Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a> College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. 



They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural economics to look not just at what people buy, but why they buy it, how often, and what those habits reveal about the modern consumer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-move-beyond-florists">Flowers move beyond florists</h2>



Drawing on a nationally representative survey of more than 8,500 people, the team found remarkable variety rather than a single archetype. Using marketing-style cluster analysis, they identified 13 distinct kinds of flower buyers.



Some are the classic date-night crowd: heavy on roses, big on Valentine’s Day. Others show up once a year for anniversaries and otherwise keep their wallets shut. 



A growing slice is buying flowers solely for themselves - home-use-only shoppers who treat stems like candles or throw pillows, a mood boost for the living room. 



And then there’s the “everything” group: people who purchase for all kinds of occasions and tend to spend the most overall.



Ask people what flowers mean and the responses span the spectrum. Word clouds from open-ended answers lit up with “beauty” and “smell,” but also “expensive” and “waste.”



Even so, buyers describe tangible upsides. Those who’d purchased flowers in the past year were more likely to report feeling better at home and at work - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-and-self-guided-nature-program-quickly-improves-mood-and-reduces-stress/">improved mood</a>, less stress, higher morale. The effect was strongest among recent purchasers.



As agricultural economist Ben Campbell put it, “there’s a perceived benefit of buying flowers - whether it’s real or not. People feel they’re getting something valuable from the experience.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-changed-how-we-buy-flowers">Covid changed how we buy flowers</h2>



Behind the scenes, the cut-flower supply chain is both global and intricate. Imports - especially roses from Colombia - still dominate U.S. shelves. But the domestic picture has shifted in surprising ways.



When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-lockdowns-weakened-our-immune-systems/">COVID-19</a> hit, weddings and funerals vanished overnight. Growers plowed under fields. Florists closed their doors. 



And then, stuck at home, people started buying flowers anyway - to brighten kitchen tables and Zoom backgrounds, to mark time when weeks blurred together. Grocery stores and even convenience stores leaned into the demand.



“It became almost like therapy,” said Julie Campbell, the study’s lead author and a horticulture professor. “The habit stuck around.”



That collective turn inward sparked new growth outdoors. From 2017 to 2022, open-field flower acreage in the U.S. more than doubled. 



Much of that expansion came from small and mid-sized farms growing stems that don’t ship well - zinnias, dahlias, snapdragons - varieties that explode with color but wilt on long-haul flights.



Rather than compete with mass-produced roses from the Andes, these growers staked out a complementary niche: seasonal, local, and often more diverse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-farms-find-their-niche">Local farms find their niche</h2>



Today’s bouquets are often a collage of origins. One sleeve might hold Ecuadorian roses, California ranunculus, and Georgia-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-wildflowers-may-be-harming-bees/">wildflowers</a>, all in the same mix.



Consumers seem comfortable with that blend, and many are learning to read seasonality the way they do with produce: peonies in late spring, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/">sunflowers</a> in midsummer, chrysanthemums in fall.



For domestic growers, that seasonality is an advantage. It allows them to sell what travels poorly and tell a fresher story - field to vase instead of farm to table. For retailers, it’s an opportunity to meet shoppers where they already are.



The UGA study suggests that people inclined to toss a bouquet in the cart also value other small home upgrades. In other words, flowers are converging with the broader “home as haven” mindset that accelerated during the pandemic and never really retreated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-are-no-longer-just-gifts">Flowers are no longer just gifts</h2>



If there’s one throughline in the data, it’s diversity of intent. Flowers are still gifts, of course, but self-purchase is no longer niche. 



The “everything” buyers - those who grab stems for birthdays, apologies, Tuesdays, and everything in between - anchor the market, yet the once-a-year romantics and the treat-yourself crowd matter too.



That mix is why bouquets now show up in so many retail formats. A pharmacy endcap might catch the anniversary buyer; a grocery display might tempt the self-care shopper who wants tulips with their tomatoes.



It also helps explain the emotional payoffs respondents described. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flower-quality-is-a-critical-driver-of-bee-abundance/">Fresh flowers</a> are a fast, visible change in a room and an affordable luxury compared to furniture or renovations. 



That hit of beauty, scent, and novelty can feel outsize relative to the spend, which reinforces repeat purchases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-industry-goes-next"><a></a>Where the industry goes next</h2>



Policy and logistics will continue to shape the landscape - trade agreements, air freight costs, and climate impacts all ripple into what appears in the bucket by the checkout. But the UGA team’s work points to a few practical implications now.



Retailers can segment more intelligently, tailoring assortments and messaging to different buyer types rather than assuming a single use case. 



Growers can lean into their strengths - distinctive, local, and seasonal - without trying to displace imports that excel at year-round volume. 



And marketers can speak to well-being without overpromising: flowers won’t solve life’s problems, but they routinely make spaces feel better, and people notice.



Perhaps the biggest takeaway is the simplest: Americans are still buying flowers - and not just to hand to someone else.



Whether it’s a dozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-delicate-roses-have-such-harsh-prickles/">roses</a> flown in from Colombia or a handful of dahlias clipped from a nearby farm, fresh stems have become an everyday indulgence. 



They sit by the sink, brighten a desk, bookend the produce aisle, and remind us, in small ways, why bringing a bit of the outside in still resonates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/horttech/35/3/article-p286.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HortTechnology</a>.



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Why more people are buying flowers for everyday therapy

Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast. Researchers at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural...

Close-up,Corn,Cobs,In,Corn,Plantation,Field.

Recent scientific investigations have unveiled a critical discovery in the world of agriculture -- a newfound genetic vulnerability in corn to the tolpyralate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-herbicides-linked-to-diminished-brain-functioning-in-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbicide</a>. 



This revelation is very significant in the agricultural realm as it sheds light on a potential risk to a staple crop of the global food system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-research-efforts">Collaborative research efforts</h2>



The collaborative effort, led by <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/urbana-il/global-change-and-photosynthesis-research/people/marty-williams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marty Williams</a>, an ecologist at the <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/urbana-il/global-change-and-photosynthesis-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARS</a> Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, along with partners from the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> and <a href="https://ifsi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Illinois Foundation Seed Inc.</a>, has identified this sensitivity in 49 varieties of corn. 



This includes six types of field corn and 43 types of sweet corn. Such a finding is pivotal as it equips farmers with crucial information to avert possible crop losses. 



They can now make informed decisions, such as selecting tolpyralate-tolerant varieties or opting for alternative <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/weeds-are-becoming-increasingly-resistant-to-herbicides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbicides</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-tolpyralate-herbicide">Understanding tolpyralate herbicide</h2>



Tolpyralate, an herbicide registered in 2017, is known for its use in fallow fields and various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-corn-crops-could-have-higher-drought-tolerance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of corn</a>, including field, pop, and sweet corn. It falls under the category of HPPD (4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitors. 



