In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do.



This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the most complex problems in science: how species evolve, and even how cancer works.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-with-chopped-up-chromosomes">Butterfly with chopped up chromosomes </h2>



Inside every living thing, from a mushroom to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-whale-species-is-already-threatened-with-extinction/">whale</a>, there’s DNA - the instruction manual of life. That DNA is packaged into structures called chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs, and most butterflies have 23 or 24 pairs.



The Atlas blue butterfly carries 229 pairs of chromosomes - more than any other multicellular animal. Scientists had long suspected it held the record, and new genome sequencing has now confirmed it.



And here’s what’s even more surprising: the butterfly's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-analysis-can-predict-which-animals-are-at-risk-of-extinction/">DNA</a> hasn’t been duplicated. Instead, the chromosomes have been chopped up into smaller pieces - like taking 24 books and ripping them into 229 booklets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-peek-into-evolution-s-toolbox">A peek into evolution’s toolbox</h2>



The researchers behind the new study came from the <a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> in the UK and the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona. They produced the first-ever high-quality genome for the Atlas blue and discovered that its extra chromosomes were not caused by copying, but by splitting.



This process happened fast in evolutionary terms. In about three million years, the butterfly went from 24 to 229 chromosomes. That’s like a blink of an eye for species development.



The cuts happened in parts of the DNA that were loosely packed. That means the total genetic information didn’t really change, it was just reorganized. All of the chromosomes, except for sex chromosomes, were broken up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-evolving-butterfly">A rapidly evolving butterfly </h2>



Changes in chromosome number are one way that species evolve. They can affect how genes are turned on or off, how traits are passed down, and how well an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genomics-can-help-farm-animals-adapt-to-climate-change/">animal adapts</a> to its environment. The Atlas blue butterfly belongs to a group that evolved rapidly, creating lots of closely related species.



This new research helps explain how that might have happened. The split chromosomes may have allowed more mixing and matching of DNA, possibly helping the species survive in tough environments.



But that same complexity could also come with risks. Too many chromosomes might make a species more vulnerable over time. And unfortunately, the Atlas blue is already in trouble. Climate change, overgrazing, and destruction of cedar forests are putting pressure on its populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-chromosomes-and-cancer">Butterfly chromosomes and cancer</h2>



The implications go far beyond butterflies. Professor Mark Blaxter noted that genomes hold the key to how a creature came to be, but also, where it might go in the future.



“To be able to tell the story of our planet, we must have the story of each species and see where they overlap and interact with each other. It also allows us to apply learnings from one genome to another."



"For example, rearranging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-chromosomes-have-conserved-specific-elements-for-600-million-years/">chromosomes</a> is also seen in human cancer cells, and understanding this process in the Atlas blue butterfly could help find ways to limit or stop this in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-scientist-discovers-that-common-non-cancer-drugs-when-combined-can-kill-cancer-cells/">cancer cells</a> in the future.”



That might seem like a stretch - a tiny insect helping us battle a major disease - but it’s happened before. From bacteria to mice and worms, scientists have used all kinds of living things to understand human health. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-extreme-atlas-blue-butterfly">The extreme Atlas blue butterfly</h2>



There are still big questions to answer. What benefits, if any, come from having so many chromosomes? Are there specific genes that make this butterfly more adaptable? Could this give clues about how life responds to a changing planet?



“When we set out to start to understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/">evolution</a> in butterflies, we knew we had to sequence the most extreme, and somewhat mysterious, Atlas blue butterfly,” said Dr. Charlotte Wright, first author of the study. 



She noted that it was thanks to Dr. Roger Vila, who had previously worked with his colleague to find and identify this elusive butterfly, that the team was able to sequence this species.



"Being able to see, in detail, how the Atlas blue butterfly chromosomes have been split over time in specific places, we can start to investigate what benefits this might have, how it impacts their ability to adapt to their environment, and whether there are any lessons we can learn from their DNA that might aid conservation in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-species-evolution">Understanding species evolution</h2>



This kind of research is just the beginning. The team now has a “gold-standard” genome to compare with other butterflies and moths, opening the door to understanding more about how species split, adapt, or vanish.



“Breaking down chromosomes has been seen in other species of butterflies, but not on this level, suggesting that there are important reasons for this process which we can now start to explore," said Dr. Vila, senior author of the study. 



"Additionally, as chromosomes hold all the secrets of a species, investigating whether these changes impact a butterfly’s behavior could help form a full picture of how and why new species occur."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)01098-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098222501098X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">Current Biology</a>.



Image Credit: Roger Vila



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Butterfly sets an astonishing  chromosome record

In the wild mountain ranges of Morocco and northeast Algeria, there’s a small, shimmering butterfly that most people have never heard of. It flutters through cedar forests and scrubby hillsides, unnoticed by nearly everyone. But deep inside its cells, this insect is doing something no other animal has ever been seen to do. This butterfly, called the Atlas blue, just set a world record. And scientists are paying attention - not just because it’s rare, but because its strange biology could help us understand one of the...

Ever noticed how birds fly south for the winter, or how your favorite sushi fish is harder to find during certain months? Shifting habitats and migration patterns of species is a common natural occurrence, but what if <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2024-the-tide-may-finally-be-turning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these changes</a> are becoming more drastic and more unpredictable because of climate change? That's what a team of researchers at <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a> is investigating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-species-and-their-habitats">Climate, species, and their habitats</h2>



Leading the charge in this compelling research is Jake Lawlor, a Ph.D. student at McGill University. His recent study delves deep into the effects of climate change on species’ movements. Lawlor's focus is on the range shifts of species - how far and which direction they move in response to a changing environment.



Broadly speaking, there's a general anticipation that with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-deja-vu-oceans-may-slow-down-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming climate</a>, species might pack their bags and move towards cooler environments.&nbsp;



However, the results from Lawlor’s study, which tracked the movements of around 26,000 species through a global database called BioShifts, offers a fascinating perspective that challenges this assumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-not-just-about-temperature">Climate change: Not just about temperature</h2>



The McGill study revealed that 59% of species did indeed move towards cooler environments, consistent with the basic assumption about global warming. 



But that's not the entire story. What about the remaining 41%? These species exhibited movements that either didn't occur at all or were in directions inconsistent with expectations based on warming temperatures.



So, this begs the question – is temperature the only major player in the game of climate change? If not, what else could be influencing species to change their habitats? 



Lawlor and his team stepped up to this investigative challenge, trying to decipher the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underlying causes</a> behind these unexpected movements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-of-species-habitats">Shifting of species' habitats</h2>



The team dug deeper into species-specific and climate-specific factors to better understand this puzzle. Could the specific life cycle of a species affect its reaction to warming? Would the features of the landscape influence the routes they take? Such questions form the basis of Lawlor's research.



"Understanding these temperature-inconsistent shifts will be especially important in helping researchers create models that predict when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> is likely to lead to range shifts, as well as when it won't," noted Lawlor.



"For example, the type of life cycle of a particular species, or their sensitivity to warming, or the features of the landscape might help us to predict how likely the species in those habitats are to shift, and even the routes they might take."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cautionary-tale">A cautionary tale</h2>



While the study provides valuable insights into the shifting habitats of various species due to climate change, the researchers caution that significant data gaps remain. 



