<p>Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast.</p>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a> College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. </p>



<p>They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural economics to look not just at what people buy, but why they buy it, how often, and what those habits reveal about the modern consumer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-move-beyond-florists">Flowers move beyond florists</h2>



<p>Drawing on a nationally representative survey of more than 8,500 people, the team found remarkable variety rather than a single archetype. Using marketing-style cluster analysis, they identified 13 distinct kinds of flower buyers.</p>



<p>Some are the classic date-night crowd: heavy on roses, big on Valentine’s Day. Others show up once a year for anniversaries and otherwise keep their wallets shut. </p>



<p>A growing slice is buying flowers solely for themselves - home-use-only shoppers who treat stems like candles or throw pillows, a mood boost for the living room. </p>



<p>And then there’s the “everything” group: people who purchase for all kinds of occasions and tend to spend the most overall.</p>



<p>Ask people what flowers mean and the responses span the spectrum. Word clouds from open-ended answers lit up with “beauty” and “smell,” but also “expensive” and “waste.”</p>



<p>Even so, buyers describe tangible upsides. Those who’d purchased flowers in the past year were more likely to report feeling better at home and at work - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-and-self-guided-nature-program-quickly-improves-mood-and-reduces-stress/">improved mood</a>, less stress, higher morale. The effect was strongest among recent purchasers.</p>



<p>As agricultural economist Ben Campbell put it, “there’s a perceived benefit of buying flowers - whether it’s real or not. People feel they’re getting something valuable from the experience.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-changed-how-we-buy-flowers">Covid changed how we buy flowers</h2>



<p>Behind the scenes, the cut-flower supply chain is both global and intricate. Imports - especially roses from Colombia - still dominate U.S. shelves. But the domestic picture has shifted in surprising ways.</p>



<p>When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-lockdowns-weakened-our-immune-systems/">COVID-19</a> hit, weddings and funerals vanished overnight. Growers plowed under fields. Florists closed their doors. </p>



<p>And then, stuck at home, people started buying flowers anyway - to brighten kitchen tables and Zoom backgrounds, to mark time when weeks blurred together. Grocery stores and even convenience stores leaned into the demand.</p>



<p>“It became almost like therapy,” said Julie Campbell, the study’s lead author and a horticulture professor. “The habit stuck around.”</p>



<p>That collective turn inward sparked new growth outdoors. From 2017 to 2022, open-field flower acreage in the U.S. more than doubled. </p>



<p>Much of that expansion came from small and mid-sized farms growing stems that don’t ship well - zinnias, dahlias, snapdragons - varieties that explode with color but wilt on long-haul flights.</p>



<p>Rather than compete with mass-produced roses from the Andes, these growers staked out a complementary niche: seasonal, local, and often more diverse.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-farms-find-their-niche">Local farms find their niche</h2>



<p>Today’s bouquets are often a collage of origins. One sleeve might hold Ecuadorian roses, California ranunculus, and Georgia-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-wildflowers-may-be-harming-bees/">wildflowers</a>, all in the same mix.</p>



<p>Consumers seem comfortable with that blend, and many are learning to read seasonality the way they do with produce: peonies in late spring, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/">sunflowers</a> in midsummer, chrysanthemums in fall.</p>



<p>For domestic growers, that seasonality is an advantage. It allows them to sell what travels poorly and tell a fresher story - field to vase instead of farm to table. For retailers, it’s an opportunity to meet shoppers where they already are.</p>



<p>The UGA study suggests that people inclined to toss a bouquet in the cart also value other small home upgrades. In other words, flowers are converging with the broader “home as haven” mindset that accelerated during the pandemic and never really retreated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-are-no-longer-just-gifts">Flowers are no longer just gifts</h2>



<p>If there’s one throughline in the data, it’s diversity of intent. Flowers are still gifts, of course, but self-purchase is no longer niche. </p>



<p>The “everything” buyers - those who grab stems for birthdays, apologies, Tuesdays, and everything in between - anchor the market, yet the once-a-year romantics and the treat-yourself crowd matter too.</p>



<p>That mix is why bouquets now show up in so many retail formats. A pharmacy endcap might catch the anniversary buyer; a grocery display might tempt the self-care shopper who wants tulips with their tomatoes.</p>



<p>It also helps explain the emotional payoffs respondents described. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flower-quality-is-a-critical-driver-of-bee-abundance/">Fresh flowers</a> are a fast, visible change in a room and an affordable luxury compared to furniture or renovations. </p>



<p>That hit of beauty, scent, and novelty can feel outsize relative to the spend, which reinforces repeat purchases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-industry-goes-next"><a></a>Where the industry goes next</h2>



<p>Policy and logistics will continue to shape the landscape - trade agreements, air freight costs, and climate impacts all ripple into what appears in the bucket by the checkout. But the UGA team’s work points to a few practical implications now.</p>



<p>Retailers can segment more intelligently, tailoring assortments and messaging to different buyer types rather than assuming a single use case. </p>



<p>Growers can lean into their strengths - distinctive, local, and seasonal - without trying to displace imports that excel at year-round volume. </p>



<p>And marketers can speak to well-being without overpromising: flowers won’t solve life’s problems, but they routinely make spaces feel better, and people notice.</p>



<p>Perhaps the biggest takeaway is the simplest: Americans are still buying flowers - and not just to hand to someone else.</p>



<p>Whether it’s a dozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-delicate-roses-have-such-harsh-prickles/">roses</a> flown in from Colombia or a handful of dahlias clipped from a nearby farm, fresh stems have become an everyday indulgence. </p>



<p>They sit by the sink, brighten a desk, bookend the produce aisle, and remind us, in small ways, why bringing a bit of the outside in still resonates.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/horttech/35/3/article-p286.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>HortTechnology</em></a>.</p>



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Why more people are buying flowers for everyday therapy

Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast. Researchers at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural...

<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://medschool.duke.edu/">Duke School of Medicine</a> have developed a cutting-edge method that uses DNA barcoding to identify the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/">plant-based foods</a> an individual has consumed, based on analysis of DNA markers in fecal samples. </p>



<p>This innovative technique promises to bridge the gap between what people say they've eaten and what they've actually consumed. These two things often diverge significantly. The breakthrough could improve the accuracy of clinical trials, nutrition studies, and much more.</p>



<h2 id="h-dna-barcoding-tech-uses-genetic-markers">DNA barcoding tech uses genetic markers</h2>



<p>This technology builds upon previous research that sought to compare the DNA found in feces to reported diets. </p>



<p>Under the direction of Professor Lawrence David, who specializes in molecular genetics and microbiology, researchers have developed a genetic marker for plant-based foods. </p>



<p>“We can go back after the fact and detect what foods were eaten,” explained study lead author Brianna Petrone.</p>



<p>The marker identified is a specific region of DNA that plants utilize to power chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for converting sunlight into sugars. Known as trnL-P6, this genomic region is present in all plants, but varies subtly from species to species.</p>



<p>The team put their marker to the test. They analyzed more than 1,000 fecal samples from 324 study participants across five different studies. Approximately 20 of these participants maintained high-quality dietary records.</p>



<p>As reported in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2304441120"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>, the team found that these DNA markers can indicate not only what foods were consumed. They can also identify the relative quantities of specific food species. </p>



<p>The researchers observed that a person's diet, age, and household income influenced the diversity of plant DNA found in their feces.</p>



<h2 id="h-distinguishing-between-major-crops">Distinguishing between major crops</h2>



<p>For the investigation, Professor David's lab made use of a reference database that contains markers for 468 species of plants typically consumed by Americans in plant-based foods. </p>



<p>By associating detected versions of trnL-P6 with specific plant sources, their DNA barcoding method was able to distinguish 83 percent of all major crop families.</p>



<p>Petrone noted that people in other parts of the world tend to consume the subset of crop families that are currently undetectable. The lab is now working on adding crops such as pearl millet and pili nuts to their database. </p>



<p>The team has yet to track meat intake, but Professor David assures that the technology has that capability as well. “That relative ratio of plant to animal intake is probably one of the most important nutritional factors we might look at,” he said.</p>



<p>The researchers applied their DNA barcoding technique to fecal samples from participants of a weight loss intervention program. By examining the DNA markers, the team knew exactly what the participants had been fed a day or two prior. </p>



<p>For instance, the scientists searched for markers of a dish called mushroom wild rice pilaf's components in fecal samples after serving it.</p>



<h2 id="h-dna-markers-reveal-dietary-patterns">DNA markers reveal dietary patterns </h2>



<p>The team found that the DNA barcoding technique not only identified the plants but also the relative amounts consumed of certain plants. </p>



<p>“When big portions of grains or berries were recorded in the meal, we also saw more trnL from those plants in stool,” Petrone said.</p>



<p>The team then analyzed samples from 60 adults who participated in two fiber supplementation studies. The number of plants detected by trnL aligned well with dietary diversity and quality as estimated from participants’ survey responses.</p>



<p>Researchers later applied DNA barcoding to a study involving 246 adolescents from diverse racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds.</p>



<p>The study revealed 111 different markers from 46 plant families and 72 species in the adolescents’ diet. Notably, over two-thirds of the subjects consumed wheat, chocolate, corn, and the potato family.</p>



<p>The technique is not without its limitations. For example, it can't distinguish between individual members of closely related plant families, such as the brassica family, which includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cauliflower.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the research revealed a pattern of greater dietary variety among higher-income study participants and a decline in fruit, vegetable, and whole grain food intake as the adolescents aged. This may be a result of older children eating less often with their families.</p>



<p>Professor David is optimistic about the potential of the barcoding technique. He asserts that it can effectively identify the diversity of plants found in a sample as a surrogate for dietary diversity. Dietary diversity is a well-known indicator of nutrient adequacy and superior heart health.</p>



<h2 id="h-future-research-opportunities">Future research opportunities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers conducted these genomic analyses on samples they had collected years prior. This suggests that researchers could potentially use the DNA barcoding method to reconstruct dietary data for already concluded studies.</p>



<p>The research team believes that this novel methodology will significantly benefit various studies of human nutrition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We are limited in how we can track our diets, or participate in nutrition research or improve our own health, because of the current techniques by which diet is tracked," said Professor David. </p>



<p>"Now we can use genomics to help gather data on what people eat around the world, regardless of differences in age, literacy, culture, or health status.”</p>



<p>Looking to the future, the team plans to apply this technique to global studies of disease. They also plan to monitor food biodiversity in settings facing climate instability or ecological distress.</p>



<h2>More about DNA barcoding</h2>



<p>DNA barcoding is a method of identifying species. It uses a short DNA sequence from a specific part of the genome.</p>



<p>In animals, the commonly used barcode region is a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (CO1). Researchers use this gene because it varies highly among species and is relatively stable within species. For plants, the standard barcode regions are two chloroplast genes, matK and rbcL.</p>



<p>The process begins by extracting DNA from a small tissue sample of an organism. Next, the DNA is amplified using a technique called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). </p>



<p>This step makes numerous copies of the barcode region. Scientists then sequence the amplified DNA to determine the order of nucleotides, forming a unique pattern for different species.</p>



<p>Researchers compare the obtained sequence to a reference database. If researchers find a match, they identify the species. If they find no match, the sequence could represent a new species.</p>



<p>DNA barcoding has several applications. Researchers use it in species identification, biodiversity studies, and food safety. It helps in identifying mislabeled products, detecting invasive species, and understanding ecosystem dynamics. </p>



<p>Despite its strengths, DNA barcoding has limitations. These include difficulty in distinguishing closely related species and potential errors due to contamination or sequencing errors.</p>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



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Nutrition science breakthrough: DNA barcoding can identify exactly what a person ate

Scientists at the Duke School of Medicine have developed a...