When used post-emergence, tolpyralate sets off a biochemical reaction in weeds leading to their demise, beginning with leaf bleaching and culminating in plant death.



Normally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-corn-yields-are-suffering-in-hotter-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corn plants</a> are able to metabolize HPPD inhibitor herbicides quickly, thus averting damage. This ability is contingent on the presence or absence of specific alleles (alternate gene copies) in a region of their genome known as NSF1. 



However, Williams' research indicates that this is not the case with tolpyralate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



The team's investigation began in late summer 2021 following reports of severe damage to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/laser-scarecrows-could-revolutionize-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sweet corn</a> inbred line, XSEN187, after tolpyralate application. 



Surprisingly, the damage was traced to a unique cluster of genes on chromosome 5, different from the expected alleles. 



This was confirmed through genetic mapping techniques and observations in offspring plants derived from crosses between the sweet corn inbred and two tolerant corn lines.



Another intriguing aspect is the relationship between tolpyralate sensitivity and oil-based adjuvants – additives mixed with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weed-killer-roundup-causes-convulsions-in-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbicides</a> for better absorption in weeds. 



While these adjuvants are essential for effective weed control, they also play a role in the herbicide's impact on sensitive corn varieties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-implications-and-further-tolpyralate-research">Key implications and further tolpyralate research</h2>



The case of the inbred line IL677a, known for introducing the popular sugary enhancer gene in sweet corn, further complicates matters. 



This line exhibited severe sensitivity to tolpyralate, suggesting that the same vulnerability might have been widely introduced into sweet corn varieties.



Understanding the exact physiological mechanism behind this sensitivity remains a challenge. Williams emphasizes the need for deeper insight into this mechanism to aid manufacturers and seed companies in mitigating crop injury risks. 



This research could also extend beyond tolpyralate, considering several new HPPD-inhibiting herbicides are in development.



In summary, this disturbing study highlights the genetic vulnerability of certain corn varieties to tolpyralate herbicide, while also opening doors for further research and precautionary measures in crop management. 



For farmers, this means adapting their practices to ensure crop safety and productivity in the face of emerging agricultural challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.7896" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pest Management Science</a>.



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Corn found to have genetic vulnerability to common tolpyralate herbicide

Recent scientific investigations have unveiled a critical discovery in the...

A recent publication in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05410-z">Nature Communications Biology</a> has brought to light the significant influence of soil microbes, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-all-fungi-matter-not-just-mushrooms/">fungi</a>, on global forest diversity.&nbsp;



The study contributes to a broader understanding of the pivotal role microbes play in various ecological processes, from human digestion to enhancing crop yields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-gradient-in-forest-diversity-nbsp">Distinct gradient in forest diversity&nbsp;</h2>



The research indicates a distinct gradient in forest diversity across the Earth, with tropical forests near the equator boasting a high number of species, in contrast to the lesser diversity in forests closer to the poles.&nbsp;



A widely accepted theory suggests that soil pathogens, including bacteria and fungi, are partly responsible for this gradient. The accumulation of species-specific pathogens near adult trees can hinder the growth of juveniles nearby, thus encouraging diversity. This effect is more pronounced in warm, wet climates, contributing to the higher diversity in equatorial forests.



However, Camille Delavaux from <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html">ETH Zurich</a> in Switzerland, along with her colleagues, introduces a new perspective to this established idea.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-soil-fungi">The role of soil fungi</h2>



The study highlights the role of mycorrhizal fungi – soil fungi that form symbiotic relationships with most plant roots globally – in moderating the effects of harmful soil pathogens.&nbsp;



“This paper provides an additional mechanism that may help explain why forest compositional diversity differs with latitude, and a little more about how microbes may regulate patterns of diversity across the planet,” said co-author Matthew Baker, a professor at the <a href="https://umbc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a> (UMBC).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-species-diversity-nbsp">Tree species diversity&nbsp;</h2>



The study delves into the roles of two major classes of mutualistic fungi: ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal. While both types may improve juvenile survival, ectomycorrhizal fungi, forming a protective sheath around plant roots, seem to have a more significant impact, particularly at higher latitudes.&nbsp;



On the other hand, arbuscular fungi, more common near the equator, may offer less protection against pathogens and less specialization with particular tree species, potentially encouraging diverse tree growth nearby.



“We found initial evidence for both the diversity-promoting effects of arbuscular fungi and the diversity-reducing effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi,” explained Baker, suggesting these mechanisms could influence global biodiversity patterns in tree species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forestgeo-network-nbsp">ForestGEO network&nbsp;</h2>



The research also underscores the role of the <a href="https://forestgeo.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian Institution’s Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO) Network</a> in facilitating this study. The network comprises forest plots globally, where researchers commit to a detailed inventory of trees every five years. The current study utilized data from 43 of the network's 77 plots, including one at UMBC’s main campus.



UMBC’s ForestGEO plots, unique in their urban, temperate setting, were established in 2012 and boast a high species diversity, contributing valuable data to the study. The plots' diverse microbial life has implications for understanding urban forest ecology, a focus of Baker's recent research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



Looking ahead, Delavaux envisions leveraging the extensive tree census data and generating additional microbial genetic sequencing data from 30 plots to directly link the microbiome to plant community structure.&nbsp;



“The scientific community is very much in the learning stage about appreciating the diversity of different types of soil microbes and their distribution over the planet,” said Baker, highlighting the burgeoning interest in understanding how microbes drive global biodiversity patterns. Delavaux’s enthusiasm for future research reflects a growing recognition of the intricate connections between microbial life and global ecological processes.



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Soil fungi determine the gradient of forest diversity worldwide

A recent publication in Nature Communications Biology has brought to...

Medical,Cbd,Candies.cannabis,Infused,Gummy,Bears.cannabis,Edibles,,Medical,Marijuana,candies,Infused

Researchers have unveiled insights into an unexpected relationship between cannabis use and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/">exercise</a>. The study suggests that marijuana can boost motivation and make exercise more fun, but does not enhance performance.



The study was led by Laurel Gibson and Angela Bryan from the University of Colorado Boulder's Center for Health and Addiction: Neuroscience, Genes and Environment (<a href="https://www.colorado.edu/center/cuchange/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CU Change</a>). 



The team examined the effects of legal, commercially available cannabis on exercise, particularly focusing on runners' experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-cannabis-and-exercise">Studying cannabis and exercise</h2>



The research comes a decade after Colorado initiated legal recreational marijuana sales, aligning with an increasing trend of cannabis users integrating it into their exercise routines.&nbsp;



"Given the stereotype that cannabis is associated with extreme sedentary behavior, there are concerns that cannabis legalization may exacerbate the US physical inactivity epidemic," wrote the team. 