Most existing data on range shifts are concentrated in Europe and North America, leaving large portions of the globe underrepresented. Additionally, the data greatly overlook marine species, which are just as affected by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental changes</a>. 



The researchers also point out that data collection has been uneven across different plant and animal groups, making it challenging to draw comprehensive conclusions.



This uneven distribution and lack of marine data highlight the need for more extensive, globally inclusive research to better understand the full impact of climate change on biodiversity.



"In other words, trends like averaged rates and directions of range shifts that we calculate based on observations of birds and insects might not tell us what to expect for shifts of kelp, or crops, or fish. Nor, as the climate changes, would they be sufficient to inform many conservation-management plans," noted study senior author Jennifer Sunday.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-eyes-on-the-field">More eyes on the field</h2>



With the acknowledgment of these data disparities, the McGill team stresses the need for enhanced monitoring of species shifts. This can help improve our understanding of the factors at play, leading to better strategies to preserve biodiversity in the face of climate change.



Lawlor's study is a stark reminder that climate change isn't a one-size-fits-all phenomenon. It affects different regions and communities in distinct ways, presenting unique challenges that require tailored solutions. Addressing these issues demands our collective attention and action to ensure a sustainable future for all.



So, the next time you spot a new bird species in your backyard or notice a different kind of fish in your local market, remember – climate change doesn’t just affect humans; it's reshaping the entire natural world.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00527-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Reviews Earth and Environment</a>.



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Most species are shifting their habitats due to climate change

Ever noticed how birds fly south for the winter, or...

Life under the sea is filled with simple pleasures, free from the hustle and bustle of human life. Amidst the stress of the COVID-19 pandemic, who would've thought that there would be an upside to the lockdowns for humpback <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/humpback-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a>? 



A team from the <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Queensland</a>, led by the inquisitive Dr. Jake Linsky, stumbled upon a fascinating discovery: the calming effect on migrating humpback whales off Australia's east coast.



Dr. Linsky, part of UQ's School of Environment, has been studying the health of this species out of <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/moreton-bay-research-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moreton Bay Research Station</a>. When not cooped up in a lab, he's out taking drone photographs and collecting blubber samples to gauge the health of these freewheeling cetaceans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-up-on-whales">"Checking up" on whales </h2>



With their remarkable recovery from historical whaling, the health of these Australian humpback whales has been a topic of great interest. The team has been keen on using cutting-edge tools to check on their well-being.



"We used drone photographs and blubber samples to assess the health of eastern Australian humpback whales in the waters off Minjerribah - North Stradbroke Island - during their migration in 2020 and 2021," Dr. Linsky said.



"This&nbsp;population&nbsp;has made one of the most successful recoveries from historical whaling, so we wanted to use the latest tools at our disposal to provide a check-up on their health."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-humpback-whales-stress-levels">Decoding humpback whales stress levels</h2>



"We also used small boats to approach whales and collect small samples of skin and blubber from the whales' flanks," Dr. Linsky added.



Once collected, these blubber samples were examined for hormones and gene expressions related to stress, energy reserves, and immune health. A striking revelation was the significantly lower cortisol concentrations- a stress hormone - in 2021 when compared to 2020.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduction-in-environmental-stressors">Reduction in environmental stressors</h2>



This decrease in cortisol levels indicates a reduction in environmental stressors over the year. How did this happen? 



Dr. Linsky attributes the change to several factors, including a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-a-warming-climate-will-change-the-humpback-whales-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shift in climate</a> and the drastic alteration of human activity during the pandemic.



"Several things happened during this period that likely contributed to our findings, including a shift in climate into La Niña and dramatic changes to human activity during the pandemic."



"Our gene expression results also raise a further hypothesis that the whales may have been responding to a decline in pollutants in their remote feeding waters."



"Previous studies have found similar changes to stress hormones in whales on the opposite side of the Antarctic continent - our findings support the idea that these changes occurred throughout the Southern Ocean."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-policies">Implications for conservation policies</h2>



The findings from Dr. Linsky's study have critical implications for conservation policies aimed at protecting humpback whales and other marine species. 



The observed decrease in cortisol levels during periods of reduced human activity supports the argument for establishing marine protected areas and enforcing stricter regulations on maritime traffic and pollution. 



By minimizing human-induced stressors, we can create safer and more conducive environments for these majestic creatures.



Additionally, the study underscores the importance of international collaboration in marine conservation, as migratory species like humpback whales traverse vast oceanic distances. 



Joint efforts are essential to ensure these animals encounter safe havens. This is crucial to enhance their chances of survival in an ever-changing global environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-big-picture">The big picture</h2>



What does this mean for the future? These findings shed light on the role of migratory whales as health indicators of Antarctic marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-whales-continue-their-battle-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>.



"Eastern Australian humpback whales have demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt to changes in their environment, but our study emphasizes the importance of mitigating human impacts so they can continue to thrive in our rapidly changing oceans," said Dr. Linsky.



"By continuing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitor</a> and protect humpback whales off Australia's east coast, we can ensure their&nbsp;health&nbsp;and stability while also offering&nbsp;valuable insights&nbsp;into how other struggling whale populations might be conserved."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141113624002575?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Environmental Research</a>.



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Humpback whales felt less stressed during the pandemic

Life under the sea is filled with simple pleasures, free...

Have you ever pondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wings-without-borders-the-significance-of-world-migratory-bird-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a> figure out their way to warmer climates? Well, a team of researchers from the Netherlands Institute of Ecology (<a href="https://nioo.knaw.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIOO-KNAW</a>) and the Swiss Ornithological Institute (<a href="https://www.vogelwarte.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vogelwarte Sempach</a>) have finally cracked a 70-year-old mystery revolving around starlings and the way they navigate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starling-and-their-patterns">Starling and their patterns</h2>



At the heart of this study is Albert Perdeck, a biologist from the Netherlands who embarked on a mission in the mid-20th century to decipher the migratory patterns of starlings.



He relocated thousands of these birds from the Netherlands to Switzerland and Spain, intent on discovering how young and adult starlings orient themselves on their migratory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-migratory-birds-navigate-with-such-accuracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">path</a>. 



The results of Perdeck's research, cloaked in ambiguity for decades, have at last been confirmed and clarified by the present-day team.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-starlings">Navigating starlings</h2>



In their research, the scientists uniquely identified each starling using lightweight metal leg rings, a strategy still utilized today by the Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, Vogelwarte Sempach and their partners across Europe. 



According to Morrison Pot from the NIOO-KNAW, relocated adult starlings altered their migratory path to return to their usual wintering sites. 



Meanwhile, the younglings continued in the direction they'd initially started, landing them in unexpected locations in southern France and Spain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-starlings-copycats">Are starlings copycats?</h2>



Perdeck's findings caused quite a stir among experts specializing in bird migration. The results led to a flurry of theories. A notable theory posited that young starlings, which are inherently social animals, might integrate into a group of local starlings. 



