<p>Two iconic dinosaurs - <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em> and <em>Brachylophosaurus canadensis</em> - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. </p>



<p>In new work, researchers at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals.</p>



<p>The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form.</p>



<p>Researchers have debated and re-examined soft, stretchy tissues from these same specimens for nearly two decades. </p>



<p>Teams have used high-resolution imaging, antibodies, and protein sequencing to argue that the materials are genuine remnants of dinosaur biology rather than modern contaminants. The latest study adds another tool - and another confirmation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-unlocks-dinosaur-chemistry">Light unlocks dinosaur chemistry</h2>



<p>The team turned to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/resonance-raman-spectroscopy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy</a>. In this method, laser light is tuned to a molecule’s electronic transitions. This causes only that molecule to “sing” back with a strong signal.</p>



<p>“Raman spectroscopy essentially uses light waves to identify a molecule’s energetic ‘fingerprint,’” said physicist Hans Hallen, the study’s corresponding author. </p>



<p>“Resonance Raman, which we use here, takes that process one step further by using light already tuned to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-the-origins-of-the-molecule-that-made-the-universe/">molecule</a> of interest - so only that type of molecule will resonate.”</p>



<p>That resonance dramatically boosts the signal from specific bonds - crucial when your targets are rare, damaged molecules embedded in a complex fossil matrix.</p>



<p>“This strong signal allows us to find the needle (hemoglobin remnants) in the haystack (messy fossil) to see how this molecule has changed from the functional living state, revealing the chemical changes molecules undergo in deep time,” Hallen added.</p>



<p>RR spectra from <em>T. rex</em> and <em>Brachylophosaurus</em> extracts showed signatures consistent with heme still bound to globin proteins. In addition, they indicated heme bound to goethite, an iron oxide mineral linked to oxidized iron.</p>



<p>The researchers cross-checked those signals against demineralized modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-of-a-cretaceous-ostrich-mexidracon-longimanus-with-extremely-long-arms/">ostrich</a> bone and human blood to anchor their interpretations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-molecules-traced-to-dinosaurs">Blood molecules traced to dinosaurs</h2>



<p>Because Raman detects bonds rather than whole molecules, skeptics often point out that generic signals could arise from modern microbes or other contaminants. </p>



<p>That’s where the extra selectivity of RR - and the structural information in the spectra - matters.</p>



<p>“RR identifies both bonds and structure," said paleobiologist Mary Schweitzer, a co-author on the work. </p>



<p>"We know that heme is there and that it is still bound to hemoglobin protein - contaminants like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reusable-water-bottles-are-breeding-ground-for-strep-and-fecal-bacteria/">bacteria</a> don’t have those specific bonds, so we can say that the molecules are from the animal, or in this case, the dinosaur,”</p>



<p>The team also mapped how those spectral fingerprints shift as hemoglobin decays. After death, the protein breaks down, damaging the heme ring and oxidizing the iron inside it. </p>



<p>RR data show that goethite forms on that iron, and the heme can bind to the mineral surface.</p>



<p>Tellingly, the researchers observed the early stages of the same degradation pathway in modern samples, suggesting that key steps happen relatively quickly and then stabilize.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-blood-survived-fossilization">Dinosaur blood survived fossilization</h2>



<p>Beyond confirming what the molecules are, the spectral changes reveal a plausible route for how they survived. </p>



<p>Goethite is a bio-related mineral - it often forms in association with biological activity - and the new data hint that it doesn’t just grow near proteins; it can latch onto and stabilize fragments. "We didn’t know that it could bind to and stabilize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/">protein</a> fragments,” Hallen said.</p>



<p>That matters because it shows a mechanism that locks delicate organics in place and protects them during fossilization. </p>



<p>Researchers already know that heme persists in sediments far older than the age of dinosaurs, but the path from fresh blood to ancient rock has remained murky.</p>



<p>Pinning down the chemistry helps explain why hemoglobin, in particular, shows up as a survivor - and why some fossils preserve molecular vestiges while others do not.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-view-of-fossil-preservation">A new view of fossil preservation</h2>



<p>The study reinforces a shift in paleontology: under the right conditions, original biochemistry can endure deep time, and modern tools can detect and interpret it. </p>



<p>Instead of a binary “preserved or not,” researchers are piecing together degradation pathways, mineral partnerships, and microenvironments that favor survival.</p>



<p>For dinosaur biology, that means more than just curiosity. Hemoglobin and heme in blood play key roles in metabolism, oxygen transport, and overall physiology. </p>



<p>Their presence, and the way they degrade, defines how tissues fossilize and what information we can still extract.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1s.webp" alt="Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Credit: NC State University" class="wp-image-1985867"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NC State University</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-chemistry-spans-eons">Blood chemistry spans eons</h2>



<p>For dinosaur fossil science, mineral–organic interactions like heme–goethite may help preserve blood proteins and molecular fragments throughout Earth’s history.</p>



<p>“Heme has been identified in sediments that are much, much older than dinosaurs, so we know that it persists,” Schweitzer noted. </p>



<p>“Understanding why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-human-genetics-could-optimize-medical-care/">hemoglobin</a> preserves, and the role that heme plays in the process, is really important if we want to know how these ancient molecules survive through time.”</p>



<p>The upshot is both practical and provocative. Resonance Raman pinpoints specific ancient molecules within messy fossils, and the chemistry it reveals also serves as a preservation roadmap. </p>



<p>That’s a powerful combination for anyone trying to read life’s oldest diaries written in stone.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2025.0175" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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Hemoglobin and other blood molecules found preserved in dinosaur fossils

Two iconic dinosaurs - Tyrannosaurus rex and Brachylophosaurus canadensis - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. In new work, researchers at North Carolina State University identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals. The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form. Researchers...