<p>In an effort to counteract the threats posed by global climate change to endangered and vulnerable species, U.S. officials have announced a significant amendment to federal regulations. </p>



<p>Scientists will now be permitted to relocate endangered species outside their historical habitats. These relocations are done with the hope of protecting them from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sixth-mass-extinction-is-currently-in-progress/">extinction</a>.</p>



<p>Published by the Biden administration, the new legislation facilitates the potential relocation of some of the nation's most at-risk species. All of these species are protected under the Endangered Species Act. </p>



<p>The regulation does not solely apply to plants and animals impacted by climate change. It also covers wildlife endangered by invasive species.</p>



<p>Until now, this measure was considered a desperate last resort, according to the <a href="https://apnews.com/">Associated Press</a>. The AP report notes that in Hawaii, efforts are underway to transport threatened seabirds to new islands to safeguard them from the threat of sea level rise.</p>



<p>This summer, officials plan to reintroduce Guam kingfishers to the Palmyra Atoll, located south of Hawaii. These birds are now extinct in the wild after brown tree snakes, which were unintentionally brought to Guam in the 1950, ravaged their population.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-species-relocation">Species relocation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The idea of introducing species to new territories was previously met with resistance. This was largely due to fears of disrupting local ecosystems and overpopulating the local flora and fauna. </p>



<p>However, the looming threat of climate change, which is gradually transforming habitats worldwide, has prompted more widespread acceptance of the practice among scientists and government officials.</p>



<p>Interior Secretary Deb Haaland pointed out in her statement that the full impact of climate change hadn't been recognized when the previous rules against endangered species relocations were instated. </p>



<p>Now, however, "global warming intensifies, habitat changes are forcing some wildlife to new areas to survive, while squeezing other species closer to extinction," she explained. </p>



<p>Haaland further stated that this facilitation of relocations would strengthen conservation efforts and help ensure the protection of species for future generations.</p>



<h2 id="h-potential-consequences">Potential consequences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite this, not everyone is on board with this approach. Republicans in Western states, who still harbor resentment over the contentious reintroduction of gray wolves two decades prior, were among the most vocal opponents. </p>



<p>State officials from Montana, New Mexico, and Arizona expressed apprehension. They warned of the potential for ecological upheaval as "invasive species" are deliberately brought into new habitats.</p>



<p>Montana Governor Greg Gianforte's spokesperson, Jack O’Brien, relayed state officials' intent to scrutinize the changes but voiced disappointment at the federal officials' decision to announce them just before a holiday weekend.</p>



<p>In the past, introducing species to new areas has occasionally resulted in catastrophic consequences. One example of this is the spread of Asian carp throughout U.S. rivers and streams.</p>



<p>Nevertheless, various state wildlife officials and independent scientists endorsed the change. They suggest that certain species, such as the Key deer of southern Florida, desert flowers in Nevada and California, and the St. Croix ground lizard in the Virgin Islands, could benefit from this approach.</p>



<h2 id="h-destruction-of-natural-habitats">Destruction of natural habitats&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, Patrick Donnelly from the <a href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/">Center for Biological Diversity</a> expressed concern that the new rule might be misused to make room for developmental projects at the cost of destroying natural habitats. </p>



<p>His group has been actively fighting against plans for a Nevada lithium mine that could threaten an endangered desert wildflower, the Tiehm’s buckwheat.</p>



<p>"The Tiehm’s buckwheat situation has raised the specter of a mining company intentionally destroying an endangered species’ habitat and then attempting to create new habitat elsewhere as compensation," said Donnelly. "It’s troubling that this new rule doesn’t contain an explicit prohibition on such an arrangement.”</p>



<p>The recent introduction of this relocation rule forms part of a series of steps taken by the Biden administration to roll back major modifications made to the endangered species program during the Trump administration. </p>



<p>These prior modifications were primarily advocated for by industry groups but were met with substantial backlash from environmentalists.</p>



<p>Recently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declared its intention to revive an old regulation that offers blanket protections for species newly identified as threatened. </p>



<p>This decision signals a significant shift in policy, as officials have also confirmed that economic impacts will no longer be a factor in deciding the need for protection of various plant and animal species.</p>



<p>The restoration of this regulation and the new species relocation rule show the Biden administration's commitment to prioritizing ecological conservation, even as it struggles with the complex and far-reaching effects of climate change.</p>



<h2>More about the Endangered Species Act</h2>



<p>The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) was established in 1973. It is a crucial piece of federal legislation aimed at protecting species at risk of extinction.</p>



<p>The ESA classifies species as either "endangered" or "threatened." </p>



<p>"Endangered" means a species is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. "Threatened" indicates a species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.</p>



<h3>Endangered Species Act is implemented by FWS and NMFS</h3>



<p>The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) implement the Act. The FWS manages terrestrial and freshwater species, while the NMFS handles marine wildlife and anadromous fish.</p>



<p>Under the Act, these agencies must maintain a list of endangered and threatened species. The selection process is strictly biological, setting aside economic, political, or social considerations.</p>



<h3>Creating recovery plans for endangered species</h3>



<p>The ESA also mandates the creation of recovery plans for listed species. These plans detail steps to help the species recover and delist them. They often involve habitat restoration, population surveys, and public education efforts.</p>



<p>The Act prohibits "taking" listed species, where "taking" involves actions like hunting, harassing, or significantly modifying the species' habitat.</p>



<h3>Conservation and international trade</h3>



<p>Moreover, the ESA controls international trade in endangered and threatened species. Importing, exporting, or commercial activity involving listed species is generally prohibited.</p>



<p>The Act also empowers the government to purchase land for conservation. It promotes cooperative agreements with states and provides grants for state and local conservation efforts.</p>



<p>Lastly, the Act allows for citizen involvement. Any person or organization can petition to have a species listed, delisted, or reclassified.</p>



<p>The Endangered Species Act has faced much opposition and and many challenges over the years. Despite these obstacles, the ESA has done its job fairly well. It has played a significant role in preventing the extinction of numerous species and protecting critical habitats in the U.S.</p>



<p><em>—--</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

US endangered species can now be relocated to escape climate threats

In an effort to counteract the threats posed by global...

Sunset,Cannabis,Field.,Marijuana,Plants.

<p>An infectious pathogen is currently spreading widely in California’s cannabis farms. This scourge is attacking plants and growing invisibly for months before spoiling crops. </p>



<p>This happens just as farmers are getting ready to harvest. Scientists believe it currently affects over 90 percent of farms. it will cause billions of dollars in damages to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-number-of-americans-are-high-on-marijuana-at-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">national cannabis economy</a>.</p>



<h2>What is this pathogen attacking cannabis farms?</h2>



<p>The hop-latent viroid (HLVd) was first identified in hop plants (close relatives of cannabis) in the 1980s. It shrivels cannabis plants, reducing how much weight they produce by as much as 30 percent. </p>



<p>The pathogen also destroys the plants’ amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-not-environmental-stress-increases-thc-in-hemp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">THC</a> (marijuana’s main psychoactive compound). This decreases their value dramatically. </p>



<p>Although this pathogen has likely been spreading in cannabis farms for over a decade, growers were clueless. At first they didn’t know what was harming their harvests. </p>



<p>Damage only occurred at the end of the crop’s life cycle. This makes the pathogen eve more dangerous.</p>



<p>Farmers usually grow cannabis by cutting small pieces off of one plant. They refer to this as the "mother," and use it to propagate hundreds of new plants.</p>



<p>To keep producing offspring, growers artificially prevent these mother plants from growing flowers. This means they can silently spread the pathogen for months without showing any signs of disease. </p>



<h2>Researchers didn't identify this cannabis farm pathogen until 2019</h2>



<p>HLVd was first identified in California in 2019 in samples from a Santa Barbara cannabis farm. BY 2021, it had spread to at least 90 percent of the state’s farms. </p>



<p>Scientists believe it has spread in other states, as well as in Europe. The HLVd pathogen has become the “biggest concern for cannabis” growers worldwide. This, according to a&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36992390/">recent scientific paper</a>.</p>



<h2>New rapid test available</h2>



<p>Fortunately, <a href="https://purplecitygenetics.com/">Purple City Genetics</a> figured out how to help. The Oakland-based startup, Purple City, focuses on breeding and cultivating cannabis phenotypes.</p>



<p>This year, they released a new HLVd test that can be conducted on site. It delivers results in just a few hours. This is much faster than previous methods for identifying HLVd infections. </p>



<p>Those involved farmers mailing samples to labs. They would then wait for days or even weeks to get the results.</p>



<p>“By the time you get the results back you may have cut that plant and sold it to your customers. So there is a real need for a high throughput onsite diagnostic test for hop-latent viroid,” said Ali Bektaş, the CEO of Purple City.&nbsp;</p>



<h2>New tech called LAMP is helping save cannabis farms</h2>



<p>To overcome this problem, Bektaş adapted a technique called LAMP.  He worked this tech on during his doctoral studies in Microbial Ecology at the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/">University of California, Berkeley</a>. </p>