Once part of the flock, they could potentially mimic the migratory behaviors of these experienced birds. If this theory holds water, it could fundamentally alter our comprehension of starling migration. 



Specifically, it would imply that starlings acquire their migratory routes by learning from others, rather than possessing an innate knowledge of these paths from birth. This revelation would be significant, as it challenges the long-held assumption that migratory routes are instinctual.



To settle this debate, the team delved into Perdeck's historical data, comparing the relocated starlings' migratory patterns with those of local starlings in Switzerland and Spain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starlings-navigate-alone">Starlings navigate alone</h2>



The reanalysis of Perdeck's data brought forth a surprising revelation. Rather than being social migrants, starlings are independent navigators. 



"Starlings travel independently, and decisions about where to go are not overruled by the migratory behavior of others," Pot explains.



A recent study further backed this finding by revealing that starlings migrate at night. Logically, how could a bird possibly mimic another's path in the darkness of the night?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-picture-for-navigating-starlings">Bigger picture for navigating starlings</h2>



You might ask why this debate is essential. Our world is undergoing rapid changes, with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> and land-use leading the charge. 



In this backdrop, understanding whether migratory behavior is learned or inherited could help us predict how birds can adapt to these alterations.



Henk van der Jeugd is the head of the Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography. He noted that despite their widespread presence and adaptability to human-influenced landscapes, starlings' inherited migratory behavior could make them less flexible to fast-paced changes.



This 70-year-old mystery turned revelation is no less than an ode to the intricacies of nature. It reminds us yet again that every creature, no matter how small, carries a world of secrets that is waiting to be uncovered.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-frontiers">Future frontiers</h2>



With the mystery of how starlings navigate largely unraveled, the focus now shifts to the future research possibilities that this revelation opens. 



One of the pressing questions is how starlings might adjust their migratory paths in response to ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-behavior-productivity-being-directly-impacted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Researchers aim to investigate if there are specific environmental cues that could influence migratory decisions in this rapidly evolving world. 



Additionally, advances in satellite tracking technology promise more precise data collection methods, enabling scientists to monitor individual birds throughout their migratory journey. Such innovations hold the potential to unveil even more detailed insights into the life of these fascinating birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation">Implications for conservation</h2>



The findings about starlings' migration offer significant implications for bird conservation efforts. Understanding that starlings rely on inherited migratory routes rather than social learning suggests that any disruptions to their traditional habitats could have long-term impacts on their populations. 



Conservationists could leverage this knowledge to develop more targeted strategies, such as creating protected migratory corridors and preserving critical habitats along their routes. 



Moreover, these insights could be applied to other migratory species facing similar challenges, thereby enhancing the broader efforts within the field of ornithological conservation. 



By safeguarding the natural environments that starlings and other migratory birds rely on, we can help ensure their survival amidst an ever-changing global landscape.



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Starlings are independent navigators, not copycats

Have you ever pondered how migratory birds figure out their...

Have you ever wondered how mosquitoes, those pesky little buzzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creatures</a> that keep you up at night, choose their mates? Interestingly, it's all about listening for the right buzz.



Researchers from the esteemed <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a> in Japan have recently decrypted the mystery behind how the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), differentiate their own kind from others. 



How do they do it? By tuning into the unique frequencies of sound generated by the flapping wings of opposite-sex mosquitoes from their own species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dusk-ritual-swarm-and-mosquito-buzz">Dusk ritual, swarm and mosquito buzz</h2>



During twilight, male Aedes mosquitoes congregate in large flying swarms. It's like a buzzing singles bar where they wait patiently for fertile females to fly in. 



Study co-author Dr. Matthew Su noted that as soon as a female enters this airborne gathering, the male mosquitoes - equipped with an exceptional sense of hearing - listen for her distinctive wing-sound, approach her and attempt to woo her.



“In the past few decades, the territories of the two types of mosquitos have increasingly overlapped,” said Dr. Su. “Mainly at dusk, male Aedes mosquitoes form a swarm, a large group of flying males waiting for fertile females to fly in." 



"When a female enters the group, the male uses his excellent hearing to hear her wing sound, approach her, and attempt to mate. But females of other species could enter the group too, so we became interested in how males avoid mating with the wrong species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-art-of-listening-to-the-buzzing-mosquitos">Art of listening to the buzzing mosquitos </h2>



This curiosity led the team to investigate further. They installed microphones in mosquito breeding cages to capture the frequencies of wingbeats from both sexes, and compared these frequencies between species. 



An intriguing pattern was discovered - both the males and females of the Asian tiger mosquito produced higher wing sound frequencies than their yellow fever counterparts.



The researchers hypothesized that this difference in sound frequency is the secret behind how mosquitoes avoid misdirected romance. 



To prove this theory, synthetic female wing sounds were played back to male mosquitoes. Without fail, the Asian tiger mosquito males responded to higher frequencies than the yellow fever males, clearly demonstrating species-specific sound recognition.



“We believe the males have optimized the vibratory properties of their ‘ears’ to match the frequencies of females of the same species,” said Professor Azusa Kamikouchi, the joint corresponding author of the study.



 “This suggests that males are finely tuned to the specific wingbeat frequencies produced by females of their species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tuning-into-the-right-frequency">Tuning into the right frequency</h2>



“Mosquito mating depends on male hearing of female sounds,” noted Dr. Su. “Even though the difference in female sounds may sound small at 40 Hz, for mosquitoes - and humans in fact - this gap is huge." 



"They modulate their hearing function via signals sent from their brains to their ears to listen for the right frequency. Humans actually do something similar to help tune out background noise to sleep or hear a friends’ voice in a noisy bar.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approach-to-mosquito-control">New approach to mosquito control?</h2>



Understanding this wing-sound phenomenon could open a new avenue for mosquito control. Currently, most traps are designed to attract females to lay eggs, which are then killed off. 



However, the Nagoya researchers have an additional idea. By playing specific flight sounds, these traps could also lure in male mosquitoes.



“I could see our research being used to combine oviposition and sound traps,” said Dr. Su. “Oviposition traps exist, but they mostly catch females, so we thought why not capture males at the same time?" 



"It’s good to plan ahead for potential outbreaks especially as the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-mosquitoes-prefer-heat-and-thrive-in-the-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> are increasing the number of people affected by mosquitoes.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbiotic-coexistence-with-buzzing-mosquitos">Symbiotic coexistence with buzzing mosquitos </h2>



The researchers underscore the fact that completely eliminating mosquitoes would harm the ecosystem. Despite being a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nuisance</a> to humans, these creatures play important environmental roles as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> for plants and feeders for amphibians.



“Elimination may not be a good idea because we don’t know the effects on the ecosystem. Instead, we feel that limited biocontrol is better,” Dr. Su explained. 



“Ultimately, we will have to live together with mosquitoes, ideally separately. Therefore, we have to understand them and drive numbers down to levels where diseases are less likely to be transmitted.”&nbsp;



So the next time you’re bugged by a mosquito’s incessant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-hearing-could-be-targeted-to-combat-deadly-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">buzz</a>, remember that it’s not just noise, it’s intricate insect communication at work.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)01489-5?" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>.



