Sharks have survived for hundreds of millions of years. They outlived the dinosaurs, Ice Ages, and major climate shifts. Yet today, they are disappearing rapidly - not because of nature, but because of us.



Since the 1970s, their global numbers have fallen by more than 70 percent. The causes are not mysterious: overfishing, finning, bycatch, and growing demand for shark meat. 



The International Union for Conservation of Nature (<a href="https://iucn.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a>) now lists nearly 40 percent of shark species as threatened. Laws and trade bans set rules, but sellers still put sharks on the market.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-meat-trade-uncovered">Shark meat trade uncovered</h2>



A team at the <a href="https://www.unc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> decided to check what is actually on sale in the United States. 



They bought shark products from grocery stores, seafood markets, and online shops. Using DNA barcoding, they tested the species. The results were shocking.



“We found critically endangered sharks, including great hammerhead and scalloped hammerhead, being sold in grocery stores, seafood markets, and online," said study co-author Dr. Savannah Ryburn.



"Of the 29 samples, 93 percent were ambiguously labeled as ‘shark,’ and one of the two products labeled at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-white-sharks-survived-the-ice-age-but-it-changed-them-forever/">species</a> level was mislabeled,” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misleading-labels-everywhere">Misleading labels everywhere</h2>



Most of the products carried only the word “shark.” Sellers even mislabeled some as safer species. Out of 30 samples, just one had a correct and clear label.



The rest included a mix of 11 species, three of which were critically endangered. Nearly a third came from species already at serious risk of extinction.



This problem isn’t limited to the United States. Around the world, shark meat appears under names like “cazón” in Brazil, “flake” in Australia, and “rock salmon” in the UK. In Peru, most people eating “tollo” did not even know it was shark.



These vague labels hide what consumers are really buying and make it almost impossible to track trade in threatened species. 



Sellers put <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-sharks-study-reveals-hidden-crisis-of-overfishing/">endangered sharks</a> in plain sight, deny scientists the ability to track catches, and prevent buyers from making safe, informed choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meat-sold-at-low-prices">Meat sold at low prices</h2>



Researchers also pointed to the price. Endangered sharks were selling for less than $5 a pound in U.S. grocery stores.



By comparison, red snapper sold for $27 a pound. The numbers show how little the market values these predators, even though they play a critical role in ocean ecosystems.



“The legality of selling shark meat in the United States depends largely on where the shark was harvested and which species are involved, under regulations from CITES and the Endangered Species Act,” Ryburn explained.



“However, by the time large shark species reach grocery stores and markets, they are often sold as fillets with all distinguishing features removed, making it unlikely that sellers know what species they are offering.”



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/endangered-shark-meat_false-labels_Frontiers_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/endangered-shark-meat_false-labels_Frontiers_1s.webp" alt="Photos exemplifying how some of the samples were labeled and displayed when purchased. (A) Dusky smooth-hound sold whole, missing the head, labeled as “shark” in English and Chinese at an Asian grocery store in Orlando, FL. (B) Shortfin mako shark sold as jerky and purchased online from the Newport Jerky Company in Rhode Island labeled as “mako shark jerky”. (C) Common thresher shark sold as “fresh shark [steak]” at an Asian grocery store in Duluth, GA. The label also included “wild caught/USA”. (D) Blacktip shark labeled as “wild blacktip shark, fresh never frozen” from a Publix grocery store in Cary, NC. The label also included that it was a “product of Florida” and that it was “responsibly sourced”. Credit: Frontiers in Marine Science" class="wp-image-1985976"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Photos exemplifying how some of the samples were labeled and displayed when purchased. (A) Dusky smooth-hound sold whole, missing the head, labeled as “shark” in English and Chinese at an Asian grocery store in Orlando, FL. (B) Shortfin mako shark sold as jerky and purchased online from the Newport Jerky Company in Rhode Island labeled as “mako shark jerky”. (C) Common thresher shark sold as “fresh shark [steak]” at an Asian grocery store in Duluth, GA. The label also included “wild caught/USA”. (D) Blacktip shark labeled as “wild blacktip shark, fresh never frozen” from a Publix grocery store in Cary, NC. The label also included that it was a “product of Florida” and that it was “responsibly sourced”. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Frontiers in Marine Science</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-shark-meat-is-dangerous">Eating shark meat is dangerous</h2>



This issue isn’t only about conservation. Sharks such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-some-great-hammerhead-sharks-rarely-leave-home/">hammerheads</a> and makos carry high levels of mercury and arsenic in their tissues. These metals damage the nervous system, harm unborn children, and increase cancer risks.



Mislabeled products strip consumers of their ability to make safe choices and put families at risk without their knowledge.



The danger grows because heavy metals accumulate over time, meaning even small, repeated servings of shark meat can cause long-term health effects that no label warns about.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-labels-protect-sharks">Clear labels protect sharks</h2>



The United States still allows “shark” as a generic market name. In contrast, the European Union requires far more detail, including the scientific name and catch area. 



Without clear <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dont-say-vegan-food-labeling-should-focus-on-health-and-sustainability/">labeling</a>, the public cannot know whether their dinner is harmless dogfish or a critically endangered hammerhead.



“Sellers in the United States should be required to provide species-specific names," Ryburn said. "And when shark meat is not a food security necessity, consumers should avoid purchasing products that lack species-level labeling or traceable sourcing."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-extinction-risks-ocean-collapse">Shark extinction risks ocean collapse</h2>



Sharks have been around for half a billion years. If we continue to treat them as cheap, nameless meat, we may be the generation that sees them vanish. Their loss would not be just another statistic on the list of endangered species.



It would mean oceans without their top predators, seas where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/">fish populations</a> explode or collapse without balance, and ecosystems that unravel in ways we cannot easily repair. Communities that depend on healthy oceans for food and livelihoods would also suffer.



Sharks have shaped marine life for millions of years, and their future now depends on the choices we make today.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2025.1604454/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How endangered shark meat ends up on grocery shelves despite global bans

Sharks have survived for hundreds of millions of years. They outlived the dinosaurs, Ice Ages, and major climate shifts. Yet today, they are disappearing rapidly - not because of nature, but because of us. Since the 1970s, their global numbers have fallen by more than 70 percent. The causes are not mysterious: overfishing, finning, bycatch, and growing demand for shark meat. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) now lists nearly 40 percent of shark species as threatened. Laws and trade bans set rules, but sellers...

In the face of escalating animal extinction, an emerging field of conservation medicine suggests that chemists and pharmacists could play a crucial role in reversing this grim <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-species-day-millions-of-species-share-the-earth-with-humans-and-they-need-our-help/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trend</a>. 



The researchers propose that integrating the expertise of medicinal chemists into wildlife conservation is a strategy that could potentially save numerous plant and animal species from the brink of extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemists-and-animal-extinction">Chemists and animal extinction </h2>



The scientist leading this initiative, Timothy Cernak, a professor of Medicinal Chemistry at the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> College of Pharmacy, emphasizes the critical need for medicinal chemistry in conservation. 



"Medicinal chemistry expertise is desperately needed on the frontlines of extinction," said Professor Cernak. "Animals are dying at staggering rates, but they don't have to. Modern bioscience has achieved enormous breakthroughs in treating human diseases, and the same medications and science can be applied in the wild."



Professor Cernak's lab not only focuses on drug discovery for human conditions but has also begun applying its findings to combat diseases in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-disease-transmission-between-wildlife-and-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, such as the deadly fungus devastating amphibian populations. 



This multifaceted approach to both human and animal health is gaining traction, and the research actively promotes the role of chemistry in conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-conservation-toolkit">Expanding the conservation toolkit</h2>



The push for a collaborative approach in conservation is evident as Professor Cernak and his team, including local high school students, encourage professionals from various fields to join forces. 



"We are chasing mass die-offs around the world," said Professor Cernak, listing species from lowland gorillas to the akikiki bird of Hawaii as being in critical danger. "It’s crucial to bring the power of modern pharmaceuticals and the dosing expertise of medicinal chemistry into conservation efforts."