<p>This method became very popular during the Covid-19 pandemic. Unlike PCR tests that require specialized lab equipment and expert technicians, it uses cheap equipment. </p>



<p>LAMP can be accurately operated by nearly anyone. It delivers results in just a few hours. Recently, the company has started to sell this technology worldwide for $10 a test.</p>



<p>“We didn’t just identify a great test that is accurate, but it’s [also] easy to use and it doesn’t require a high level of expertise. You can take microbiology to the public and put it in their hands…It’s important for people to have this type of testing,” concluded Luke Horst, the director of business development for Purple City Genetics.</p>



<p>A recent scientific article discussing the features and spread of HLVd was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/v15030681"><em>Viruses</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-additional-threats-to-cannabis-farms">Additional threats to cannabis farms</h2>



<p>Cannabis farms, like any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/booming-cannabis-industry-is-not-eco-friendly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural operation</a>, face a number of potential threats that can affect their viability and profitability. Here are several key threats:</p>



<h3 id="h-pests-pathogens-and-diseases">Pests, pathogens and diseases</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marijuana-smokers-may-have-more-lung-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cannabis plants</a> can be vulnerable to a wide variety of pests, including aphids, spider mites, and various kinds of mold and mildew. Controlling these pests can be challenging and may require significant investment in pest control measures.</p>



<h3 id="h-weather-conditions">Weather conditions</h3>



<p>Cannabis farms can be adversely affected by harsh weather conditions. Cold temperatures, high winds, excessive rain, or prolonged drought can all potentially damage crops and lower yields. Moreover, cannabis is a crop that prefers consistent sunlight, and cloudy or shaded conditions can impact growth.</p>



<h3 id="h-regulatory-changes">Regulatory changes</h3>



<p>In many regions, the legality of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-worms-get-the-munchies-from-ingesting-marijuana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis cultivation</a> is still relatively new and subject to change. Regulatory changes could potentially limit the amount of cannabis that can be grown, change licensing requirements, or even criminalize certain kinds of cultivation.</p>



<h3 id="h-market-fluctuations">Market fluctuations</h3>



<p>The cannabis industry has experienced significant growth in recent years, but it remains a relatively new and volatile market. Prices can fluctuate wildly, and changes in supply and demand can impact profitability.</p>



<h3 id="h-security">Security</h3>



<p>Theft is a significant concern for many cannabis farms, as the crop can be very valuable and highly sought after. This can necessitate significant investment in security measures, such as fencing, cameras, and security personnel.</p>



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact-and-sustainability">Environmental impact and sustainability</h3>



<p>There's an increasing societal pressure for sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Water consumption, energy use for indoor farms, pesticide use, and waste management are all environmental issues that cannabis farms must address.</p>



<h3 id="h-legal-compliance">Legal compliance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Cannabis is a highly regulated industry. There are laws about who can grow cannabis, where it can be grown, how it can be grown, how it can be sold and advertised, etc. Failure to comply with these laws can lead to heavy fines, license revocation, or even criminal charges.</p>



<h3 id="h-lack-of-banking-and-financial-services">Lack of banking and financial services</h3>



<p>Despite cannabis being legal in many places, banking services are often unavailable to cannabis businesses. This is due to federal regulations in the United States. No banking access can make it hard for cannabis businesses to secure loans, handle cash, or manage other financial needs.</p>



<p>Understanding and managing these threats is crucial to the success of any cannabis farming operation. Many of these challenges are common to other types of agriculture. </p>



<p>However, some are unique to the cannabis industry. Due to how relatively new the industry is, issues need to be overcome. This is especially due to the unique legal and regulatory environment in which it operates.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

90% of cannabis farms are infected with a dangerous and deadly pathogen

An infectious pathogen is currently spreading widely in California’s cannabis...

<p>Stone tools found in the Philippines reveal evidence they were made by prehistoric humans using ancient plant fiber technology. This exciting scientific discovery was made at the <a href="https://upd.edu.ph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the Philippines Diliman</a>.</p>



<p>This research was led by Hermine Xhauflair and her team of experts, and published in the open-access journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0281415" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.</p>



<p>Think about the cloth we wear, the rope we use, or the baskets we carry. All these can be made from plants.</p>



<p>Even before our time, prehistoric communities realized the usefulness of plant fibers. Just like us, they used the toughness and flexibility of plants to make textiles and cordages.</p>



<h2 id="h-plant-materials-decompose-rapidly">Plant materials decompose rapidly</h2>



<p>But there's a problem. The evidence of their plant-based creations—things like ropes and baskets—doesn't usually last long. This is especially true in tropical climates. So, their plant technology often becomes "invisible" to our modern scientific methods.</p>



<p>The oldest known artifacts made from plant fibers in Southeast Asia are about 8,000 years old. But Xhauflair and her team have found evidence of plant technology that is much, much older.</p>



<p>Their clues come from an unexpected place: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-made-the-earliest-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone tools</a>. These tools were found in Tabon Cave, Palawan, Philippines. They date back an incredible 39,000 years! The stone tools have microscopic marks on them. These marks were made during use.</p>



<h2>Plants are still used for the same purpose in this region</h2>



<p>In the same region today, native communities use tools to process plants like <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/top-5-uses-for-bamboo-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bamboo</a> and palm. They turn the hard stems into flexible fibers. These fibers can be used for tying things together or for weaving.</p>



<p>To understand the marks on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tools-ancient-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone tools</a>, the researchers tried out these plant processing methods themselves. They found out that this activity leaves a distinctive pattern of microscopic damage on the tools. Surprisingly, this same pattern was found on three stone tools from Tabon Cave.</p>



<p>This finding is a game-changer. It's among the oldest evidence of fiber technology in Southeast Asia. It shows us the amazing technological skills of the prehistoric communities who lived there 39,000 years ago.</p>



<h2>New method allows discovery of ancient plant technology</h2>



<p>This research is not just about the past, but also about the future. It gives us a new method to uncover hidden signs of prehistoric plant technology.</p>



<p>Further study could reveal more about the age and spread of these techniques. We could even find out if the practices used in the region today come from a continuous tradition.</p>



<p>The researchers say, “This study pushes back in time the antiquity of fiber technology in Southeast Asia. It means that the Prehistoric groups who lived at Tabon Cave had the possibility to make baskets and traps, but also ropes that can be used to build houses, sail boats, hunt with bows and make composite objects.”</p>



<p>So, next time you use a rope or wear a piece of clothing, remember that humans have been using plant fibers for a very long time. The evidence is right there in the stone tools of our ancient ancestors.</p>



<h2>More about plant technology</h2>



<p>Plant fiber technology is a fundamental aspect of human history, spanning thousands of years and numerous cultures. It involves utilizing plant fibers, the thin, elongated cells that make up the structural framework of a plant, to create various products.</p>



<h3>Plant fiber extraction</h3>



<p>The first step in plant fiber technology is extracting the fibers from the plant source. Different types of plants yield different fibers.</p>



<p>For example, flax yields linen, cotton plants yield cotton fibers, jute plants yield jute fiber, and hemp plants yield hemp fiber. The extraction process often involves retting, which is the process of soaking plant stems in water to separate the fibers.</p>



<h3>Textile production</h3>



<p>Once the fibers are obtained, they can be processed and spun into threads or yarns, which are then used to create textiles. These textiles can be used to make clothing, bedding, towels, and more. The process of spinning fibers into yarn involves a tool called a spindle, which can either be hand- or machine-operated.</p>



<h3>Cordage and rope making</h3>



<p>Plant fibers have also been extensively used for making <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-the-best-rope-plant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cordage and ropes</a>. This technology was essential for early human societies for a variety of purposes, including construction, hunting, and fishing. For example, ropes could be used to build structures, create traps, or tie together rafts or other watercraft.</p>



<h3>Basketry</h3>



<p>Another common use for plant fibers is in basketry. By weaving together different fibers, ancient people were able to create baskets for carrying goods, storing food, and even cooking.</p>



<h3>Paper production</h3>



<p>Plant fibers also played a pivotal role in the invention of paper. The earliest known paper, dating back over 2000 years, was made from plant fibers. The process involves soaking the fibers in water, then pounding or grinding them into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-toilet-paper-destroying-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulp</a>. The pulp is then pressed and dried to form a sheet of paper.</p>



<p>Despite the advancement of synthetic materials, plant fibers continue to be an important resource due to their renewable nature and minimal environmental impact.</p>



<p>Many modern industries, such as fashion, home furnishings, and even automotive industries, are turning back to plant-based fibers as a sustainable alternative.</p>



<p>Archaeologists study plant fiber technology to gain insights into past civilizations. Artifacts made of plant fibers can provide valuable information about a society's technological advancements, trade relationships, and cultural practices.</p>



<p>However, since plant fibers decompose over time, they're often not well-preserved in the archaeological record. Therefore, indirect evidence, like marks on ancient tools used to process fibers, can be crucial in understanding this aspect of our human past.</p>

Prehistoric humans used ancient plant fiber technology to make tools 39,000 years ago

Stone tools found in the Philippines reveal evidence they were...