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Mosquitoes listen for a specific buzz to find mates

Have you ever wondered how mosquitoes, those pesky little buzzing...

You've seen them in zoos, maybe read about them, or have even watched Nat Geo documentaries, but how much do you really know about hippopotamuses? They're hefty, they're dangerous, and they wallow in water every chance they get. But did you know that hippos can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-determines-the-maximum-running-speed-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">run</a> surprisingly fast? And when they do, all four of their feet are in the air.



Two evolutionary biomechanics specialists from the University of London's <a href="https://www.rvc.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Veterinary College</a>, John Hutchinson and Emily Pringle, took to the hippo world to uncover some astonishing facts. With the aid of high-speed cameras, they filmed these colossal creatures running at full throttle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-running-speed-of-hippos">Running speed of hippos</h2>



When you think of hippos, you probably envision a substantial, mostly inoffensive-looking creature, spending most of its time submerged in water. 



However, these mammals, weighing up to 1,500 kg (3,307 lbs) for males and 1,300 kg (2,866 lbs) for females, are notoriously aggressive and can be deadly towards humans. 



Their surprising agility for such massy beings has long been a source of intrigue. Some have even clocked speeds of up to 30 km/hr (18.6 mph).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trotting-not-galloping">Trotting, not galloping</h2>



How can a creature as hefty as a hippo reach such speeds? To crack this mystery wide open, Hutchinson and Pringle took a trip to North Yorkshire's Flamingo Land resort, high-speed cameras in tow. 



They managed to film a whopping 169 running cycles involving 32 individual hippos. Delving into the footage, they discovered that hippos only tended to sprint when chased by another of their kind, a display of dominance.



Furthermore, they found that hippos, in their full sprinting glory, lift all four feet off the ground simultaneously for about 15% of the time they spend running, with each occurrence lasting for roughly 0.3 seconds. Unlike the galloping rhinos, these mammoths were seen using a trotting type gait when running. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hippos-trot-underwater">Hippos trot underwater</h2>



The study expanded its focus beyond just the movements hippos make on land. The researchers discovered that hippos exhibit a similar trotting gait while underwater. Unlike other aquatic animals that swim, hippos are unable to propel themselves through water in the same way.



Instead, they utilize a unique form of locomotion: they speed-walk along the bottom of rivers or lakes. This method of moving gives them the appearance of being undersea runners, efficiently navigating their aquatic environment by walking briskly rather than swimming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hefty-hippos-running-at-high-speeds">Hefty hippos running at high speeds</h2>



The discovery that these massive animals, often referred to as "elephants," can actually become airborne when moving at high speeds on land is a revelation. This marks the first instance where such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-animals-travel-slowly-because-they-get-too-hot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a> has been documented.



Specifically, it has been observed that hippos, which can weigh more than 2,200 kilograms (4,850 pounds), are capable of lifting all four of their limbs off the ground while moving quickly. This observation was confirmed and announced in an official statement from the Royal Veterinary College.



To provide a clearer picture, when these hippos pick up speed, they momentarily lift their entire body off the ground during each stride. This phenomenon is akin to how certain fast-moving animals, like cheetahs or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-domestic-horses-have-ancestors-in-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a>, have phases in their running gait where all their feet are off the ground. 



For hippos, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-has-a-strong-effect-on-wildlife-in-remote-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> typically perceived as cumbersome and slow-moving, this finding challenges previous assumptions about their locomotion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-flies-can-walk-jump-and-dance-using-the-same-motor-neurons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capabilities</a> and offers new insights into their physical dynamics and adaptations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



There’s much more to learn from these fascinating creatures. Hutchinson's future research could expand to studying baby hippos and baby pygmy hippos, who may have the ability to gallop when they are young but lose this skill as they grow into their substantial adult size.



This study not only broadens our understanding of the hippo's biomechanics but could also inform their management in captivity and aid in monitoring their health for any physical issues. 



So the next time you see a hippo, remember, there's more to them than their gentle, water-loving exterior. These creatures have a need for speed!



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://peerj.com/articles/17675/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PeerJ</a>.



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Hippos can actually become airborne when they run at full speed

You've seen them in zoos, maybe read about them, or...

Humans always hunted and fished. In some societies, this was, and still is, necessary for survival. But in industrialized nations, hunting and fishing have taken on a new mantle -- a recreational sport. 



A recent study delves into the ethical and practical implications of this increasingly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunting-can-help-stabilize-wildlife-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">popular practice</a>, exploring its benefits and potential impacts on different aspects of our daily lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-team">Meet the team</h2>



<a href="https://www.igb-berlin.de/en/profile/robert-arlinghaus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Robert Arlinghaus</a> from the IGB, along with a team of philosophers, social scientists, and environmentalists, explores this phenomenon from a fresh lens. 



They look at the emotional intensity that recreational hunting and fishing can provoke in individuals. Through their study, they bring our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-fishing-got-a-boost-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attention to its potential impact</a> on environmental stewardship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-stewardship">Environmental stewardship</h2>



The team proposes that the deep emotional connection forged between hunters, anglers, and the wild can lead to a strong sense of responsibility. 



They argue that these feelings often translate into lifelong commitment towards environmental and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-summer-fishing-shrinks-atlantic-salmon-size-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species protection</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-sides-of-the-spectrum">Two sides of the spectrum</h3>



However, not all outdoor experiences are catalysts for this kind of stewardship. The researchers clearly differentiate between intensive nature interaction, which can foster environmental responsibility, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decline-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superficially conducted hunting</a> and fishing practices, which may not have the same effect.



Charles List, professor emeritus of philosophy at <a href="https://www.plattsburgh.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SUNY Plattsburgh University</a>, New York, and co-author of the study, explains the idea well.



"Hunting and fishing generally require an intensive engagement with natural processes, ecosystems, the living creature and the annual and daily cycles," List explains.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-nature-connections-made-by-hunting-and-fishing">Deep nature connections made by hunting and fishing</h3>



This deep connection to nature can foster a strong sense of responsibility to protect wildlife and fish, known as stewardship.



Through activities like searching, finding, catching, killing, and processing wild animals, hunters and anglers become part of the natural food web.



This deep connection with nature can foster a strong sense of responsibility to protect wildlife and fish, known as stewardship.



"Hunting and fishing generally require an intensive engagement with natural processes, ecosystems, the living creature, and the annual and daily cycles," said Prof. Arlinghaus, a sustainability researcher and fisheries professor at the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-fishing-and-the-empathy-gap">Hunting, fishing, and the empathy gap</h2>



Just as there are two sides to every coin, the researchers also shed light on practices that might not foster a sense of responsibility.



Unfortunately, some hunting and fishing experiences are dominated by a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunting-reduces-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desire for quick rewards</a> rather than fostering a connection with nature.



According to Dr. Sam Shephard of <a href="https://www.avemaria.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ave Maria University</a> in Florida, these superficial experiences do not allow for an intensive examination of one's relationship with nature and the impact on the lives of animals.



"There are examples of hunting and fishing experiences being dominated by market logic," explained Dr. Shephard. He pointed to small put-and-take fishing ponds and canned hunting as examples.