"However, despite these concerns, recent years have seen considerable public interest in the use of cannabis concurrently with exercise."



The study's primary objective was to understand how cannabis influences the perception and enjoyment of exercise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted-nbsp">How the study was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers recruited 42 Boulder-area runners who were already combining cannabis with their running routines. The participants were assigned to use either a CBD-dominant or a THC-dominant strain.&nbsp;



The volunteers performed separate treadmill runs, with and without the influence of cannabis, and their experiences were meticulously documented.



The study revealed that using cannabis before exercise boosts positive mood and enjoyment, regardless of whether THC or CBD is used. However, THC, known for its more intoxicating effects, made exercise feel more demanding.



Contrary to enhancing performance, participants in the THC group reported that their running felt harder. This aligns with previous findings that cannabis use can slow down runners, making it clear that cannabis is not a performance enhancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sedentary-lifestyle-epidemic">Sedentary lifestyle epidemic</h2>



Natural endorphins have long been credited with inducing “runner’s high,” a state of euphoria and alertness that kicks in after an extended period of exercise. However, newer studies have linked runner's high to brain chemicals known as endogenous cannabinoids.



By consuming CBD or THC, cannabinoids which bind to the same receptors as the cannabinoids our brain makes naturally, athletes might be able to tap into that high with a shorter workout or enhance it during a long one, said Gibson.



Study senior author Professor&nbsp;Angela Bryan emphasized the potential of cannabis as a tool to combat the sedentary lifestyle epidemic. The research is particularly intriguing for its implications for people who struggle with motivation or enjoyment in exercise.



“We have an epidemic of sedentary lifestyle in this country, and we need new tools to try to get people to move their bodies in ways that are enjoyable,” said Professor Bryan. “If cannabis is one of those tools, we need to explore it, keeping in mind both the harms and the benefits.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-cannabis-and-exercise">Implications of cannabis and exercise</h2>



While the findings are promising, the researchers caution against indiscriminate use of cannabis for exercise. Risks such as dizziness and loss of balance, especially in high-performance sports, cannot be overlooked.



"To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the acute effects of commercially available cannabis on subjective responses to exercise in a laboratory environment," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Our findings suggest that, among regular cannabis users who use cannabis in combination with exercise, cannabis use prior to exercise may lead to increases in both positive and negative aspects of the subjective exercise experience."



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01980-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sports Medicine</a>.



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Cannabis makes exercise more fun

Researchers have unveiled insights into an unexpected relationship between cannabis...

In the realm of agriculture, the battle against crop damage caused by birds is a never-ending challenge, with financial repercussions running into millions of dollars annually. Researchers have now introduced a high-tech solution to this problem: laser scarecrows. 



The experts demonstrated that this innovative approach can drastically reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-soil-boosts-crop-growth-by-over-50/">crop</a> damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-laser-scarecrows">Studying laser scarecrows</h2>



The study centers around the use of laser scarecrows to deter birds, specifically targeting the protection of sweet corn crops.&nbsp;



European <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/among-songbirds-complex-vocal-learners-are-superior-problem-solvers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Starlings</a>, a common pest for farmers, were presented with fresh ears of sweet corn, and the researchers observed the impact of moving laser beams on these birds. 



Remarkably, the lasers were found to significantly mitigate damage up to a distance of 20 meters from the device.



Study co-author Kathryn Sieving, professor of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>, explained that more and more growers are seeking inexpensive and portable laser units, like the ones tested in the research.



"Growers need big effects for affordable prices, and if they can spend $300-$500 each for lasers to protect large fields for 1-3 weeks instead of more expensive options such as hiring people to patrol with dogs, falcons, or rifles, then lasers would be beneficial," said Professor Sieving.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerability-window-nbsp">Vulnerability window&nbsp;</h2>



One of the key advantages of lasers lies in their effectiveness during the "vulnerability window," a critical period before harvest when crops are most susceptible to bird damage. 



This short window reduces the likelihood of birds becoming accustomed to the lasers, maintaining their efficacy. 



"Lasers are being explored widely for crops with short vulnerability windows, like sweet corn. They seem to be performing very well and especially when different non-lethal deterrents are combined (e.g., lasers with loud noises)," said Professor Sieving.



"Birds only attack sweet corn during the brief ripening phase (called the milking stage) and it lasts only 5-10 days. So, as soon as it ripens, harvest begins."&nbsp;



"Therefore, in sweet corn, the protection does not need to last very long, and lasers seem to be working well - surprising birds such that they leave fields with lasers, and this reduces damage during milking stages by far more than 20%."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-from-laser-scarecrows">Key insights from laser scarecrows</h2>



The research involved two types of experiments: stick trials and natural trials. In stick trials, corn ears were mounted on sticks at various distances from the lasers, while natural trials involved birds foraging on ripe corn grown in a flight pen. 



These trials provided insights into the effectiveness of lasers under controlled conditions and in more natural settings. 



"We designed the stick trials to increase the sample size for more robust results. Natural corn matures over several weeks but then is only attractive to birds for two weeks – so our planted crop was not going to give us enough sample size," explained Sieving.



"With the stick corn experiments we could study small scale effects and amp up the sample sizes."



The findings revealed that while lasers reduced damage marginally in stick trials, their impact was significantly more pronounced in natural trials.&nbsp;



Professor Sieving attributed this outcome to the sturdiness of the sticks used, which allowed birds to perch and feed while avoiding the laser. 



By contrast, the natural corn stalks were more susceptible to the deterring effect of the lasers.



Distance from the laser source also played a crucial role in its effectiveness. While deterrence was effective up to 20 meters, it diminished beyond this range, with little impact observed at 30 meters.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study">Implications and future study</h2>



However, Sieving pointed out that in true field settings, this effect seems to be unimportant.&nbsp;



"In open fields, birds will simply leave a field that has detectable laser protection, and they fly far out of its influence. It seems that just one laser per field can often do the trick to keep birds mostly out of a field."



"So, the fine scale spatial effects might only apply if birds were overly committed to feeding a small area – then a grower may need to add a couple of laser units with overlapping ranges."



Professor Sieving hopes that laser scarecrows can offer a sustainable solution for the protection of crops with short vulnerability windows.



"Lasers are silent, unlike acoustic deterrents (loud bangs, other noises occurring several times per hour) which can be very disturbing to neighbors and workers. Lethal deterrents require permits and time and labor to apply and the potentially toxic secondary effects on wildlife, soil and water are often unacceptable."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ps.7888" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pest Management Science</a>



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"Laser" scarecrows could revolutionize crop protection without harming wildlife

In the realm of agriculture, the battle against crop damage...