<p>Unprecedented challenges such as wildfires, diseases, droughts, and deforestation are confronting forests worldwide. The survival of these expansive habitats hinges on seeds and their capacity to regrow. </p>



<p>In this endeavor, a process known as "masting" plays a pivotal role. Masting is the unpredictable boom-and-bust cycle of seed production.</p>



<p>For the first time, an international team of scientists has examined the intricate balance between seed defense, seed dispersal, and the process of masting at a global scale. The research, based on millions of tree-year observations, is published in the scientific journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-023-01446-5">Nature Plants</a>.</p>



<p>Seeds, fruits, and nuts, which are rich in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, are among the highest quality plant foods in nature. Study lead author Tong Qiu, an assistant professor in <a href="https://www.psu.edu/">Penn State</a>’s College of Agricultural Sciences, explained this dynamic.</p>



<h2 id="h-studying-seed-survival-and-masting">Studying seed survival and masting</h2>



<p>Qui said that when there is a large seed crop, consumers such as birds, squirrels, and insects thrive. This is due to the plentiful food supply. However, during years of low seed production following a masting, these animal populations may face hardship. This could lead to a population decline.</p>



<p>"At the same time, some seeds that aren't eaten during the mast year might germinate and grow into new trees, and this can lead to an increase in tree numbers, affecting the forest's overall growth and the habitat for other creatures," said Qiu.</p>



<p>A comprehensive understanding of masting patterns is thus vital for forest managers to direct their conservation efforts effectively. They sometimes choose to manually plant seeds. Other times they implement measures to safeguard struggling animal populations during lean seed production years.</p>



<p>The researchers were intrigued by the impact of erratic seed crops. While keeping seed predators at bay, how does it affect the seed dispersers and seed survival that are necessary for successful germination. </p>



<p>They theorized that if unpredictable seed production, which foils a tree's "enemies," also negatively impacted their disperser allies and seed survival, then tree species heavily reliant on animal dispersers might have to abandon this defensive strategy.</p>



<h2 id="h-three-critical-elements-of-the-study">Three critical elements of the study</h2>



<p>"When trees have big swings in seed production, take a long time between high seed years and all produce lots of seeds at the same time, predators can be overwhelmed,” says Qiu. </p>



<p>"Our research revealed that masting relies on three critical aspects that affect both trees’ friends and foes, seed dispersers and seed predators."</p>



<p>These three critical elements include volatility, which indicates the degree of fluctuation in seed production year over year. Periodicity, which reflects the time interval between years of high seed production. Finally, synchronicity, which denotes the common trend where many trees produce large seed crops in the same years.</p>



<h2 id="h-mast-inference-and-forecasting-network-or-mastif">Mast Inference and Forecasting network, or MASTIF</h2>



<p>Despite the clarifying insights provided by these elements, the explanation for masting isn't entirely straightforward. Senior author James Clark, a professor of <a href="https://nicholas.duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science at Duke University</a>, helped to explain. He developed the Mast Inference and Forecasting network, or <a href="https://sites.nicholas.duke.edu/clarklab/projects/mastif-network/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MASTIF</a>.</p>



<p>Professor Clark suggests that tree species attracting seed predators may also depend on mammals and birds for seed dispersal. </p>



<p>He posits that these "friends" are so beneficial that many tree species invest extra resources into their fruits and nuts. They adorn them with colorful displays to attract these crucial mutualist dispersers.</p>



<h2 id="h-masting-as-a-defense-strategy">Masting as a defense strategy</h2>



<p>The researchers examined whether the unpredictability of seed production that deters a tree’s enemies also negatively affects their disperser allies. If masting effectively defends against enemies, then, the team confirmed, tree species heavily dependent on animal disperser species might need to relinquish this defensive strategy.</p>



<p>“An analysis of seed production in hundreds of tree species across five continents shows this mixed benefit of masting - the tree species that depend most on animal dispersers are the ones that avoid masting,” said Clark.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In the temperate forests of North America and Eurasia, oaks and firs are prolific mast species. Pines and spruces also mast, but to a lesser degree. Hickories and walnuts still less. Chestnut and the fleshy fruits of black gum, holly, hack- and sugarberry, persimmon, juniper, yew and pawpaw, hardly at all - they are reliable resources.”</p>



<p>Delving further into the masting behavior, Clark explained how certain tree species like firs, pines, and spruces are subjected to the feeding frenzy of birds and rodents. This happens both in the canopy and when they reach the forest floor. </p>



<p>Conifer trees defend their seeds via woody, resin-coated cones, many of which are armed with spines. However, once these seeds make their way to the forest floor, they are quickly consumed by foraging rodents. With few mutualist dispersers to aid them, these tree species make ideal candidates for masting as a defense strategy.</p>



<h2 id="h-nutrient-availability-and-climate-gradients">Nutrient availability and climate gradients</h2>



<p>The study's findings go beyond the interaction between tree species and their animal allies and enemies. The researchers discovered that nutrient availability and climate gradients also play a significant role in masting.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts found that tree species requiring substantial nutrients generally exhibit low year-to-year variations in seed production. </p>



<p>Simultaneously, species prevalent in nutrient-rich, warm, and wet areas tend to show shorter intervals between years of high seed production. By contrast, however, masting is more common in regions that are cold and dry.</p>



<p>“Interestingly, this happens in areas where weather conditions mean there is less need for animals to spread seeds, unlike in the wet and warm tropics where such help from animals is more common,” Qiu said. </p>



<p>“This fascinating interplay reminds us that our diverse forests are a result of countless factors working together in harmony, adapting to their unique circumstances to thrive.”</p>



<h2>Trees with rich and colorful fruits avoid wild fluctuations</h2>



<p>At the opposite extreme, rich, colorful fruits avoid wild fluctuations. The trees that produce them depend on their animal dispersers, Clark said. There is still plenty of year-to-year variation, because a large, expensive fruit is sensitive to moisture stress.</p>



<p>“A good two-week drought in mid-summer will see many trees abandoning much of their fruit crop — early abortion,” said Professor Clark. </p>



<p>“This includes not only fleshy fruits like persimmon, hackberry (including nettle tree in Europe), and black gum. Acorns and hickory nuts also have high moisture content. They too will abort many partially developed seeds to trim the resource demand. Still, a string of years with suitable climate conditions can see reliable crops in many of these species, one after another.”</p>



<p>This study was conducted with contributions from 70 institutions. The research was primarily funded by the National Science Foundation, the Belmont Forum, NASA, and France’s Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir (Make Our Planet Great Again) initiative.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

When it comes to seed survival, trees have friends and enemies in a process known as masting

Unprecedented challenges such as wildfires, diseases, droughts, and deforestation are...

Big,Flowering,Cannabis,Plant,In,Colored,Purple,Light,On,Violet

<p>Young people are at a heightened risk of problematic adolescent cannabis abuse when they experience childhood trauma. This is particularly true for kids who experience trauma between the ages 1 through 12.</p>



<p>Strikingly, these damaging experiences can range from witnessing parental drug misuse to enduring various forms of abuse.</p>



<p>Dr Lindsey Hines, a psychologist at the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bath</a> specializing in adolescent mental health, led this insightful research.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-cannabis-abuse-childhood-trauma-study-was-conducted">How the cannabis abuse/childhood trauma study was conducted</h2>



<p>The team tracked over 5,000 participants using the <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children</a>. People also call this the 'Children of the 90s' study.</p>



<p>The researchers considered a wide array of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) that could influence future cannabis use.</p>



<p>The researchers examined factors such as physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The study also focused on emotional neglect and parental substance use. Lastly, they studied instances of parental violence, mental health struggles, and even criminal convictions.</p>



<p>The researchers closely studied these childhood misfortunes and compared them with the frequency of cannabis use. They participants fell between the ages of 13 to 24. </p>



<p>The data was self-reported. The participants ranged from individuals who never used cannabis to those who regularly used it <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decriminalizing-medicinal-marijuana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">during their teen years</a>.</p>



<h2>Definitive link between cannabis abuse and childhood trauma</h2>



<p>The findings were concerning. Individuals who went through four or more ACEs were over twice as likely to frequently use cannabis in their teenage years. Their counterparts experienced much fewer ACEs.</p>



<p>Teenagers with a history of parents abusing drugs or alcohol were most likely to end up as regular cannabis users. As were those whose parents struggled with mental health problems.</p>



<p>Teenage cannabis use has proven links to harmful long-term mental and physical health outcomes. Because of this, the researchers emphasize the need for more robust support systems. The goal being to help the youth before cannabis use becomes a deep-rooted habit.</p>



<h2>Recommendations from the research team</h2>



<p>The study highlights the effective work of organizations like the Bristol Drug Project (BDP). The BDP is calling for countries worldwide to consider similar approaches for supporting young people dealing with cannabis use.</p>



<p>Dr Hines elucidated, “Our study is one of the first to comprehensively track adverse childhood experiences from birth, and to see how they relate to teenage cannabis use which can begin as early as 13. Through this, we observe a strong correlation between these difficult early life experiences and regular cannabis use in teenage years and young adulthood."</p>



<p>She added, “A growing body of research is highlighting the challenges regular cannabis poses, in particular for young people’s long-term mental health. With this study we wanted to focus on those factors underlying cannabis use, with the hope of informing more targeted interventions which in the future can help young people and their families.”</p>



<h2>More about the Bristol Drug Project (BDP)</h2>



<p>BDP is a charity with 36 years of expertise. It offers harm reduction and treatment services for individuals struggling with a negative relationship with drugs and alcohol. They seek to support people towards making the changes they desire in their lives.</p>



<p>Hazel McMahon, one of BDP’s New Leaf Cannabis Support Workers in its Youth team, shared, “Our youth team supports both young people who are using substances and those who are affected by someone else’s substance use. Through working with these two groups concurrently we see the significant overlap in these populations daily. ACEs and other trauma are significant factors in steering the provision of our services."</p>



<p>McMahon concluded, “Our cannabis support group, New Leaf, utilizes a trauma-informed approach, and we build on protective factors known to reduce the negative impact of ACEs, such as having a positive and consistent relationship with an adult. We warmly welcome this research that evidences the link between ACEs and cannabis use, and we hope that it will influence the provision of specific cannabis support services for young people around the country.”</p>



<p>The Lancet Public Health has published <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S2468-2667%2823%2900095-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the full study</a> 'Adverse childhood experiences and adolescent cannabis use trajectories: findings from a longitudinal UK birth cohort'.<em>.</em></p>



<h2>More about cannabis abuse</h2>



<p>People can smoke, vape, or ingest cannabis, also known as marijuana, a plant-based substance, in foods or teas. It's primarily known for its psychoactive compound, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This THC compound is responsible for the "high" that users experience.</p>



<p>While people use cannabis both recreationally and medicinally, it can also lead to problematic use. People often refer to this condition as cannabis abuse or cannabis use disorder (CUD).</p>



<p>Cannabis abuse generally refers to the repeated use of cannabis despite significant health, social, and/or occupational problems. This can lead to a dependence on the substance, both psychologically and physically.</p>



<p>It's important to note that dependence and abuse are not the same. A person can be dependent on a substance for medical reasons without abusing it. Abuse refers to the detrimental use of the substance despite negative consequences.</p>



<p>Here are some key aspects to understand about cannabis abuse:</p>



<h3>Signs and Symptoms of Abuse</h3>



<p>Symptoms of cannabis abuse may include increased tolerance (needing more of the drug to achieve the same effect), spending a significant amount of time obtaining or using the drug, giving up important activities in favor of using, and experiencing withdrawal symptoms when trying to cut down or quit.</p>



<h3>Health Risks</h3>



<p>Chronic cannabis use can lead to various health problems, both mental and physical. These can include respiratory issues (when smoked), an increased heart rate, problems with child development during and after pregnancy, and mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and psychosis.</p>



<h3>Cannabis Use Disorder</h3>



<p>Cannabis use disorder, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), is characterized by the use of cannabis that leads to significant impairment or distress. </p>



<p>The diagnosis is based on the presence of at least two of 11 symptoms. These include cravings, withdrawal, lack of control over use, and neglect of other areas of life.</p>



<h3>Treatment</h3>



<p>Treatment for cannabis abuse often involves behavioral interventions. Some methods include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), contingency management, or motivational enhancement therapy.</p>



<h3>Prevention</h3>



<p>Prevention strategies often focus on educating people about the risks of cannabis use. They also involve promoting healthy activities that can replace drug use. Building strong support networks is also effective, as they help individuals cope with stress and other triggers for drug use.</p>



<p>Understanding cannabis abuse is crucial because of the prevalence of cannabis use and its potential to lead to significant harm for some individuals. Despite the trend toward legalization in many places, the risks associated with cannabis abuse continue to be a public health concern.</p>



<p>It's always recommended to seek professional help if you or someone you know is struggling with cannabis abuse.</p>

Cannabis abuse trends much higher in people who experienced childhood trauma

Young people are at a heightened risk of problematic adolescent...