<p>Aging and social networks undergo significant transformations as individuals grow older, with a pronounced shift towards prioritizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-female-monkeys-focus-more-on-meaningful-relationships/">quality</a> over quantity in their social circles. This tendency to narrow down <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-connections-slow-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">s</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-connections-slow-brain-aging/">ocial connections</a> is not exclusive to humans; it is also evident among our primate relatives, the macaques. </p>



<p>The phenomenon, as observed in Assamese macaques in Thailand by researchers from the <a href="https://www.dpz.eu/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research</a> and the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a>, provides insight into the biological foundations underlying our social behaviors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-social-aging-through-primate-studies">Understanding social aging through primate studies</h2>



<p>Over eight years, researchers studying female Assamese macaques observed a decline in social network size with age. Consequently, older females focused on a few close relationships and reduced broader interactions.</p>



<p>Baptiste Sadoughi, the study's lead author, emphasized the unique perspective gained from studying these females. Significantly, they remain in their natal groups for life. </p>



<p>Moreover, older macaques showed less social engagement, such as initiating contact or grooming. However, they stayed close to the group, likely for protection against predators. This behavior indicates a strategic shift in aging macaques' priorities, valuing proximity over active socializing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-selectivity-among-assamese-macaques">Social selectivity among Assamese macaques </h2>



<p>Contrary to what might be expected, the research showed that selectivity in social partners among Assamese macaque females does not increase with age. </p>



<p>This constancy undermines the idea that a growing preference for certain social partners explains the age-related shrinkage of social networks. This finding suggests that while selectivity exists, it alone cannot account for the decline in social interactions as macaques age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-longitudinal-data-in-aging-studies">The role of longitudinal data in aging studies</h2>



<p>The study highlights the value of longitudinal data in aging research. Professor Julia Ostner notes that the selective disappearance phenomenon complicates aging studies. </p>



<p>Less socially integrated individuals, who are more vulnerable to predation, tend to die earlier. This leaves a cohort of older, well-connected individuals. Long-term data helps differentiate true aging effects from demographic influences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aging-and-social-networks-in-the-wild">Aging and social networks in the wild</h2>



<p>This research significantly enhances our understanding of aging in wild animals, challenging the traditional belief that they seldom show aging signs. Sadoughi points out that long-term studies are uncovering how wild animals face aging challenges, providing insights into their adaptations over time.</p>



<p>The study on Assamese macaques illuminates social aging's evolutionary roots and its parallels with humans, who also narrow their social networks with age. Examining our closest relatives offers profound insights into social aging's complexity and its impact on our social world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about Assamese macaques</h2>



<p>Assamese macaques are a species of Old World monkey found predominantly in the hilly and forested regions of South and Southeast Asia.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appearance</h3>



<p>With their robust build and distinctive appearance, they are known for their strong social bonds and complex behaviors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their fur color varies from dark brown to gray with a somewhat lighter underbelly, and they have a prominent ridge of hair on their heads, which gives them a unique appearance among primates. These macaques have relatively short tails and show a range of facial expressions that are crucial for their social interactions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>They are highly adaptable, living in a variety of habitats including evergreen forests, deciduous habitats, and even areas close to human settlements, where they can sometimes be seen foraging for food.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This adaptability, however, also puts them at risk, as they are often subject to human-wildlife conflict, especially in areas where their natural habitats overlap with agricultural or urbanized areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diet</h3>



<p>Assamese macaques are diurnal, meaning they are active during the day, and they have a diet that includes fruits, leaves, seeds, and occasionally small animals and insects. Their foraging habits play a crucial role in forest ecology through seed dispersal, aiding in the regeneration of their habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Social lives</h3>



<p>Socially, Assamese macaques live in multi-male, multi-female groups with a complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-populations-have-less-cohesive-social-networks/">social structure</a>. Dominance hierarchies exist within both males and females, influencing access to resources, mating opportunities, and social interactions within the group. </p>



<p>These macaques are known for their cooperative behavior, including collective defense against predators, grooming to maintain social bonds, and caring for the young of the group.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Reproduction in Assamese macaques does not follow a strict seasonal pattern, but births may peak at certain times of the year, depending on the geographical location and environmental conditions. Females usually give birth to a single offspring after a gestation period of about six months. </p>



<p>Offspring are cared for with great attention, and the social nature of their groups allows young macaques to learn important survival and social skills from not only their mothers but also other members of the group.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation</h3>



<p>Conservation efforts for Assamese macaques are ongoing, as they face threats from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-changes-social-behavior-in-monkeys/">habitat destruction</a>, hunting, and the illegal wildlife trade. </p>



<p>Their status varies by location, but overall, they are considered to be facing a decline in population, prompting efforts to protect their natural habitats and ensure their survival for future generations.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2736" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Assamese macaques show how aging affects our social networks

Aging and social networks undergo significant transformations as individuals grow...

<p>Leatherback sea turtle behaviors in the Northwest Atlantic shelf have been illuminated through a pivotal study conducted by marine scientists at the University of Miami <a href="https://www.earth.miami.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science</a> and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Southeast Fisheries Science Center. </p>



<p>The research provides a detailed map of the migration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/leatherback-sea-turtles-where-the-worlds-largest-turtles-go-to-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foraging habits </a>of these majestic creatures along the U.S. coastline. The findings introduce new insights that challenge previous understandings and emphasize the urgent need for targeted conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-understanding-of-leatherback-movements">A new understanding of leatherback movements</h2>



<p>Historically, researchers recognized that leatherback turtles migrate from the warmer South and Mid-Atlantic Bights to the food-rich waters near New England and Nova Scotia during the summer. They return south as winter approaches. However, the specifics of their journey and activities remained largely unknown.</p>



<p>Mitchell Rider is a research scientist at Rosenstiel School’s NOAA Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies and lead author of the study. </p>



<p>"Our findings signify a paradigm shift in understanding leatherback turtle behavior along the U.S. coastline," said Rider. "By highlighting key foraging grounds and migration patterns, we aim to inform targeted conservation strategies to safeguard the future of these magnificent creatures."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-the-leatherback-turtle-revealed">The journey of the leatherback turtle revealed</h2>



