For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-think-they-found-two-key-bacteria-that-cause-multiple-sclerosis/">bacteria</a>, make up around 90% of the gut virome.



Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health.



A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IBD</a>), <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colonoscopy-vs-stool-tests-doctors-found-out-which-is-better-at-detecting-cancer/">colorectal cancer</a>, and Clostridium difficile infection (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15548-c-diff-infection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDI</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-s-virome-changes-across-life-stages">Gut's virome changes across life stages</h2>



The gut virome changes constantly throughout life. Infants show high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-that-eat-forever-chemicals-discovered-in-contaminated-soil/">diversity</a> in gut bacteriophages (also called phages), which is shaped by birth method, diet, and antibiotic exposure.



As individuals grow, diet and hormones refine the virome. In adults, phages and bacteria form a stable, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00536-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">balanced community</a>.



However, aging shifts this balance. Older adults show more lysogenic phages, which integrate into bacterial genomes and potentially alter metabolism and immune interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-environment-shape-the-virome">Diet and environment shape the virome</h2>



Diet greatly <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9455721/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influences</a> the virome. High-fiber diets support beneficial phages by encouraging helpful bacteria. Western diets, rich in fat and sugar, promote harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-bacteria-breathe-by-creating-electricity/">phages</a>.



Urbanization reduces exposure to natural viruses. Studies show that rural diets which are rich in fiber boost gut virome diversity.



Host genetics and immunity also play roles. Genetic variants can affect viral detection and clearance. Immune defenses, like <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/interferons" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interferons</a> and <a href="https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/receptors-molecules/immunoglobulin-iga" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IgA</a>, keep the virome balanced.



However, immune dysfunction can trigger viral imbalances, worsening conditions like HIV and gut inflammation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viruses-and-bacteria-interacting">Viruses and bacteria interacting</h2>



Viruses, including phages, along with bacteria and fungi form a complex and dynamic ecosystem in the gut. The components interact in positive and negative ways, thus affecting host metabolism, immune regulation and resistance to disease. 



The gut virome plays a crucial regulatory role in these intricate interactions. Phages interact with bacteria through lytic, lysogenic, and budding cycles, which regulate bacterial populations and gene flow. 



In a form of microbial arms race, the bacteria defend against phages using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crispr-used-to-remove-extra-chromosomes-in-down-syndrome-and-restore-cell-function/">CRISPR systems</a> and the phages evolve escape mechanisms.



Some phages even boost bacterial metabolism and biofilm formation, affecting disease risk. For instance, phages can transfer genes that enhance bacterial survival in acidic conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-influence-on-immunity">Virome’s influence on immunity</h2>



The virome affects gut immunity deeply. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-bacteria-get-hungry-they-turn-on-each-other/">Phages</a> can anchor to gut mucus and form a protective barrier. They also shape our own <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459471/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T and B cell</a> activity and regulate macrophages. In addition, viruses that infect eukaryotic cells affect immune pathways and maintain gut balance.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1s.webp" alt="This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine" class="wp-image-1976450"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine</figcaption></figure>



However, infections and antibiotics can disrupt this harmony and lead to inflammation. Phages can trigger TLR9 pathways, causing excessive immune responses such as those linked to IBD.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-role-in-disease">Virome’s role in disease</h2>



Imbalances in the gut virome have been linked to several gut diseases. In IBD, specific phages become abundant and worsen inflammation.



Certain groups of phages (such as Caudovirales) amplify immune responses, while norovirus and rotavirus can damage the gut lining. Viral imbalances are also common in IBS and CDI.



In colorectal cancer, phages and eukaryotic viruses like HPV and JC virus (polyomavirus) appear more often. They may promote tumor growth by altering bacterial communities and gene expression.



Studies suggest that some phages directly influence cancer risk by promoting biofilms and transferring harmful genes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-based-treatments">Virus-based treatments</h2>



Several therapies now explore the virome’s potential to treat certain diseases or conditions. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) restores gut balance and reduces inflammation in IBD and CDI.



FMT works not only by shifting bacteria but also by transferring beneficial phages. Studies show that donor phages often align quickly with recipients and promote recovery.



Phage therapy, which uses viruses to kill specific bacteria, is another approach that is gaining traction. It can reduce harmful microbes while preserving beneficial ones.



Researchers have created phage cocktails that target specific gut pathogens like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and this approach has had promising results in animal models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-as-a-tool-to-reshape-the-virome">Diet as a tool to reshape the virome</h2>



Dietary strategies also reshape the virome. High-fiber diets boost beneficial phages and support bacterial diversity.



Whey protein has shown potential in managing Crohn’s disease by improving phage-bacteria interactions.



Other interventions, such as exclusive enteral nutrition and low-FODMAP diets, also show benefits in gut diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probiotics-prebiotics-and-phages">Probiotics, prebiotics, and phages</h2>



Probiotics introduce beneficial bacteria, while prebiotics feed them. Combining them, known as symbiotics, shows promise for restoring and maintaining gut health.



Recent research suggests that adding phages can enhance these effects. Phage-based products, such as PreforPro, have already shown benefits in clinical trials.



These products can reduce populations of harmful bacteria and improve probiotic performance, thereby creating a more stable gut environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-gut-viruses-to-detect-diseases-early">Using gut viruses to detect diseases early</h2>



The gut virome is now being studied as a diagnostic tool. Viral patterns are more stable than bacterial ones, making them reliable biomarkers.



Distinct virome signatures can predict IBD and colorectal cancer. Machine learning models already use virome data to detect these diseases early.



Virome profiling may also track treatment responses, such as FMT success in IBD and CDI.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-prospects">Challenges and future prospects</h2>



Despite the excitement over potential new treatments, many hurdles remain. Current methods struggle to capture the full virome due to technical limits.



Many phages are still unculturable, and their roles remain unclear. Researchers are working to improve viral databases and develop targeted therapies. Once these gaps close, virome-based therapies could change how we treat gut diseases.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcm/article/8/2/pbaf010/8152264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Precision Clinical Medicine</a>.



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Move over microbiome, it's time for the human gut's 'virome' to shine

For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria, make up around 90% of the gut virome. Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health. A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)....

Viruses, those tiny invaders wriggling their way into host cells are a marvel of biological survival. Among them, arteriviruses, found in a variety of animals across the globe, have evoked great interest.



These viruses have remained largely elusive to the human immune system. A recent study has unveiled an intriguing mechanism by which arteriviruses sneak into host cells and initiate an infection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-friendly-protein-turned-foe">Friendly protein turned foe</h2>



In the center of this microscopic drama is a protein found in mammals - an unsuspecting gatekeeper that unwittingly opens the door to arteriviruses.



The research team also discovered a monoclonal antibody - an immune system ally - that binds to this protein, effectively shielding the cells from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-a-virus-capable-of-causing-a-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral infection</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arterivirus-infections">Arterivirus infections</h2>



Why should we concern ourselves with arteriviruses? These are viruses that we do not have immunity against.



“It’s important to consider that since we have no known arteriviruses infecting people that we’re essentially immunologically naïve, so we can’t rely on preexisting immunity to help us,” said co-lead author&nbsp;Cody Warren, assistant professor of&nbsp;<a href="https://vet.osu.edu/departments-offices/biosciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">veterinary biosciences</a>&nbsp;at The Ohio State University (<a href="https://www.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU</a>).



To understand the gravity of the situation, we must consider the potential implications. Arteriviruses are found in various mammals like non-human primates, possums, pigs, and horses. They are often present without causing noticeable disease.