The rise in popularity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-demand-for-avocados-linked-to-escalating-crisis-in-mexico/">avocado</a>, a staple on the tables of health enthusiasts and toast aficionados alike, has brought with it a range of overlooked consequences.&nbsp;



This multifaceted issue is eloquently explored by Honor May Eldridge, a seasoned food policy expert, in her latest work, "<a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003371915/avocado-debate-honor-may-eldridge" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Avocado Debate</a>." Eldridge's book delves into the complexities surrounding this iconic fruit, which has become a symbol of much more than mere healthy eating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-globally-celebrated-superfood-nbsp">Globally celebrated superfood&nbsp;</h2>



Eldridge's expertise in sustainable agriculture shines through as she discusses the avocado's journey from a humble fruit to a globally celebrated superfood.&nbsp;



"The avocado has come to represent so much more than just a fruit. It’s wrapped up with ideas of generational conflict, environmental chaos and social injustice. Over the last century, through careful marketing, it has evolved into a commodity crop with a huge social media following,” Eldridge explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-informed-choices-nbsp">Informed choices&nbsp;</h2>



"The Avocado Debate" is not an indictment of the fruit or its fans; instead, it aims to illuminate the hidden impacts of our food choices. Eldridge's approach is educational, not accusatory. She believes in informed choices.&nbsp;



“Everything we eat has an impact – good and bad. We all just need to be more knowledgeable about those consequences so we can make more informed choices. We shouldn’t demonize the avocado,” said Eldridge.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-social-impacts">Environmental and social impacts</h2>



In the past 30 years, avocados have transformed from a regional specialty to a global sensation. Eldridge traces this evolution, highlighting the pivotal role of historical and contemporary marketing strategies in its rise to fame. She critically examines the polarizing narratives surrounding avocados, urging a more balanced view of their environmental and social impacts.



The book also tackles the ethical and environmental challenges posed by avocado farming. From the strain on water resources to the use of fertilizers and pesticides, Eldridge doesn't shy away from the difficult questions. She examines the broader implications of avocado production, such as land use changes that threaten ecosystems and local communities, and the complex dynamics between the Global North and South.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-our-food-choices">Broader implications of our food choices</h2>



Eldridge also sheds light on certification schemes like Fairtrade and Organic. While acknowledging their benefits, she also points out their limitations, emphasizing the need for a multifaceted approach to food choices that takes into account affordability and sustainability.



"The Avocado Debate" transcends its subject, serving as a lens to view the broader implications of our food choices. Eldridge encourages readers to look beyond black-and-white narratives, recognizing the nuances in our food system. She hopes to inspire a more informed and responsible approach to food consumption.&nbsp;



As she puts it, “my goal is to encourage readers to recognize the complexity of our food system and understand that no food is inherently 'good' or 'bad.’ The debate needs to move beyond simplistic portrayals and embrace the intricate reality of our choices.”



The book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in understanding the implications of their dietary decisions, offering insights into the ethical and environmental aspects of food production and consumption.



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The Avocado Debate: Understanding the impacts of our food choices

The rise in popularity of the avocado, a staple on...

In a world where the climate is increasingly unpredictable, understanding how plants adapt and survive becomes crucial.&nbsp;



A new study from <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a> sheds light on how tomato plants use their roots to ration water during drought conditions, marking a significant advancement in agricultural research and potential crop resilience strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Central to this discovery is a substance called suberin, a water-repellent polymer. Suberin plays a critical role in how plants manage water resources under stress.&nbsp;



Typically, during a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flash-droughts-are-becoming-the-new-normal/">drought</a>, plant roots produce suberin to block water from flowing upwards towards the leaves. This mechanism is vital since water reaching the leaves would quickly evaporate. Comparing this to an open tap, without suberin, plants would suffer significant water loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-adaptation">Unique adaptation</h2>



While suberin is not new to botanists, its production in tomato plants presents a unique case. In most plants, suberin is produced by endodermal cells within the root's inner vessels.&nbsp;



However, in tomato plants, researchers found that suberin is produced in exodermal cells, situated just beneath the root's skin. This distinction was previously not well understood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-exodermal-suberin">The role of exodermal suberin</h2>



The research illuminates the role of exodermal suberin in tomato plants. Led by Siobhan Brady, a professor in the UC Davis Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, and postdoctoral scholar Alex Cantó-Pastor, the team demonstrated that exodermal suberin serves a similar function to endodermal suberin.&nbsp;



The study revealed that without this protective layer, tomato plants show decreased resilience to water stress.



“This adds exodermal suberin to our toolbox of ways to help plants survive for longer and cope with drought,” said Professor Brady.&nbsp;



“It’s almost like a jigsaw puzzle - if you can figure out which cells have modifications that protect the plant during difficult environmental conditions, you can start to ask questions like, if you build those defenses up one upon the other, does it make the plant stronger?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The team began by identifying active genes in the root exodermal cells of tomato plants. Following this, gene editing was used to create mutant strains which lacked certain genes believed to be involved in suberin production. This led to the identification of seven essential genes for suberin deposition.



Focusing on two genes, SIASFT and SlMYB92, the researchers conducted drought experiments. These genes, one an enzyme and the other a transcription factor, are critical in suberin production.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



Mutant plants, deficient in the genes needed for suberin production, exhibited increased wilting and stress under drought conditions compared to normal, well-watered plants.



“In both of those cases where you have mutations in those genes, the plants are more stressed and they're not able to respond to drought conditions,” said Brady.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-nbsp">Future directions&nbsp;</h2>



Having established suberin's effectiveness in a controlled environment, the next step involves field testing. Professor Brady and her team aim to apply this knowledge to improve drought tolerance in tomatoes, a move that could revolutionize agricultural practices.



“We’ve been working on taking this finding and putting it into the field to try and make tomatoes more drought tolerant,” said Brady.



The research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01567-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Plants</a>. 



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Tomato plants use their roots to ration water during drought

In a world where the climate is increasingly unpredictable, understanding...

Angel,Oak,Tree,In,John’s,Island,South,Carolina

At the forefront of environmental discussions at Michigan State University, <a href="https://directory.natsci.msu.edu/Directory/Profiles/Person/100427" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tom Sharkey</a>, a University Distinguished Professor at the <a href="https://plantresilience.msu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Resilience Institute</a>, posed a provocative question: 



“Should we cut down all the oak trees?” 



