems of space habitats, space farmers would practice sustainable agriculture, focusing on resource conservation, recycling waste, and ensuring the ecological balance of their farming practices to support long-term human survival and health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Enthusiastic about moon plant cultivation education</h3>



They’d likely share their knowledge and experiences, contributing to educational programs and scientific communication. Their insights would not only pave the way for future space farmers but also inspire sustainable practices on Earth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Future-oriented and ethically minded</h3>



As pioneers on the frontier of space, they'd be deeply aware of the ethical implications of introducing Earth life to other planets. Their work would be guided by principles that respect the extraterrestrial environments they work in.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Collaborative team players</h3>



Space farming would require close coordination with other crew members, scientists on Earth, and automated systems. 



Space farmers would excel in teamwork and communication, ensuring that agriculture integrates smoothly with other life support and research activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artemis-iii-beyond-growing-plants-on-moon">Artemis III: Beyond growing plants on moon</h2>



Artemis III is about a return to the Moon, but it signifies something bigger. It's a stepping stone toward a future where we don't just visit other worlds, we live on them. 



NASA Deputy Administrator Pam Melroy highlights the importance of these experiments: "These three deployed instruments were chosen to begin scientific investigations that will address key <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/studying-the-origin-of-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> to Mars science objectives."



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NASA's Artemis III mission aims to grow plants on the moon by 2026

Gardening under the stars? That's so old-fashioned. NASA's setting its...

In a revealing study, a stark image emerged: boreal forest landscape, once blanketed in snow, now nearly bare. This was not a distant prediction but an observed reality at the SPRUCE Experiment in Minnesota, where researchers mimicked future climates.



And according to the research, even small amounts of warming can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-drastically-lowers-snows-water-storage-capacity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dramatically change</a> these vast ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boreal-forests">Boreal forests</h2>



Boreal forests, also known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/">tai</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">g</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/">as</a>, are vast ecosystems located in the northern regions of the globe, just below the Arctic Circle. These forests are characterized by their cold, harsh climates and short growing seasons. 



They are primarily made up of coniferous trees such as pines, spruces, and firs, which are well adapted to the cold environment. Boreal forests cover large parts of Russia, Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia, making them one of the world's largest biome types.



These forests play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system by acting as significant carbon sinks, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They are also home to a diverse range of wildlife, including bears, wolves, moose, and numerous bird species. 



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-changes-what-happens-to-boreal-forests-after-fire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forest</a> ecosystem is adapted to its cold environment, but it is sensitive to climate change, especially to warming temperatures and the resulting changes in snow cover and permafrost.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-snow-matters">Why snow matters</h2>



For much of the northern hemisphere, snow transforms the landscape into a breathtaking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter wonderland</a>. But beyond its beauty, snow plays a crucial role in the ecosystem:



<ul>
<li>Earth's natural mirror: Snow's bright surface reflects a significant amount of sunlight. This helps keep the air and ground cooler, slowing down the rate of snowmelt. </li>



<li>A cozy insulator: Snow acts like a fluffy blanket, shielding the plants and diverse creatures of the forest floor from the bitter cold and harsh winds. </li>



<li>The source of spring:&nbsp;As spring arrives, the gradual melt of snowpack provides a steady supply of water, feeding rivers, streams, and the plants that burst back to life after their winter slumber.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-snow-even-warmer-temperatures">Less Snow, Even Warmer Temperatures</h2>



A team led by Dr. Andrew Richardson of Northern Arizona University (<a href="https://nau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NAU</a>) investigated the cascading effects of a seemingly minor change: slightly warmer winters. 



"Snow is really a critical part of winter in most northern ecosystems," said Richardson. "Transitioning to low- or no-snow winters is going to have major implications for how these ecosystems 'work.'"



Their findings paint a concerning picture:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extra-warmth-in-boreal-forest">Extra warmth in boreal forest</h3>



Even a degree or two of added warmth results in a substantial decrease in snow cover. This seemingly minor change can have profound effects on global ecosystems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-floods-what-turns-a-rainstorm-into-a-catastrophe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycles</a>. The reduction in snow has cascading effects on local and global climates. 



For instance, areas that traditionally rely on snowmelt for freshwater may face shortages, affecting both human populations and wildlife. 



Additionally, without the reflective surface of snow, the ground absorbs more solar radiation, further increasing local temperatures in a feedback loop that exacerbates the original warming.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-absorbing-soil">Heat-absorbing soil</h3>



Without the reflective power of snow, exposed soil absorbs more of the sun's rays, turning it into a giant heater. 



This absorption exacerbates local warming, as the darkened soil surfaces retain more heat compared to the highly reflective snow. 



This process not only raises ground temperatures but also contributes to a feedback loop that further accelerates the melting of any remaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-ecosystems-are-thrown-off-balance-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow and ice</a>. 



The increased soil temperatures can disrupt local ecosystems, altering the growth cycles of plants and the habitats of wildlife, leading to broader ecological impacts and enhancing the overall warming of the planet.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-warming-feedback-loop">A warming feedback loop</h3>



The additional heat from the sun-absorbing soil elevates air temperatures, accelerating the melt of surrounding snow. 