But, when they switch hosts, the viruses can cause serious health problems such as pneumonia, hemorrhagic fever, or encephalitis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-of-a-virus-in-a-cell">Journey of a virus in a cell</h2>



In the realm of viruses, breaking and entering is a step-by-step process. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-use-gps-to-move-precisely-within-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arteriviruses</a>, the first stop is the FcRn receptor, a protein complex formed by the coming together of two genes - FCGRT and B2M. This receptor otherwise plays a benign role, carrying antibodies across the placenta to a fetus.



However, when a virus comes along, the FcRn receptor becomes a conduit for infection. It is responsible for ushering in at least five different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/influenza-is-considered-the-biggest-pandemic-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arteriviruses</a> infecting monkeys, pigs, and horses.



When the researchers disrupted the FCGRT gene, the primary component of the FcRn complex, the cells became resistant to the infection. Better yet, pre-treating cells with monoclonal antibodies against FcRn protected them entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arteriviral-infection-of-host-cells">Arteriviral infection of host cells</h2>



There's a fascinating genetic subplot to this story. It turns out, the susceptibility of mammalian hosts to the arterivirus infection varies based on differences in their FcRn's genetic sequence. 



Essentially, the sequence variations of this receptor protein can either facilitate or impede cross-species infections.



The surface protein CD163, which has a history of playing a gatekeeper role for the simian hemorrhagic fever virus (an arterivirus), also came into the spotlight in this study. 



Experiments demonstrated that CD163 interacts with FcRn and aids in arteriviral infection of host cells. By identifying these arterivirus infection steps, we have reached an important milestone.



“If we’re looking at virus biology, one of the most important things we can understand is entry mechanisms. Because if you can stop the ability of a virus to infect a cell through disrupting that initial virus-receptor contact, now you have a potential therapeutic strategy,” said Warren.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-prepared-for-the-next-pandemic">Getting prepared for the next pandemic </h2>



Unveiling the secrets of how arteriviruses infiltrate host cells leaves us better prepared to face any future viral threats that may emerge. 



With an existing monoclonal antibody that can prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-viruses-link-up-and-bloom-into-amazing-sunflower-structures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral infection</a> in cells, we have a ray of hope in our pre-pandemic preparedness toolkit.



"If one of these viruses emerged in humans, I believe we’d be in big trouble. So that is the motivator for me,” said Adam Bailey, assistant professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> and co-lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Knowledge is indeed power. As we deepen our understanding of viruses infecting cells, we inch closer to better prevention methods and ideally, fewer global health crises. 



"Understanding the nuances of species-specific FcRn utilization will be important in anticipating the spillover of arteriviruses into new hosts, as our data indicates that FcRn can function as a molecular barrier to cross-species arterivirus infection," wrote the researchers.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51142-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Animal viruses have a secret ally to infect human cells

Viruses, those tiny invaders wriggling their way into host cells...

As we move forward in the 21st century, it's becoming clearer that the air we breathe is having an impact on us, well beyond just our lungs. 



In a new study from the University of Southern California (USC), experts found that a particular component of air pollution is linked to poor learning and memory in children. The same component is also associated with Alzheimer’s and dementia in adults.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pm2-5-and-its-components">PM2.5 and its components</h2>



So, what is this worrying part of our air? It is most commonly known as PM2.5. This refers to particulate matter that is less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. These particles are a mixture of dust, soot, organic compounds, and metals.



Due to their small size, PM2.5 particles from air pollution can travel deeply into our lungs, bypass the blood-brain barrier, and potentially cause serious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-air-pollution-impacts-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory and health problems</a>.



One particular component of PM2.5, called ammonium nitrate, has caught the attention of scientists. It forms when ammonia gas, which is produced by agricultural activities, and nitric acid, produced by burning fossil fuels, react in the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-pollution-s-impact-on-memory">Air pollution's impact on memory</h2>



The research was led by Megan Herting, an associate professor of population and public health sciences at the <a href="https://keck.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Keck School of Medicine</a> at USC.



"Our study highlights the need for detailed research on particulate matter sources and chemical components," said Herting. "It suggests that understanding these nuances is crucial for informing air quality regulations and understanding long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurocognitive effects</a>."



How did this study come about? Herting has been working with data from the largest brain study across America, known as the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), for several years. 



The goal of the research was to understand the potential effects of air pollution on the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources-of-pollution">Sources of pollution</h2>



The primary source of PM2.5 is fossil fuel combustion, especially within urban areas. However, other sources such as wildfires, agriculture, marine aerosols, and chemical reactions also play a critical role. 



Herting and her team previously studied the overall impact of PM2.5 on cognition in children and didn't find a significant connection.



In this recent study, the team used statistical techniques to look at 15 chemical components in PM2.5 and their sources individually. That's when ammonium nitrate, a chemical compound usually resulting from agricultural and farming activities, emerged as a surprising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-is-fueling-more-intense-and-dangerous-thunderstorms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">culprit</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ammonium-nitrate-and-memory">Ammonium nitrate and memory</h2>



"No matter how we examined it, on its own or with other pollutants, the most robust finding was that ammonium nitrate particles were linked to poorer learning and memory," said Herting. “That suggests that overall PM2.5 is one thing, but for cognition, it's a mixture effect of what you're exposed to.”



This revelation highlights the need for reducing the overall quantity of PM2.5, as well as understanding its composition and the effects of its specific components.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-children-from-air-pollution">Protecting children from air pollution</h2>



The findings carry substantial implications for public health policies. Considering the diverse components of PM2.5, blanket regulations may not be as effective as policies that target specific pollutants like ammonium nitrate.



Policymakers could consider enforcing stricter emission controls on agricultural practices and industries known for high ammonia emissions. 



Furthermore, implementing educational programs to heighten public awareness about the sources and risks associated with particulate matter can empower communities to support and adapt to these regulatory changes. 



These informed approaches can pave the way for improved air quality standards and, consequently, better health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-on-air-pollution-and-memory">Research on air pollution and memory</h2>



The study opens new avenues for research into the molecular mechanisms by which ammonium nitrate impacts cognitive functions. 



Future studies could explore the biological pathways affected by this compound in air pollution and delineate its interactions within the memory and overall brain. Longitudinal research initiatives might help uncover how exposure to different PM2.5 components over a lifetime contributes to cognitive decline in old age. 



Additionally, exploring geographic and seasonal variations in particulate matter composition can provide insights into regional vulnerabilities and help tailor interventions more effectively. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-and-public-well-being">Mental health and public well-being </h2>



These scientific endeavors will be crucial for crafting policies that effectively safeguard mental health and public well-being in an era of rapidly changing environmental dynamics.



So what's next for these researchers? They intend to explore how these mixtures and sources of air pollution may link with individual memory variations and brain phenotypes during child and adolescent development.



This research is important for our children's health and the future of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a>. The findings could lead to changes in air quality and public health policies. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP14418" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>.



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Air pollution is harming kids’ memory and learning

As we move forward in the 21st century, it's becoming...

NASA’s upcoming SPHEREx mission, set to launch by April 2025, is poised to revolutionize space observation. 



Unlike previous space telescopes, SPHEREx will explore the universe in 102 infrared colors, providing unprecedented insights into cosmic origins and the potential presence of water on planets. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-will-unravel-mysteries-of-the-universe-nbsp">Colors will unravel mysteries of the universe&nbsp;</h2>



Although invisible to the human eye, this multicolor infrared mapping will shed light on mysteries dating back to the birth of the universe.