<p>Using advanced satellite tags, the researchers tracked the movements of 52 leatherback sea turtles from 2017 to 2022. These tags, attached to turtles off the coasts of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Beaufort, North Carolina, provided valuable data on location, depth, and water temperature. </p>



<p>The tagging and monitoring effort unveiled significant activity off Cape Cod and Nantucket. Here, leatherbacks feast on the abundant jellyfish present in late summer and early fall. Similarly, signs of feeding behavior in the Mid-Atlantic Bight mark it as a crucial foraging area. However, further research is needed to pinpoint the turtles' exact diet.</p>



<p>Researchers have identified the South Atlantic Bight as a versatile habitat. It supports various stages of the leatherback's migration cycle, including nesting and overwintering. Observations of feeding behavior along the continental shelf ridge further highlight this area's significance.</p>



<p>Consequently, this research reveals an extensive utilization of the U.S. coastline by leatherbacks. This is particularly true within the Mid-Atlantic Bight, South Atlantic Bight, and Southern New England regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-leatherback-turtle-conservation">Implications for leatherback turtle conservation</h2>



<p>"A key finding was further defining the Mid-Atlantic Bight as a critical foraging ground for leatherbacks from past studies, identified through sophisticated behavioral analysis," said Rider. </p>



<p>"This study provides a comprehensive understanding of leatherback behaviors that distinguishes between their migration and foraging activities.” </p>



<p>Moreover, the research underlines the leatherbacks’ vulnerability to threats such as incidental capture by fisheries and vessel strikes. With offshore wind farms developing in critical regions, these findings provide invaluable guidance.</p>



<p>The groundbreaking study advances our knowledge of leatherback sea turtles' migration and foraging patterns, shaping future conservation strategies. Furthermore, the study paves the way for more effective protection of critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-threatens-turtle-breeding-grounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a> such as nesting beaches. </p>



<p>Conservation efforts are underway globally to protect these ancient mariners, including the implementation of fishing gear modifications to reduce bycatch. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about leatherback sea turtles</h2>



<p>Leatherback sea turtles are remarkable creatures, distinguished from other sea turtles by their lack of a bony shell. Instead, they possess a unique, leathery skin overlaying bony plates, which gives them their name. They are the largest of all living turtles and can grow up to two meters in length and weigh as much as 900 kilograms.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Migration&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These turtles are highly migratory, undertaking vast journeys across oceans to feed on their preferred prey, jellyfish. Their ability to regulate their body temperature allows them to thrive in colder waters, a rarity among reptiles.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Special adaptation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Leatherbacks have a special adaptation in their throat, a series of backward-pointing spines, to help them swallow slippery jellyfish and prevent their prey from escaping once caught.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Reproduction is a fascinating aspect of their life cycle. Females return to the beaches where they were born, every two to three years, to lay their eggs in the sand.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They dig nests with their flippers, deposit their eggs, and then cover them before returning to the sea. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-leatherbacks-are-blind-to-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hatchlings</a> emerge after about two months and make their perilous journey to the ocean, facing numerous predators along the way.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Significant threats&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Despite their awe-inspiring nature, leatherback sea turtles face significant threats from human activities. They are vulnerable to bycatch in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-tangled-leatherbacks-is-crucial-for-their-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing gear</a>, plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plastic-items-found-in-deceased-sea-turtles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the harvesting of their eggs from nesting beaches. Climate change also poses a threat, as it affects their nesting sites and the availability of their jellyfish prey. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1325139/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Tracking leatherback sea turtle migration along the U.S. coast

Leatherback sea turtle behaviors in the Northwest Atlantic shelf have...

Viridicerus,Ustulatus,A,Leafhopper,From,The,Family,Cicadellidae,On,A

<p>In the realm of science, sometimes the smallest creatures can provide the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biggest insights</a>. Such is the case with leafhoppers, unassuming backyard insects that carry a secret armor of brochosomes.</p>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> have delved into this miniature world, uncovering the mysteries of particles known as brochosomes, which these insects secrete and coat themselves with. </p>



<p>Their findings, led by Professor Tak-Sing Wong of mechanical and biomedical engineering, have been published in the prestigious <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> of the United States of America (PNAS), marking a significant step forward in bioinspired optical materials.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-biology-of-leafhoppers-brochosomes">Decoding the biology of leafhoppers' brochosomes</h2>



<p>Brochosomes are intricate, soccer ball-like structures with a series of cavities, baffling scientists since their discovery in the 1950s. The Penn State team, however, has not only replicated the complex geometry of these particles for the first time but also shed light on their unique ability to absorb both visible and ultraviolet light. </p>



<p>This breakthrough promises to spawn numerous applications, from creating invisible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thermal-cloak-keeps-electric-vehicles-cool-in-the-summer-warm-in-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cloaking devices</a> to developing coatings for more efficient solar energy harvesting.</p>



<p>The journey to this discovery began in 2017 when Wong and his team first synthesized a basic version of brochosomes, aiming to understand their function. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synthetic-brochosomes-created-in-biomimicry-breakthrough">Synthetic brochosomes created in biomimicry breakthrough</h2>



<p>Fast forward to today, and the researchers have achieved a remarkable feat: creating synthetic brochosomes with precise geometry using advanced 3D printing technology. </p>



<p>This not only mimics the natural structure of brochosomes but also demonstrates their potential to significantly reduce light reflection.</p>



<p>“It has been unclear why the leafhoppers produce particles with such complex structures,” Wang said, “We managed to make these brochosomes using a high-tech 3D-printing method in the lab. We found that these lab-made particles can reduce light reflection by up to 94%. This is a big discovery because it's the first time we've seen nature do something like this, where it controls light in such a specific way using hollow particles.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-invisibility-cloaks-to-solar-harvesting">From invisibility cloaks to solar harvesting</h2>



<p>The implications of this research are vast. For instance, Lin Wang, a postdoctoral scholar in mechanical engineering and the study's lead author, envisions the development of a thermal invisibility cloak, drawing inspiration from the leafhopper's natural defenses. </p>



<p>This could revolutionize how we manage light reflection, potentially hiding the thermal signatures of humans or machines from detection.</p>