These practices offer only superficial experiences of nature. They cater to the desire for a quick reward. Often, there is no deep examination of personal relationships with nature or the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-fleets-hidden-industrial-fishing-activity-exposed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact on the lives of animals</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psycho-emotional-triggers">Psycho-emotional triggers</h2>



The team also explores the skills and knowledge that hunting and fishing can impart. However, they emphasize that the critical factor is not just the practice but the psycho-emotional triggers that the activities stir in the individuals.



Catch-and-release fishing, for instance, can heighten the sense of responsibility towards the life of the fish. However, if executed for purely economic reasons, it does nothing to foster a sense of stewardship.



"Stewardship arises when people become aware of the consequences of their own actions and draw personally binding conclusions that lead to the sustainable management of animal populations, including to self-constraint about how many animals to take and how," explained associate professor Erica von Essen of <a href="https://www.stockholmresilience.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stockholm Resilience Center</a>.



She suggests that true stewardship arises when individuals comprehend the consequences of their actions and take binding decisions for the sustainable management of animal populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-societal-pressures-on-traditional-practices">Societal pressures on traditional practices</h2>



In their study, the researchers also delve into the impact of societal pressures on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-women-were-not-just-gatherers-they-were-hunters-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional practices</a>. 



With societal taboos around killing wild animals in recreation, hunters and anglers often distance themselves from the emotional dimensions of their activities. Unfortunately, this shift undermines <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-fishing-gets-a-boost-from-genomics-roadmap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental stewardship</a>. 



Professor Arlinghaus explains, "An important basis for this is to remove the social taboo on killing wild animals in the context of recreational fishing and hunting."



He believes such practices can build intense emotional connections and awareness of the consequences of one's actions, which may lead to pro-environmental behavior and support for conservation efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stewardship-s-role-in-hunting-and-fishing">Stewardship's role in hunting and fishing</h2>



The study led by Professor Robert Arlinghaus examines recreational hunting and fishing. It highlights how these activities can promote environmental stewardship.



The intense engagement hunters and anglers have with nature is crucial. This interaction often leads to a deep emotional connection and a commitment to protect wildlife and the environment.



However, not all hunting and fishing experiences foster this connection. Some are superficial and driven by quick rewards. These do not result in a strong sense of responsibility towards nature.



The researchers argue for the importance of psycho-emotional engagement. They propose that true stewardship comes from understanding the impact of one's actions and making sustainable choices.



While the act of hunting and fishing can be controversial, it is important to comprehend the potential for fostering a sense of environmental responsibility.



As society continues to grapple with issues of conservation and environmental protection, the findings of this study offer a unique perspective that invites us all to explore our relationship with nature more deeply.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01379-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>.



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Does hunting and fishing connect humans with nature or reinforce superiority complex

Humans always hunted and fished. In some societies, this was,...

Imagine traveling back in time, around forty million years before dinosaurs roamed Earth. Picture an ancient predator: fierce, patient, and lurking in swampy waters. Meet Gaiasia jennyae, an ancient swamp creature with a skull oddly resembling a toilet seat.



Its hunting strategy involved lying in wait, with jaws wide open, ready to capture any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/550-million-year-old-fossil-sponge-discovered-in-china/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creature</a>. This intriguing discovery adds a fascinating chapter to our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gigoutella-mauretanica-best-preserved-trilobite-fossils-ever-found/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric</a> life. 



What can we learn from such ancient predators, and how do they reshape our understanding of Earth's history?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-salamander-like-top-predator">Giant salamander-like top predator</h2>



Jason Pardo, an NSF postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a> in Chicago and co-lead author of the study, described the impressive characteristics of Gaiasia jennyae. 



He explained that this ancient creature was significantly larger than a human and likely inhabited the lower regions of swamps and lakes. 



Pardo vividly described its distinctive features, stating, "It's got a big, flat, toilet seat-shaped head, which allows it to open its mouth and suck in prey." 



He further emphasized the creature's formidable dentition, noting, "It has these huge fangs, the whole front of the mouth is just giant teeth. It’s a big predator, but potentially also a relatively slow ambush predator.”



Affectionately dubbed the swamp creature with a toilet seat-shaped head, Gaiasia jennyae is believed to have hung around the swamp and lake bottoms while silently preparing for its next ambush.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-gaiasia-jennyae-got-its-name">How Gaiasia jennyae got its name</h2>



The name Gaiasia jennyae commemorates the location where the fossils were discovered: the Gai-as Formation in Namibia. It pays tribute to renowned paleontologist, Jenny Clack, celebrated for her work on the evolution of early tetrapods.



The term 'tetrapod' denotes four-limbed vertebrates that evolved from lobe-finned fishes, which laid the foundation for the evolution of a wide variety of species, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/gaiasia-jennyae_giant-salamander-like_skeleton_credit-Marsicano_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/gaiasia-jennyae_giant-salamander-like_skeleton_credit-Marsicano_1s.jpg" alt="Skeleton of Gaiasia jennyae recently unearthed. Credit: Marsicano" class="wp-image-1938244"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Skeleton of Gaiasia jennyae recently unearthed. Credit: Marsicano</figcaption></figure>



“When we found this enormous specimen just lying on the outcrop as a giant concretion, it was really shocking. I knew just from seeing it that it was something completely different. We were all very excited,” said Marsicano. 



“After examining the skull,&nbsp; the structure of the front of the skull caught my attention. It&nbsp; was the only clearly visible part at that time, and it showed very unusually interlocking large fangs, creating a unique bite for early tetrapods.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worlds-apart-worlds-together">Worlds apart, worlds together</h2>



Namibia of the present stands just north of South Africa. Around 300 million years ago, it was even further south, approximately on par with modern-day northern tips of Antarctica. 



The world was gradually coming out of an ice age. As swamps near the equator were drying up and turning into forests, the swampy ecosystem near the poles managed to survive, potentially amidst patches of ice and glaciers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creatures-before-gaiasia-jennyae">Creatures before Gaiasia jennyae</h2>



At such times of significant climatic transformation, animals were adapting to new forms of existence. 



Stem tetrapods, which are early four-legged vertebrates, started to diverge into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/500-million-year-old-trilobites-fossils-preserved-in-volcanic-ash/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lineages</a> that would eventually evolve into mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.



Meanwhile, in regions like what is now Namibia, ancient forms persisted. Holding on to their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lineage</a>, creatures like Gaiasia jennyae turned out to be a surprise.



Somehow tied to organisms believed to have gone extinct about 40 million years prior, Gaiasia jennyae's survival and dominance in its ecosystem as a primary predator were astonishing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-permian-period-code">Cracking the Permian period code</h2>



Gaiasia jennyae is more than just a prehistoric creature - it's a key to unlocking the mysteries of the Permian period, enabling paleontologists to understand how the world evolved.



It suggests that the dynamics at the Equator differed significantly from those in the far south. This revelation is crucial because it may provide answers about the origins of various animal groups.



The discovery of this ancient predator suggests the existence of a thriving ecosystem, capable of nurturing such large predators. 