“We are the first mission to look at the whole sky in so many colors,” said SPHEREx Principal Investigator Jamie Bock, affiliated with NASA’s <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> and <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/">Caltech</a>. “Whenever astronomers look at the sky in a new way, we can expect discoveries.”



The heart of SPHEREx’s capability lies in its use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-secrets-of-water-molecules-discovered-in-the-lab-through-spectroscopy/">spectroscopy</a>. This method separates light into its individual colors, much like a prism breaking sunlight into a rainbow.&nbsp;



By observing the infrared light emitted by hundreds of millions of stars and galaxies, scientists can derive critical information about their composition and distance from Earth. This data will be synthesized into an all-sky map, unlike any seen before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-growth-of-the-early-universe-nbsp">Rapid growth of the early universe&nbsp;</h2>



One of SPHEREx’s primary objectives is to map the positions of galaxies to study the physics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-energy-could-explain-the-rapid-expansion-of-the-early-universe/">cosmic inflation</a>. Inflation refers to the moment after the Big Bang when the universe expanded exponentially in less than a second.&nbsp;



This expansion left lasting imprints on how matter is distributed across the cosmos today. By examining these patterns, SPHEREx will help scientists better understand the mechanisms behind the early universe’s rapid growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shedding-light-on-galaxy-evolution">Shedding light on galaxy evolution</h2>



SPHEREx’s survey of the universe will also capture the accumulated light produced by all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/">galaxies</a> throughout time, offering a holistic view of the universe’s light production.&nbsp;



Unlike studies that only observe individual galaxies and extrapolate findings, SPHEREx will track how light production has evolved over billions of years.&nbsp;



This means detecting even faint and distant sources that were previously overlooked, such as galaxies too small or distant for other telescopes to identify.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-light-stretched-across-space">Analyzing light stretched across space</h2>



Light takes time to travel through space, so observing distant galaxies is like looking back in time. 



As light journeys across space, it becomes stretched due to the universe’s expansion, changing its wavelength. 



By analyzing this stretched light, SPHEREx will determine when it was emitted and what it reveals about the state of the universe during different epochs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-water-and-life-critical-elements">Tracking water and life-critical elements</h2>



A significant mission goal is understanding the distribution of water ice, carbon dioxide, and other essential molecules across the Milky Way. This information will illuminate how these substances contribute to planet formation.&nbsp;



Research suggests that most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-water-travel-through-our-solar-system/">water</a> in our galaxy is found in icy form on dust grains. These ice-coated particles can be incorporated into newly forming planets, possibly fostering environments capable of supporting oceans like those on Earth.



The unique spectrum of SPHEREx will allow scientists to pinpoint where water and other molecules are most concentrated. The chemical signatures left in the colors of the infrared light tell us exactly what these elements are.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-from-space-telescopes">Observations from space telescopes </h2>



While telescopes such as Hubble and James Webb provide detailed imagery of individual celestial objects, SPHEREx combines wide-ranging sky surveys with detailed spectral data. 



This combination offers a comprehensive approach, enabling a more connected understanding of space. 



Observations from telescopes designed for specific sky sections, paired with SPHEREx’s full-sky perspective, will deliver a richer and more layered comprehension of cosmic processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformative-discoveries-in-infrared-color">Transformative discoveries in infrared color</h2>



SPHEREx is expected to complement the efforts of prior and existing space observatories, delivering a broader understanding of universal phenomena.&nbsp;



By observing the universe in numerous infrared colors, the mission will add to the groundwork for future explorations and may reveal hidden aspects of cosmic history.



With its innovative approach, SPHEREx is set to answer deep questions about the origins of galaxies, the universe’s rapid inflation, and the formation of life-supporting molecules, opening a new chapter in our understanding of the cosmos.



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NASA telescope will reveal the universe in more than 100 colors

NASA’s upcoming SPHEREx mission, set to launch by April 2025,...

For ages, people have wondered whether sea stars, commonly called starfish, have a head or not. Unlike creatures like worms or fish, where it's clear which end is which, starfish have five identical arms that can all move independently. 



This has made it hard to figure out where their front or back might be.



"It's as if the sea star is completely missing a trunk, and is best described as just a head crawling along the seafloor," said Laurent Formery, a postdoctoral scholar and lead author of a new study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-symmetry-is-a-mystery">Starfish symmetry is a mystery</h2>



Formery works in the labs at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Berkeley</a>, both led by investigators from the Chan Zuckerberg <a href="https://www.czbiohub.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biohub</a> San Francisco. 



Their research has found that, contrary to previous beliefs, starfish are now assumed to be "all head" and no traditional body at all.



The researchers discovered that genes associated with head development are active throughout the starfish's entire "body," while genes related to the torso and tail are mostly absent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-look-at-an-old-question">New look at an old question</h2>



Most animals, including humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">have a body plan</a> that's symmetrical on both sides and runs from head to tail. 



Scientists have long understood how genes control this body plan in creatures like fruit flies and worms. 



But starfish, which belong to a group called echinoderms, have puzzled researchers because of their unique five-point symmetry and lack of an obvious head or tail.



Echinoderms like starfish, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-urchins-have-some-unexpected-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea urchins</a>, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea cucumbers</a> have always been a bit of a mystery. Their unusual body structure doesn't fit neatly into the typical patterns seen in most animals. 



Some scientists thought that perhaps each arm of a starfish was like a separate head-to-tail axis. Others speculated that the axis might run from the top to the bottom of the sea star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-starfish-heads-with-cutting-edge-genetics">Studying starfish heads with cutting-edge genetics</h2>



To get to the bottom of this, the researchers used advanced genetic sequencing techniques. They partnered with <a href="https://www.pacb.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PacBio</a>, a company that develops genome-sequencing devices. 



Using a method called HiFi sequencing, they were able to read long stretches of DNA quickly and accurately. This allowed them to see which genes were active in different parts of the starfish's body.



"The kind of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-ocean-dna-study-uncovers-mysteries-of-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sequencing</a> that would have taken months can now be done in a matter of hours, and it's hundreds of times cheaper than just five years ago," said David Rank, a former PacBio Scientific Fellow and co-senior author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-of-starfish-are-only-associated-with-heads">Genes of starfish are only associated with heads</h2>



What they found was unexpected. Genes associated with the front part of the head in other animals were active in the middle of each starfish arm.



As you moved toward the edges of the arms, genes associated with more rear parts of the head became active. There was little to no expression of genes linked to the torso and tail.



"These results suggest that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-eating-sea-cucumbers-can-prevent-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">echinoderms</a>, and starfish in particular, have the most dramatic example of decoupling of the head and the trunk regions that we are aware of today," Formery said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-curveball">Evolutionary curveball</h2>



This suggests that starfish might have lost their bodies over evolutionary time, ending up as creatures that are essentially all head. 



The team is excited about what this means for understanding evolution. They hope to investigate whether similar patterns are found in other echinoderms like sea urchins and sea cucumbers.



"If we take the opportunity to explore unusual animals that are operating in unusual ways, that means we are broadening our perspective of biology, which is eventually going to help us solve both ecological and biomedical problems," said Daniel Rokhsar of UC Berkeley, an expert on the molecular evolution of animal species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-unanswered-questions-remain">Many unanswered questions remain</h2>



Formery is also interested in learning more about the starfish's nervous system, which remains a bit of a mystery. 