By integrating medicinal chemistry, Professor Cernak believes that immediate, impactful interventions can be made in wildlife disease, a major driver of the current <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-event-shows-how-life-responds-to-extreme-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mass extinction</a>. 



The work in his lab includes using advanced techniques to test chemical compounds on affected wildlife, identifying potential treatments for diseases that are currently decimating species like the Panamanian golden frogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-conservation-efforts">Future conservation efforts </h2>



Beyond immediate interventions, Cernak envisions a larger role for pharmaceutical companies and emerging scientists in the field of conservation medicine.



“At the higher level, my mission is to have pharmaceutical companies be involved in this space and young scientists view this as the field they want to go into - a field that doesn’t really exist at this point,” he noted.



The immediate goal includes fundraising and expanding research to further establish the value of this nascent field.



The urgency of this mission is exemplified by recent incidents like the mass die-off of sea lion pups in Argentina from avian flu, highlighting the potential public health implications of wildlife diseases.



Additionally, the researchers are pioneering the use of AI and other technologies to expedite the drug discovery process, potentially enabling quicker responses to emerging threats to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-scale-wildlife-surveys-can-reveal-the-health-of-entire-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife health</a> and preventing further extinctions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-collaborative-future-in-conservation">A collaborative future in conservation</h2>



The research efforts advocate for a harmonious integration of medicinal chemistry with the ongoing efforts of veterinarians and conservationists. 



"Bringing chemists and pharmacists into the conservation fold isn’t meant to diminish the roles of other professionals but to blend their experience and achieve the same goals of saving lives - and ecosystems," explained Professor Cernak.



The concept of "One Health Pharmacy," which recognizes the interconnected health of plants, animals, and humans, is central to Cernak's philosophy. 



This approach treats any living being - plant or animal - that is sick or in need, thereby reinforcing the link between human and environmental health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-chemistry-to-combat-animal-extinction">Harnessing chemistry to combat animal extinction</h2>



The advancements in technology, particularly AI, are not only transforming drug discovery for human patients but are also setting the stage for future conservation efforts. 



"Streamlining drug and agrochemical discovery with automation and artificial intelligence is likely to usher in a future era of accelerated medicinal invention tailored to specific patient populations," said the researchers. 



They envision a future where medicinal chemistry can be directly applied to solve specific health issues in endangered species, offering new hope in the fight against extinction.



This innovative approach marks a significant shift in how conservation efforts may be conducted in the future, illustrating the potential for cross-disciplinary collaborations to foster solutions that benefit both wildlife and human populations alike.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02334" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Medicinal Chemistry</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Chemists could be key to prevent animal extinction

In the face of escalating animal extinction, an emerging field...

Africa's wildlife hotspots are renowned, but Asia harbors a lesser-known ecological treasure: the Mongolian steppe. This vast landscape of rolling hills supports millions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/western-mongolia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mongolian</a> gazelles, making it a crucial habitat for this iconic species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mongolian-gazelle">Mongolian gazelle</h2>



The Mongolian gazelle is a marvel of adaptation. Equipped with slender legs and powerful lungs, these antelopes can reach speeds of up to 50 miles per hour – a crucial skill when navigating an often unforgiving homeland. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/endangered-species/gazella-gazella/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gazelles</a> migrate in vast herds, sometimes numbering in the hundreds of thousands, in pursuit of fresh grass and to escape harsh conditions. Their collective hooves create a rhythmic drumming that resonates across the expansive wilderness.



In fact, a recent study reveals that Mongolia alone hosts a breathtaking 2.14 million individuals. That's nearly all the Mongolian gazelles left in the world. It's a testament to the steppe's health and a sign of hope in a world where wildlife habitats are shrinking under human pressure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mongolian-gazelle-as-invisible-ecosystem-architects">Mongolian gazelle as invisible ecosystem architects</h2>



It's easy to be awed by the sheer spectacle of these vast herds, but gazelles offer more than just a thrilling sight. They're a fundamental part of their environment, shaping the very landscape they call home:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-master-gardeners">Master gardeners</h3>



Gazelles graze constantly, their sharp teeth selectively pruning the grassland. This natural landscaping prevents any single plant from taking over and creates a rich tapestry of different vegetation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-fertilizer">Natural fertilizer</h3>



As they roam, gazelles deposit droppings across the steppe, enriching the soil and providing nutrients that support plant growth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keystone-prey">Keystone prey</h3>



Wolves, snow leopards, and other predators depend on gazelles as a primary food source. Their presence keeps predator populations in balance, which in turn has ripple effects throughout the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-land-worth-fighting-for">A land worth fighting for</h2>



Mongolia's stewardship of these magnificent animals is an accomplishment we should all celebrate. "With the vast population size and extensive range of gazelles in Mongolia, a broad range of management options remain viable," noted Dr. Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar (Buuvei), a senior scientist at <a href="https://mongolia.wcs.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WCS Mongolia</a>.



But this is also a time for vigilance, not complacency. Even a stronghold like Mongolia faces challenges:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Divided landscapes</h3>



As Mongolia develops, new railways, roads, and fences increasingly fragment the once vast and continuous Mongolian steppe. These infrastructures are crucial for economic growth but pose significant risks to wildlife, particularly to the Mongolian gazelles known for their extensive migrations. If migration routes are obstructed, the gazelle herds could become isolated. 



Fragmentation of habitats can cause several problems. It may lead to reduced genetic diversity among gazelles. This makes them more vulnerable to predators. They also have limited access to essential resources like food and water. 



To avoid these negative outcomes, it is crucial to plan carefully. Implementing wildlife corridors and crossings is vital. These measures help maintain connectivity within their habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Livestock boom</h3>



The rising number of domestic livestock in Mongolia competes directly with gazelles for grassland resources. As the availability of grassland diminishes, gazelles face increased competition for food, which is essential for their survival and reproductive success. Moreover, the close proximity between livestock and gazelles heightens the risk of disease transmission. 



Diseases can spread quickly through both populations, potentially leading to significant health crises among the gazelles. Managing livestock numbers and implementing health monitoring protocols are vital to mitigate these risks and ensure the coexistence of domestic and wild species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Invisible threats</h3>



The steppe's ecosystem is under threat from overgrazing, primarily by increasing numbers of livestock. Overgrazing damages the soil structure, reduces its fertility, and leads to erosion, making the land less resilient to environmental stresses. This degradation is particularly concerning given the looming threats of climate change, including more frequent and severe droughts and harsh winters. 



Climatic extremes can devastate the Mongolian gazelles, whose migratory patterns and survival strategies are finely tuned to specific environmental conditions. To protect the steppe and its inhabitants, sustainable grazing practices and proactive climate adaptation strategies are necessary to maintain the health of this critical ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-government-action-for-mongolian-gazelles">Government action for Mongolian gazelles</h2>



Just as the gazelle's strength lies in their numbers, the key to their survival relies on the combined efforts of people from all walks of life.



"Globally, these vast herds of Mongolian gazelle that still roam the Mongolian steppe are a unique phenomenon, the sheer size of the herds and their long-distance movements are unique," said Tserendeleg Dashpurev, Director of Hustai National Park.



Wildlife ecologist Nandintsetseg Dejid of the Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F) in Germany has a vital warning: "If the new railroads are fenced without sufficient wildlife crossing structures, the Mongolian gazelle population could collapse and the largest remaining nomadic system on Earth could be in danger."



It's a sobering message, but also a call to action. Scientists are actively working on the ground. They aim to understand gazelle migration patterns. This knowledge will help plan developments to avoid severing these critical routes.



Governments need to set clear policies that balance economic progress with the protection of the steppe's natural heritage. And crucially, everyday people have a role to play through awareness, advocacy, and supporting the work of organizations dedicated to preserving these extraordinary creatures.