This rapid snowmelt feeds into a vicious cycle. Reduced snow cover increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil heat absorption</a>, which in turn further warms the air. 



This cycle of disappearing snow and escalating temperatures perpetuates a self-reinforcing loop, exacerbating climate warming effects. 



Such changes can dramatically alter ecosystems, reduce water availability from snowpack-dependent sources, and increase the frequency of wildfires and other extreme weather events. 



The cycle underscores the interconnectedness of climate systems and the significant impact of incremental temperature rises on the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spruce-experiment-simulating-boreal-forest-winters">The SPRUCE experiment: Simulating boreal forest winters</h2>



To isolate the influence of rising temperatures on boreal forest snow, scientists turned to a fascinating project in Minnesota – the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://mnspruce.ornl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SPRUCE Experiment</a>. 



Here, researchers carefully increased the temperature in steps, simulating various levels of warming. Time-lapse cameras captured the vanishing snow, providing a stark visual record.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-even-small-changes-matter">Even small changes matter</h2>



The team wasn't prepared for just how quickly the snow in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-shifting-the-earths-coldest-forest-northward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forest</a> would disappear. Even with the smallest temperature increase, snowpack dwindled rapidly. This meant plants lost their protection earlier in the season, battled temperature swings, and suffered from dehydration with reduced snowmelt.



The consequences, they worry, could ripple through the entire interconnected web of the forest:



<ul>
<li>Struggling plants: Untimely exposure to cold and lack of water can stress or even kill trees and other plant life. </li>



<li>Drier summers: Without a healthy snowpack to slowly melt, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-moderate-warming-will-transform-northern-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> might face water shortages in the warmer months. </li>



<li>Wildfire risk:&nbsp;Dried-out forests become tinderboxes, creating a greater risk of devastating wildfires.</li>
</ul>



"We'll likely see negative impacts of low snow, such as frozen soils and damaged plant tissues, as well as reduced spring runoff and drier soils going into summer. Even if you don't like winter, this is just bad news all around," Richardson explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arizona-linked-to-boreal-forests">Arizona linked to boreal forests</h2>



While Arizona's ponderosa pine forests are a world away from the boreal, this study offers a cautionary tale. Even here, we see how sensitive our winters are to a few degrees difference. 



Remember the last time Flagstaff was on the verge of a snowstorm, but warmer temperatures brought rain instead? That's a hint of what the future might hold.



"We're kind of close to the edge already...This may sound like good news for local residents who are tired of snow by the end of January, but it probably translates to more stressed forests," warns Richardson.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-a-changing-world">Lessons for a changing world</h2>



This research isn't about mourning the loss of boreal forest snow; it's about understanding the far-reaching effects of climate change:



<ul>
<li>Improving climate models: This unique study's results will help scientists refine the complex models used to predict our planet's future. </li>



<li>Ecosystem management:&nbsp;Knowing how sensitive a region is to snow loss helps us design strategies to protect forests and the countless species they support.</li>
</ul>



"As someone who loves winter, this is a double dose of bad news -- less snow and more fire danger," reflects Richardson.



While solutions to climate change are complex, this study reminds us that even seemingly small temperature shifts have immense power to reshape our world -- from the faraway boreal forests to our own backyard.



The study is published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JG007833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">J</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jg007833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ournal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences</a>.



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Just a single degree of warming will wreak havoc in boreal forests

In a revealing study, a stark image emerged: boreal forest...

Seagrass meadows, vital ecosystems teeming with life, are facing an increasingly uncertain future with climate change. 



A team of experts from <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> has issued a dire warning: climate change and human activities could devastate these fragile habitats without swift and decisive action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-seagrass-meadows">What are seagrass meadows?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-evolutionary-adaptations-of-seagrasses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagrasses</a>, intriguingly, are not marine algae but flowering plants that have bravely ventured into the ocean's depths. Over time, through the process of evolution, seagrasses have become adept at thriving underwater. They form extensive, submerged meadows. 



These meadows span across the coastlines of the globe. Moreover, these underwater prairies are not just scenic; they are bustling hubs of marine biodiversity.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrasses-continue-to-release-methane-after-they-die/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagrasses</a> perform roles that are vital not only for the marine environment but also for the planet as a whole. They are ecosystem engineers, crafting and maintaining habitats that support a wide array of marine life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-warriors">Climate change warriors</h3>



Seagrasses are formidable foes against climate change. They sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate much higher than terrestrial forests, storing it in their leaves, roots, and the surrounding sediment. 



This process is a natural way of reducing the amount of greenhouse gases - the primary drivers of global warming.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardians-of-the-coast">Guardians of the coast</h3>



The intricate root systems of seagrass not only anchor the plants but also the very seafloor itself, preventing erosion and mitigating the impact of storm surges. This natural barrier helps protect coastal communities from the increasing occurrences of extreme weather events.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nurseries-of-the-sea">Nurseries of the sea</h3>



Seagrass meadows provide a sheltered environment for numerous marine species during their vulnerable juvenile stages. These underwater nurseries play a pivotal role in the life cycles of fish, crabs, and other marine creatures. 