Starfish walk by moving water through thousands of tube feet and digest their prey by extruding their stomachs outside of their bodies. 



It only stands to reason that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brittle-stars-have-no-brain-but-still-manage-to-learn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unusual creatures</a> have also evolved completely unexpected strategies for staying healthy.



"It just opens a ton of new questions that we can now start to explore," Formery added. 



Questions like how their unique body plan affects their behavior and interaction with the environment are next on the list.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Christopher Lowe, a marine and developmental biologist at Stanford University, highlighted the importance of collaborative efforts. 



"The Biohub's willingness to take risks and provide support for a joint position between our labs has been critical for the success of this project," he said.



The collaboration between institutions and the use of innovative technology have paved the way for this breakthrough. 



The researchers utilized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/symbiotic-relationship-plant-roots-underground-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial transcriptomics</a> to pinpoint which genes are active in precise locations within the starfish's body, providing a detailed map of genetic activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-heads-and-humanity">Starfish, heads, and humanity</h2>



To sum it all up, this study flips our understanding of starfish on its head -- literally. 



By revealing that starfish are essentially all head and no body, the researchers have opened up a whole new way of thinking about these fascinating creatures. 



"Exploring these unique animals broadens our perspective of biology," Rokhsar concluded.



Their unique genetic makeup challenges what we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal evolution</a> and body structures.



Looking ahead, this discovery unravels some of the mysteries surrounding starfish while setting the stage for exploring other unusual animals.



Studying these amazingly unique creatures might even lead to breakthroughs in medicine and new approaches to fighting diseases. 



It's exciting to think about what other secrets the starfish holds and how we're going to figure them out.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06669-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Starfish are just "one big head" crawling on the seafloor without an actual body

For ages, people have wondered whether sea stars, commonly called...

Across the natural world, puncture threats are nearly unavoidable. From animal fangs to plant thorns, nature is full of sharp tools capable of breaking through many layers of defense. 



Surprisingly, the skin that covers many animals - including pigs and humans - has its unique way of mitigating these potentially harmful occurrences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-reduces-internal-damage">Skin reduces internal damage</h2>



In a recent study, researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign discovered that our skin - that thin, stretchy layer wrapping our bodies - is not just an exterior shell.



It plays an active role in lessening the internal damage when punctured, and it does so even better than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-sweaters-use-synthetic-fibers-mimicking-polar-bear-fur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">synthetic materials</a> designed to imitate it. 



This attribute largely comes from skin's ability to redistribute the energy from a puncturing object, thereby minimizing harm to the deeper tissues. The team embarked on a journey to decipher the secret of skin's remarkable resilience.



"You’ll find things that puncture across multiple kinds of organisms - vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fungi - at all scales and different dynamic regimes, so fangs, claws, spines, stingers, and other long, sharp implements," said Professor Philip Anderson, who led the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamics-of-puncture">The dynamics of puncture</h2>



Understanding the dynamics of puncture involves studying a myriad of variables - the speed, shape, and sharpness of the puncturing object, and the properties of the target material.



The team began by observing the basic elements of puncture, using 3D-printed cones of varying shapes and sharpness levels, and silicone gels of different densities. When this groundwork was laid, they advanced their investigation to actual biological materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-protects-from-puncture-damage">Skin protects from puncture damage </h2>



With a series of experiments, the team examined the "puncturability" of pork slabs with and without skin and compared these with synthetic imitations. The synthetic analogue was a silicone gel approximating the rigidity of animal blubber and a thinner, higher-rigidity gel representing skin.



"Using a combination of dynamic puncture experiments and theoretical modeling, we examined the puncture resistance of both natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-food-dye-makes-skin-invisible-for-medical-imaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin tissues</a> and synthetic bilayer tissue-mimicking materials," noted Bingyang Zhang, postdoctoral researcher at the<a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>.



"We found that, despite its thinness, pig skin attached to underlying tissue reduced damage from puncture by about 60% at slower speeds and 73% at higher speeds compared with the same pig tissue without skin."



In contrast, synthetic skin offered less protection, reducing the damage to the underlying gel by less than 40% at slower speeds and less than 30% at higher speeds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-composition-of-skin">Unique composition of skin</h2>



The researchers hypothesize the superior performance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-craft-living-human-skin-on-a-robotic-finger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural skin</a> could be attributed to its structure being primarily composed of collagen fibers. These fibers are interweaved, offering resistance even when some are broken. 



Additionally, the breakage of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-skin-become-leathery-after-too-much-uv-light-from-sun-exposure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collagen fibers</a> dissipates some of the energy from the puncturing object, thus slowing it down and reducing its capacity to penetrate deeper into the tissue. Synthetic materials lack this crucial trait.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-redistributes-force">Skin redistributes force</h2>



The study showed that our skin is not just our body's wrapping; it's an active shield that remarkably redistributes force and dissipates energy. 



"We also learned a great deal about how synthetic materials, while useful in many scenarios, still fall short in replicating these complex biological functions," said Zhang. 



This research shines new light on the wonders of nature and the incredible ways our bodies protect us from harm, even in ways we've never realized. 



As scientists continue to uncover these mysteries, we can only marvel at the extraordinary complexity and functionality of such seemingly simple things - like the skin we live in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovations-in-flexibility-and-durability">Innovations in flexibility and durability </h2>



The insights from this study have potential applications far beyond understanding natural defenses. 



Medical devices, wound dressings, and protective equipment could all benefit from mimicking the puncture-resistant properties of skin. 



By incorporating collagen-like fibers or designing materials that can distribute puncture energy, manufacturers may enhance the safety and durability of products like surgical gloves, body armor, or even artificial skin grafts. 



This knowledge could ultimately inspire innovations in fields where both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-skin-is-the-perfect-balance-of-flexibility-and-durability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flexibility and durability</a> are essential, bringing human-made materials a step closer to the natural efficiency seen in skin.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2024.0311" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of The Royal Society Interface</a>.



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Skin’s secret strength shields against puncture damage

Across the natural world, puncture threats are nearly unavoidable. From...

Imagine a world where it's possible to break free from the chains of addiction with the help of a simple, 30-minute procedure that harnesses the power of ultrasound. 



A team of researchers from the Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute (RNI) at <a href="https://online.wvu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Virginia University</a> are striving to turn this vision into a reality. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zapping-the-brain-with-ultrasound-waves">Zapping the brain with ultrasound waves</h2>



The experts have been working on a helmet-like device that employs the power of high-frequency <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultrasound-waves-can-enhance-mindfulness-and-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultrasound waves</a>. The primary target? A region nestled deep inside our brains known as the nucleus accumbens.



This brain region is responsible for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-identify-rewards-and-punishments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reward</a> and motivation, and is an area of focus for individuals who are battling addiction. 



The new treatment aims to vibrate cell membranes in the nucleus accumbens, disrupting the addictive reward system that is prevalent in all types of substance misuse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultrasound-therapy-and-drug-addiction">Ultrasound therapy and drug addiction</h2>



The innovative ultrasound approach was recently tested on a volunteer who had struggled with addiction to heroin and methamphetamine for over two decades.



During the procedure, the participant was exposed to images of heroin being cooked while his brain was bathed in ultrasound waves. 



After the procedure, the volunteer told the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) that his cravings for the drugs were gone and he felt nothing about the substances since the treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-underlying-causes-of-addiction">Addressing the underlying causes of addiction </h2>



However, the researchers at RNI are quick to acknowledge that this is not an instant fix-all. The underlying causes of addiction, which can range from stress to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-maltreatment-triples-the-risk-of-substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional trauma</a>, still need to be addressed through adequate coping mechanisms.