"The more we look, we might find more answers about these major animal groups that we care about, like the ancestors of mammals and modern reptiles." concludes Pardo.



Who knows what other secrets of evolution lie <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/470-million-year-old-animal-fossils-discovered-in-frances-cabrieres-biota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">buried</a>, awaiting their own time in the sun? 



The quest for knowledge is far from over, and each new discovery brings us closer to understanding our world's wondrous past.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07572-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Giant salamander-like beast was a top predator before the dinosaurs

Imagine traveling back in time, around forty million years before...

Ongoing research into the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/offshore-wind-farms-can-harm-marine-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">offshore wind farm</a> electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on shark development reveals that alternating electric currents produced by underwater wind farm cables seem not to disrupt the growth or survival of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-sharks-live-up-to-500-years-whats-their-secret/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a>.



Offshore wind farms are one of the most common marine renewable energy (MRE) producers and are seen as pivotal in the global transition towards <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>, moving away from fossil fuels that contribute to climate change. 



However, their proliferation in marine environments raises questions about their impacts on wildlife. Researchers and energy operators are working together to understand these effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wind-farms-and-sharks">Wind farms and sharks</h2>



“Wind farms can induce noise, vibrations, interruptions to ecological continuity, and generate electromagnetic fields at the level of submarine electric cable,” said Julie Lucas, a research associate at France's <a href="https://www.mnhn.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Museum of Natural History</a>. 



“They can affect the behavior of electro-sensitive species which use natural electromagnetic fields to move and feed, such as sharks.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-submarine-electric-cables">Submarine electric cables</h2>



These offshore wind farms rely on submarine electric cables (CES) that use either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC), depending on their function, power output, and cable length.&nbsp;



“Currently, wind farms located less than 50km from the coast use AC current, whereas more powerful future wind farms are planned to be located more than 50 km away and will use DC current,” Lucas said.



Both AC and DC currents produce strong magnetic fields in the water surrounding them. “These magnetic fields can affect the behavior of electro- and magneto-sensitive species such as elasmobranchs, which use natural electromagnetic fields to move and feed,” she explained.&nbsp;



“The increasing number of offshore wind farms is likely to amplify these effects, while existing information on their impact on marine communities remains patchy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impacts-of-offshore-wind-farms">Potential impacts of offshore wind farms</h2>



The experts aimed to identify the effects of the magnetic fields caused by AC and DC currents on the survival, development, and behavior of sharks and other electro-sensitive elasmobranchs.&nbsp;



The team studied two key life stages of the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicular), embryo and juvenile, under either control or wind farm-impacted conditions using AC or DC currents. They recorded daily survival, weekly development and growth, and metabolic rate through respirometry for both life stages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-sharks-respond-to-wind-farms">How sharks respond to wind farms</h2>



“Thankfully, preliminary results suggest that the impact of alternating electromagnetic fields seems to be limited to the factors that we have measured,” Lucas said. However, the full results are still being analyzed and the effects of DC current will be investigated later this year.



“The results of this project will make it possible to understand more precisely how sharks react to electromagnetic fields depending on their intensity and the type of current. They will also improve our knowledge of the impacts of MREs on marine species.”



Lucas hopes that this research can help inform policy to protect marine species and determine what improvements can be made to CES to continue limiting their impact.&nbsp;



“This project will provide essential information for managers and decision-makers to meet the challenges of developing MREs without harming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a>,” she concluded.



This study is presented at the <a href="https://www.rsb.org.uk/events?event=sebannualconferenceprague2024#:~:text=The%20Society%20for%20Experimental%20Biology's,from%202-5%20July%202024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference in Prague </a>from July 2-5, 2024.



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Offshore wind farms threaten electro-sensitive sharks

Ongoing research into the impact of offshore wind farm electromagnetic...

Solar energy, a clean and renewable source that could potentially power our entire planet, is yet to be fully exploited due to the challenges surrounding its efficiency. But if we think we've exhausted all research avenues for enhancing solar power efficiency, we couldn't be more wrong.



In a new study led by <a href="https://www.yale.edu/">Yale University</a>, experts suggest that the solution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/suns-fury-secrets-of-solar-energy-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar energy</a> efficiency may lie beneath the tropical coral reefs.



Stepping away from conventional thinking, giant clams possess what could be the most efficient solar energy systems found on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-energy-conversion">Solar energy conversion </h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar panel</a> and biorefinery designers could learn a thing or two from iridescent giant clams living near tropical coral reefs, according to the researchers.



"It's counter-intuitive to a lot of people, because clams operate in intense sunlight, but actually they're really dark on the inside," said Alison Sweeney, associate professor of physics and of ecology and evolutionary biology in <a href="https://fas.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences</a>. 



"The truth is that clams are more efficient at solar energy conversion than any existing solar panel technology.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-efficiency-of-giant-clams">Understanding the efficiency of giant clams</h2>



Giant clams boast precise geometry with dynamic, vertical columns of photosynthetic receptors covered by a thin, light-scattering layer.



In a recently published study, the research team presents an analytical model for determining the maximum efficiency of photosynthetic systems based on the geometry, movement, and light-scattering characteristics of giant clams.



It is the latest in a series of research studies from Sweeney’s lab that highlight biological mechanisms from the natural world that could inspire new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable materials</a> and designs.



The researchers specifically focused on the impressive solar energy potential of iridescent giant clams that inhabit the shallow waters of Palau in the Western Pacific. 



The clams’ unique adaptation involves vertical cylinders of single-celled algae growing on their surface, which effectively absorb sunlight after it’s scattered by a layer of cells called iridocytes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbiosis-at-its-best">Symbiosis at its best</h2>



The way the clams function is both captivating and insightful. The setup of algae in vertical columns, parallel to the incoming light, enables the algae to absorb sunlight at the most efficient rate. 



This process is facilitated by the scattering of light by the iridocytes, which ensures uniform distribution around each vertical algae cylinder.



Based on the giant clams’ geometry, Sweeney and her colleagues developed a model to calculate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tapping-into-the-natural-power-of-plants-for-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum efficiency</a> - the ability to convert photons into electrons. 



The researchers also factored in fluctuations in sunlight, based on a typical day in the tropics with a sunrise, midday sun intensity, and sunset. The quantum efficiency was 42%.



But then the researchers added a new wrinkle: the way giant clams stretch themselves in reaction to changes in sunlight. 



“Clams like to move and groove throughout the day,” Sweeney said. “This stretching moves the vertical columns farther apart, effectively making them shorter and wider.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-efficiency-of-giant-clams">Quantum efficiency of giant clams</h2>



With this new information, the clam model’s quantum efficiency jumped to 67%. By comparison, Sweeney said, a green leaf system’s quantum efficiency in a tropical environment is only about 14%.



According to the researchers, an intriguing comparison would be northern spruce forests. 



These boreal spruce forests, surrounded by fluctuating layers of fog and clouds, share similar geometries and light-scattering mechanisms with giant clams, but on a much larger scale, and their quantum efficiency is nearly identical.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-and-solar-efficiency">Biodiversity and solar efficiency</h2>



“One lesson from this is how important it is to consider biodiversity, writ large,” Sweeney said. “My colleagues and I continue to brainstorm about where else on Earth this level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/growing-crops-at-solar-farms-increases-panel-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar efficiency</a> might happen. It is also important to recognize we can only study biodiversity in places where it is maintained.”