<p>“This discovery could be very useful for technological innovation. With a new strategy to regulate light reflection on a surface, we might be able to hide the thermal signatures of humans or machines," Wang explained. </p>



<p>"Perhaps someday people could develop a thermal invisibility cloak based on the tricks used by leafhoppers. Our work shows how understanding nature can help us develop modern technologies," he said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-of-leafhoppers-brochosomes">Evolutionary purpose of leafhoppers' brochosomes</h2>



<p>The intrigue surrounding brochosomes extends beyond their optical properties. The uniform size of these particles across different leafhopper species suggests a specific, evolutionary purpose, possibly linked to predator evasion. </p>



<p>By scattering visible light and absorbing ultraviolet light, brochosomes serve as an anti-reflective shield, offering the leafhoppers a form of natural invisibility against predators with UV vision, such as birds and reptiles.</p>



<p>Looking ahead, the team at Penn State plans to refine the fabrication process of synthetic brochosomes, bringing them closer to the size of their natural counterparts. This could enable a plethora of human applications. </p>



<p>Some ideas include more efficient solar panels, protective pharmaceutical coatings, advanced sunscreens, and even information encryption technologies that leverage brochosome-like structures to hide data visible only under specific light wavelengths.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biggest-innovations-from-the-smallest-creatures">Biggest innovations from the smallest creatures</h2>



<p>“Nature has been a good teacher for scientists to develop novel advanced materials,” Wang said. “In this study, we have just focused on one insect species, but there are many more amazing insects out there that are waiting for material scientists to study, and they may be able to help us solve various engineering problems. They are not just bugs; they are inspirations.”</p>



<p>In summary, the research into leafhoppers and their brochosomes by the Penn State team unveils the intricate secrets of nature and heralds a new era of technological innovation inspired by the minutiae of the natural world. </p>



<p>By replicating the complex geometry of brochosomes and revealing their potential to manipulate light in unprecedented ways, scientists have opened portals into a host of futuristic applications, from enhancing solar energy efficiency to developing cloaking devices. </p>



<p>This study exemplifies the power of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-sweaters-use-synthetic-fibers-mimicking-polar-bear-fur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biomimicry</a>, proving that even the smallest creatures can inspire solutions to some of the most challenging problems in engineering and technology, underscoring nature's role as an endless source of inspiration and innovation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-leafhoppers-and-brochosomes">More about leafhoppers and brochosomes</h2>



<p>As discussed above, leafhoppers, small yet ubiquitous backyard insects, carry a secret far more fascinating than one might expect. These insects, belonging to the family Cicadellidae, are the architects of an extraordinary microscopic structure known as brochosomes. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigmatic-world-of-leafhoppers">Enigmatic world of leafhoppers</h3>



<p>Leafhoppers are small, hopping insects found across the globe, known for their ability to leap great distances. They feed on plant sap using their piercing mouthparts, often becoming pests to agricultural crops. However, it's their unique defensive mechanism that has piqued the interest of scientists worldwide. </p>



<p>Leafhoppers produce and coat themselves with tiny, spherical particles named brochosomes. These particles are so small that they are invisible to the naked eye, yet they play a crucial role in the insect's survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brochosomes-nature-s-ingenious-armor">Brochosomes: Nature's ingenious armor</h3>



<p>Brochosomes are remarkable for their complex, soccer ball-like structure, featuring a series of cavities that have baffled scientists since their discovery in the 1950s. Produced in the leafhoppers' Malpighian tubules, a part of their excretory system, brochosomes serve several purposes. </p>



<p>They are believed to protect leafhoppers from predators and environmental hazards by making them less visible and less palatable. Furthermore, these nanostructures help leafhoppers to stay clean, as their superhydrophobic surface repels water and prevents the adhesion of dust and other particles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiring-future-technologies">Inspiring future technologies</h3>



<p>The study of brochosomes has opened new avenues in the field of biomimicry, where nature's designs inspire innovative solutions to human challenges. The unique optical properties of brochosomes, capable of manipulating light and ultraviolet rays, have researchers envisioning a future where synthetic brochosomes could be used in various applications. </p>



<p>From creating invisible cloaking devices that could hide objects or individuals from detection to developing new materials that efficiently harvest solar energy, the potential is vast. Moreover, these bioinspired structures could lead to advances in protective coatings for pharmaceuticals, enhanced sunscreens, and even new methods of information encryption.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leafhoppers-brochosomes-and-future-technology">Leafhoppers, brochosomes, and future technology</h3>



<p>In summary, leafhoppers and their brochosomes represent a vivid example of nature's complexity and its potential to inspire revolutionary technological advancements. By understanding and mimicking these natural structures, scientists unlock new possibilities for the future, demonstrating the profound impact that even the smallest organisms can have on our world. </p>



<p>As research continues, the secrets of leafhoppers and their brochosomes may soon lead to breakthroughs that were once the realm of science fiction, proving once again that nature is our most innovative engineer.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2312700121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Leafhoppers' secret armor has inspired new invisibility cloaking technology

In the realm of science, sometimes the smallest creatures can...

<p>In an unprecedented global study that mobilized over 220 researchers and utilized 5,000 camera traps, experts led by the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a> (UBC) have shed new light on wildlife <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-lockdowns-had-unexpected-impacts-on-wildlife-behavior/">behavior</a> in response to human activity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The collaborative effort, involving 163 mammal species, reveals that animals' reactions vary greatly based on their habitat and diet.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluctuations-in-human-activity">Fluctuations in human activity</h2>



<p>The findings indicate that larger herbivores increase their activity around humans, exploiting new food sources, whereas carnivores tend to reduce their presence to avoid potential dangers.</p>



<p>Urban wildlife such as deer and raccoons show a tendency to adapt to human activities, feeding on accessible resources during the quieter nighttime hours. Conversely, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-pass-on-gut-microbes-to-urban-wildlife/">animals</a> in less urbanized areas exhibit more caution towards human encounters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This comprehensive study, leveraging data from both before and during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/behavior-of-land-mammals-changed-dramatically-during-covid-19-lockdowns/">COVID-19 lockdowns</a>, sheds light on how wildlife adjusts to fluctuations in human activity levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-opportunity-provided-by-the-pandemic">Unique opportunity provided by the pandemic</h2>