"If you take away the craving, but you don't remove the stressors and you don't replace the craving with more adaptive coping mechanisms, eventually you're going to revert back," Dr. James Mahoney told the Wall Street Journal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-results-spark-further-trials">Early results spark further trials</h2>



Nevertheless, the progress thus far is incredibly encouraging, showing strong potential to make a significant impact on addiction treatment.



The procedure has been tested on two other patients as well, and the results were successful. Future trials are planned in collaboration with Weill Cornell Medicine and the University of Maryland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-hope-in-the-fight-against-addiction">New hope in the fight against addiction</h2>



The world is grappling with the harsh repercussions of addiction, with drug overdoses accounting for more than 100,000 deaths annually. 



Meanwhile, an estimated 2.7 million people aged 12 and older are combating an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-discovery-offers-hope-for-tackling-opioid-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">opioid addiction</a>. Furthermore, around 28.9 million Americans battle alcohol abuse.



Current treatment modalities can only do so much, as they primarily revolve around medications that suppress the euphoric feelings linked to opioids or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-use-affects-the-brains-immune-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol use</a>.



The potential for this pioneering procedure is immense. By targeting the physical parts of the brain associated with addiction, this new approach to combating addiction could become far more effective and efficient in the future.



It is very hopeful that the collective efforts of RNI and its partners will soon bear fruit for the millions trapped in the vicious cycle of addiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-the-root-of-addiction">Targeting the root of addiction </h2>



As the RNI team continues to explore the effects of ultrasound therapy, their focus remains on creating a solution tailored to the complex needs of people who are battling addiction.



Traditional methods, which often rely on medications to suppress cravings, aren’t effective for everyone. 



Many people struggle to find lasting relief because these treatments address symptoms rather than directly targeting the root brain pathways involved in addiction. With ultrasound therapy, RNI researchers aim to change that. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupting-the-brain-s-reward-circuit">Disrupting the brain's reward circuit </h2>



By using high-frequency waves to interact with the nucleus accumbens, the therapy disrupts the brain’s reward circuit, which is where cravings are reinforced.



This physical approach allows patients to experience a more immediate shift in how their brains respond to addictive triggers.



The goal isn’t just to suppress cravings but to offer a foundation for recovery that feels manageable. 



As the experts at RNI continue with further trials, they are optimistic that ultrasound therapy could be a game-changer.



When paired with personalized coping strategies, ultrasound treatment could potentially empower individuals to regain control over their lives and look forward to a future without addiction.



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Zapping the brain with ultrasound waves may cure drug addiction

Imagine a world where it's possible to break free from...

The future of chimpanzee conservation relies on smart strategies, which in turn require detailed data that is not always easy to obtain. 



Ecologist Adrienne Chitayat has led important research in Tanzania’s Mahale Mountains National Park, becoming the first to systematically survey chimpanzee population density across the entire park. 



Chitayat’s doctoral dissertation, conducted at the <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a>, will likely serve as a crucial baseline for future conservation in this region - which is home to Tanzania's largest chimpanzee population. 



This area is significant not only for its biodiversity but because it represents the most southern range of the eastern chimpanzee, an endangered subspecies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-estimating-chimpanzee-population-density-nbsp">Estimating chimpanzee population density&nbsp;</h2>



Chimpanzees, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/chimpanzees-vs-bonobos-whats-the-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobos</a>, are humans' closest living relatives. While the Greater Mahale Ecosystem is vast, covering nearly 20,000 square kilometers, there has been limited research on chimpanzee populations across the whole park.



“There have been estimates based on small-scale or localized surveys, but no comprehensive baseline data. And without that data, it is difficult to understand chimpanzee population patterns and develop good conservation strategies. My goal was to fill that gap,” Chitayat said.



Chimpanzees build new nests each night, rarely reusing them, which makes nest counting a reliable method for estimating population density.&nbsp;



Chitayat conducted these counts park-wide, determining density figures between 1.1 and 3.7 chimpanzees per square kilometer, depending on the specific habitat characteristics in each area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystems-threatened-by-climate-change">Ecosystems threatened by climate change</h2>



The Mahale Mountains feature diverse landscapes, from dense forests to expansive savannahs. Chitayat observed that chimpanzees occupy all these habitats, even the open vegetation, rather than sticking solely to forested areas. This discovery is crucial as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-apes-will-suffer-through-frequent-and-extreme-climate-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> threatens these ecosystems. 



“By looking at how the chimpanzees use the landscape and move within it, we can conclude that not only the densely forested areas are important for the protection of the animals,” said Chitayat.



Protecting this wide range of habitats, including establishing corridors, could support long-term population health and resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-chimpanzees-with-acoustic-detection">Monitoring chimpanzees with acoustic detection</h2>



Traditional nest counting, while effective, is labor-intensive and costly. Recognizing the limitations, Chitayat developed a new monitoring approach: a deep learning-based acoustic detector.&nbsp;



This technology uses passive acoustic monitoring to capture ambient sounds, including the calls of unhabituated chimpanzees that are difficult to observe up close.&nbsp;



“Passive acoustic monitoring is a revolutionary technique that automatically records all the sounds in the vicinity of the acoustic device, including the sounds of chimpanzees. It can be used to find out where the chimpanzees are, how often, at what times, and how many individuals,” said Chitayat.



“The problem is that you have hours, days, even weeks of sound recordings that are far too laborious to listen to manually.”



Fortunately, her <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-learning-can-help-track-changes-in-forest-cover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a> algorithm is able to automate the identification of chimpanzee sounds, saving time and resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-chimpanzee-communication">Understanding chimpanzee communication</h2>



Creating the acoustic detector presented unique challenges. Chimpanzees <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-a-much-more-complex-language-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> through a complex range of sounds, from loud, long-distance “pant-hoots” to softer grunts. 



Chitayat focused her detector on pant-hoots, which are vital for group cohesion and individual identification but difficult to interpret due to their variability.&nbsp;



Developing the detector to recognize these calls required extensive training data and sophisticated algorithm design, marking a substantial achievement in bioacoustic technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-chimpanzee-conservation">Future of chimpanzee conservation</h2>



Chitayat’s work opens important doors for future innovations. She envisions refining the acoustic detector to distinguish <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-mean-chimpanzees-fare-better-in-life-than-nice-ones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">individual</a> chimpanzees, offering insights into group demographics, social dynamics, and age and sex distributions. 



Such data would be invaluable for shaping targeted conservation strategies that address specific population needs. “The more we learn, the better we can protect chimpanzees,” said Chitayat.



This technology could enhance our understanding of not just population size but also the social structure and health of groups over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-resilience-through-data-driven-strategies">Building resilience through data-driven strategies</h2>



With her research, Chitayat aims to integrate ecological data into conservation planning for chimpanzees in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem.&nbsp;



By tracking population density, movement patterns, and habitat usage, conservationists can design interventions that align with the needs of this vulnerable species.&nbsp;



In an era of climate change, such comprehensive data enables proactive measures, from protecting essential habitats to creating corridors that allow chimpanzees to adapt to shifting environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuller-understanding-of-chimpanzee-populations-nbsp">Fuller understanding of chimpanzee populations&nbsp;</h2>



Chitayat’s contributions highlight the power of combining field ecology with advanced technology. By using nest counts, acoustic monitoring, and deep learning, her work brings a fuller understanding of chimpanzee populations and offers a model for innovative conservation strategies.&nbsp;



As climate change reshapes ecosystems, tools like Chitayat’s detector will be essential for adapting and responding to the challenges facing chimpanzee populations.