The Mongolian gazelle isn't just another <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/case-study-how-african-antelopes-are-responding-to-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal</a>. It is living proof that wilderness can still exist on our planet on a grand scale, and a reminder of our responsibility to ensure this legacy continues for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/assessment-of-the-global-population-size-of-the-mongolian-gazelle-procapra-gutturosa/A29D1BEB17622290D9E079941AD4F1E9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oryx</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Two million Mongolian gazelles face major habitat loss from human activity

Africa's wildlife hotspots are renowned, but Asia harbors a lesser-known...

In a world where coral reefs are under constant threat from various stressors, scientists are searching for effective ways to protect and preserve these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vital ecosystems</a>. A recent study has shed light on a promising approach: targeted surveillance and culling of crown-of-thorns starfish (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crown-of-thorns-starfish-are-natures-ultimate-coral-predators-and-they-are-winning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CoTS</a>).



The research, conducted by scientists from the <a href="https://www2.gbrmpa.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority</a> reveals that timely and sufficient control efforts during CoTS outbreaks can lead to a significant reduction in starfish numbers and a substantial increase in coral cover across impacted regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What are crown-of-thorns starfish?</h2>



The crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) is a large, predatory starfish that inhabits <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-discover-huge-expanse-of-earths-coral-reefs-that-were-previously-unknown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a> in the Indo-Pacific region. It gets its name from the venomous spines that cover its upper surface, resembling a crown. These starfish can grow up to 40 cm in diameter and have up to 21 arms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Feeding habits</h3>



Crown-of-thorns starfish feed on coral polyps, using their extrudable stomachs to digest the coral tissue. A single starfish can consume up to 6 square meters of coral per year. 



In normal populations, these starfish play a role in maintaining coral diversity by preying on faster-growing coral species. However, when their populations reach outbreak levels, they can cause significant damage to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-superhighway-connects-remote-coral-reefs-seychelles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threat-posed-by-crown-of-thorns-starfish">Threat posed by crown-of-thorns starfish</h2>



Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris) are native to coral reefs, as mentioned previously, but their outbreaks pose a major threat to coral health and resilience. 



These outbreaks, along with other stressors such as coral bleaching, cyclones, and anthropogenic disturbances, contribute to the decline and degradation of coral reefs worldwide.



A single crown-of-thorns starfish, measuring a meter in diameter, can consume up to 10 square meters of coral annually. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Factors contributing to outbreaks</h3>



Several factors can contribute to crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks:



<ul>
<li>Nutrient enrichment: Runoff from agricultural and urban areas can increase nutrient levels in the ocean, promoting the growth of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-help-predict-ocean-biodiversity-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton</a>, which serves as food for crown-of-thorns starfish larvae.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Overfishing: The removal of natural predators, such as triton snails and humphead wrasse, can allow crown-of-thorns starfish populations to grow unchecked.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Larval survival: Environmental conditions that favor the survival and settlement of crown-of-thorns starfish larvae can lead to increased recruitment and population growth.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-targeted-culling">Power of targeted culling</h2>



To address this issue, the research team focused their efforts on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a>, engaging in a culling program from 2012 to 2022. 



They targeted 500 out of the park's 3,000 reefs, identifying individual crown-of-thorns starfish and injecting them with vinegar or ox bile, which not only killed the starfish but also prevented them from releasing larvae.



The results of this targeted culling were remarkable. In the areas where culling was conducted, the researchers observed a 44% increase in coral reef coverage. In contrast, nearby parts of the reef where no culling had occurred continued to experience unabated coral loss.



Furthermore, the team discovered that culling starfish in specifically targeted areas dramatically reduced the spread of larvae, effectively preventing outbreaks in other reefs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pest-management-approach-to-crown-of-thorns-starfish">Pest management approach to crown-of-thorns starfish</h2>



The researchers describe their effort as similar to pest management. As human activities have allowed starfish populations to explode, the need has arisen to cull them to protect the health and resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-nurseries-need-protection-equal-to-that-of-established-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a>.



"Anthropogenically-driven disturbances are superimposing additional stressors upon the natural cycles of decline and recovery inherent to coral reef ecosystems," the researchers wrote in their paper. "Major drivers of coral mortality on Indo-Pacific coral reefs are cyclones, coral bleaching events, and outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-coral-reef-conservation">Implications for coral reef conservation</h2>



The test program conducted by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has demonstrated that culling crown-of-thorns starfish can be an effective tool in helping to save not only the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-finds-chlamydia-like-bacteria-in-great-barrier-reef-corals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef</a> but also other reefs around the world.



The study found that "timely and sufficient control efforts during CoTS outbreaks resulted in a sixfold reduction in starfish numbers and a 44% increase in coral cover across impacted regions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desperate-times-desperate-measures">Desperate times, desperate measures</h2>



In summary, the targeted surveillance and culling of crown-of-thorns starfish have proven to be a powerful tool in the fight to save coral reefs from destruction. 



By proactively identifying and eliminating these coral-consuming predators, scientists have demonstrated that they can significantly reduce starfish numbers, prevent the spread of larvae, and promote the recovery of coral reefs. 



As we continue to face the challenges posed by climate change and human activities, this research offers a glimmer of hope for the future of these vital ecosystems. 



It is now up to us to support and expand these efforts, working together to protect and preserve the beauty and biodiversity of our world's coral reefs for generations to come.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0298073" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS One</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Killing crown-of-thorns starfish could save the Great Barrier Reef

In a world where coral reefs are under constant threat...

An intriguing new study reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-an-incredible-sense-of-smell-to-find-their-way-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a>, known for their vital role as pollinators, possess an unexpected capacity for teamwork and cooperative problem-solving. 



This research suggests that complex social behaviors may not be solely reliant on large brain size, as commonly assumed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-bumblebees-teamwork">Unexpected bumblebees teamwork</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.oulu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oulu</a> in Finland got creative to understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-may-be-capable-of-cultural-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> cooperate. They designed two clever experiments:



<ul>
<li>Teams of two bumblebees were trained to push a small Lego block towards a center target to earn a sweet nectar treat. This required them to figure out that they both needed to push at the same time.</li>



<li>In a different setup, bumblebee pairs faced a transparent tunnel with a door at the end. To reach the nectar reward, they had to figure out how to simultaneously touch the door to make it open.</li>
</ul>



The bumblebees didn't just learn these strange new tasks; they shocked the researchers. When one bumblebee in a pair was delayed, its partner often waited before starting the task. Even more, they were more likely to start pushing&nbsp;only&nbsp;when their partner joined in.



In the tunnel challenge, some bees turned around when their partners were delayed, even before reaching the door. Interestingly, when they saw their teammate heading the right way, they turned around again.



These actions suggest that bumblebees aren't just blindly going through the motions. They might be actively adjusting what they do based on what their teammate is (or isn't) doing!



"Our findings show for the first time that bumblebees can learn to solve novel cooperative tasks outside the hive. But the coolest part of this work is that it clearly demonstrates that bumblebee cooperation is socially influenced, and not just driven by individual efforts," states Dr. Olli Loukola, the study's lead researcher.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-evidence-of-intentional-teamwork">Bumblebees evidence of intentional teamwork</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-bumblebees-hold-their-breath-and-survive-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bumblebees</a> who were trained collaboratively demonstrated behaviors hinting at intentional cooperation. When a partner was delayed, they were more likely to wait before initiating the task and adjusted their actions based on their partner's movements. This raises the intriguing question of whether they actively coordinate their efforts to achieve a shared goal.



For a long time, scientists believed that complex social behaviors, like teamwork and understanding how to work together, required a big ol' brain. 



Humans, dolphins, elephants – these were the poster children for collaboration. But bumblebees? Their brains are incredibly tiny compared to ours!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-brains-can-accomplish-amazing-things">Small brains can accomplish amazing things</h2>



This research flips that idea on its head. It shows that even a creature with a miniature brain can work with others towards a common goal. This makes us question what's&nbsp;really&nbsp;needed for cooperation to develop.