While he wasn't advocating for a literal deforestation of oak trees, this theoretical question emerges from his team’s recent discoveries about the role of trees, especially oaks and poplars, in air pollution dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isoprene-and-oak-trees-the-conundrum">Isoprene and oak trees: The conundrum</h2>



Sharkey’s research delves into the intricacies of isoprene -- a compound released by certain plants, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-third-of-oak-tree-species-are-threatened-with-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oaks</a> and poplars. 



This research reveals a paradox. On one hand, with global temperatures rising, these trees emit more isoprene. 



This, in turn, interacts with pollutants like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-increased-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen oxide</a>, exacerbating poor air quality by contributing to particulate matter and low-atmosphere <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-ozone-hole-is-now-one-of-the-largest-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone</a>.



On the other hand, isoprene bolsters the plants' resistance against environmental stressors such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oak-trees-use-carbohydrate-reserves-to-survive-insect-invasions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect attacks</a> and high temperatures.



This double-edged sword leads Sharkey to ask, “Do we want plants to make more isoprene so they’re more resilient, or do we want them making less so it’s not making air pollution worse? What’s the right balance?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-villain-behind-the-scenes">The villain behind-the-scenes</h2>



Despite isoprene from oak trees being the second-largest emitted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-new-way-that-earth-cleans-its-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrocarbon</a> on Earth -- trailing only behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> emissions from human activities -- its significant impact on the environment remains relatively unknown to the general public. 



Sharkey, who has studied isoprene since his doctoral days at <a href="https://msu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan State</a> in the 1970s, sheds light on its importance and the challenges it presents.



Interestingly, this isn't the first time trees have been implicated in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> discussions. 



In the 1980s, then-president Ronald Reagan controversially claimed that trees produced more air pollution than cars. This statement, although exaggerated, contained a nugget of truth regarding the role of isoprene. 



As Sharkey explains, “There’s this interesting phenomenon where you have air moving across a city landscape, picking up nitrogen oxides, then moving over a forest to give you this toxic brew.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-isoprene">Science behind isoprene</h2>



Backed by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>, Sharkey's team delves deeper into the mysteries of isoprene production. 



Prior to their research, it was known that isoprene production was affected by photosynthesis and that global changes were causing contrasting effects on its emission. 



While increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> reduced isoprene production, higher temperatures accelerated it. The recent study, however, has finally unveiled the specifics of this dynamic. 



Lead author Abira Sahu stated, “We were looking for a regulation point in the isoprene’s biosynthesis pathway under high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-becomes-a-more-potent-greenhouse-gas-as-climate-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a>... And, finally, we have the answer.” 



The team's findings suggest that the effect of rising temperatures vastly overshadows that of carbon dioxide. 



As Sharkey notes, “By the time you’re at 95 degrees Fahrenheit -- 35 degrees Celsius -- there’s basically no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-may-flip-plankton-into-carbon-emitters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> suppression. Isoprene is pouring out like wild.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



The discoveries of Sharkey's team have significant implications for future climate predictions and planning. 



Understanding the volume of isoprene emissions is crucial for anticipating air quality and designing appropriate mitigation strategies. 



Mohammad Mostofa, another contributor to the study, emphasized this, saying, “We could be doing a better job.”



For institutions like MSU, with a vast expanse of over <a href="https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2022/the-science-stewardship-and-stories-behind-msus-trees-2022-update" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">20,000 trees</a>, the findings could influence decisions about future plantings to potentially reduce isoprene emissions. 



However, Sharkey offers a more immediate solution that doesn't involve cutting down trees. He suggests improved control of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-nitrogen-oxide-pollution-could-boost-crop-yields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen oxide</a> pollution as a key countermeasure.



In summary, this comprehensive research, with contributions from experts like Sarathi Weraduwage, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.ubishops.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bishop’s University</a> in Quebec, provides crucial insights into the balance between environmental quality and plant resilience. It underscores the importance of informed choices in the face of a warming planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-oak-trees">More about oak trees</h2>



As discussed above, Oak trees are a diverse and widespread group of trees belonging to the genus Quercus. 



Found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere, these trees are known for their strength, longevity, and distinctive wood. 



With over 600 species, oak trees display a vast range of sizes, shapes, and habitats, making them an important part of many ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-oak-trees">Key characteristics of oak trees</h3>



<ul>
<li>Leaves and Acorns: Oak leaves are generally lobed and come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The trees are also known for producing acorns, their fruit, which play a crucial role in wildlife sustenance and forest ecology. </li>



<li>Wood Quality: Oak wood is highly valued for its density, strength, and durability. It's widely used in furniture, flooring, and barrel-making, particularly for wine and whiskey, as it imparts a unique flavor. </li>



<li>Longevity: Many oak species can live for several centuries, with some individual trees surpassing a thousand years.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological importance</h3>



<ul>
<li>Habitat and Food Source: Oaks provide habitat and food for a wide range of wildlife, including birds, mammals, and insects. Their acorns are especially important for species like squirrels, jays, and deer. </li>



<li>Carbon Sequestration: As long-lived trees, oaks are significant in carbon sequestration, helping mitigate climate change impacts. </li>



<li>Biodiversity: Oaks support a higher level of biodiversity than many other tree species, hosting various forms of plant and animal life.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-oak-trees">Cultural significance of oak trees</h3>



<ul>
<li>Symbolism: Oaks have been symbols of strength, endurance, and longevity in many cultures. They're often associated with historic events and legends. </li>



<li>Landscaping and Urban Planning: Due to their majestic appearance and robust nature, oaks are popular in landscaping and urban greening projects.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oak-tree-conservation-and-challenges">Oak tree conservation and challenges</h3>



<ul>
<li>Climate Change and Pests: Oaks face threats from climate change, pests, and diseases like oak wilt and the emerald ash borer. These challenges affect their health and survival. </li>



<li>Conservation Efforts: Efforts to conserve oak species include habitat protection, research on disease and pest resistance, and reforestation projects.</li>
</ul>



In summary, oak trees are a key component of many forests and landscapes, while also possessing significant ecological, economic, and cultural value. Their conservation is vital for maintaining the health and diversity of forest ecosystems worldwide.



The full paper was published in the renowned journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2309536120" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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----

Some plants can actually increase air pollution and make climate change worse

At the forefront of environmental discussions at Michigan State University,...

This winter season, disturbing news emerges about our trees that could reshape our understanding of forest resilience in the face of climate change. Recent scientific findings reveal a counterintuitive trend: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-trees-are-not-responding-well-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> from wetter climate regions are more vulnerable to drought compared to their arid counterparts. 



This discovery challenges long-held beliefs about tree resilience and has significant implications for forest management and conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-perceptions-on-tree-resilience">Shifting Perceptions on tree resilience</h2>



Traditionally, the scientific community has been divided on whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-majority-of-urban-trees-are-threatened-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> in dry conditions are more or less resilient to drought. 