Bee,-,Apis,Mellifera,-,Pollinates,A,Blossom,Of,The

<p>Despite the romanticized image of honeybees, a new study unveils an unexpected truth. Not all bees are equally beneficial for the plant species they pollinate.</p>



<p>San Diego is an area well-known for its diverse flora and fauna. Nestled into its lively landscapes, scientists from the <a href="https://ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California San Diego (UCSD)</a> are revealing intriguing insights into the world of pollinators.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-bees-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bees</a>, recognized as key pollinators, are integral to the floral abundance of San Diego. However, the impact varies significantly among different types of bees.</p>



<p>For example, honeybees, foreign to the Americas, produce plant offspring of considerably lower quality than those pollinated by native bees.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-we-learned-that-honeybee-pollination-is-inferior">How we learned that honeybee pollination is inferior</h2>



<p>These findings were detailed in the study recently published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. They offer a new perspective on the role of honeybees in local biodiversity.</p>



<p>This study is considered a pioneering piece of research that compares offspring quality or 'fitness' between plants pollinated by honeybees and those pollinated by other floral visitors.</p>



<p>Earlier research had hinted at the dominance of feral honeybees in San Diego. They account for over 90 percent of pollinators observed around local flowers.</p>



<p>Dillon Travis is a recent graduate from <a href="https://biology.ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSD's School of Biological Sciences</a>. Travis, along with Professor Joshua Kohn, authored this research.</p>



<p>They have discovered that honeybees visit approximately twice as many flowers on a single plant, compared to native insects, before moving to the next one.</p>



<p>Their meticulous foraging behavior, however, seems to be counterproductive. The reason being, most pollen delivered to the flowers comes from the same individual plant. This is a process known as self-pollination. It often results in lower-quality offspring.</p>



<h2>What happens when honeybee pollination dominates a region</h2>



<p>To examine the effect of such pollination practices, the researchers conducted a range of experiments. They evaluated the fitness of plant offspring across different factors. These included seed maturation, germination, survival, growth, and reproduction.</p>



<p>The team used three common plant species native to San Diego County for their research. They conducted their work at locations like the Elliott Chaparral and Dawson Los Monos Canyon Reserves under the University of California Natural Reserve System.</p>



<p>The team explored a variety of conditions. These included natural pollination, no pollination, honeybee pollination, native bee pollination, and both self- and cross-hand pollination.</p>



<h2>Plants pollinated by native insects produce better offspring</h2>



<p>After four to six weeks, they collected seeds from each scenario and compared the fitness of each. Their findings were surprising. Offspring resulting from pollination by native insects, mainly various species of bees, were two to five times more likely to mature, germinate, grow, and reproduce. Thus, they were deemed more 'fit' than those resulting from pollination by honeybees.</p>



<p>Professor Kohn, a professor in the Department of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, commented, “While honeybees are perceived as beautiful mutualists that are helping plants with reproduction, it turns out they may not be as good for plants as many native pollinators. We have found that they deliver lower quality pollen than do native pollinators.”</p>



<p>Interestingly, honeybees’ tendency to visit more flowers per plant than other pollinators leads to higher levels of self-pollination. This results in lower quality offspring. A related study indicated this pattern was consistent across 44 different plant species. Those included both crop and non-crop plants.</p>



<p>Originating from Europe, Western Asia, and Africa, honeybees were introduced to the Americas in the 17th century. Today, they account for around 13 percent of all global floral visits to native vegetation.</p>



<p>In San Diego, often dubbed as 'honeybee heaven', honeybees visit flowers more frequently than nearly anywhere else in the world. The region is also home to over <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-diversity-is-critical-to-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">650 species of native bees</a> and other pollinating insects that interact with at least 2,400 types of plants. That’s more than any other county in the United States.</p>



<h2>Honeybee pollination opens the door to invasive species</h2>



<p>The researchers worry that honeybees lowering seed fitness of native plants might increase the susceptibility of the native plant community to invasion by introduced plant species that don't require insect pollination. These are often invasive grasses and other species that contribute to the spread of wildfires.</p>



<p>Travis points out, “People see honeybees as providing a valuable service, which is pollination, but there’s a decent amount of evidence to show that they’re competing with native insects for resources like pollen and nectar.”</p>



<p>Travis also expressed concern over the potential risk of viruses transmitted from honeybees to native bees.</p>



<p>“Many conservation efforts are focused on saving the honeybee, but they are not in any danger of going extinct. In fact, their numbers have been increasing. The organisms that do need our help are the native plants and bees.” he concluded.</p>



<p>These findings challenge us to rethink the role and impact of different pollinators in our ecosystems and conservation efforts.</p>



<h2>More about honeybees</h2>



<p>Honeybees, known scientifically as the genus "Apis," are a group of insects famed for their role in pollination and for producing honey and beeswax. Here's a comprehensive look at honeybees:</p>



<h3>Origin and Distribution</h3>



<p>Honeybees are native to Europe, Western Asia, and Africa. They have also been introduced to other parts of the world, including North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. There are several species of honeybees, including the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), which is most commonly kept by beekeepers.</p>



<h3>Physical Characteristics</h3>



<p>Honeybees are generally about 15 mm long and oval-shaped, with a golden-yellow and brown to black coloration. They have a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae, and three simple eyes on the top of the head. Honeybees have two pairs of wings and a stinger.</p>



<h3>Social Structure</h3>



<p>Honeybees live in colonies housed in hives. Each colony has a single queen, many workers (which are female), and drones (which are male). The queen's primary role is reproduction. She can lay up to 2000 eggs per day during spring buildup.</p>



<p>Worker bees perform a range of tasks, including foraging for nectar and pollen, making honey, building and repairing the hive, and guarding the colony. Drones' sole function is to mate with a new queen.</p>



<h3>Honey Production</h3>



<p>Honeybees make honey from the nectar they collect from flowering plants. Inside the beehive, they use their wings to evaporate water from the nectar, creating honey. The honey is then stored in the honeycomb, which bees make out of beeswax.</p>



<h3>Honeybee Pollination</h3>



<p>As honeybees go from flower to flower to gather nectar, they spread pollen among the blooms. This pollination is crucial for the fertilization and reproduction of many plants, including a large number of crops that people rely on for food.</p>



<h3>Communication</h3>



<p>Honeybees use complex communication methods. One of the most notable is the "waggle dance," which worker bees use to inform others about the location of food sources. They also use pheromones for communication.</p>



<h3>Threats</h3>



<p>Honeybees face numerous threats, including pesticides, habitat loss, parasites (like the Varroa mite), disease, and climate change. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) is a significant problem in some parts of the world, where worker bees suddenly disappear, leaving the queen and a few nurse bees behind.</p>



<h3>Conservation</h3>



<p>There are various efforts underway to protect and conserve honeybee populations. This includes research into diseases and pests that affect honeybees, breeding programs to create more resilient bees, regulations to reduce pesticide use, and initiatives to plant more wildflowers to provide food for bees.</p>



<h3>Honeybee Product</h3>



<p>In addition to honey, honeybees produce several other products that humans use. These include beeswax (used in candles, cosmetics, and food), pollen (collected by bees and used as a health food), royal jelly (a food for bee larvae and queens that is also used in health supplements), and propolis (a resinous material used in natural health products).</p>



<h3>Beekeeping</h3>



<p>Honeybees are kept in beehives by beekeepers, who often provide the bees with a human-made hive. Beekeepers may manage bees to harvest honey and other bee products, to provide pollination services for crops, or for enjoyment.</p>



<p>Remember, while honeybees are beneficial and generally not aggressive, they can and will sting to defend their hive. It's always important to respect their space and handle them properly if you're a beekeeper.</p>

Honeybee pollination produces plant offspring vastly inferior to plants pollinated by other species

Despite the romanticized image of honeybees, a new study unveils...