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How machine learning can help us protect chimpanzees 

The future of chimpanzee conservation relies on smart strategies, which...

As people grow older, common expectations include gray hair, wrinkles, and increased forgetfulness. A new study from Penn State College of Nursing highlights that whether these changes are viewed positively or negatively can influence how individuals perceive their cognitive abilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-attitudes-and-cognitive-self-perception">Positive attitudes and cognitive self-perception</h2>



The research found that people with a more positive outlook on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-reversed-aging-in-mice-by-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> were less likely to report difficulties in cognitive functions, such as trouble focusing or keeping track of tasks. They also tended to perceive less cognitive decline over time. 



The findings, published in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13607863.2024.2399080" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aging &amp; Mental Health </a>, highlight the potential influence of aging expectations on cognitive self-assessment.



“Aging expectations are malleable and influence an individual’s perceptions of their cognitive functioning,” said study first author Nikki Hill, an associate professor at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>’s Ross and Carol Nese College of Nursing. 



Hill noted that promoting more realistic and positive aging expectations could encourage healthier cognitive aging by fostering better awareness and accurate assumptions about the aging process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-expectations-and-cognitive-decline-nbsp">Aging expectations and cognitive decline&nbsp;</h2>



Previous studies have demonstrated that beliefs about aging can shape health outcomes. Individuals with negative expectations often experience quicker physical and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-rate-of-cognitive-decline-in-alzheimers-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive decline</a>, while positive beliefs are linked to behaviors that support well-being, such as regular exercise. 



Hill’s work focuses on understanding how older adults experience cognitive changes and whether these experiences are affected by their beliefs about aging. This particular relationship has not been extensively studied.



“Do people's perceptions of what they expect aging to be in the future affect the way that they perceive their cognitive performance?” Hill asked.&nbsp;



Understanding this link can provide researchers with better insight into interpreting self-reported cognitive issues and developing strategies to support improved aging outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worrying-about-cognitive-decline">Worrying about cognitive decline</h2>



Hill pointed out that concern about perceived cognitive decline can increase the risk of future impairment, even if an individual’s cognitive health is currently normal.&nbsp;



This is particularly pertinent in the context of conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a>, which progress gradually over decades and often include subtle, early symptoms that go unnoticed until significant decline occurs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research</h2>



The study was conducted through an online survey of 581 Americans aged 65 and older who were living independently without any diagnoses of dementia or notable cognitive impairments.&nbsp;



Among the participants, 51% were women, and 74% identified as non-Hispanic white. The survey asked respondents to evaluate their expectations for their physical, mental, and cognitive health as they aged.&nbsp;



Statements such as “every year that people age, their energy levels go down a little more” were rated on a scale from “definitely true” to “definitely false.”&nbsp;



Participants were also asked to reflect on their cognitive performance over the past week and compare their current abilities to those from a decade prior to assess perceived decline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-and-broader-implications">Key findings and broader implications</h2>



The results revealed that participants who maintained positive aging expectations were more likely to rate their cognitive function as better and report less perceived decline in both the short and long term.&nbsp;



In contrast, those with negative expectations were more prone to report cognitive difficulties and a greater sense of decline.



An interesting discovery was that expectations about physical, mental, and cognitive health all had a similar impact on how individuals rated their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-games-can-rewind-the-clock-on-cognitive-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive performance</a>. 



This suggested that general attitudes toward aging play a significant role in shaping self-perceptions of cognitive health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beliefs-about-aging-and-cognitive-health">Beliefs about aging and cognitive health</h2>



“If we can intervene in a way to ground aging expectations more in what is true and less stigmatized, then maybe we can help people clarify what they're experiencing in terms of cognitive changes,” Hill said.&nbsp;



Such interventions could pave the way for tailored support and better strategies to maximize cognitive health.



The research team plans to delve deeper into understanding the intricate relationship between beliefs about aging and how older adults report cognitive changes.&nbsp;



Additionally, they aim to explore how these beliefs influence interactions with healthcare providers during discussions about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-diet-may-protect-cognitive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive health</a>. By doing so, they hope to uncover effective ways to support older adults and address their cognitive health needs proactively.



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People with a positive outlook on aging report less cognitive issues 

As people grow older, common expectations include gray hair, wrinkles,...

Bats navigate effortlessly over vast distances using their natural GPS - echolocation. A recent study published in the journal Science has provided new insights into the extraordinary navigational capabilities of bats, and these abilities are more fascinating than we realized.



Echolocation - a technique not disrupted by darkness - is used by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-half-of-north-american-bats-face-extinction-risk-in-15-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> to avoid obstacles and orient themselves in the vastness of their environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-dimension-of-bat-navigation">A new dimension of bat navigation </h2>



By bouncing sound waves off objects and listening to the echoes, these nocturnal creatures can skillfully navigate their surroundings. Now, a new dimension has been added to their echolocating prowess. 



The research was led by Iain Couzin’s group at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and the Cluster of Excellence Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour at the <a href="https://www.uni-konstanz.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Konstanz</a>.



Through experiments, the experts found that bats can recognize their location even after displacement and utilize echolocation for map-based navigation over long distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-a-bat-s-journey-home">Tracking a bat's journey home</h2>



In Israel's Hula Valley, a bat species named Kuhl’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), weighing only six grams, was put to the test.



Across a few nights, 76 bats were relocated to various spots within a three-kilometer radius of their home. Each bat was equipped with an innovative lightweight reverse GPS tracking system, ATLAS, which offered high-resolution, real-time tracking.



Interestingly, even when solely dependent on echolocation, 95 percent of the bats found their way back home within mere minutes, demonstrating that bats are capable of navigating long distances using their localized, highly directional mode of sensing. 



The researchers discovered that bats also employ vision, if available, for enhanced navigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-bat-navigation">Science of bat navigation</h2>



To investigate further, the research team generated a detailed map of the entire valley.



"We wanted to visualize what each bat experienced during flight and understand how they used acoustic information to navigate," explained Xing Chen, an expert in the School of Zoology at <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a>, who was responsible for developing the valley’s reconstruction.



The model revealed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-bat-appreciation-day-the-crucial-role-of-bats-in-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> have a preference for flying near areas with substantial "echoic entropy," or regions that provide rich acoustic information.



The bats, during the localization phase, would meander around until a certain point - after which their flight was directed toward their destination.



This behavior clearly indicates that the bats possess some acoustic mental map of their home range. This allows them to identify distinctive environmental features such as a tree or a road, which they use as acoustic landmarks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-maps-and-memory">Mental maps and memory</h2>



Beyond their acute sensory perceptions, memory plays a crucial role in a bat's ability to navigate efficiently. Researchers suggest that bats, like Kuhl’s pipistrelle, develop and refine a cognitive map of their environment over time. 



This mental map is not a static image but a dynamic collection of experiences and stored acoustic information that aids in re-orientation after displacement. 



Bats may rely on memory to access familiar routes or locations, integrating both real-time echolocation data and past experiences to optimize their flight paths. 



This complex interplay between memory and sensory input enhances their adaptive navigation strategies, enabling them to thrive even in rapidly changing environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



The findings of this study serve as a potential blueprint for developing advanced navigation systems. By understanding how bats combine echolocation with memory to navigate, scientists can draw parallels in designing autonomous vehicles or drones that require minimal visual input. 