They are vital for maintaining biodiversity. Additionally, they bolster fisheries that provide food and livelihoods for millions of people worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-climate-change-and-human-activities">Seagrass, climate change and human activities</h2>



Sadly, these remarkable habitats are in decline. "We assessed that more than 50% of WH seagrass habitats are highly vulnerable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrasses-face-an-uncertain-future-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> impacts, with long-term increases in sea-surface temperature and short-term marine heat waves being the greatest threats," said Riccardo Losciale, a lead researcher from James Cook University.



Here's a breakdown of the key threats:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Warming waters</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-under-threat-herbivores-migrating-warm-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seagrasses</a> thrive within a specific temperature range, a delicate balance that global warming increasingly disrupts. As greenhouse gas emissions escalate, ocean temperatures follow suit, often exceeding the tolerance limits of many seagrass species. 



This thermal stress not only inhibits their growth but can also lead to widespread die-offs, reducing the resilience of these ecosystems to other stressors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Extreme weather</h3>



Marine heatwaves, periods of abnormally high ocean temperatures, have become more frequent and intense due to climate change. These extreme weather events can swiftly decimate seagrass meadows, leaving little time for recovery. 



The sudden loss of vast areas of seagrass not only diminishes their ability to store carbon and support marine life but also exposes coastlines to increased erosion.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The human factor</h3>



Human activities exacerbate the threats to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-is-of-fundamental-importance-to-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seagrass meadows</a>, particularly through coastal development and pollution. Construction projects near shorelines often lead to sedimentation, which can smother seagrasses by blocking the sunlight they need for photosynthesis. 



Additionally, runoff from agriculture, industry, and urban areas introduces pollutants and excess nutrients into coastal waters. 



This eutrophication can cause harmful algal blooms that further reduce light availability and create dead zones where few marine species can survive. Together, these factors create a hostile environment for seagrass, challenging their survival and proliferation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-decline-due-to-climate-change">Seagrass decline due to climate change</h2>



"On a global scale, the documented area of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-absorb-less-co2-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seagrass</a> has declined by 19% since the start of the second industrial revolution, around 1870, due to the cumulative impacts of human-caused and climate stressors," Losciale points out.



The path forward isn't easy, but it's necessary. Professor Scott Heron noted that a multi-pronged approach is crucial. "We found most seagrass site managers are not well equipped to effectively deal with these impacts, possibly leading to management strategies that less effectively address climate change."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-seagrasses-from-climate-change">Saving seagrasses from climate change</h2>



Here's the action plan outlined by the research team:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cut the carbon</h3>



Dr. Heron emphasized the critical need for a swift and significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, pinpointing them as the primary culprit behind climate change. 



This global challenge demands a concerted effort from nations worldwide to transition towards renewable energy sources, implement more efficient energy use, and adopt sustainable practices that curb emissions. 



It’s a monumental task but essential for stabilizing ocean temperatures and creating a more favorable environment for seagrass meadows.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Shielding seagrass against climate change</h3>



Protecting coastal areas involves halting practices that directly harm seagrass ecosystems. This means regulating coastal development to prevent habitat destruction, controlling pollution sources to improve water quality, and implementing protective measures to prevent runoff from carrying pollutants and sediments into the sea. 



By preserving the integrity of coastal zones, we can ensure that seagrass meadows continue to thrive.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Collaborative conservation efforts</h3>



The preservation of seagrass meadows requires the combined efforts of scientists, coastal managers, policymakers, and local communities. This collaboration can lead to the development of effective management strategies that consider both scientific knowledge and the socio-economic context of coastal regions. 



Engaging local communities in conservation efforts ensures that those who directly depend on coastal resources are involved in protecting them.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Monitoring matters</h3>



Understanding the current state and trends in seagrass health is essential for effective conservation. Developing detailed maps of seagrass meadows and employing systematic monitoring techniques can provide the data needed to assess the impacts of threats and the effectiveness of management actions. 



Advances in remote sensing and marine survey technologies are making it easier to track changes in seagrass coverage and condition over time, allowing for timely interventions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Engaging the public</h3>



The broader public has a vital role to play in seagrass conservation. Raising awareness about the importance of seagrass meadows and the threats they face can inspire more people to support conservation efforts. 



Moreover, citizen science projects offer an opportunity for individuals to contribute directly to scientific research and conservation by monitoring local seagrass health, reporting pollution incidents, or participating in restoration projects. 



Such engagement not only aids in conservation efforts but also fosters a deeper connection between people and their marine environment.



Seagrasses quietly contribute to the health of our oceans in countless ways. We cannot afford to neglect these vital underwater ecosystems. Now is the time to take action, both globally and locally, to ensure their survival.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Seagrass meadows and climate change: An uncertain future

Seagrass meadows, vital ecosystems teeming with life, are facing an...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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