Young,Woman,Listening,Music,And,Enjoying,Cup,Of,Coffee,At

<p>In our fast-paced world, many of us kick start our day with a morning ritual that includes a steaming cup of coffee full of caffeine. Most people turn to this bitter delight not just for its rich taste, but for its ability to wake us up and enhance our productivity.</p>



<p>But have you ever wondered what gives coffee this power? Is it solely because of its caffeine content. Or is it more about the entire experience of drinking coffee?</p>



<p>To find the answers, a group of Portuguese researchers have embarked on a scientific journey. They focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dedicated-coffee-drinkers-have-lower-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regular coffee-drinkers</a> to find out what was actually giving them the energy boost.</p>



<p>Prof. Nuno Sousa from the University of Minho is the leading author of <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1176382/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this study</a>. He explains that it's a general belief that "coffee increases alertness and psychomotor functioning."</p>



<p>The researchers hoped to uncover the potential benefits and factors that can influence this phenomenon. They did so by gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that trigger these effects.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-they-conducted-the-morning-cup-of-coffee-placebo-study">How they conducted the morning cup of coffee/placebo study</h2>



<p>The experiment involved volunteers who consume at least one cup of coffee daily. The researchers instructed these participants to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-before-breakfast-has-a-negative-impact-on-metabolism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abstain from any food</a> or caffeinated drinks for a minimum of three hours prior to the study.</p>



<p>The researchers gathered sociodemographic data through interviews. They then conducted two quick functional MRI scans following the interviews.</p>



<p>One scan done before, and the other scan done thirty minutes after consuming caffeine, or a standardized cup of coffee. During the MRI scans, the researchers asked the participants to relax and let their thoughts wander.</p>



<p>The researchers' hypothesis was based on the known neurochemical impacts of coffee. They anticipated that the MRI scans from the coffee drinkers would reveal enhanced integration of certain brain regions.</p>



<p>One of the networks they scanned is tied to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-thinking-hard-make-us-tired/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prefrontal cortex</a>. This brain region is linked with executive memory. The other brain region they focused on was the default mode network. This region is involved in self-reflection and introspection.</p>



<h2>Results from the morning cup of coffee vs. caffeine test</h2>



<p>Indeed, their results showed that both drinking coffee and consuming caffeine reduced the connectivity of the default mode network. This suggests that whether it's caffeine or a cup of coffee, either will do the trick.</p>



<p>Their study demonstrated that both caffeine and coffee can gear individuals up to transition from a state of rest to a state of task-oriented work.</p>



<p>However, what really sets coffee apart is its ability to increase connectivity in the higher visual network and the right executive control network. These brain regions are responsible for working memory, cognitive control, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-improve-group-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">goal-directed behavior</a>.</p>



<p>Remarkably, when participants consumed only caffeine, the researchers did not observe this heightened connectivity. In short, if you want to feel not only alert but also ready for action, merely ingesting caffeine won't cut it. You will need that full coffee experience.</p>



<h2>Caffeine and a cup of coffee have different brain impacts</h2>



<p>Dr. Maria Picó-Pérez of <a href="https://www.uji.es/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaume I University</a>, the first author of the study, breaks down the findings.</p>



<p>“Acute coffee consumption decreased the functional connectivity between brain regions of the default mode network...the subjects were more ready for action and alert to external stimuli after having coffee.”</p>



<p>She also suggested that while some of the effects are likely related to caffeine, other effects seem unique to coffee. Factors like coffee's distinctive aroma and taste possibly drive this finding. Or the psychological expectations tied to the drink could play a role.</p>



<h2>Limitations of the study open future new exploration paths</h2>



<p>However, the researchers acknowledged some limitations in their study. They couldn't distinguish the impacts of solely experiencing the act of drinking coffee from the effects of the experience combined with caffeine intake.</p>



<p>Additionally, they didn't test the theory that coffee drinkers might be experiencing relief from withdrawal symptoms. This physical state could also contribute to the perceived benefits.</p>



<p>Furthermore, as Prof. Sousa cautions, the observed changes in connectivity were studied during a resting-state sequence. Researchers would infer any assumed link to psychological and cognitive processes based on the common functions associated with the identified regions and networks.</p>



<p>However, such links were not directly tested. He also highlighted the potential for individual differences in caffeine metabolism among participants. This presents an interesting avenue for future exploration.</p>



<p>This intriguing study, while limited in certain respects, opens the door to a deeper understanding of the fascinating relationship between coffee, our brains, and our day-to-day productivity.</p>



<h2>More about coffee and caffeine</h2>



<p>Coffee, a popular and versatile beverage, is enjoyed by people worldwide. It has a rich history that dates back centuries. Here's a detailed overview of coffee:</p>



<h3>Origin</h3>



<p>Coffee's origins can be traced back to the 15th century in the highlands of Ethiopia. Legend has it that a shepherd noticed his goats were unusually energetic after eating berries from a certain tree.</p>



<p>These berries were coffee cherries. From Ethiopia, coffee spread to Egypt and Yemen, and by the 16th century, it had reached Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa.</p>



<h3>Types of Coffee Beans</h3>



<p>There are two main types of coffee beans consumed worldwide: Arabica and Robusta.</p>



<p>People generally consider Arabica beans, which make up about 70% of the world's coffee, to have a more refined flavor profile. People often describe it as having a sweeter, softer taste with hints of sugar, fruit, and berries.</p>



<p>Robusta, on the other hand, has a stronger, more bitter taste. It has a grain-like overtone and peanutty aftertaste. Robusta contains nearly twice the amount of caffeine as Arabica. Manufacturers often use it in espresso blends to create a nice crema and add body.</p>



<h3>Processing and Roasting</h3>



<p>Once the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-birds-and-the-bees-boost-coffee-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee cherries are harvested</a>, they must be processed to extract the coffee beans. The most common methods are the wet (or washed) process and the dry (or natural) process.</p>



<p>Each method influences the final taste of the coffee. After processing, they dry and sort the beans before roasting them.</p>



<p>Roasting transforms the green coffee beans into the dark brown beans we're familiar with. The level of roast – light, medium, or dark – greatly affects the flavor of the coffee.</p>



<p>Light roasts are more acidic and retain most of the original coffee characteristics. Medium roasts balance acidity and body. Dark roasts have a smoky, bitter flavor and are less acidic.</p>



<h3>Brewing Methods</h3>



<p>There are various ways to brew coffee. These include using a drip coffee maker, French press, espresso machine, pour-over system, or Moka pot.</p>



<p>Each method results in a different taste and strength of the coffee. They range from the concentrated, full-bodied shot of espresso to the lighter, more aromatic pour-over brew.</p>



<h3>Health Effects from a Cup of Coffee</h3>



<p>Coffee has a complex mix of chemicals including caffeine, antioxidants, and diterpenes. These have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-great-coffee-debate-harmful-or-beneficial/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">various impacts on our health</a>.</p>



<p>Caffeine, the most well-known component, is a stimulant. It can improve mood, alertness, and mental performance. However, too much can lead to restlessness, insomnia, and irregular heartbeat.</p>



<p>Research indicates that moderate coffee consumption may have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-stimulates-digestion-and-protects-against-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several health benefits</a>. These include reduced risk of several types of cancer, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.</p>



<p>Coffee is also high in antioxidants, which can help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-lowers-risk-of-premature-death-from-all-causes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protect against many illnesses</a>. However, it can also increase blood pressure and cause digestive problems, so moderation is key.</p>



<h3>Economic Importance</h3>



<p>Coffee is a major export commodity. It is the top agricultural export for numerous countries. In addition, developing countries export coffee as one of their most valuable commodities.</p>



<p>The global coffee industry earns an estimated $60 billion annually.</p>



<h3>Environmental Impact</h3>



<p>Coffee cultivation can have various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-coffee-trade-is-increasingly-threatened-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impacts</a>, including deforestation and harm to wildlife. Unfortunately, people clear forests to make way for coffee plantations. However, the industry increasingly promotes sustainable farming practices.</p>

The energy boost from your morning cup of coffee may be a placebo instead of the caffeine

In our fast-paced world, many of us kick start our...

<p>The intense public discourse surrounding a contentious energy technology, BECCS, is the focus of a recent study. Advocates label this technology as a pivotal tool in the fight against climate change. On the other side, detractors argue it could be even more harmful than coal.</p>



<p>Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, or BECCS, is a significant part of the UK government's strategy to achieve a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/residual-emissions-must-be-addressed-to-reach-net-zero/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">net-zero econom</a>y by 2050.</p>



<p>The technology functions by burning plant matter for energy. It then stores the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions underground.</p>



<p>However, it has generated a dichotomy of opinions among scientists, politicians, and media outlets. This is due to its potential environmental implications and low public awareness.</p>



<h2 id="h-a-study-to-understand-what-the-public-thinks-about-beccs">A study to understand what the public thinks about BECCS</h2>



<p>In an effort to better understand how BECCS is perceived, the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> has conducted a comprehensive study of 166 newspaper articles discussing the technology.</p>



<p>"With public understanding of BECCS so limited, the media has a crucial role in shaping debate and opinion on the technology," Caspar Donnison, Research Fellow in Biological Sciences at the University of Southampton and lead author of the research, remarks.</p>



<p>Donnison mentions the relevance of this process by drawing parallels to the discourse surrounding fracking. In that debate, "competing storylines are used to influence social acceptance of a new technology."</p>



<h2>What the BECCS study learned</h2>



<p>Published in Energy Research &amp; Social Science, the study identified eight main storylines in the media about BECCS. These narratives were divided into two categories: Pro-BECCS and Anti-BECCS.</p>



<p>Pro-BECCS narratives include: Necessary mitigation tool, Keeping the lights on, Anchor for transition, and Revolutionary technology.</p>



<p>Anti-BECCS narratives, on the other hand, consist of Worse than coal, Environmental disaster, No silver bullet, and Distraction.</p>



<p>Over half of the analyzed articles mentioned the Necessary mitigation tool narrative. This emphasizes the perceived importance of BECCS in combating climate change.</p>



<p>Among its proponents is the <a href="https://www.drax.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drax Group</a>. They plan to operate the world's largest BECCS facility at its power station in Yorkshire. Drax CEO Will Gardiner is a notable advocate of this storyline, along with government spokespeople, the UK Committee on Climate Change (CCC), and Microsoft.</p>



<h2>Some link BECCS to geopolitical issues</h2>



<p>Other narratives were tied to geopolitical or regional issues. For instance, the Keeping the lights on narrative gained ground after Russia invaded Ukraine. Yorkshire's local media, in particular, focused on the Anchor for transition and Revolutionary technology narratives.</p>



<p>Rishi Sunak MP, before becoming Prime Minister, referred to the Drax project as "transformative for the region’s economy." He associated BECCS with economic development and bridging regional disparities.</p>



<p>Professor Gail Taylor, co-author of the study, commented, "Drax’s proposals in Yorkshire have had a major influence on the UK debate, driving more articles from three regional newspapers than all the national coverage combined. The pro-BECCS coalition enjoyed greater dominance in local news media, where the necessity framing was complemented with the promise of socioeconomic benefits to the region."</p>



<h2>The “BECCS is worse than coal” narrative has gained traction</h2>



<p>However, not all narratives about BECCS are positive. The Worse than coal narrative gained traction after a BBC Panorama documentary critiqued Drax's supply chain.</p>