If insects as seemingly simple as bumblebees possess teamwork skills, it changes how we think about the origins of cooperation. 



Maybe the ability to work together isn't something that suddenly appeared in big-brained mammals. Instead, it could have deeper evolutionary roots, starting with much earlier, simpler life forms.



"This research can contribute to a broader understanding of animal behavior and evolution. It may also inspire new research on the evolution of social intelligence and cooperation in different animal species," notes Dr. Loukola.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-and-broader-impacts">Future research and broader impacts</h2>



While it remains to be fully determined whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-unique-defense-tactics-against-asian-hornets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> grasp the full implications of their cooperative actions, this study offers strong evidence for their collaborative capabilities. 



"Whether bumblebees truly understand the role of their partner will require further research with more detailed monitoring of their behavior during cooperation," Dr. Loukola indicates.



Beyond its purely scientific value, this work on bumblebee cooperation carries significant potential applications in technology and robotics. 



Understanding the collaborative strategies of these insects could provide inspiration for designing robots that work together effectively, adapting to changing circumstances. 



These principles could help shape the next generation of robots used in fields like search-and-rescue or complex manufacturing tasks. 



Additionally, this research spotlights the unexpected complexity of insects, fostering a greater appreciation for their intelligence and social behaviors. 



This newfound understanding could bolster conservation efforts, emphasizing the importance of protecting bumblebees and the delicate ecosystems they support.



The study is published in the journal in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0055" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Bumblebees show surprising and highly adept teamwork skills

An intriguing new study reveals that bumblebees, known for their...

European <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-work-increase-genetic-diversity-yellowstone-bison/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bison</a>, along with red deer and fallow deer, are part of an exciting ecological experiment unfolding at the El Encinarejo farm in the diverse and arid landscape of southern Spain.



Nestled in the Sierra de Andújar’s sprawling 1,000 hectares, this area serves as a sanctuary of Mediterranean scrubland, characterized by dense holm oak groves and a rich underbrush of mastic, lavender, and rosemary. 



This unique setting is the backdrop for an intriguing study into the habitat adaptability and biodiversity of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-biodiversity-benefits-from-large-herbivores-like-elephants-and-moose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large herbivores</a>.



The research, conducted by a team from the <a href="https://www.uab.cat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</a> and the <a href="https://www.csic.es/en/csic" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spanish National Research Council</a>, delves into the dietary habits of European bison, comparing their feeding patterns across different seasons. 



Utilizing advanced microhistological analysis, the scientists have meticulously examined epidermal fragments in faecal samples to determine the composition of the animals' diets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-dietary-patterns-of-the-european-bison">Seasonal dietary patterns of the European bison </h2>



The study reveals fascinating variations in plant consumption among the species and across seasons. 



During the colder months of autumn and winter, woody plants dominate the diet of European bison, as well as the deer species. In contrast, the warmer seasons see a shift towards grasses in summer and a mix of leguminous and herbaceous plants in spring. 



Remarkably, European bison show a distinctive preference for grasses, making up 21% of their diet, a stark contrast to the lesser 8% observed in red deer.



Jordi Bartolomé, the study's lead author, highlighted the significance of the findings: "This is the first study that evidences the consumption of mastic by European bison. The abundant presence in their diet in all seasons indicates that it is a very important food source."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-resurgence-of-a-species">The resurgence of a species</h2>



The European bison, the region's largest mammal and a poignant symbol of wildlife conservation, was once on the brink of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-american-buffalo-from-near-extinction-to-resurrection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a>. Now listed as an endangered species, its past and ongoing reintroduction across Europe has showcased its remarkable adaptability to various bioclimatic conditions. 



The creation of new breeding groups in semi-free conditions is part of a broader strategy aimed not only at the survival of the species but also at enhancing the biodiversity of their new habitats.



"The main conclusion we can draw from this work is the existence of a distribution of trophic resources among the three species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-herbivores-are-not-always-harmful-in-new-territories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herbivores</a> when they coexist in the same habitat," explained study co-author Jorge Cassinello. 



"This seems to demonstrate their ability to coexist together, and, moreover, the ability of the bison to adapt to the bioclimatic conditions of Mediterranean environments."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-bison-conservation">Implications for bison conservation</h2>



The implications of these findings pave the way for practical conservation measures that focus on the ecosystem functions of the species rather than their historical ranges. 



As the authors suggest, the time has come to implement strategies that enhance biodiversity and maintain the ecological roles of these majestic animals, whether or not they historically roamed the Iberian Peninsula.



The European bison's successful adaptation to the Mediterranean climate of southern Spain provides hope for its continued resurgence. It also underscores the importance of thoughtful, science-driven conservation efforts that can lead to a more biodiverse and resilient ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-european-bison">More about European bison</h2>



The European bison, also known as the wisent, is a fascinating and majestic creature that plays a vital role in the biodiversity of Europe's forests. This species is the heaviest surviving wild land animal in Europe and closely resembles the American bison, though there are some distinct differences in their morphology and behavior.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Successful restoration efforts</h3>



Historically, the European bison roamed across much of the continent, from Spain in the west to the Volga River and the Caucasus in the east. However, due to extensive hunting and habitat loss, their numbers drastically declined, leading to their extinction in the wild by 1927.&nbsp;



Remarkably, conservationists managed to save the species through a careful breeding program based on the few remaining individuals in zoos. This has been one of the most successful restoration efforts for a large mammal, with the species reintroduced into the wild in several European countries since the 1950s.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Current distribution&nbsp;</h3>



Today, the European bison is found primarily in Poland, Belarus, and other parts of Eastern Europe, with smaller reintroduced populations in places like Germany, France, and Spain. 



These bison prefer mixed woodland and grassland habitats where they graze on a variety of vegetation. Their diet helps maintain the ecological balance of their habitats, making them a keystone species in their ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Limited gene pool</h3>



Despite the success of reintroduction programs, the European bison remains classified as vulnerable due to its limited gene pool, which poses challenges for its long-term genetic diversity. Conservation efforts continue to focus on expanding and connecting different bison populations to enhance genetic exchange and ensure the species' survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



The European bison holds significant cultural value in many countries where it has been reintroduced, symbolizing the wilderness and natural heritage of Europe. Efforts to protect and expand bison populations are seen as a commitment to preserving the continent's biodiversity for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02832-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity and Conservation</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

European bison, once nearly extinct, thrive in southern Spain

European bison, along with red deer and fallow deer, are...

The <a href="https://www.mightyearth.org/wp-content/uploads/Tai-Monkey-Project1.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tai Forest Monkey Project</a>, operating a research field station in Ivory Coast for three decades, experienced a significant setback on the sole day it was unstaffed due to nearby conflict in Liberia, resulting in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poaching-has-long-term-impacts-on-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poaching</a> of 18 endangered monkeys. 



This incident highlights the vital role that such field stations play in not only advancing scientific knowledge but also protecting biodiversity by deterring poaching and illegal resource extraction.



According to a recent study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.13014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Letters</a>, it is highly important to conserve the red colobus monkey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/speedbumps-help-protect-endangered-red-colobus-monkeys/">species</a> found across Africa, including those in the Tai Project field station area. 



These monkeys are recognized as a conservation priority due to their vulnerability to hunting and climate change impacts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-red-colobus-monkeys">Endangered red colobus monkeys</h2>



“One of the primates at our field station is a red colobus species that is endangered,” said study co-author W. Scott McGraw, a primate behaviorist at OSU, and co-director of the Tai Monkey Project.&nbsp;



“If we were to stop our work and pull out of the forest, I would not be surprised to see the numbers of all animals just crash. By simply being at the field station, we are protecting what we’re studying in addition to generating knowledge. Every one of those species of red colobus in Africa is in danger. And the places where they’re protected the most are those that have research field stations.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-for-red-colobus-monkeys">Conservation efforts for red colobus monkeys</h2>



The ongoing efforts to protect red colobus monkeys and their habitats involve collaboration between nearly 20 institutions from the United States, Europe, and Africa. 