“We owe a major debt to Palauans, who put vital cultural value on their clams and reefs and work to keep them in pristine health."



Such examples may offer inspiration and insights for more efficient sustainable energy technology.



“One could envision a new generation of solar panels that grow algae, or inexpensive plastic solar panels that are made out of a stretchy material,” said Sweeney.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prxenergy/abstract/10.1103/PRXEnergy.3.023014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PRX Energy</a>



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Giant clams may be the most efficient solar energy systems on Earth

Solar energy, a clean and renewable source that could potentially...

Isn't there something enticing about the thought of longevity? What if we might be closer to understanding some secrets of long life, taking cues not from myths and legends, but from an ancient ocean dweller like the Greenland shark?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-ancient-titans-of-the-deep">Meet the ancient titans of the deep</h2>



The gentle giants Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) boast a lifespan of 270 years at the very least, with tales suggesting they might live beyond 500 years.



Ewan Camplisson, a curious PhD student from the <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Manchester</a>, sparked the spotlight on this ancient behemoth's fascinating life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenland-shark-s-code-of-longevity">Greenland shark's code of longevity</h2>



Earlier, scientists believed the Greenland shark's glacial surroundings and minimal movements might hold the key to its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/germ-cells-play-a-crucial-role-in-aging-and-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life's lengthy timeline</a>.



But Mr. Camplisson and his team debunked this theory and delved deeper. They believed the tale of this majestic marine's lifespan was more entangled with complex metabolic adaptations than earlier proposed.



"Most species show variation in their metabolism as they age. We want to determine if Greenland sharks also show this traditional sign of aging, or are they playing by a different rulebook?" Mr. Camplisson shared their idea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inside-greenland-sharks-ageless-muscles">Inside Greenland sharks' ageless muscles</h2>



To untangle this mystery, the team conducted enzyme assays on preserved Greenland shark muscle tissues. 



They used a spectrophotometer, a light-measuring tool, to track the metabolic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-embryo-mortality-could-rise-by-71-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity in sharks</a> of varying ages and environmental temperatures.



What they uncovered was nothing short of astonishing. There was no significant variation in muscle metabolic activity across different ages, hinting that their metabolism does not seem to wane over time. 



"This is quite different to most animals which tend to show some variation in their metabolic enzyme activity as they age,” he says. 



“The results support our hypothesis that the Greenland shark does not show the same traditional signs of aging as other animals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-temperature-in-metabolism">Role of temperature in metabolism</h2>



The subtle plot twist in the study was the observation that metabolic enzymes exhibit significantly higher activity at elevated temperatures.



“This would suggest that the shark’s red muscle metabolism is not specially adapted for the polar environment, otherwise we would have expected to see less of a temperature related difference in activity,” says Mr Camplisson.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-greenland-shark-s-conservation">Implications for Greenland shark's conservation</h2>



Species as enigmatic and ancient as Greenland sharks may face dire straits in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-sharks-survived-a-drastic-spike-in-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapidly changing climate</a>. 



They may not mature sexually until they’re 150 years old, and with such a long generation time, their chances to adapt to human-induced environmental shifts could be pretty slim. 



Camplisson voices his concern for these elder residents of our oceans, highlighting the critical role they play in marine ecosystems. 



He strongly advocates for their protection, emphasizing the need for urgent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-diversity-hits-66-million-year-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation measures</a> to ensure their survival for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-epigenetics-and-beyond">Epigenetics and beyond</h2>



While genetics provides the foundational script, the emerging <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-epigenetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">field of epigenetics</a> looks at how environmental factors influence gene expression over an organism's lifetime.



This dynamic interplay between genes and the environment could shed light on how Greenland sharks maintain their health across centuries. 



By studying epigenetic markers, researchers aim to decipher how these sharks mitigate the effects of oxidative stress and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-discovered-in-plant-leaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging processes</a>.



The Greenland shark offers a living model to explore how life at extreme latitudes can shape the epigenome in ways we never anticipated. 



As we unravel these intricate layers, the Greenland shark continues to inspire awe, bridging the gap between marine biology and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human aging research</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leap-towards-human-cardiovascular-health">Leap towards human cardiovascular health</h2>



Not only do these revelations help us protect precious species, but they also have potential implications for human health. 



Mr. Camplisson's interest extends towards how studying the Greenland shark heart could inform our understanding of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-worsens-cardiovascular-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health</a>, particularly as we age.



By unweaving these astounding marine mysteries, we open doors to not only preserving immeasurable biodiversity but also improving human health. 



So the next time you think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pigs-slow-growth-diet-increases-longevity-productivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-aging secrets</a>, look beyond fancy creams and serums. The secrets might just be swimming beneath the icy Arctic expanse, within the formidable yet fascinating Greenland sharks.



The scientific findings are to be showcased at the <a href="https://www.sebiology.org/events/seb-conference-prague-2024.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference in Prague,</a> July 2024.



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Greenland sharks live up to 500 years, but what's their secret?

Isn't there something enticing about the thought of longevity? What...

Cats,Scratch,Furniture,,Scratch,At,The,Corner,Of,The,Couch

Are your prized pieces of furniture getting an unwanted feline manicure? The headache of cats treating our plush <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wood-surfaces-can-naturally-reduce-virus-transmission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">couches</a> and ornate rugs as their personal claw-sharpening and scratching stations is a shared experience among cat owners worldwide.



But what if you could redirect your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/would-you-trust-a-robot-to-look-after-your-cat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kitty's</a> urge to scratch from your furniture to more suitable outlets?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-scratching-the-surface">Cats scratching the surface</h2>



Dr. Yasemin Salgirli Demirbas, a veterinary researcher from <a href="https://www.ankara.edu.tr/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ankara University</a>, along with a team of international experts, decided to take a closer look our feline friends' scratching habits.



Their findings shed light on a question plaguing cat owners for ages: why do cats scratch furniture and how can we redirect this behavior?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-behind-cats-scratching-behavior">Factors behind cats scratching behavior</h2>



Through a comprehensive survey involving more than 1200 cat owners in France, the research team uncovered some surprising factors that influence your feline's scratching behavior. 



Demirbas and her team discovered a clear link between your cat's environment, personality traits, and increased scratching behavior.



“Here we show that certain factors – such as the presence of children at home, personality traits of cats, and their activity levels – significantly impact the extent of scratching behavior,” said Demi̇rbas.



“Our findings can help caregivers manage and redirect scratching to appropriate materials, which could help foster a more harmonious living environment for both cats and their caregivers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-leads-to-unwanted-cat-scratching">Stress leads to unwanted cat scratching</h2>



The authors found that stress serves as a key driver of unwanted scratching in cats. When cats engage in prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-have-a-better-quality-of-life-if-you-play-with-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">play sessions</a>, they may experience elevated stress levels due to continuous stimulation and excitement. 