<p>Environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and others alleged that biomass combustion could result in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar CO2 emissions to coal</a>. Furthermore, these groups expressed concern that the carbon may not be re-absorbed by replanting trees. Also, the supply-chain emissions could increase the overall carbon cost.</p>



<p>The study also identified narratives framing BECCS as an Environmental disaster and a Distraction. The former suggests that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-causes-biomass-loss-beyond-directly-affected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land required for biomass</a> could threaten wildlife and food production. The latter suggests BECCS could serve as an excuse to continue emitting CO2.</p>



<p>Some articles also suggest BECCS is No silver bullet, questioning the feasibility of implementing the technology on a large scale.</p>



<p>In light of these varied perceptions, Donnison cautions, "The UK government is relying on BECCS to help deliver their net-zero strategy but the battle for public opinion is far from won."</p>



<p>He suggests that to gain wider acceptance, BECCS should be sustainably sourced and deployed in a targeted, limited manner. "But if public concerns aren’t addressed, the government will have to look to a fast-diminishing list of alternative technological and policy options."</p>



<h2>More about Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS)</h2>



<p>Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is a greenhouse gas mitigation technology which produces negative carbon dioxide emissions by combining bioenergy (energy from biomass) use with geologic carbon capture and storage.</p>



<p>The concept of BECCS is drawn from the integration of trees and crops, which extract carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere as they grow, the use of this biomass in power plants or industrial facilities to generate electricity or produce other forms of energy, and the application of carbon capture and storage technologies to sequester the CO2 produced in these processes.</p>



<p>Here's a more detailed breakdown of how it works:</p>



<h3>Biomass Growth</h3>



<p>Biomass (e.g., trees, crops) absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.</p>



<h3>Energy Production</h3>



<p>This biomass is harvested and converted into energy through processes such as combustion or gasification. These processes produce CO2.</p>



<h3>Carbon Capture</h3>



<p>The CO2 produced in step 2 is captured at the point of emission (e.g., at the power plant where the biomass is burned). The captured CO2 is typically compressed into a liquid-like state.</p>



<h3>Carbon Storage</h3>



<p>The captured and compressed CO2 is transported (usually through pipelines) and then injected deep underground into geologic formations where it is permanently stored. This storage process is often referred to as sequestration.</p>



<p>The concept of BECCS has been gaining attention because it's one of the few climate change solutions that could result in negative emissions. This would effectively remove existing CO2 from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>BECCS could play a critical role in efforts to limit global warming to 1.5 or 2 degrees Celsius, targets outlined in the Paris Agreement.</p>



<p>However, there are significant challenges and controversies associated with BECCS:</p>



<h3>Land Use</h3>



<p>BECCS requires large amounts of land to grow the biomass. This could lead to land-use changes, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. It could also compete with agricultural land, potentially impacting food security.</p>



<h3>Water Use</h3>



<p>Biomass crops require water, potentially increasing competition for water resources.</p>



<h3>Energy Use</h3>



<p>The process of capturing, compressing, transporting, and storing CO2 uses energy, which must be factored into calculations of the net energy and emissions produced by BECCS.</p>



<h3>Scale</h3>



<p>It's uncertain whether BECCS can be scaled up quickly enough to meet emissions reduction targets.</p>



<h3>Carbon Neutrality Assumption</h3>



<p>BECCS is based on the premise that biomass is carbon-neutral because the CO2 released when it is burned was originally absorbed from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>However, this assumption doesn't take into account that CO2 absorbed by trees and crops would have been absorbed by natural vegetation anyway. It also doesn't account for the fact that CO2 is released immediately upon combustion, while it takes years for trees and crops to re-absorb it.</p>



<h3>Long-term Storage</h3>



<p>There are concerns about the safety and permanence of underground CO2 storage, including the potential for leaks.</p>



<p>Given these challenges, while BECCS is seen as a potentially powerful tool in the fight against climate change, it is not viewed as a silver bullet and must be pursued in combination with a broad array of other mitigation measures.</p>

BECCS: A divisive energy technology hailed as a "climate solution" by some, and "worse than coal" by others

The intense public discourse surrounding a contentious energy technology, BECCS,...

Farmer's,Hand,Watering,A,Young,Plant,,Modern,Agriculture,With,Technology

<p>It's a known fact that plants have an uncanny knack for survival. They have learned to send signals and also use hormones called ABA. These stratgies regulate their internal and external systems.</p>



<p>Scientists from the <a href="https://www.slcu.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University (SLCU)</a> have now shed light on a fascinating new piece of the survival puzzle.</p>



<p>According to their recent findings, plants have a clever way of dealing with dry conditions. They send signals from the leaves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deeper-plant-roots-could-boost-soil-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">down to the roots</a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-plants-send-signals-using-shoot-to-root-signaling">Plants send signals using “shoot-to-root signaling”</h2>



<p>This is a new pathway the scientists call "shoot-to-root signaling." This ensures that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-how-plant-roots-penetrate-hard-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">roots keep growing towards water</a>, even when the surrounding soil is dry.</p>



<p>Here's a quick science recap for you. When plants are under drought stress, they produce a hormone known as abscisic acid (ABA). This hormone has long been considered a "drought stress" hormone.</p>



<h2>How does abscisic acid (ABA) help plants send signals?</h2>



<p>Until recently, scientists held the belief that the roots produced ABA. Then, it traveled to the leaves to aid the plant in conserving water. The hormone works by closing tiny leaf pores, known as stomata. These stomata prevent the plant from losing water.</p>



<p>But science always has room for new discoveries. Over the past few years, plant scientists have uncovered more about this process. They found out that roots send ABA to the leaves. In addition, leaves can also produce their own ABA.</p>



<p>Here comes the surprising part. The SLCU team, led by Dr. Alexander Jones, has found out that leaves can do even more.</p>



<p>Leaves exposed to low humidity or dry air send a signal down to the roots. This signal triggers the roots to keep growing using ABA.</p>



<p>This discovery was a big surprise to scientists. Scientists have always considered ABA a growth stopper, not a growth starter.</p>



<h2>Why is ABA finding significant?</h2>



<p>Well, this “shoot-to-root signaling” potentially helps the plant to look for water deeper in the soil. This gives the plant a better chance of surviving in dry conditions. </p>



<p>The signaling pathway could act as an early warning system. It allows the plant to prepare for upcoming water shortages.</p>



<h2>How did the scientists make this discovery?</h2>



<p>The research team developed and used a new, next-generation biosensor, named ABACUS2. This biosensor helped them to detect ABA levels in living plants. It also allowed them to see exactly how environmental stress, such as dry conditions, could increase these hormone levels.</p>



<p>"We've known for several years that, at low humidity, plants prioritize root growth," said Dr. James Rowe, the first author of the study.</p>



<p>He further added, "The molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon have been a mystery until ABACUS2 allowed us to measure ABA concentrations at the cellular level in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings.”</p>



<p>Rowe continued, “We saw that when the leaves experience low humidity stress that ABA accumulates in the root tips. The leaves are reacting to the dry air and telling the roots to continue growing, enabling plants to maintain foraging of deeper soil for water."</p>



<h2>ABA delivers more surprises</h2>



<p>What's even more surprising is that this growth-promoting role of ABA goes against its traditional understanding. ABA is usually considered a growth inhibitor. </p>



<p>However, this study shows that it can also stimulate root growth. This helps plants to continue their search for water in dry conditions.</p>



<p>"The root ABA comes from the phloem, which transports sugars and hormones from the shoot and is unloaded in the root tip. ABA signaling can fine-tune root growth as humidity varies," said Dr. Alexander Jones.</p>



<h2>ABA can help scientists manage climate change impact</h2>



<p>This discovery is not just academically interesting. It also has practical implications. This is especially true for understanding how crops adapt to changing environmental conditions.</p>



<p>For instance, it offers insights into the potential reactions of crops, grown under irrigation, when they encounter dry air and wet soil. This is a condition that's becoming increasingly common with climate change.</p>



<p>As with all scientific discoveries, there's more to be learned. The SLCU team plans to dig deeper into these mechanisms.</p>



<p>The next study will focus on the signals between the leaves and roots under drought and low humidity stress. Their findings so far already mark a significant step forward in understanding the intricate survival tactics of plants.</p>



<h2>More about plants’ communication systems</h2>



<p>Plants have intricate internal and external communication systems. These incredible natural mechanisms allow them to adapt to their environment and interact with other organisms. Plants also send signals to coordinate their own growth and development.</p>



<p>Plant communication systems involve a multitude of chemical signals. These include hormones and secondary metabolites. They also send physical signals, such as electrical impulses and mechanical pressure.</p>



<h3>Internal Communication</h3>



<p>The internal communication within a plant is mainly regulated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-overreact-to-warmer-weather-and-stop-producing-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant hormones</a>. One part of the plant produces these hormones and transports them to other parts. There, they exert their effects.</p>



<p>Plants have several classes of hormones, each with a unique role:</p>



<h4>Auxins</h4>



<p>These primarily participate in cell elongation, apical dominance, and root development.</p>



<h4>Cytokinins</h4>



<p>They promote cell division and bud formation.</p>



<h4>Gibberellins</h4>



<p>They stimulate stem elongation and seed germination.</p>



<h4>Abscisic Acid (ABA)</h4>



<p>It participates in many plant developmental processes, including seed and bud dormancy, controlling organ size, and responding to environmental stresses like drought.</p>



<h4>Ethylene</h4>



<p>It regulates many aspects of growth and development, including ripening of fruit, shedding of leaves, and aging.</p>



<p>Plants also have a vascular system, comprising the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genes-identified-to-protect-crops-from-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">xylem</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-energy-do-plants-use-to-lift-water-from-the-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phloem</a>. These act as an information superhighway.</p>



<p>The xylem transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. The phloem transports sugars, hormones, and other signaling molecules from the leaves. </p>



<p>From there, they are produced via photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.</p>



<p>In addition to chemical signaling, plants can also use electrical signals to communicate internally. These signals can be triggered by environmental stimuli. </p>



<p>Disturbances such as injury or changes in light trigger these signals. They can then propagate rapidly throughout the plant, triggering various responses.</p>



<h3>External Communication</h3>



<p>Plants also communicate with their external environment and interact with other organisms.</p>



<h4>Chemical Signaling</h4>



<p>Plants can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air, which can serve various purposes. Some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-threatens-the-health-of-plants-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a> can attract pollinators, while others can ward off herbivores. </p>



<p>Some plants can even release VOCs that signal nearby plants of the same species about an imminent threat, like an insect attack, prompting those plants to start producing defensive chemicals.</p>



<h4>Physical Interactions</h4>



<p>Plants can also respond to physical contact. For instance, climbing plants have specialized structures called tendrils that can sense contact with a physical support and respond by coiling around it.</p>



<h4>Light Signaling</h4>



<p>Plants can perceive and respond to light. This is crucial for processes such as phototropism (growth towards light) and photoperiodism (response to day length). They do this using photoreceptor proteins that can sense different wavelengths of light.</p>



<p>In conclusion, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant communication</a> is a complex network of chemical and physical signals. They regulate plant growth, development, and interactions with the environment.</p>



<p>These sophisticated communication systems enable plants to thrive in a wide range of habitats. This is the main reason we see plants everywhere from arid deserts to lush rainforests.</p>



<p>Researchers continue to uncover more about these fascinating systems. Their studies help us better understand how plants adapt to their environment and respond to stress.</p>

Plant leaves send signals to their roots on dry days telling them to keep digging deeper for water

It's a known fact that plants have an uncanny knack...