<p>Lead author <a href="https://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=4339" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cole Burton</a>, an associate professor of forest resources management at UBC, and Canada Research Chair in Terrestrial Mammal Conservation, highlights the unique opportunity provided by the pandemic to study wildlife responses to a sudden decrease in human movement.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“COVID-19 mobility restrictions gave researchers a truly unique opportunity to study how animals responded when the number of people sharing their landscape changed drastically over a relatively short period,” said Burton.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-variations-in-activity">Great variations in activity</h2>



<p>“And contrary to the popular narratives that emerged around that time, we did not see an overall pattern of ‘wildlife running free’ while humans sheltered in place," said Burton. "Rather, we saw great variation in activity patterns of people and wildlife, with the most striking trends being that animal responses depended on landscape conditions and their position in the food chain."</p>



<p>In Canada, carnivores such as wolverines, wolves, and cougars were found to be less active with increased human presence, while large herbivores in certain parks and urban areas like Edmonton showed heightened activity, albeit with a shift towards nocturnality. Large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carnivores-healthy-ecosystem/">carnivores</a> were notably absent from heavily human-dominated landscapes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-effect-of-human-activity-in-remote-areas">Strong effect of human activity in remote areas</h2>



<p>“In remote areas with limited human infrastructure, the effects of our actual presence on wildlife may be particularly strong," said study co-author Kaitlyn Gaynor, a biologist at UBC.</p>



<p>To give wild animals the space they need, we may consider setting aside protected areas or movement corridors free of human activity, or consider seasonal restrictions, like temporary closures of campsites or hiking trails during migratory or breeding seasons." </p>



<p>Moreover, the study advocates for tailored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-conservation-must-become-more-dynamic/">conservation</a> strategies that take into account the specific needs of species and their environments. In urban areas, measures such as securing trash bins and implementing road safety measures can reduce human-wildlife conflicts and promote coexistence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-wildlife-responses-to-human-activity">Complexity of wildlife responses to human activity</h2>



<p>The research underscores the complexity of wildlife responses to human activity and highlights the need for informed conservation plans that balance human interests with wildlife preservation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Understanding how wildlife respond to human activity in various contexts helps us develop effective conservation plans that have local and global impact. For that reason, we are working to improve wildlife monitoring systems using tools like the camera traps that made it possible to observe animal behaviors during the pandemic,” concluded Burton.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02363-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Human activity has a strong effect on wildlife in remote areas

In an unprecedented global study that mobilized over 220 researchers...

<p>How do animals survive when the mercury drops far below what we can withstand? For some, the answer lies in an extraordinary feature – hollow hairs that provide remarkable insulation. These tiny structures, invisible to the naked eye, hold the key to endure the relentless onslaught of winter.</p>



<p>While most scientists understand the basics of hollow hairs, major research has centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-have-solved-the-mystery-of-fur-patterns-in-cats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domesticated</a> animals. The mysteries of hollow hair in wild animals, especially their seasonal transformations, remain an intriguing frontier. </p>



<p>A team at <a href="https://utahtech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utah Tech University</a> is changing that, and their research sheds new light on how wild animals survive the challenges of winter.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scanning-electron-microscope">Scanning electron microscope</h2>



<p>Led by Professor <a href="https://chemistry.utahtech.edu/wendy-schatzberg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wendy Schatzberg</a> and  Professor Samuel Tobler, the team used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to delve into the unseen world of animal hair. The project was led by undergraduate student Taylor Millett, driven by her love of the outdoors.</p>



<p>Millet meticulously examined hairs from three iconic big game animals: pronghorn antelope, mule deer, and Rocky Mountain elk. Under the SEM's intense gaze, she discovered an intricate system resembling a messy honeycomb – a network of tiny air pockets. </p>



<p>The most striking revelation was that the honeycomb structure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-have-a-biological-switch-that-prepares-them-for-seasonal-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changes</a> dramatically between summer and winter.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-transformations-of-animal-hair">Seasonal transformations of animal hair</h2>



<p>Summer hair exhibits a denser core with smaller air pockets. But when the chill descends, the structure transforms: all three species display winter hair with significantly larger air pockets. </p>



<p>To illustrate this, the average diameter of winter air pockets in mule deer measured 26 micrometers, which is double the size of their summer counterparts at 13 micrometers.</p>



<p>"This is very intriguing, because those pockets create an insulative barrier that keeps the animals warm in winter,” said Millett.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-insulation">The power of insulation</h2>



<p>“With some animals, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-unravel-the-secrets-of-polar-bear-fur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coat</a> looks different in summer and winter,” explained Millett. “But in the animals we’re studying, we’ve found that it's not just the outer coloring of the hair that's changing. The inner microscopic details are also changing to allow these animals to continue surviving in their environment.”</p>



<p>The animal kingdom adapts by modifying the very structure of their hair to harness the insulating power of air. Why air, you might wonder? </p>



<p>Air is a notoriously poor conductor of heat. This property makes it an excellent insulator, a fact well known to anyone who has donned a down jacket on a cold day. </p>



<p>The principle at work is simple: trap air, and you trap heat. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-aquatic-mammals-keep-their-fur-clean-underwater/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animals</a> with the ability to change their hair structure exploit this principle to its fullest, creating a natural, built-in barrier against the cold.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biomimicry-of-animal-hair-houses-and-camping">Biomimicry of animal hair: Houses and camping</h2>



<p>The discovery's impact stretches far beyond the realm of pure science. Engineers and designers can develop innovative synthetic materials inspired by these adaptations. "One potential application is synthetic insulation for houses and camping gear," said Millett. </p>



<p>Imagine home insulation that's both more effective and significantly lighter than current options. Instead of relying on bulky, environmentally-taxing materials, we could mimic the air-trapping structure of hollow hair to achieve superior insulation. </p>