The high efficiency of bats in interpreting environmental acoustics presents opportunities to innovate and refine sonar-based technologies. 



Future research might focus on exploring how bats adapt their echolocation strategies over different terrains or in varying atmospheric conditions, contributing further to our knowledge of sensory integration and its applications in technological advancements. 



As our understanding deepens, the biosonar abilities of bats may inspire developments across various fields such as robotics, communication, and environmental monitoring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-senses-for-navigation">Combining senses for navigation </h2>



Kuhl’s pipistrelles are capable of navigating over several kilometers using echolocation alone, but when vision is accessible, they optimize their navigational efficiency by combining both senses.



After being displaced, they strategize by first identifying their new location and then flying home, using distinctive acoustically marked environmental features as their landmarks.



Drawing parallels from such remarkable findings could enhance human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-bats-can-remember-the-past-and-plan-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation methods</a>, particularly in situations where traditional GPS systems fail. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn6269" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Bats have acoustic mental maps to navigate total darkness

Bats navigate effortlessly over vast distances using their natural GPS...

A,Boy,Studies,With,The,Help,Of,A,Robot.,The

We wouldn't think twice about feeling sorry for a child who dropped her ice cream or a dog whimpering at the door. But how about a machine? More specifically, a robot? A recent study examines this less-explored territory of humans showing empathy for a robot in distress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeling-sorry-for-robots">Feeling sorry for robots</h2>



Marieke Wieringa, a researcher at <a href="https://www.ru.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radboud University</a>, discovered something fascinating. 



We humans, it appears, can be rather empathetic to our robotic counterparts. Our hearts can bleed for them, metaphorically speaking of course.



All it seems to take, according to her study, are pitiful sounds, sorrowful digital eyes or a trembling mechanical arm. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-in-distress">Robots in distress</h2>



Now, we all know <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-that-sense-the-world-through-sound-are-more-human-like/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robots</a> don't feel pain. They're not alive. They're just machines composed of wires and metal, computer code and calculations. 



Yet, Wieringa's study throws a wrench in that logical perception. It suggests that given the right circumstances, we can be persuaded to believe that a robot could be in distress.



"If a robot can pretend to experience emotional distress, people feel guiltier when they mistreat the robot," Wieringa explains. That's right, pretend distress, induced guilt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empathy-experiments">Empathy experiments</h2>



Wieringa and her team set up several experiments to examine our responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-with-space-to-think-will-become-more-useful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robot</a> mistreatment. This involved a rather uncomfortable task for the participants. 



“Some participants watched videos of robots that were either mistreated or treated well. Sometimes, we asked participants to give the robots a shake themselves," Wierenga noted.



"We tried out all variations: sometimes the robot didn’t respond, sometimes it did -- with pitiful sounds and other responses that we associate with pain."



The results? Participants were more reluctant to shake a robot that reacted with signs of distress, effectively pulling at their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sports-coaches-are-more-effective-when-they-lead-with-empathy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">empathy strings</a>.



“If we asked the participants to shake a robot that showed no emotion, then they didn’t seem to have any difficulty with it at all.” Wieringa added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distressing-robot-noises">Distressing robot noises</h2>



In another experiment, the participants faced a choice. They could either complete a tedious task or shake the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robot-buddies-encourage-children-to-stay-physical-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robot</a>. The catch was if they shook the robot for a longer time, they'd have to do the boring task for less time. 



Most preferred to shake a silent robot, but once the robot started making distressing noises, the participants opted for the mundane task instead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tamagotchi-effect">Tamagotchi effect</h2>



Remember the Tamagotchi? The pocket-sized, electronic pet that took the world by storm in the late 90s? 



Wieringa warns of a similar phenomenon. 



“People were obsessed with Tamagotchis for a while: virtual pets that successfully <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-feel-empathic-embarrassment-for-humiliated-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">triggered emotions</a>. But what if a company made a new Tamagotchi that you had to pay to feed as a pet?" Wieringa asked. 



"That’s why I am calling for governmental regulations that establish when it’s appropriate for chatbots, robots and other variants to be able to express emotions."



The concern is that businesses might exploit our susceptibility to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/digital-deception-how-do-humans-respond-to-lying-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional manipulation</a>, creating products designed to gain not just our attention but our sympathy and cash too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dilemmas-of-digital-empathy">Dilemmas of digital empathy</h2>



The findings of Wieringa's study open a Pandora's box of ethical questions. 



If people can feel genuine empathy towards distressed robots, should robots be programmed with features that trigger such emotions? This raises concerns about consent and manipulation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-outperforms-humans-providing-emotional-support/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-robot interactions</a>.



Is it ethical to design machines that can elicit empathy to influence human behavior or decision-making? As robotics and artificial intelligence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dancing-robots-the-future-of-human-robot-interactions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technology</a> continue to advance, these questions become increasingly relevant. 



The responsibility of ensuring ethical design practices falls not only on developers but on society as a whole, prompting rigorous debates on the moral boundaries of technological innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-robot-relationships">Human-robot relationships</h2>



As we move toward a future where robots become more integrated into everyday life, understanding the nuances of our emotional connections with them becomes essential. 



Will robots become companions, akin to pets or even friends? Or will they remain tools, devoid of any genuine bond?



The psychological implications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-put-too-much-trust-in-ai-even-for-life-or-death-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forming attachments</a> to machines could redefine social dynamics. Researchers like Wieringa aim to illuminate these implications, helping navigate the complexities of these emerging relationships.



This awareness is crucial as industries explore robotics for healthcare, education, and personal assistance, where empathy can play a pivotal role in enhancing human experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-vs-distressed-robots">Humans vs. distressed robots</h2>



While organizations that attempt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-decipher-every-possible-facial-expression-outperforming-therapists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exploit our emotions</a> warrant caution, Wieringa and her team also asserts that a complete ban on robotic emotions isn't the answer.



There's a silver lining to all this. She envisions "therapeutic robots" that could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-humans-and-ai-work-better-together/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potentially help humans</a> process emotional challenges.



Furthermore, her study showed that most participants viewed a robot displaying distress as a positive signal against violent behavior. 



However, she emphasizes the need to safeguard people who may be overly susceptible to such "fake" emotions.



"We like to think we are very logical, rational beings that don’t fall for anything, but at the end of the day, we are also led by our emotions. And that’s just as well, otherwise we’d be robots ourselves," Wieringa concludes.



So, are we heading to a future where we might feel sorry for our toaster if it burns our bread? Going down a path where we'd apologize to our self-driving car if we give it wrong directions? 



It may seem far-fetched, but then again, who'd have thought we could feel sorry for a robot being shaken?



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Humans can feel emotions for robots, especially those in distress

We wouldn't think twice about feeling sorry for a child...

Hidden deep in the frosty expanse of the Greenland Ice Sheet, an intriguing secret has been lurking - a significant amount of meltwater temporarily held within its icy mantle during the summertime.



It's a discovery that not only challenges our existing understanding of ice sheets and their role in sea-level rise but also signals the need for a paradigm shift in climate change models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-mystery-on-the-greenland-ice-sheet">A mystery on the Greenland ice sheet</h2>



Despite being the largest single contributor to global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea-level rise</a>, scientists have so far been unable to answer how the storage of meltwater within the Greenland Ice Sheet evolves throughout the summer melt season. 



However, a unique approach has now offered significant insight into the movement and storage of this meltwater. The research was led by Jiangjun Ran, a professor in the Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the <a href="https://www.sustech.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern University of Science and Technology</a> in China.