<p>Lying beneath our coastal waters, seagrasses represent a crucial yet overlooked member of the marine food chain. These vast meadows perform a variety of functions that benefit both the planet and humanity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Seagrass meadows produce oxygen, absorb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tech-can-capture-carbon-dioxide-from-the-atmosphere/">carbon dioxide</a>, provide sustenance and shelter for various marine organisms, and significantly contribute to the global marine food chain. However, according to a recent study conducted by <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/">Stanford</a> researchers, these ecosystems may be at risk of vanishing due to the impacts of climate change.</p>



<p>Oceans are estimated to absorb about 80% of the excess heat generated by greenhouse gas emissions, which will pose severe challenges to marine species. What remains less known, however, is how seagrasses, a fundamental group in the marine food chain, will adapt or survive.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The simple question we ask in this paper is, 'How will seagrasses – which are a foundational group in the marine food chain – respond to climate change?'" said study lead author Barnabas Daru, a professor in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-are-seagrass-meadows-important">Why are seagrass meadows important?</h2>



<p>Seagrasses are an ancient group of plants that first originated in the ocean, colonized the land, and then returned to the sea around 140 million years ago. These unique ecosystems offer grazing grounds for herbivores such as endangered green sea turtles, manatees, and parrotfish.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They also provide shelter for shrimp, marine invertebrates, and fish, while simultaneously serving as nurseries for approximately 20% of the world's major commercial fisheries.</p>



<p>Many marine organisms depend directly on seagrasses for their survival. However, their influence extends further, offering indirect benefits to a wider array of species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"For example, sharks feed on marine animals that, in turn, may feed directly or indirectly on plants," explained Professor Daru. "If anything affects these foundational species at the beginning of the food chain, it will have cascading effects on other organisms that depend on them high up in the food chain, including humans."</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Given the expansive distribution of seagrasses, spanning roughly 116,000 square miles of coastline across 191 countries and all continents save for Antarctica, modeling the impacts of climate change on these plants is indeed a colossal task. To tackle this, the researchers began by mapping the location and abundance of seagrass species using about a century's worth of samples gathered from coastal ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team used field data and information from public seagrass databases, such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and Seagrass-Watch. To compensate for uneven sampling, the researchers used data from extensively sampled regions, like North America and Europe, to predict seagrass habitats for under-sampled areas like Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific.</p>



<p>The researchers then developed global "snapshots" of current oceanic climate and two future timeframes, 2040-2050 and 2090-2100, based on geophysical and environmental data from the Bio-ORACLE website. They modeled four different scenarios for each time period, ranging from a "best-case" climate with low greenhouse gas concentrations, to a "worst-case" scenario characterized by high greenhouse gas concentrations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Each of these scenarios took into account crucial variables like sea temperature, salinity, and sea current speed that significantly influence seagrass growth, distribution, and photosynthesis.</p>



<p>To project future seagrass populations and distributions, Daru and Rock applied a computer model that correlated observed species occurrences to each climate scenario.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that even under the best-case scenario, seagrasses will face significant reductions in species diversity and composition. Disturbingly, these reductions were observed in every modeled scenario, including the best-case one.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It probably means that ‘the best’ is still not enough," said Professor Daru. “We have to be more intentional in how conservation efforts are prioritized and this sort of analysis points to the places where these efforts should be done.”</p>



<p>Significant declines were particularly notable in areas referred to as hotspots that are currently outside the existing marine protected areas network. This observation shows that even the currently designated marine protected areas may not be sufficient to prevent the projected decline of seagrass populations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the experts, this is a stark reminder that the current strategies in place to protect these essential ecosystems may not be adequate to ensure their survival in the face of mounting climate change pressures.</p>



<h2 id="h-potential-consequences">Potential consequences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"One of the signatures of this modern era of profound human impact on the environment is not even the loss of species, but the reorganization of biotic communities," said Professor Daru.&nbsp;</p>



<p>He further warned that the homogenization of seagrass communities could lead to a loss of their distinctiveness and uniqueness, making them more susceptible to disease and extreme weather events. This would not only impact the vital ecosystem services that these communities provide but also the diverse marine life that depends on them.</p>



<p>A change in seagrass communities could force marine animals that rely on specific seagrasses to either adapt to less favored species or relocate if their preferred seagrass is lost, resulting in a reduction of their fitness and survival.</p>



<h2 id="h-conservation-efforts-are-urgently-needed">Conservation efforts are urgently needed</h2>



<p>Despite these grim projections, the study does not necessarily spell doom and gloom for seagrass meadows. Professor Daru noted that the research has also identified hotspots of change in species diversity and phylogenetic diversity. These areas represent priority regions for conservation efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our goal, our hope is that by pointing policymakers and conservationists to focus on these hotspots, marine protection will be increased in these areas and the future of seagrasses will - to some extent - be safeguarded,” he expresses.</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research was made possible through the support of the U.S. <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/">National Science Foundation</a>. The study underlines the critical role seagrasses play in marine ecosystems and the need for a focused and intentional approach towards their conservation, particularly in the face of climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Seagrasses face an uncertain future due to climate change

Lying beneath our coastal waters, seagrasses represent a crucial yet...

Carrot,Juice,In,Glass,And,Fresh,Carrots,Healthy,Food,On

<p>In a major breakthrough in nutrition and health research, a team of scientists from IDIBAPS and the <a href="https://www.uoc.edu/portal/en/index.html">Universitat Oberta de Catalunya</a> (UOC) has discovered that higher levels of carotenes in the blood can be linked with a reduced degree of atherosclerosis in the arteries, and consequently, a lower risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/steep-rise-in-cardiovascular-disease-expected-in-the-u-s/">cardiovascular diseases</a>. The study brings a new perspective to our understanding of the vital role that diet plays in cardiovascular health.</p>



<p>Atherosclerosis is a common yet dangerous condition, characterized by the accumulation of LDL cholesterol, often referred to as "bad cholesterol," on the interior walls of the blood vessels. Over time, this cholesterol builds up to form atherosclerotic plaques, which can lead to a constriction of the blood vessel's internal diameter, effectively impeding blood circulation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the worst-case scenario, these plaques can rupture, causing clots that block blood flow, leading to critical health events such as heart attacks or ischaemic strokes. Such events occur when the obstruction prevents blood from reaching the heart or brain.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-role-of-carotenes">The role of carotenes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Within this complex interplay of health factors, carotenes - bioactive compounds present in a range of fruits and vegetables - have emerged as a potential solution. Carotenes are most commonly found in yellow, orange and green fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, spinach, lettuce, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, broccoli, bell peppers, mangoes, apricots and pumpkins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Previous research has suggested that carotenes are capable of checking atherosclerosis. "However, the studies carried out to date have not been conclusive and it even appears that, when administered as a supplement, they have a prejudicial effect," explained Gemma Chiva Blanch, who led the study.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The groundbreaking research, which is now published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.05.005">Clinical Nutrition</a>, was focused on a sample of 200 participants between the ages of 50 and 70. These volunteers were recruited by the IDIBAPS Primary healthcare transversal research group, led by Antoni Sisó Almirall.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts meticulously examined two parameters among the participants: the concentration of carotenes in the blood and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid artery. This was achieved using ultrasound imaging.</p>



<h2 id="h-remarkable-results">Remarkable results</h2>



<p>The results were quite revealing. "The study concludes that the greater the concentration of carotenes in the blood, the lesser the atherosclerotic burden, particularly in women," said Chiva Blanch. "So, we can confirm that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables and thus in carotenes lowers the risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases."</p>



<p>This study is likely to have a profound impact on the way we understand the relationship between diet and cardiovascular health, potentially prompting a shift towards a more carotene-rich diet for better heart health. However, more research is needed to better understand how these bioactive compounds can be most effectively utilized, especially given the inconclusiveness of prior studies using carotene supplements.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-carotenes">More about carotenes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Carotenes are a type of pigment found in many fruits and vegetables, lending them their vibrant colors. They are part of a larger class of phytochemicals known as carotenoids, which also include compounds such as lycopene and zeaxanthin. Carotenes are a powerful antioxidant, and they play several important roles in human health.</p>



<p>There are different types of carotenes, but the two most common ones are alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. Both types can be converted by the body into vitamin A, a nutrient that is essential for eye health, skin health, and immune function. The process of conversion happens in the liver, where enzymes cleave the carotene molecules into retinol, the active form of vitamin A.</p>



<p>The best dietary sources of carotenes are bright orange, red, yellow, and green fruits and vegetables. Some examples include carrots, sweet potatoes, bell peppers, spinach, kale, tomatoes, mangoes, and apricots. The exact amount of carotenes in these foods can vary depending on factors like ripeness, growing conditions, and how the food is cooked.</p>



<p>Although carotenes are beneficial for health, they need to be consumed as part of a balanced diet. The body is not able to make carotenes, so they need to be obtained from dietary sources. However, consuming too much carotene from supplements can be harmful and has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer in some studies. Finally, since carotenes are fat-soluble, they are best absorbed when consumed with a source of fat.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Carotenes have a powerful, positive effect on heart health

In a major breakthrough in nutrition and health research, a...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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