<p>Furthermore, improved camping gear that offers excellent thermal protection would transform outdoor adventures. This biomimetic approach could make exploring nature more accessible and comfortable, even during colder seasons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>Fueled by their findings, the team aims to expand its research horizons. They plan to collaborate with zoos around the world to investigate whether their discovery extends to other animals and how factors like geographic location and climate affect hollow hair.</p>



<p>"Is it just our area that’s like this? And how much temperature difference between the seasons does it take?" said Schatzberg.</p>



<p>This research demonstrates that the natural world is a treasure trove of innovation, waiting to be discovered.</p>



<p>Visit the&nbsp;<a href="https://acs.digitellinc.com/live/31/page/1013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Spring 2024 program</a>&nbsp;to learn more about this presentation, “Hollow hair and how its structure helps big game animals thermoregulate."</p>



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Some animals transform their hair structure to battle winters

How do animals survive when the mercury drops far below...

Tiger,Shrimps,With,Lime,,Lemon,,Rosemary,And,Black,Pepper,Spices

<p>A new study has identified potent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inaoside-new-antioxidant-discovered-laetiporus-cremeiporus-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidative compounds</a> in Northern shrimp (<em>Pandalus borealis</em>), presenting a major advancement in our understanding of shrimp's nutritional value while revealing compounds with promising health benefits. </p>



<p>This discovery, made by scientists from <a href="https://www.mun.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memorial University</a> of Newfoundland, could significantly benefit the food and pharmaceutical industries. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-nutritional-value-of-shrimp">Surprising nutritional value of shrimp</h2>



<p>Shrimp are known for their rich nutritional profile, packed with proteins, amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. However, the shrimp industry faces an environmental challenge. Up to 50% of processed shrimp results in by-products like heads, shells, and tails.</p>



<p>These by-products, particularly shrimp shells, are not just waste but treasure troves of minerals, protein, and chitin. The study brings to light the effectiveness of ethanol as the optimal solvent for extracting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-dietary-supplement-proven-to-combat-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidant elements</a> from shrimp by-products. </p>



<p>This method revealed high levels of total phenolic content (TPC) and total carotenoid content (TCC) in the shells. It showcased the remarkable antioxidative properties of shrimp waste.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-compounds-for-healthier-futures">Novel compounds for healthier futures</h2>



<p>Through meticulous chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry, researchers have identified groundbreaking compounds such as 7-(3-butenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl) quinoline and its dihydroquinoline variant. </p>



<p>These compounds demonstrate complex antioxidative mechanisms that could pave the way for further scientific exploration and potential health applications. </p>



<p>This discovery emphasizes the inherent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-behind-a-smoothie-the-fruit-you-choose-makes-a-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidative qualities</a> in shrimp and shrimp waste while highlighting new opportunities for utilizing these by-products in a manner that aligns with sustainable practices within the seafood industry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phenolic-compounds-give-shrimp-their-nutritional-value">Phenolic compounds give shrimp their nutritional value</h2>



<p>Dr. Fereidoon Shahidi, a co-author of the study, stresses the significance of these findings. "The discovery of these unique heterocyclic phenolic compounds not only provides insights into the antioxidative properties of shrimp but also opens new avenues for the utilization of shrimp by-products, aligning with sustainable and waste-reducing practices in the seafood industry," Dr. Shahidi explained.</p>



<p>He further suggests that structural conformation could benefit from advanced techniques like 3D NMR, which are now more accessible than when the initial research was conducted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-northern-shrimp-in-health-and-sustainability">Future of Northern shrimp in health and sustainability</h2>



<p>In summary, identifying antioxidative compounds in Northern shrimp (<em>Pandalus borealis</em>) by-products represents a pivotal advancement for both the food and pharmaceutical industries. </p>



<p>This breakthrough from the team at Memorial University enhances our understanding of shrimp's nutritional benefits and paves the way for innovative, sustainable practices in utilizing seafood waste. </p>



<p>By harnessing the untapped potential of shrimp by-products, the study opens new doors for health research and environmental sustainability, offering promising prospects for future nutritional and pharmaceutical developments. </p>



<p>Through this significant scientific achievement, the potential for a more sustainable and health-conscious future becomes increasingly attainable, demonstrating the power of research in bridging the gap between environmental challenges and health opportunities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-northern-shrimp-pandalus-borealis">More about Northern shrimp (<em>Pandalus borealis</em>)</h2>



<p>As discussed above, the Northern shrimp, scientifically known as <em>Pandalus borealis</em>, is a small yet significant inhabitant of the cold waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. </p>



<p>Renowned for its sweet, delicate flavor and tender texture, this species plays a pivotal role in marine ecosystems and global seafood markets. Thriving in the depths of up to 1,300 meters, these shrimp favor the chilly, nutrient-rich environments that contribute to their unique nutritional profile.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h3>



<p>Northern shrimp are a keystone species in their maritime habitats, serving as a crucial link in the oceanic food chain. They are prey for a variety of marine creatures, including fish, seabirds, and whales. </p>



<p>Their feeding habits, primarily consisting of plankton and small organisms, play an essential role in the ecological balance by helping to control populations of their prey and contributing to the nutrient cycle in their marine environments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-value-of-northern-shrimp">Nutritional value of Northern shrimp</h3>



<p><em>Pandalus borealis</em> is not just a culinary delight but also a powerhouse of nutrition. As revealed in the Memorial University study above, Northern shrimp are an excellent source of high-quality protein, low in fat, and rich in essential omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. </p>



<p>These attributes make Northern shrimp a healthy choice for consumers looking to maintain a balanced diet. The presence of antioxidants and other beneficial compounds further underscores their value in promoting health and wellness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact-and-sustainability-challenges">Economic impact and sustainability challenges</h3>



<p>The fishing of Northern shrimp is an important economic activity in several regions, providing livelihoods for thousands of fishermen and contributing significantly to the seafood industry. However, the demand for this delectable crustacean comes with its set of challenges, particularly regarding sustainability. </p>