Experts from these institutions focus on actions such as designating red colobus as priority conservation species, conducting ecological surveys to identify populations needing protection, increasing investment in protected area management, and engaging with local communities living near these habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-colobus-monkey-extinction">Red colobus monkey extinction </h2>



The urgency of these efforts was highlighted by the tragic confirmation of the first <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-primates-go-extinct-so-will-their-parasites/">primate extinction</a> in 500 years, Miss Waldron’s red colobus, which McGraw and his team documented in the late 1990s. 



“People would say, well, there are lots of other primates – who cares if we lose one? But we argued that this could be the beginning of a wave of extinction that could make its way across all of Africa,” McGraw explained.&nbsp;



“This was the tip of the iceberg suggesting we were on the edge of catastrophe. What’s next? Then the leopards go, then the hippos go.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-field-stations">The role of field stations</h2>



Further emphasizing the role of field stations, a <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/conl.13007" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">companion article</a> by McGraw and 172 other scientists outlined how these outposts significantly contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-conservation-can-help-stabilize-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> and forest conservation. 



The analysis, based on a survey of 157 field station leaders in 56 countries, showed that the presence of a staffed field station greatly reduces hunting and enhances enforcement of anti-poaching laws, impacting over 1,200 threatened animal species and nearly 50 square miles of habitat per station.



Despite the crucial conservation work these stations perform, many still struggle with funding, especially following the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.&nbsp;



“Most of these field stations are located in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-biodiversity-hotspots-can-be-found-on-small-scales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity hotspots</a>, and operate at a relatively low cost,” McGraw said. “We work in a well-known national park, but every day we hear gunshots around us. We’ve collected good evidence over 30 years that the density of animals drops off dramatically immediately outside of our primary study area. So just by being there, we are affording protection.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continued-threats-to-biodiversity-nbsp">Continued threats to biodiversity&nbsp;</h2>



The plight of red colobus monkeys in Ivory Coast exemplifies broader challenges, where illegal cocoa farming and hunting in protected areas are rampant due to the high demand for chocolate. 



McGraw and his team found that patrolling two forest reserves significantly reduced illegal activities, yet the conversion of protected lands into cocoa farms continues to threaten biodiversity.



“In the eastern part of Ivory Coast, where there should be forest, it looks like a bomb has dropped,” McGraw said. “So much of the forest has been cut down, and that which remains is under increasing pressure from us.”&nbsp;



“The human population growth is so steep and is taking place in areas often containing the largest number of threatened taxa. People are, in many cases, eking out a living right next to a forest containing biodiversity that they’ve grown up with. It’s a real conservation crisis.”



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Red colobus monkeys are threatened by poachers in Africa

The Tai Forest Monkey Project, operating a research field station...

The formidable, saber-like fangs of Smilodon fatalis, also known as saber-toothed cats, are a symbol of prehistoric ferocity and a subject of scientific fascination. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/smilodon-fatalis_sabertoothed-cat_fang-fossil_UCBerkeley_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">These fangs</a>, famously preserved at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, intrigue visitors and scientists alike with their unique structure and evolutionary purpose. 



Researchers found some of these fangs with a curious feature: a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/smilodon-fatalis_sabertoothed-cat_Massimo-Molinero_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">double set of teeth</a> comprising both a baby and a permanent tooth within the same socket.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smilodon-fatalis-and-double-fangs">Smilodon fatalis and double fangs</h2>



Jack Tseng, an associate professor of integrative biology, has dedicated years to studying these peculiar specimens. His upcoming research publication illuminates the evolutionary advantages of this dental arrangement.



Tseng's study suggests that the presence of the milk tooth alongside the erupting permanent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sabertooth-skull-offers-new-clues-about-the-extinct-mammal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saber tooth</a> plays a critical role in preventing the tooth from breaking under lateral pressures. 



This insight was supported by advanced computer modeling and physical tests using 3D-printed replicas of saber teeth.



Initially, Tseng and his team proposed that the baby tooth acts as a stabilizing buttress during the eruptive phase of the permanent tooth. 



They based this hypothesis on growth data, which shows that saber-toothed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-sabertooth-cat-big-polar-bear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cats</a> retained this dual-tooth system for up to 30 months during their adolescence.



"Imagine a timeline where you have the milk canine coming out, and when they finish erupting, the permanent canine comes out and overtakes the milk canine, eventually pushing it out," noted Tseng.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predator-evolution-of-smilodon-fatalis">Predator evolution of Smilodon fatalis</h2>



The implications of this study extend beyond dental mechanics to insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-sabertooth-cat-discovered-in-south-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predatory behavior</a> and survival strategies of saber-toothed cats. 



The dual-fang stage likely provided young Smilodon with a 'learning curve' period, during which they could experiment with their hunting techniques without the immediate risk of damaging their formidable weapons.



Tseng suggests that this prolonged dual-tooth stage acted as an evolutionary adaptation, allowing the young predators to take risks and learn effective hunting strategies while under the protective 'insurance policy' of the milk tooth. 



"The double-fang stage is probably worth a rethinking now that I've shown there's this potential insurance policy, this larger range of protection," Tseng explained. "It allows the equivalent of our teenagers to experiment, to take risks, essentially to learn how to be a full-grown, fully fledged predator."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beam-theory">Beam theory</h2>



Tseng's research incorporated beam theory, an engineering principle typically used to assess the structural strength and behavior of materials under various stress conditions. 



By utilizing this theory for the study of Smilodon's saber teeth, he was able to create simulations that mimicked how these teeth would react under different types of stress, focusing particularly on lateral bending -- how the teeth would bend side to side under pressure.



His analysis showed that although the bending strength of the saber teeth -- how much force they could withstand before bending -- remained relatively unchanged, their stiffness, or how much they resisted bending when force was applied, diminished as the teeth grew longer. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function-of-the-smilodon-fatalis-milk-tooth">Function of the Smilodon fatalis milk tooth</h2>



This finding suggests that the longer the tooth, the more prone it was to bend under force, potentially leading to breakage.



Crucially, Tseng found that the presence of a milk tooth alongside the permanent tooth in young Smilodon played a significant role in enhancing the overall structural integrity of the growing fang. 



The milk tooth seemed to serve as a supportive structure, improving the alignment of the tooth's stiffness with its bending strength. 



This improved alignment significantly reduced the risk of the saber tooth breaking during hunting, particularly when catching and subduing prey. 



The combination of the baby and permanent teeth provided a critical balance, ensuring that young saber-toothed cats could effectively and safely develop their hunting skills without the immediate risk of damaging their essential fangs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



While the focus of Tseng's study was Smilodon fatalis, the findings have broader implications for understanding other saber-toothed species as well. 



Moreover, the presence of similar dental features in other species suggests that this adaptation could be more widespread than previously thought. This opens new avenues for research into the evolutionary pathways that led to the development of such specialized predatory adaptations.



Tseng's work not only enhances our understanding of one of the most iconic predators of the Pleistocene but also invites us to reconsider how we view the growth and development of these fascinating creatures.



As these investigations continue, they not only illuminate the past but also enrich our broader understanding of evolutionary biology and the mechanics of survival in the natural world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.25447" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Anatomical Record</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Young saber-toothed cats had double fangs, but for good reason

The formidable, saber-like fangs of Smilodon fatalis, also known as...

Medium-sized dog breeds are more prone to cancer than both the smallest and the largest breeds, according to a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/">University of California, Riverside</a>.