The common assumption was that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-we-cut-down-all-the-oak-trees-a-disturbing-discovery-makes-this-question-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> at their biological limits in arid regions would be most affected by climate change, as even minor environmental stressors could push them over the edge. However, the latest research suggests a different narrative.



In a concerning new study, a team from <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> and <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a> has found that greater water availability may actually hinder a tree's ability to adapt to drought conditions. 



Ecologist <a href="https://bren.ucsb.edu/people/joan-dudney" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joan Dudney</a> from UCSB's Bren School of Environmental Science &amp; Management highlights the critical importance of this discovery, especially in the context of global forest carbon stocks and overall forest health.



“That’s really critical to understand when we’re thinking about the global vulnerability of forest carbon stocks and forest health,” said Dudney. “You don’t want to be a ‘spoiled’ tree when facing a major drought.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comprehensive-analysis-of-tree-rings">Comprehensive analysis of tree rings</h2>



The research team, including lead author <a href="https://bren.ucsb.edu/people/robert-heilmayr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robert Heilmayr</a> and co-author Frances Moore, conducted an extensive analysis of over 6.6 million tree ring samples from 122 species worldwide. 



By correlating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-outpaces-the-ability-for-trees-to-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree growth</a> patterns with historical climate data, they unearthed a startling trend: trees in drier regions display a remarkable resilience to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-can-actually-benefit-trees-in-certain-circumstances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a>.



“As you move to the drier edge of a species’ range, trees become less and less sensitive to drought,” said Heilmayr. “Those trees are actually quite resilient.”



Inspired by UCSB professor Tamma Carleton's work on climate change and human populations, the researchers leveraged cross-disciplinary methodologies. 



Frances Moore emphasized the value of adapting economic methods to study ecological responses, offering new perspectives on forest sensitivity to drought.



“This paper highlights the value of cross-disciplinary scientific work,” added Moore. “We were able to adapt methods from economics originally developed to study how people and businesses adjust to a changing climate and apply them to the ecological context to study forest sensitivity to drought.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-nature-of-trees-and-forest-resilience">Dual nature of trees and forest resilience</h2>



The study also sheds light on how regional adaptations to climate affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-inventory-will-be-greatly-reduced-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> resilience. Heilmayr draws a parallel with human populations, noting how people in cooler cities like Seattle are more vulnerable to heatwaves compared to those in hotter regions like Phoenix. 



“A heatwave is likely to kill more people in a cool place like Seattle than in hotter cities like Phoenix,” Heilmayr said. 



Heatwaves scorch the already quite hot Southwest. The region's cities have adapted to an extreme climate, he points out. Forests also show similar trends.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-of-californias-pine-forests-may-never-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trees</a> in wetter climates show less resilience and not equipped to handle drought conditions. However, the research indicates that a significant portion of species' ranges will face unprecedented dry conditions in the future, presenting a major challenge for forest ecosystems.



“There is a pretty large portion of species’ ranges that are going to face a completely novel <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-a-way-of-telling-us-what-climate-they-can-survive-in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>, something that those species don’t see anywhere in their range today,” Heilmayr explained. 



The authors discovered that, by 2100, 11% of an average species' range will surpass the driest parts of their historical range in dryness. For some species, this figure will exceed 50%.



“Broadly, our research highlights that very few forests will be unaffected by climate change,” Dudney said. “Even wetter forests are more threatened than we thought.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-glimmer-of-hope">A glimmer of hope</h2>



The study also offers a glimmer of hope. It suggests that the genetic diversity found in drier parts of a species' range could be key to bolstering forest resilience in wetter areas. 



This finding underscores the potential for assisted migration as a tool for forest conservation, given the slow natural migration rate of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/initiatives-to-plant-billions-of-trees-threatened-by-seedling-undersupply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>.



What does this mean for your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-christmas-trees-produce-that-fresh-festive-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Christmas trees</a> and forests worldwide? The research indicates that regardless of whether trees grow in dry or wet regions, they are likely to experience growth declines due to climate change. 



However, understanding these dynamics is crucial for preserving not just the iconic Christmas tree but also the broader forest ecosystems they represent.



In summary, this study overturns previous assumptions about tree resilience, while providing vital insights for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-forests-are-in-a-race-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest management</a> strategies in the face of escalating climate challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1071">Scie</a><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1071" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">n</a><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi1071">ce</a>.



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Trees are in big trouble, but science may have a solution

This winter season, disturbing news emerges about our trees that...

Tree,Grows,In,Light,Bulbs,,Energy-saving,And,Environmental,Concepts,On

In an era where food security is becoming increasingly challenging, a fascinating study from <a href="https://liu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Linköping University</a> offers a beacon of hope. This research introduces an innovative approach to soilless cultivation, or hydroponics, by integrating an electrically conductive cultivation substrate, aptly named "electronic soil" or eSoil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-electronic-soil-revolution">The electronic soil revolution</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Electronic-soil-with-growing-plant_credit-Thor-Balkhed_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eleni Stavrinidou</a>, an associate professor at the Laboratory of Organic Electronics at Linköping University and the leader of the <a href="https://liu.se/en/research/laboratory-of-organic-electronics/electronic-plants" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Electronic Plants group</a>, spearheads this pioneering research. Her team's development of eSoil marks a significant advancement in hydroponics. 



This novel substrate is environmentally friendly, being derived from cellulose and a conductive polymer called PEDOT.



It also offers a low-energy, safe alternative to previous methods that relied on high voltage and non-biodegradable materials like mineral wool. 



The study's findings are nothing short of remarkable. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Electronic-soil-with-growing-plant_barley-seed_credit-Thor-Balkhed_3medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barley seedlings</a>, traditionally not grown in hydroponic systems, exhibited a 50% increase in growth over 15 days when their roots were stimulated electrically using eSoil. 



This discovery not only expands the range of crops suitable for hydroponic cultivation but also demonstrates the potential for more efficient growth with fewer resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-global-challenges">Addressing global challenges</h2>



Stavrinidou emphasizes the urgency of finding new agricultural methods, citing the rising global population and the impact of climate change. 



“The world population is increasing, and we also have climate change. So it’s clear that we won’t be able to cover the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-food-waste-greater-food-security-less-environmental-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food demands</a> of the planet with only the already existing agricultural methods. But with hydroponics we can grow food also in urban environments in very controlled settings,” Stavrinidou explains.



Hydroponics, characterized by its soil-free growth medium, reliance on water and nutrients, and a closed system that conserves water and nutrients, is already being used to cultivate crops like lettuce, herbs, and certain vegetables. 