<p>Overfishing and changing ocean temperatures pose threats to shrimp populations, prompting the need for stringent management and conservation measures to ensure their survival and the health of the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-on-northern-shrimp-pandalus-borealis-conservation">Focus on Northern shrimp (<em>Pandalus borealis</em>) conservation</h3>



<p>As research continues to unveil the extensive benefits and challenges associated with Northern shrimp, the importance of sustainable practices becomes ever more clear. Efforts to understand and mitigate the impacts of human activity on their populations are vital. </p>



<p>By fostering a balanced approach to harvesting and consumption, we can ensure that <em>Pandalus borealis</em> continues to thrive in the oceans and on our plates, offering a testament to the beauty and bounty of the sea.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://fppn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s43014-023-00215-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Production Processing and Nutrition</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Shrimp proven to be a nutritional treasure packed with antioxidants

A new study has identified potent antioxidative compounds in Northern...

<p>In the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources, insects have emerged as a promising addition, with edible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/there-are-2-5-million-ants-for-each-human-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> spotlighting the culinary scene for their unique flavors and nutritional value. </p>



<p>While the thought of incorporating insects into the menu might evoke a sense of hesitation, researchers have discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-have-a-communications-system-that-closely-resembles-mental-telepathy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a>, a common sight at picnics, could actually enhance our dishes with their distinct taste profiles.</p>



<p>A recent study unveiled at the American Chemical Society (<a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS</a>) Spring 2024 meeting, held both virtually and in-person from March 17-21, introduces us to the diverse aroma profiles of four edible ant species. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-edible-ant-cuisine">The science of edible ant cuisine</h2>



<p>Changqi Liu, an associate professor of food science and a leading researcher in this study, shares his fascination with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kangaroo-island-ants-do-a-perfect-job-of-playing-dead-to-avoid-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> from his experiences in Oaxaca, Mexico, where edible insects are as commonplace as any other ingredient in the market.</p>



<p>The study's findings break new ground in our understanding of edible insects' flavors, a relatively unexplored area until now. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-odor-and-flavor-profiles">Unique odor and flavor profiles</h3>



<p>The research could significantly benefit the food industry by identifying desirable flavors for enhancement or undesirable ones to mask, thus paving the way for innovative product formulations.</p>



<p>Liu's team, based at <a href="https://www.sdsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">San Diego State University</a>, meticulously analyzed the odor profiles of the chicatana ant, common black ant, spiny ant, and weaver ant through advanced techniques. </p>



<p>They encountered an initial puzzle with certain volatiles that had no detectable odor, which they later identified as ant-specific pheromones. Beyond these, they pinpointed a variety of noticeable odors contributing to each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-build-higher-nests-when-there-are-no-visible-landmarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant species</a>' unique flavor.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-flavor-atlas">Expanding the flavor atlas</h3>



<p>The study revealed that common black <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matabele-ants-produce-antibiotics-to-treat-wounded-nestmates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> exude an acidic and vinegary aroma, attributed to their high formic acid content, while chicatana ants offer a nutty, woody scent without the presence of formic acid. </p>



<p>Weaver ants stand out with a nutty, sweet, and caramel-like aroma, though the researchers also noted some off-flavors. Interestingly, the team observed flavor variations between ants at different developmental stages, suggesting that age influences flavor.</p>



<p>Looking ahead, Liu's team is excited to expand their research to include more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-ants-make-a-huge-contribution-to-forest-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant species</a> and developmental stages, such as eggs, and to explore how different processing methods affect flavor. They also aim to conduct sensory evaluations with human panels to further refine their understanding of edible ants' culinary potential.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-good-for-your-health-and-good-for-the-earth">Good for your health and good for the Earth</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/edible-insects-could-benefit-individual-and-global-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Edible insects</a> hold promise as delicious alternatives to traditional animal proteins, offering a sustainable and nutritious option. However, individuals with food allergies, particularly to crustaceans and shellfish, should approach with caution due to the presence of common allergens like tropomyosin in many invertebrates.</p>



<p>Despite the challenges of high production costs and varying consumer acceptance levels across countries, the future of edible insects in the food industry looks bright. Liu's vision extends beyond the nutritional and environmental benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-think-insects-will-become-a-sustainable-food-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating insects</a>. </p>



<p>He aims to showcase their potential for delicious and diverse culinary creations, emphasizing that incorporating insects into our diets does not have to feel like a sacrifice but rather an exploration of new, sustainable, and flavorful dining experiences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-edible-ants-and-the-future-of-sustainable-food">Embracing edible ants and the future of sustainable food</h2>



<p>In summary, the exploration of edible ants opens a fascinating chapter in the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources. This intriguing new trend promises to enrich our culinary palette and contribute positively to environmental conservation. </p>



<p>Through meticulous research, scientists like Changqi Liu and his team shed light on the unique flavors these insects offer, paving the way for their integration into mainstream cuisine. </p>



<p>As we look towards a future where food sustainability becomes increasingly critical, edible ants stand out as a testament to the potential of exploring unconventional food sources. </p>



<p>Their diverse and interesting flavor profiles, coupled with their nutritional and environmental benefits, underscore the importance of reimagining our food systems and embracing the extraordinary possibilities that lie in the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-farming-could-have-huge-benefits-for-soil-fertility-and-crop-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">edible insects</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-edible-ants-and-insects">More about edible ants and insects</h2>



<p>In a world where sustainability and nutrition intersect, edible ants and insects emerge as innovative solutions to global food challenges. As discussed above, with their low environmental footprint and high nutritional value, these tiny creatures offer a glimpse into the future of food.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-powerhouses">Nutritional powerhouses</h3>



<p>Edible insects are not just about novelty; they're packed with proteins, vitamins, and minerals. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungus-farming-ants-work-hard-to-maintain-healthy-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ants</a>, for instance, contain high levels of protein, essential amino acids, and vitamins such as B12, often lacking in vegetarian diets. </p>