This heightened stress can manifest in excessive scratching behavior. It turns out playfulness, while generally beneficial, can have a flip side, leading to a flurry of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-mentally-track-their-owners-whereabouts-based-on-sound/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feline</a> scratches on your beloved furnishings. 



“We see a clear link between certain environmental and behavioral factors and increased scratching behavior in cats,” Salgirli Demirbas explained. 



“Specifically, the presence of children in the home as well as high levels of play and nocturnal activity significantly contribute to increased scratching. Cats described as aggressive or disruptive also exhibited higher levels of scratching.”



Understanding this can help cat owners better manage their pets' playtime and stress levels to protect their furniture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-placing-scratch-posts-and-pheromones">Placing scratch posts and pheromones</h2>



It's not all doom and gloom, though. The researchers suggest some practical changes that can significantly alter where and why your cat scratches.



Creating an engaging and stimulating environment is crucial for feline well-being and can play a significant role in managing scratching behavior.



For starters, place scratch posts in areas frequently visited by your cat. Position them near your cat's favorite lounging spot. 



Make sure the scratch posts are sturdy and tall enough for your cat to fully stretch out. This will make the posts more appealing to your cat.



Using specific feline pheromones can create a calming environment. These pheromones can deter your furry friend from clawing at your couch. 



Additionally, regularly trimming your cat's nails can help. Providing a variety of textures for scratching can further reduce unwanted scratching behaviors.



“Understanding the underlying emotional motivations of scratching behavior, such as frustration, which seem to be linked to personality traits and environmental factors, allows caregivers to address these issues directly,” said Demirbas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-games">Hunting games</h2>



The key to a happier, scratch-free household lies in mimicking successful hunting scenarios through several short play sessions. 



These moments not only keep your cat's interest piqued but also help curb stress. Plus, they serve to enhance the bond between you and your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-mentally-track-their-owners-whereabouts-based-on-sound/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feline</a> buddy.



Additionally, redirecting your cat's attention immediately when they scratch inappropriately can teach them the boundaries of acceptable behavior. 



Training not only helps in managing scratching habits but also strengthens the bond between you and your cat, promoting a harmonious living environment.



Though the study relied on owner-reported data, it still provides valuable insights. It helps in understanding feline scratching behavior better. This knowledge paves the way for more effective management strategies in the future.



So, here's to a future of peaceful cohabitation, with happier cats and scratch-free sofas.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1403068/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Veterinary Science</a>.



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Scientists learn how to stop cats from scratching the furniture

Are your prized pieces of furniture getting an unwanted feline...

Untitled design - 1

Do you ever wonder how your pet understands what you're going through? An intriguing study conducted in Budapest has given us some answers about how animals like dogs and pigs respond to human sounds.



This research, led by Fanni Lehoczki and Paula Pérez Fraga from the Neuroethology of Communication Lab at <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ELTE Department of Ethology</a>, reveals how animals react to our emotional vocalizations, offering fascinating insights into the depth of interspecies empathy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empathy-of-dogs-and-pigs-towards-humans">Empathy of dogs and pigs towards humans</h2>



Researchers carried out this study on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-celebrating-all-the-ways-that-dogs-make-life-better/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">companion dogs</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-pig-day-honoring-the-role-of-an-underappreciated-animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">miniature pigs</a>, two popular pets found in homes around the world. 



They focused on how these animals would respond to different types of human vocalizations, specifically human humming and crying.



Now, you might wonder, why these two sounds? Well, our tears, more often than not, signify distress and sadness. 



On the other hand, humming doesn't usually signal any particular emotion but is relatively unusual.



According to the research, dogs and pigs were able to distinguish between these two human sounds. However, their reactions were noticeably different.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-reflect-human-feelings">Dogs reflect human feelings</h2>



If you've ever felt like your dog can sense your sadness, you just might be right. The study found that dogs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-imitate-human-actions-from-2d-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mirrored their emotional state</a> to the one they perceived in the human vocalization they heard. 



For instance, upon hearing crying, our canine friends demonstrated behaviors indicative of a high-arousal and negative state, reinforcing the idea that pets can pick up on our feelings.



This phenomenon, known as 'emotional contagion', affirms the deep emotional bond between humans and dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pigs-react-to-unusual-human-sounds">Pigs react to unusual human sounds</h2>



On the other side of the coin, our piggy pals reacted more to the unusual sound of humming. Pigs, unlike dogs, exhibited behaviors showing stress in response to the humming sound.



It seems the unfamiliar noise caught the pigs' attention more, suggesting they might find such uncommon sounds stressful or confusing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domestication-and-emotional-contagion">Domestication and emotional contagion</h2>



These findings bowled over researchers by suggesting domestication processes might influence animals' responses to human emotions -- with dogs, for instance, being bred for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-explores-the-mystery-of-why-dogs-wag-their-tails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dependency on humans</a>. 



This, in turn, might have led to dogs being more sensitive to our emotional states.



"While we cannot exclude that pigs also experienced emotional contagion when listening to human crying, one explanation for their reaction might be that humming is highly unusual, and surprising sounds stress out pigs more than human sadness," Paula Pérez Fraga stresses.



The study hints that understanding certain human sounds may be more challenging for some domestic animals. However, additional research involving physiological measurements is required to confirm these findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-emotions">Evolution of emotions</h2>



The study delves deeper into the evolutionary pathways that have led to the emotional sensitivity observed in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-foxes-can-be-domesticated-thanks-to-breeding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domesticated animals</a>.



Historically, the process of domestication in dogs and pigs has selected for traits beneficial to humans, including the capacity to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-learn-better-with-praise-and-petting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">connect emotionally</a>. 



Dogs, being one of the first domesticated animals, have had a long socio-evolutionary history of coexisting with humans.



This prolonged association could have naturally selected for emotional attunement in dogs, enabling them to respond empathetically to human cues. 



Thus, their ability to mirror human emotions may be an evolved trait fostering better human-animal relationships.



Pigs, on the other hand, have had a relatively shorter domestication timeline, primarily driven by agricultural purposes rather than companionship. 



This difference in domestication trajectories might explain the varied <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-provide-insight-into-human-cognition-and-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">responses</a> to human emotional vocalizations observed in the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-interaction-between-humans-dogs-and-pigs">Implications for interaction between humans, dogs and pigs</h2>



The insights gleaned from this research hold substantial implications for how we interact with our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-and-their-humans-often-share-similar-personalities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pets</a> and other domesticated animals. 



Understanding that animals like dogs and pigs can perceive and react to our emotional states invites a more empathetic approach to their care and well-being. 



For dog owners, recognizing that their pets might absorb and reflect their emotional turmoil suggests the need to maintain a positive environment to ensure mutual emotional health. 



For pig owners, especially those engaging in farming or therapy animal roles, acknowledging their propensity to stress from unusual sounds can enhance animal welfare practices. 



Overall, this study underscores the importance of emotional intelligence in fostering healthy human-animal bonds, potentially paving the way for more nuanced and supportive approaches to pet care and domestication.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347224001465?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animal Behaviour</a>.



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Human emotions evoke different responses in dogs and pigs

Do you ever wonder how your pet understands what you're...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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