This method is particularly advantageous in areas with limited arable land or harsh environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-urban-agriculture">Future of urban agriculture</h2>



While the results are promising, Stavrinidou admits that the underlying biological mechanisms are not yet fully understood. 



“In this way, we can get seedlings to grow faster with less resources. We don’t yet know how it actually works, which biological mechanisms that are involved. What we have found is that seedlings process nitrogen more effectively, but it’s not clear yet how the electrical stimulation impacts this process,” says Starvrinidou.



The research from Linköping University is a significant step toward enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/step-into-the-future-urban-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban agriculture</a>. 



eSoil's low energy consumption and safety features, combined with the benefits of hydroponic cultivation, including space efficiency through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-gardens-promote-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertical farming</a>, present a sustainable solution to the growing demands for food.



As Stavrinidou cautiously notes, “We can’t say that hydroponics will solve the problem of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food security</a>. But it can definitely help, particularly in areas with little arable land and with harsh environmental conditions.” 



In summary, this study sheds light on the potential of hydroponics in urban settings, while also opening the door to further research and innovation in sustainable agriculture.



The full study was published in the journal PNAS.



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eSoil, or "Electronic soil," boosts crop growth by over 50%

In an era where food security is becoming increasingly challenging,...

The,Plant,Is,In,A,Clear,Protective,Field,In,The

Researchers at the University of California, Riverside, have made an exciting discovery in the ongoing war between plants and their fungal mold adversaries. 



In a recent study, the team revealed a novel defense mechanism <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/different-plants-independently-created-the-same-chemical-defense/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> employ against the notorious gray mold, a fungus responsible for extensive damage to a wide array of crops worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-and-gray-mold">Plants and gray mold</h2>



Gray mold, often recognizable as the fuzzy layer over spoiled fruits, is not just a nuisance in our refrigerators. It's a formidable enemy in agriculture, attacking over 1,400 plant species and causing significant economic losses annually. 



This mold's aggressive nature has made it the second most destructive fungal threat to food crops globally.



The team, led by Professor Hailing Jin from UCR's <a href="https://microplantpath.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microbiology &amp; Plant Pathology Department</a>, discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-can-warn-each-other-of-imminent-dangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> are not passive victims in this struggle. 



Instead, they actively defend themselves by deploying tiny lipid vesicles, akin to inconspicuous bubbles, loaded with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-cells-message-each-other-using-rna-and-escort-proteins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA molecules</a>. These vesicles infiltrate the mold cells, unleashing their payload to sabotage the invader from within.



“Plants are not just sitting there doing nothing. They are trying to protect themselves from the mold, and now we have a better idea how they’re doing that,” said Jin.



Her team's work builds on their previous findings, revealing that these extracellular vesicles carry small RNA molecules capable of silencing genes that empower the mold's virulence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-mrna">The role of mRNA</h2>



The latest breakthrough shows that these vesicles also contain messenger RNA (mRNA) that disrupts critical functions within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-white-mold-fungus-evades-plant-defenses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mold's cells</a>. 



“These mRNAs can encode some proteins that end up in the mitochondria of the mold cells. Those are the powerhouses of any cells because they generate energy,” Jin explained. 



“Once inside, they mess up the structure and function of the fungal mitochondria, which inhibits the growth and virulence of the fungus.”



The reason why the mold accepts these lipid bubbles remains a subject of speculation. Jin suggests hunger might be the culprit, with the fungus unwittingly consuming these vesicles in search of nutrients, unaware of their hidden cargo.



This strategy is notably efficient for plants. “The beauty of delivering mRNA, instead of other forms of molecular weapons, is that one RNA can be translated into many copies of proteins. This amplifies the effect of the mRNA weapon,” Jin said. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-stealthy-defense-against-mold">Plants' stealthy defense against mold</h2>



Interestingly, this molecular exchange is not one-sided. Mold also uses similar vesicles to weaken plant defenses, a tactic evolved through a continuous co-evolutionary arms race. 



These vesicles serve as an ideal transport mechanism for fragile RNA molecules, providing protection against degradation for both plants and fungi. Professor Jin highlights the broader implications of this discovery.



“During infections, there are always a lot of communications and molecule exchanges where plants and fungi try to fight against each other,” Jin said. “Previously people looked at proteins being exchanged. Now, modern technology has enabled us to discover another important group of players in this battle.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promise-of-rna-based-fungicides">Promise of RNA-based fungicides</h2>



Looking ahead, the research team is optimistic about leveraging this insight to develop eco-friendly fungicides. Jin envisions RNA-based fungicides that are safe, leaving no harmful residue and posing no threat to humans or animals. 



“RNA-based fungicides would not leave toxic residue in the environment and would not affect humans or animals. RNA is present in most food, and it is easily digested,” Jin said. 



“We are in a constant battle against pests and pathogens. Understanding and harnessing plants' natural defenses, like mRNA delivery, could significantly enhance our ability to protect crops effectively.”



In summary, the battle against pests and pathogens is relentless, but armed with the knowledge gained from this study, researchers may potentially empower plants to more effectively combat the ongoing onslaught.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312823004705?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Host &amp; Microbe</a>.



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Plants use a ‘trojan horse’ defense to fight mold infestations

Researchers at the University of California, Riverside, have made an...

French,Dessert,Called,Yule,Log,Or,Bûche,De,Noël,With

Scientists at <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a> are providing insights on how a traditional Christmas dinner can be more than just a delicious feast - it can also be beneficial to our health.&nbsp;



The study highlights how certain cooking methods and ingredients can be added to holiday meals to contribute to our overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brussels-sprouts">Brussels sprouts</h2>



Steaming Brussels sprouts is the best method to retain beneficial compounds that may help combat chronic diseases like diabetes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holy-grail-molecule-can-kill-all-types-of-solid-cancer-tumors/">cancer</a>.



Brussels sprouts, part of the cruciferous vegetable family, are rich in glucosinolates. These molecules play a role in repairing damaged DNA and can trigger the death of cancerous cells.



Dr. Kirsten Brandt, a senior lecturer at Newcastle University, emphasized the superiority of steaming over boiling or roasting Brussels sprouts.



“If you boil the Brussels sprouts then you lose a lot of the important compounds into the water," said Dr. Brandt. “If you roast them, they are being broken down during the cooking, so steaming is the one that gives most of these tasty and healthy compounds in the final product.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carrots-and-cancer-reduction">Carrots and cancer reduction</h2>



The experts determined that the regular consumption of carrots, a popular side dish, is associated with a significant reduction in cancer risk.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comprehensive-review-nbsp">Comprehensive review&nbsp;</h3>



The researchers conducted a comprehensive review and meta-analysis involving nearly 200 studies.&nbsp;



They found that eating five servings of carrots weekly can lower the risk of developing any type of cancer by 20 percent. Even a single weekly serving of carrots was associated with a four percent reduction in cancer risk.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polyacetylenes">Polyacetylenes</h3>



Unlike previous studies that concentrated on beta-carotene, this research looked at the broader spectrum of compounds in carrots, particularly polyacetylenes, which lack color but exhibit strong anti-cancer properties.