These findings challenge the multistage model of cancer, which associates increased size within a single species to a heightened risk of cancer due to more frequent cellular mutations as cells divide and replicate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-cancer-risk">Size and cancer risk</h2>



“The question that arises is why, then, don't we get more cancer than a mouse? We don't. There is no increase in cancer risk as animals increase in size from species to species,” explained Leonard Nunney, a UC Riverside evolutionary biologist and the study's author.&nbsp;



The paradox lies within species where size appears to correlate with cancer risk, as seen in humans, where taller individuals have about a 10% increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/you-can-reduce-your-risk-of-cancer-with-just-4-5-minutes-of-daily-activity/">cancer risk</a> for every 10 centimeters in height.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-and-cancer-risk">Dogs and cancer risk</h2>



To delve deeper into these relationships, Nunney looked at dogs - a species with significant size variation - to understand how size impacts cancer risk.&nbsp;



“Testing this in dogs is even better because you can compare a tiny chihuahua to a great Dane. That's a 35-fold difference in size, and people can't come close to that,” he explained.&nbsp;



His findings showed that smaller dogs like Pomeranians, miniature pinschers, and chihuahuas have approximately a 10% chance of dying from cancer, while some larger breeds like Bernese mountain dogs exhibit more than a 40% chance.



However, the research also identified outliers, such as flat-coated retrievers and Scottish terriers, which exhibit higher cancer rates than typical for their size. Despite these anomalies, the study generally supports the multistage model’s assertion that larger size within a species may increase <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cigarette-smoke-exposure-elevates-cancer-risk-in-dogs/">cancer risk</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifespan-and-cancer-risk">Lifespan and cancer risk </h2>



Surprisingly, the study also found that the very largest breeds, like Great Danes, actually show lower cancer rates compared to medium-sized breeds. This is attributed to their shorter life spans.&nbsp;



“For every pound increase in typical breed size you lose about two weeks of life. A very big dog, you're lucky if they live past nine years, whereas small dogs can go about 14,” Nunney said. Since cancer is predominantly an affliction of older age, these reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer-than-large-breeds/">lifespans</a> in larger dogs correlate with decreased cancer risk.



These insights suggest that size and life expectancy within species are significant factors in cancer risk, aligning closely with the multistage model of cancer. “I was surprised how well dogs fit the model,” Nunney said. “But that doesn't happen when you compare a mouse to an elephant or a human to a whale. So, does that undermine the model in some way?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-prevention-mechanisms-nbsp">Cancer prevention mechanisms&nbsp;</h2>



Nunney proposes that larger species have evolved more sophisticated cancer prevention mechanisms. “My argument is that preventing cancer is an evolving trait, so a whale will have more ways of preventing cancer than a mouse does,” he explained. 



This evolutionary perspective is supported by observations of elephants, which rarely suffer from cancer despite their size and longevity.



The broader implications of this research extend beyond veterinary science to potential insights into cancer prevention in humans. Understanding the natural mechanisms that larger species use to protect themselves from cancer could lead to breakthroughs in human cancer treatments and prevention strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-in-dogs-nbsp">Cancer in dogs&nbsp;</h2>



Cancer in dogs is a significant health concern and one of the leading causes of death in older dogs, though it can also affect younger ones. The disease occurs when cells grow uncontrollably, forming masses or invading tissues throughout the body.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-types">Cancer types</h3>



Different types of cancer in dogs include lymphoma, melanoma, bone cancer, and mammary gland cancer, among others. Symptoms vary widely depending on the type of cancer, but common signs include abnormal swelling, sores that don't heal, weight loss, and changes in appetite.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diagnosis-of-cancer-in-dogs">Diagnosis of cancer in dogs</h3>



Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical exams, blood tests, imaging like X-rays and ultrasound, and biopsies. 



Treatment options are similarly varied, depending on the stage and type of cancer, and can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. These treatments aim to remove or kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal cells.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outcomes">Outcomes</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-should-you-begin-cancer-screening-for-your-dog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early detection</a> and treatment can significantly improve outcomes, which is why regular veterinary check-ups are important. Advances in veterinary medicine have improved the management of cancer in dogs, leading to better quality of life and longer survival rates for many dogs diagnosed with the disease. 



The approach to treating canine cancer often involves a team of specialists, including veterinarians who specialize in oncology.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231356" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Medium-sized dogs have a greater risk of developing cancer

Medium-sized dog breeds are more prone to cancer than both...

Two,Dogs,On,A,Summer,Outing

The belief that purebred dogs are inherently less healthy than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-breeding-dogs-like-dachshunds-deserve-a-healthy-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mixed-breed</a> dogs is a common misconception, according to a recent study conducted by researchers at the <a href="https://vetmed.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-purebred-and-mixed-bred-dogs">Purebred and mixed bred dogs </h2>



Purebred dogs are those that belong to a specific breed and have a documented pedigree in a breed registry. They are bred to meet specific standards set by official breed organizations, which may include characteristics like appearance, behavior, and other traits.



Mixed-breed dogs, also known as mutts or crossbreeds, are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-dogs-breed-can-affect-both-perceived-and-real-pain-sensitivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> that have more than one identifiable breed in their genetic history. They do not have a pedigree that traces back to specific breed lines and often possess a combination of traits from the different breeds in their lineage. Mixed-breed dogs are typically unique in appearance and behavior due to their varied genetic makeup.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-comparison">Health comparison</h2>



"There are several well-known diseases that frequently occur in specific dog breeds," said Dr. Kate Creevy, chief veterinary officer of the Dog Aging Project. "This has helped perpetuate the misconception that all purebred dogs are more prone to disease, but that is not the case."



The comprehensive study examined health records from over 27,000 companion dogs. Here's what the data revealed:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breed-specific-predispositions">Breed-specific predispositions</h3>



Some dog breeds are known to have a higher likelihood of developing specific health problems due to their genetic makeup. For example, German shepherds are more prone to hip dysplasia, while golden retrievers have an increased risk of certain cancers.



However, it's important to note that this does not mean all purebred dogs will automatically develop these conditions.The overall likelihood of a dog experiencing health problems is generally similar between purebred dogs and mixed-breed dogs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-conditions">Common conditions</h3>



Many common health issues affect both purebred and mixed-breed dogs with similar frequency. This includes problems like:



<ul>
<li>Ear infections (caused by bacteria, yeast, or ear mites)</li>



<li>Osteoarthritis (joint inflammation and pain)</li>



<li>Dental problems (plaque buildup, gum disease, tooth loss)</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventative-care-for-mixed-and-purebred-dogs">Preventative care for mixed and purebred dogs</h2>



Proactive care is essential for all dogs, regardless of whether they are purebred or mixed-breed. This includes:



<ul>
<li>Regular veterinary checkups and vaccinations to catch health problems early.</li>



<li>Addressing dental health through brushing, dental chews, and professional cleanings to prevent disease.</li>



<li>Managing allergies through dietary changes, medication, and reducing exposure to allergens.</li>



<li>Maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise to prevent joint problems and other health risks.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-pet-owners">Implications for pet owners</h2>



"People should consider many factors when choosing a dog, including environment, lifestyle, social interactions, and physical activity," noted Dr. Creevy. Breed should be one factor among many when selecting a canine companion.



Understanding breed-specific predispositions, working with a veterinarian to develop a tailored care plan, and prioritizing preventative measures are essential aspects of responsible pet ownership.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trends-within-purebred-dog-breeds">Trends within purebred dog breeds</h2>



The researchers identified the 25 dog <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-dogs-have-larger-brains-than-ancient-dog-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeds</a> most frequently represented in the Dog Aging Project, including popular breeds like labrador retrievers, golden retrievers, and German shepherds. These 25 breeds account for a significant portion (60%) of all the purebred dogs included in the research.



Across these breeds, conditions like dental calculus (tartar buildup), allergies, joint pain, and heart murmurs were amongst the most frequently reported health concerns. 



Interestingly, mixed-breed dogs also experience many of these same common health problems.However, mixed breeds showed slightly lower occurrences of dental issues. Conversely, they had a slightly higher rate of accidental chocolate toxicity (which can be harmful or fatal to dogs).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-bite-statistic">Unexpected bite statistic</h2>



“We were surprised by the number of owners who reported that their dogs had experienced a bite from another dog,” noted Dr. Creevy. 