"During the melt season, we found that a significant fraction of meltwater mass is stored temporarily within the ice sheet. This water buffering effect peaks in July and slowly recedes in the following weeks," noted Professor Ran.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-dynamics-within-the-ice-sheet">Water dynamics within the ice sheet</h2>



"Understanding how water is stored and released within the ice sheet has always been a challenge," said Pavel Ditmar, a scientist in the Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing at <a href="https://www.tudelft.nl/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Delft University of Technology</a>.



To overcome this, the team turned to data from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-ice-loss-tracked-by-new-gps-system-on-a-daily-basis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland GPS Network</a> (GNET). The network consists of tens of stations around Greenland, providing continuous positioning data. 



The data was used to develop a method capable of interpreting the detected vertical displacements of the bedrock caused, among other things, by the mass of melting water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reshaping-climate-models">Reshaping climate models</h2>



This discovery could revolutionize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate models</a>, which often fail to capture the intricacy of water storage within ice sheets.



Especially in warmer years, these models may underestimate the process of water runoff towards the ocean. 



The researchers found that the predictions could require scaling adjustments of up to 20% for the warmest years.



"These findings are crucial for improving forecasts of the Greenland Ice Sheet's contribution to future sea-level rise," said Michiel van den&nbsp;Broeke, a scholar from Utrecht University.



"With climate change making the Arctic warmer than ever, accurate predictions are essential for preparing coastal regions for potential sea-level rise."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-ice-sheet-dynamics">Understanding ice sheet dynamics </h2>



This significant breakthrough in understanding the behavior of polar ice wasn't an overnight success. It required years of meticulous preparation and arduous expeditions to remote corners of the planet.



Shfaqat Abbas Khan, a scholar from the Technical University of Denmark noted: "The work we've done not only improves our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-greenland-ice-sheet-is-teeming-with-microorganisms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice sheet</a> dynamics but also opens the door to new measurement techniques and campaigns."



In the grand scheme of things, the discovery highlights the importance of international collaboration in confronting our shared environmental challenges, as we continue our journey to protect the delicate balance of life on this planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-insights-from-greenland-s-ice-sheet">Climate insights from Greenland's ice sheet</h2>



The impact of these new findings extends beyond Greenland's icy borders. If similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-meltwater-sediments-speed-up-ice-loss-in-greenland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meltwater</a> storage mechanisms exist in other ice-covered regions, such as Antarctica or the Himalayas, climate models may need further adjustments.



By factoring in these complex water storage processes, scientists can refine global sea-level rise predictions and provide more accurate timelines. 



This broader understanding can help nations better prepare for climate impacts on coastal communities and freshwater supplies, highlighting the Greenland Ice Sheet’s role in shaping the global climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-tools-reveal-greenland-s-hidden-waters">New tools reveal Greenland's hidden waters</h2>



This breakthrough would not have been possible without advancements in technology. 



Tools like the Greenland GPS Network (GNET) have revolutionized the way scientists gather data, providing real-time insights into changes deep within the ice. 



The use of these advanced techniques, from GPS-based monitoring to satellite imagery, is paving the way for further discoveries in polar research. 



With these tools, researchers hope to continue uncovering Greenland’s secrets and apply these findings to other remote and difficult-to-study ice sheets, accelerating the pace of climate science. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08096-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Greenland Ice Sheet discovery transforms sea-level predictions

Hidden deep in the frosty expanse of the Greenland Ice...

A fascinating piece of research has opened the conversation about the influence of parenting style on dog-ownership practices. 



What if the way your parents brought you up could determine how you treat your dog? According to this new study, it does, indeed, all boil down to your own childhood and how you were raised. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-child-to-dog-owner">From child to dog owner</h2>



The researchers examined the upbringing of 391 dog owners in the UK and US. 



Each participant contributed by completing an online survey, which quizzed them on the parenting styles they experienced as children and how they presently care for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-honoring-mans-best-friend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine companions</a>.



One might think, what does human parenting have to do with how one treats their dogs? Well, surprisingly a lot.



The results suggested a distinct correlation. Participants who experienced a permissive parenting style -- characterized by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-speech-changes-when-we-talk-to-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high warmth</a> and low discipline -- were more likely to replicate this approach with their dogs.



Now, what does permissive parenting look like? 



Permissive parents are typically liberal, shying away from strict rules, and allowing a significant level of freedom in decision-making. 



They are nurturing, attuned to their children's needs, but often miss the mark when it comes to providing direction and structure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-authoritative-parenting-for-dogs">Authoritative parenting for dogs</h2>



On the other hand, an authoritative parenting style demonstrated the opposite effect. Participants raised in such environments were less likely to be permissive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a>.



Authoritative parenting leans heavily on clear rules, high expectations, and consistent discipline. It fosters independence while maintaining an open line of communication. 



The focus here is more on obedience than understanding, and parental authority is of utmost importance.



The big question is, does this dynamic translate to their relationship with their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dogs-can-remember-their-toy-names-for-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orientations-of-dog-owners">Orientations of dog owners</h2>



"This study explores how parenting styles towards dogs are influenced by experiences in one's own upbringing."



"We found that a permissive parenting style tends to be passed down across generations, with individuals who experienced it growing up being more likely to use it with their dogs," the researchers from Universities of <a href="https://www.gla.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glasgow</a> and <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stirling</a> said.



And there's more. The research not only analyzed parenting styles but also the attitudes and orientations of dog owners. 



Some owners displayed a 'protectionistic' orientation, emphasizing control and discipline, while others showcased a 'humanistic' attitude, focusing on treating dogs more like companions and favoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interacting-with-dogs-can-ease-physical-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional bonding</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-influence-on-dog-parenting">Cultural influence on dog parenting </h2>



Cultural background also emerges as a salient factor in shaping dog parenting styles. 



Various cultures around the globe possess distinct attitudes towards animal care, which inevitably influence how individuals interact with their pets.



For instance, in Western societies, there is a prevalent trend towards perceiving dogs as family members rather than just animals, which aligns with a more humanistic approach. 



These cultural ideologies often go hand in hand with the parenting styles experienced in childhood, further influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-and-human-brains-sync-up-during-eye-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog ownership practices</a>.



The interplay between cultural norms and parenting styles highlights the intricate web of factors that underpin how we choose to raise and care for our canine companions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



The findings of this study open the door to a multitude of implications, especially in terms of promoting responsible dog ownership. 



By understanding the profound impact of upbringing on how people treat their dogs, initiatives can be launched to educate current and prospective dog owners about the benefits of various parenting styles. 



Encouraging an authoritative style, which marries warmth with clear boundaries, may foster a balanced relationship that includes affection, discipline, and mutual respect between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-learn-better-with-praise-and-petting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owner and the dog</a>.



Additionally, these insights can inform the development of training programs that consider personal and cultural history as part of cultivating healthy owner-dog relationships. 



As further research continues to unravel this complex dynamic, there is hope for improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-people-experience-puppy-blues-with-a-new-pet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet welfare</a> and enriched human-animal interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



So, what does this tell us? As fascinating as these revelations are, this is merely the first step. The study has paved the way for further investigation into the link between parenting styles and how we treat our pets. 



Until then, perhaps it's time to reflect on how our childhood may be shaping the way we interact with our four-legged friends.



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How people treat their dogs is directly tied to their own childhood

A fascinating piece of research has opened the conversation about...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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