“Many researchers have noticed the benefits of carrots previously, and this is a reason why there was so much data for us to analyze. However, most of the previous studies focused on beta-carotene, one of the orange carotenoid phytochemicals, which give the orange carrots their color," said PhD student Charles Ojobor, who led the study.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h3>



“Unfortunately, beta-carotene did not show much beneficial effect on cancer in controlled experiments."



“As a result, we studied carrots due to their content of a different type of phytochemicals, polyacetylenes, which are colorless but have strong effects on cancer.



“For our study, we looked at different types of cancer and our analysis showed that people who eat five portions of carrots per week had a 20% reduced risk of developing the disease.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perfect-potatoes-nbsp">Perfect potatoes&nbsp;</h2>



The Newcastle team studied more than 250 varieties of potatoes, looking at different qualities from tuber characteristics to their ability to resist disease and climate stress.



According to the researchers, preparing potatoes in the air fryer is the healthiest way to cook them to a golden crisp for holiday meals.



“Rooster potatoes are perfect for making the best roast potato," explained PhD student Sophia Long. "They have a nice red skin and, when peeled, they reveal a lovely golden color underneath – perfect for your roasties on Christmas day.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



The research provides a new perspective on festive eating, suggesting that indulgence and health benefits can coexist in a well-prepared holiday meal.



"Carrot consumption was consistently negatively associated with cancer incidence across a wide range of geographical regions, exposure types and cancer types, which provided robust statistical power to quantify associations precisely," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"These findings provide enhanced support for safe and cost-effective public health recommendations and interventions to increase carrot intake, as part of the overall consumption of fruit and vegetables, in order to reduce the risk of cancer and other diet-related diseases."



"The results also highlight the need to investigate the roles of a wider range of vegetable phytochemicals, specifically polyacetylenes and isocoumarins, in pre-clinical studies regarding cancer-related effects."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2287176" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition</a>. 



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Holiday meals: Indulgence and health benefits can coexist

Scientists at Newcastle University are providing insights on how a...

Elegant,Girl,Buys,A,Christmas,Tree.,Woman,In,A,White

Each holiday season, nearly 30 million American households celebrate with a live Christmas tree, embracing not only the visual splendor but also the delightful scent that permeates their homes. 



This scent, evocative of the holiday spirit, originates from volatile organic compounds (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-household-cleaning-products-release-hundreds-of-toxic-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a>). Despite their ubiquity during the season, the extent of these emissions and their potential health impacts remain largely uncharted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-christmas-tree-scent-and-vocs">Christmas tree scent and VOCs</h2>



Dustin Poppendieck, an environmental engineer at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (<a href="https://www.nist.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIST</a>), emphasizes the significance of understanding these emissions. 



“Our nose is a good chemical sensor,” said Poppendieck. “We know that these trees are emitting something, and the question then becomes: How big of a source is it? We wanted to explore which chemicals are emitted and how much, and to put that into the context of other sources of chemicals in a house,” he said. 



Poppendieck and his team embarked on a journey to decode the type and quantity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-household-products-expose-people-to-dangerous-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a> emitted by Christmas trees, seeking to contextualize this within the broader spectrum of household chemical sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-the-essence-of-christmas-trees">Capturing the essence of Christmas Trees</h2>



The NIST researchers selected a Douglas fir, a popular Christmas tree choice, for their study. They enclosed it in a sealed chamber to accurately measure the type and quantity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indoor-air-quality-influences-creativity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a> released over 17 days. 



A critical part of their investigation included understanding how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-increases-the-risk-of-non-lung-cancers-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a> interacted with other indoor air components, potentially forming new compounds.



<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10335385/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monoterpenes</a>, a group of VOCs, are the primary contributors to the Christmas tree's signature smell. These compounds are also present in various everyday items, like air fresheners and personal care products. 



Although their effects on outdoor air quality, due to emissions from conifers, are known, the impact of indoor emissions, especially from freshly cut trees, is less understood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-christmas-trees-ozone-and-scent">Christmas trees, ozone, and scent</h2>



The interaction between monoterpenes and ozone, a ground-level pollutant known for causing respiratory issues, was a focal point of the study. 



The researchers simulated a typical home environment, complete with holiday lights and a day-night cycle, in their controlled chamber. 



Using advanced techniques, they monitored the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-networks-that-help-trees-communicate-determine-the-nature-of-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree's VOC</a> emissions, particularly focusing on the effects of introducing ozone into the environment.



The most abundant VOC emitted was monoterpenes, peaking on the first day and significantly diminishing thereafter. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-results-of-the-study">Results of the study</h2>



Initially, their concentration was on par with a plug-in air freshener or a newly constructed house, but it rapidly decreased to nearly a tenth of its original level. In total, 52 distinct types of monoterpenes were identified.



When ozone was introduced, it reacted with the monoterpenes, forming byproducts like formaldehyde and other reactive chemicals. While the monoterpene concentration decreased further, formaldehyde levels increased. 



However, the formaldehyde concentration remained relatively low, at around 1 part per billion, compared to typical household levels of 20-30 parts per billion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-precautions">Health implications and precautions</h2>



For individuals sensitive to VOCs, the initial period after bringing a Christmas tree indoors could cause mild symptoms like watery eyes or a runny nose. 



To mitigate this, Poppendieck suggests keeping a window open near the tree or leaving the tree outside or in a garage for three days before bringing it indoors, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-farming-and-wildfires-is-more-likely-to-cause-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOC emissions</a> naturally decline over time.



Nevertheless, Poppendieck reassures, "For most people, this shouldn't be a major concern. I'm still planning to have a Christmas tree in my house."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-your-christmas-tree-to-keep-the-scent">Water your Christmas tree to keep the scent</h2>



Apart from air quality considerations, it's vital to water your Christmas tree daily. The most significant risk stems from a dried-out tree, which can pose a serious fire hazard in your home.



Through this study, we gain a deeper understanding of the air quality dynamics associated with live Christmas trees, empowering us to make informed decisions while still enjoying this cherished holiday tradition.



<a href="https://www.nist.gov/fire/why-you-should-water-your-christmas-tree" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIST has safety tips available here</a>.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362023000024?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indoor Environments</a>.



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How Christmas trees produce that fresh, festive scent

Each holiday season, nearly 30 million American households celebrate with...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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