This unexpected result highlights the need for further investigation into canine aggression. The researchers aim to gain a clearer understanding of the factors contributing to dog-on-dog biting behavior. 



By exploring these factors, experts can potentially develop strategies to reduce the frequency and severity of dog bites in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dog-aging-project">The Dog Aging Project</h2>



The <a href="https://dogagingproject.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dog Aging Project</a> is an ongoing research initiative that welcomes dogs from all walks of life. Their goal is to improve our understanding of how dogs age and promote canine health. This project operates as a community effort, meaning that dog owners play a vital role by providing information and sometimes samples (like fur or blood) from their pets.



Through this collaboration, researchers gather a huge amount of data that offers valuable insights into canine health. These insights don't just benefit our furry friends; they also have the potential to inform studies on human health and aging.



This study highlights the importance of moving beyond breed-based assumptions when it comes to canine health. Responsible ownership, knowledge of potential breed-specific concerns, and a commitment to preventative care are the cornerstones of a long, healthy, and happy life for your four-legged friend.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1140417/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Veterinary Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Purebred dogs are not more prone to disease than mixed-breed dogs

The belief that purebred dogs are inherently less healthy than...

A recent study led by <a href="https://www.deakin.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deakin University</a> in Australia has highlighted the significant negative effects of moderate levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traffic noise</a> on eggs and nesting baby birds, demonstrating that such noise exposure can have lasting detrimental impacts on their development and fitness. 



The study adds to growing concern about noise pollution, which is now recognized as a pervasive environmental problem affecting even the most remote areas of the Earth.



“Human-produced noise has become a part of the world’s environment, and traffic noise in particular is incessant and present globally. Such noise has been shown to alter behavior in a variety of animals, including birds,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-pollution-and-developing-birds-nbsp">Noise pollution and developing birds&nbsp;</h2>



The scientists focused on the developmental impacts of noise pollution on wild zebra finch birds. The findings indicate that exposure to traffic noise - common in urban settings - directly affects the growth and fitness of birds, starting from when they are just embryos in the egg. 



In their experiment, the researchers exposed zebra finch eggs and baby birds to recordings of typical traffic noise, songs of their species, or silence.



“Noise pollution is expanding at an unprecedented rate and is increasingly associated with impaired reproduction and development across taxa. However, whether noise sound waves are intrinsically harmful for developing young - or merely disturb parents - and the fitness consequences of early exposure remain unknown,” wrote the study authors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-traffic-noise-on-baby-birds">Impacts of traffic noise on baby birds</h2>



The results showed that birds exposed to traffic noise from the egg stage suffered from stunted growth, shorter telomeres, and reduced fitness in adulthood. This suggests that the noise does more than just alter the behaviors of adult birds; it has direct biological effects on developing young.



“Here, by only manipulating the offspring, we show that sole exposure to noise in early life in zebra finches has fitness consequences and causes embryonic death during exposure,” noted the researchers.



“Exposure to pre- and postnatal traffic noise cumulatively impaired nestling growth and physiology and aggravated telomere shortening across life stages until adulthood.”



“Consistent with a long-term somatic impact, early life noise exposure, especially prenatally, decreased individual offspring production throughout adulthood. Our findings suggest that the effects of noise pollution are more pervasive than previously realized.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-study-implications-nbsp">Broader study implications&nbsp;</h2>



In a related Perspective article, Hans Slabbekoorn, an expert in acoustic ecology and behavior has emphasized the broader implications of these findings.&nbsp;



“The study of Meillère et al. on zebra finches reinforces the notion of negative noise impact on chicks as they develop in the egg, an effect that extends to prenatal exposure to noise in other species, including humans,” explained Slabbekoorn.&nbsp;



“The findings suggest that the acoustic environment of breeding birds in cities and along highways should be better managed, and that the acoustic comfort in hospital environments for pregnant mothers and babies warrants special attention.”



The evidence from this study calls for a critical reassessment of the risks posed by anthropogenic noise and highlights the urgent need for effective noise mitigation strategies to protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-wildlife-threats-can-be-identified-using-ai-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> and human health. 



The disruption caused by noise pollution to physiology, development, and reproduction can lead to a lifelong reduction in fitness, underscoring the need for policymakers and conservationists to address this environmental issue more proactively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-impacts-of-noise-pollution-on-wildlife">More about the impacts of noise pollution on wildlife</h2>



Noise pollution significantly affects animals, influencing their behavior, physiology, and even survival across diverse ecosystems. For instance, in marine environments, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ship-noise-threatens-the-survival-of-beluga-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise from ships</a> and industrial activities can interfere with the communication and navigation of species like whales and dolphins, which rely on echolocation to find food, mate, and migrate. This disruption can lead to reduced mating success and sometimes fatal ship strikes.



Even beyond the immediate impacts on communication and stress, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-can-be-fatal-to-marine-invertebrates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise</a> pollution alters predator-prey dynamics. For example, noise can mask the sounds of predators approaching, leading to higher predation rates in noisy areas. Conversely, some predators exploit this, using human-made noise to sneak up on unsuspecting prey.



On land, birds are particularly vulnerable; noise pollution can mask their songs, which are critical for attracting mates and defending territories. Studies have shown that areas with high noise levels often see changes in bird species composition, with noise-sensitive species declining in numbers. 



Additionally, chronic noise can induce stress responses in wildlife, leading to elevated heart rates and impaired immune systems, which diminish their overall fitness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade5868" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Exposure to traffic noise disrupts bird development

A recent study led by Deakin University in Australia has...

A team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.pcom.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (PCOM) has recently described a remarkable species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-giant-salmon-teeth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a>, known as Oncorhynchus rastrosus, which lived in the North American Pacific Northwest millions of years ago and boasted an unusual pair of protruding front teeth resembling tusks.



“In the Pacific Northwest, Oncorhynchus is the most celebrated and species-rich salmonine subclade, yet the twelve living species represent only a portion of their clade’s historical diversity,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spike-toothed-salmon">Spike-toothed salmon</h2>



Previously, researchers believed that the large front teeth of O. rastrosus, which earned it the nickname "saber-toothed salmon," pointed backward into its mouth.&nbsp;



However, recent CT scans and thorough analyses of various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossils</a> have found that these teeth extended sideways out of the mouth, akin to the tusks of a warthog. Based on these findings, the researchers suggested renaming the species to "spike-toothed salmon."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-purpose-of-tusk-like-salmon-teeth-nbsp">Purpose of tusk-like salmon teeth&nbsp;</h2>



While the actual function of these distinctive teeth remains a matter of debate, the researchers argued that they could have been used for combat with other members of their species or for defense against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-predators-thrived/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a>. 



Another possibility is that the teeth served a practical purpose in nest-building during the spawning season. It is unlikely that the teeth were used for capturing prey, as O. rastrosus is believed to have been a filter-feeder, primarily consuming plankton.



“The discoveries like ours show they probably weren't gentle giants,” said lead author Kerin Claeson, a paleontologist at the PCOM. “These massive spikes at the tip of their snouts would have been useful to defend against predators, compete against other salmon, and ultimately build the nests where they would incubate their eggs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-both-males-and-females-had-protruding-teeth">Both males and females had protruding teeth</h2>



Senior author Edward Davis, an associate professor of Earth Sciences at the University of Oregon and director of the <a href="https://mnch.uoregon.edu/collections-galleries/condon-collection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Condon Collection</a> at the UO’s Museum of Natural and Cultural History, expressed enthusiasm about the new insights: “I’m delighted that we have been able to put a new face on the giant spike-toothed salmon, bringing knowledge from the field in Oregon to the world.”



“We also stress that females and males alike possessed enormous, tusk-like teeth. Therefore, the sexes were equally fearsome,” added co-author Brian Sidlauskas, an expert in ichthyology <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>. This feature highlights the potentially aggressive and competitive nature of both male and female spike-toothed salmon.



“Because male and females possess hypertrophied premaxillae and lateral premaxillary spikes, the former common name “Sabertoothed Salmon” no longer reflects our understanding of the species’ morphology. Accordingly, we redub O. rastrosus the Spike-Toothed Salmon and postulate that its spikes were multifunctional, serving as defense against predators, in agonism against conspecifics, and as a practical aid to nest construction,” the authors concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-salmon-teeth">More about salmon teeth</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decline-in-atlantic-salmon-linked-to-humans-and-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Salmon</a> have a set of teeth that are well-adapted to their diet and lifestyle, primarily suited for grabbing and holding onto prey. These teeth are small but sharp, lining the jaws, and in some species, they can also be found on the roof of the mouth. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function-of-salmon-teeth">Function of salmon teeth</h3>



The primary function of these teeth is not for chewing but for ensnaring slippery prey like fish and insects, which is crucial since <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-unpredictable-effects-on-salmon-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> are predominantly carnivorous.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structure">Structure</h3>



Interestingly, the structure and robustness of salmon teeth can vary among species and even change throughout the life stages of the fish. For example, when young salmon (smolts) transition from freshwater to the ocean, their diet changes, and this can be reflected in the development of their teeth to better suit their new food sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spawning">Spawning</h3>



Additionally, during the spawning phase, some male salmon develop what's called a "kype," which is a pronounced curvature of the jaws and teeth. This feature helps them in fights for dominance and the right to mate.&nbsp;



Overall, the teeth of salmon are integral to their survival and reproductive strategies, emphasizing their role as effective predators within their aquatic environments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300252" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Giant prehistoric salmon had fearsome, tusk-like teeth

A team of researchers led by the Philadelphia College of...

King,Vulture,-,Sarcoramphus,Papa,Big,Bird,Of,Prey,,New

Often associated with death and decay, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/believe-it-or-not-scavengers-are-picky-eaters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> – animals that consume carrion (dead animal matter) – play an unexpectedly vital role in maintaining the health and balance of wetland ecosystems. While they may not be the most charismatic of creatures, their ecological contributions are undeniable.



A study by researchers from the Ecology area of the Miguel Hernández University of Elche (<a href="https://www.umh.es/?lang=EN" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UMH</a>) and the Ecology department of the University of Alicante (<a href="https://www.ua.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UA</a>) reveals the fundamental importance of scavengers and carrion in wetlands.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scavengers">Scavengers</h2>



Scavengers encompass a diverse range of species, including:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vultures">Vultures</h3>



These large birds possess a keen sense of smell and excellent eyesight, enabling them to locate carcasses from great distances. Their powerful digestive systems allow them to safely consume decomposing flesh, preventing the spread of bacteria and pathogens.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3>



Insects such as flies, beetles, and their larvae play a critical role in the initial decomposition of organic matter. They lay eggs within carrion, and their larvae consume the decaying flesh, breaking it down into smaller components and releasing nutrients into the environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aquatic-scavengers">Aquatic scavengers</h3>



Crayfish, certain fish species, and some crocodilians, like the gharial, opportunistically consume dead animal matter found in aquatic habitats. This contributes to the breakdown of organic material, prevents the buildup of harmful substances, and recycles nutrients within the aquatic ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-essential-functions-of-scavengers-in-wetlands">Essential functions of scavengers in wetlands</h2>



The recently published study underscores the numerous benefits <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scavengers-protect-livestock-from-infectious-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> provide to wetland ecosystems:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-cycling-in-wetlands-by-scavengers">Nutrient cycling in wetlands by scavengers</h3>



When scavengers feed on dead animals, they break down complex organic compounds into simpler nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients are then released back into the soil and water, where they can be absorbed by plants and algae. This process supports the growth of these primary producers, which form the base of the wetland food chain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation-of-water-quality">Regulation of water quality</h3>



By consuming decaying organic matter, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-help-scavengers-take-over-the-alpine-habitats-of-arctic-foxes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> help prevent its excessive accumulation within the wetland. If left unchecked, this buildup can lead to reduced oxygen levels (which harms fish and other aquatic life), increased water pollution, and the potential for harmful bacterial growth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scavenger-s-ecosystem">Scavenger's ecosystem</h3>



Certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/opportunistic-scavengers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavenging</a> species, like crayfish, actively modify their wetland environment as they forage and create burrows. These disturbances increase the physical complexity of the habitat, creating niches for a wider variety of plants and animals. This, in turn, contributes to greater biodiversity and overall ecosystem health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowledge-gaps-in-scavengers-and-wetland-ecosystems">Knowledge gaps in scavengers and wetland ecosystems</h2>



While the general ecological functions of scavengers are understood, their specific roles and contributions within wetland ecosystems require further investigation. 



There is a significant gap in knowledge compared to the extensive research on scavengers in terrestrial (land-based) environments. This targeted understanding is crucial for developing effective conservation strategies for wetlands.



Wetlands provide a multitude of benefits for both humans and wildlife. They naturally filter and purify water, help mitigate the impacts of floods, store carbon (helping combat climate change), and provide essential habitats for countless species. 



The alarming loss of over 60% of the world's wetlands in the last century underscores the critical need for research and action to conserve these remaining precious ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-action-for-wetland-health-beyond-scavengers">Taking action for wetland health beyond scavengers</h2>



Here's how you can contribute to the protection of wetlands and their often-overlooked inhabitants:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Support wetland conservation initiatives</h3>



To support wetland conservation initiatives effectively, you can start by understanding the various threats these ecosystems face, such as urban development, pollution, and climate change. Advocating for the protection and restoration of wetlands involves:



<ul>
<li>Educating yourself and others about the importance of wetlands: Learn how wetlands are not only biodiversity hotspots but also crucial for climate regulation and flood control.</li>



<li>Participating in local conservation projects: Look for opportunities to get involved with organizations that are working to restore wetland areas. This might include planting native species, cleaning up waterways, or monitoring wildlife.</li>



<li>Promoting and supporting policies that protect wetlands: Engage with policymakers and support legislation that aims to protect these ecosystems. This could involve writing to local representatives or supporting environmental NGOs that lobby for stronger environmental protections.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Minimize pollution</h3>



Minimizing pollution to protect wetland ecosystems and their inhabitants involves several key actions:



<ul>
<li>Be mindful of household chemicals: Choose environmentally friendly products for cleaning and gardening, which are less likely to harm the waterways if they run off into nearby drains or soils.</li>



<li>Proper disposal of waste: Dispose of hazardous wastes like paints, oils, and batteries at designated disposal facilities instead of dumping them down household drains or in the trash where they can leach into groundwater and surface water.</li>



<li>Reduce plastic usage: Plastics often end up in water bodies, harming aquatic and semi-aquatic wildlife. Opting for reusable products over single-use plastics can significantly reduce this impact.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Raise awareness</h3>



Raising awareness about the importance of scavengers and wetlands can lead to greater community involvement and support for conservation measures. You can raise awareness by:



<ul>
<li>Creating informative content: Use platforms like blogs, YouTube, or social media to share facts and information about wetlands and their role in the ecosystem. Include information about scavengers and how they contribute to environmental health.</li>



<li>Hosting educational events: Organize talks, webinars, or walks in local wetland areas with a focus on teaching community members about the ecological roles these environments play.</li>



<li>Engaging with schools: Work with local schools to include wetland conservation in their curriculum. This could involve field trips to wetlands or guest lectures from wildlife experts.</li>
</ul>



By undertaking these actions, you help ensure the health of wetland ecosystems and support the diverse life forms that rely on them for survival.



The next time you encounter a scavenger in its natural habitat, remember that it's not just performing a mundane task – it's fulfilling a crucial ecological role. By recognizing the often-overlooked value of scavengers, we can better appreciate the intricate balance of wetland ecosystems and the vital importance of their conservation.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.13075" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Reviews</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Scavengers clean up wetlands and boost their health

Often associated with death and decay, scavengers – animals that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



—–



Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—–



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.



—–

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



-----

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

News coming your way