<p>They offer an excellent alternative to traditional meat sources, catering to the nutritional needs of a growing global population while reducing the strain on our planet's resources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flavorful-delicacies">Flavorful delicacies</h3>



<p>The taste of edible ants and insects might surprise the uninitiated. Far from being bland or unpleasant, many species boast unique flavors that can enhance a variety of dishes. </p>



<p>From the nutty and woody notes of chicatana ants to the acidic and vinegary taste of black <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/desert-ants-use-earths-magnetic-field-for-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a>, these insects add a new dimension to culinary practices around the world. Chefs and food enthusiasts are experimenting with these flavors, creating innovative dishes that challenge our preconceptions about what is edible.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-champions">Environmental champions</h3>



<p>The environmental benefits of farming insects for food are significant. Compared to traditional livestock, insects require less land, water, and feed, and they emit fewer greenhouse gases. This makes them an ideal choice for sustainable farming practices. </p>



<p>By integrating insects into our diets, we can help combat climate change and biodiversity loss, making our food systems more resilient.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-barriers-to-edible-ants">Overcoming barriers to edible ants</h3>



<p>Despite their benefits, edible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-thing-of-nightmares-parasite-turns-ants-into-zombies-at-dawn-and-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> and insects face hurdles in consumer acceptance, particularly in Western countries where eating insects is not a part of traditional culinary culture. However, education and exposure are key to changing perceptions. </p>



<p>Highlighting the delicious flavors, nutritional benefits, and environmental advantages of edible insects can encourage more people to consider them as a viable food source.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h3>



<p>As we move forward, the role of edible ants and insects in our diets is likely to grow. Research into their flavors, nutritional profiles, and environmental impact continues to expand, offering new insights into how we can incorporate them into our meals. </p>



<p>With ongoing efforts to increase consumer acceptance and develop sustainable farming practices, edible insects promise to play a significant part in the future of food.</p>



<p>In summary, edible ants and insects represent more than just an alternative food source; they are a step towards a more sustainable and nutritious diet. By embracing these unconventional ingredients, we open the door to a world of culinary innovation and environmental stewardship, setting the stage for a healthier planet and a more sustainable way of living.</p>



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First plants, now ants: The art, science, and sustainability of ant cuisine

In the quest for sustainable and innovative food sources, insects...

<p>As our planet warms, some creatures struggle, while others adapt in unexpected ways. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-change-their-colors-throughout-the-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dragonflies</a>, those dazzling fliers often associated with idyllic summer days, are surprisingly resilient thanks to their coating.</p>



<p>Biologists at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a> have discovered that some dragonflies are essentially slathering themselves with nature's sunscreen -- a waxy coating that keeps them cool and adaptable in a warming world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waxy-coating-of-dragonflies">Waxy coating of Dragonflies</h2>



<p>Some dragonfly species produce a waxy compound that they spread all over their bodies. This wax acts as a barrier, preventing moisture from escaping and protecting the dragonflies from overheating. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-dragonflies-right-themselves-in-mid-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dragonflies</a> are cold-blooded and cannot regulate their body temperature internally like humans. Instead, they rely on their environment for warmth or coolness. Finding the perfect balance of sun and shade, while attracting a mate, becomes a dangerous challenge.</p>



<p>Moreover, some dragonflies strategically position themselves in open areas to attract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-dragonflies-fake-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">females</a>. However, this means spending extended periods in the sun, which can dangerously increase their body temperature. </p>



<p>The waxy coating solves this problem. It acts like a shield, protecting them from losing moisture and overheating. This coating, called pruinescence, can sometimes make dragonflies appear frosty white.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dragonfly-compound-acts-as-a-type-of-armor">Dragonfly compound acts as a type of armor</h2>



<p>But is this waxy armor an advantage as the climate changes? To find out, the researchers delved into an enormous database of dragonfly sightings -- a staggering 387,000 records -- compiled over time. </p>



<p>They discovered a key pattern, stating that those dragonflies using pruinescence were the most common species in warm and dry areas. </p>



<p>Digging further, they compared records over time, revealing that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonfly-wings-inspire-antibacterial-medical-implants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dragonflies</a> with the waxy coating were thriving much better than species without it in changing weather conditions. This suggests they might be more likely to survive in a warming world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dragonflies-waxy-coating-and-evolution">Dragonflies' waxy coating and evolution</h2>



<p>Previously, scientists believed mating behaviors were unchanging, possibly making it harder for species to survive environmental changes. These complex behaviors exist mostly to attract mates and were not considered important for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-dragonfly-species-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">broader survival</a>.</p>



<p>However, the study shows that pruinescence helps some insects survive and thrive. It assists with mating rituals, but also aids survival in harsher climates. This shows that mating behaviors can also help a species survive long-term.</p>



<p>This study changes our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-size-shaped-by-predators-and-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>. The value of some traits might be much more complex than we thought. Instead of limiting a species, mating-related traits could provide the adaptability needed to survive in a changing world. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-wax-coats-and-warming-climates">Insects, wax coats, and warming climates</h2>



<p>The big question now: could other insects be using similar tricks? The researchers suggest that other insects might also have ways to adapt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dragonflies-are-thriving-in-a-warmer-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. Pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and other insects, play an essential role in helping many plants reproduce. </p>



<p>They also help many of the crops that humans rely on for food to reproduce. The possibility that these important insects might have built-in ways to adapt to climate change, ways that scientists haven't noticed before, offers hope.</p>



<p>Perhaps some creatures are the masters of survival, armed with an extraordinary adaptation to navigate a changing world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-dragonflies-and-their-coating">More about dragonflies and their coating</h2>



<p>As discussed above, dragonflies stand out as marvels of the insect world, known for their vibrant colors, large multifaceted eyes, and astonishing flying abilities. These insects, belonging to the order Odonata, encapsulate over 3,000 species spread across the globe. They play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance, serving as both predators and prey within their ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Anatomy and appearance</h3>



<p>Dragonflies possess a unique and fascinating anatomy. Their bodies are divided into three main parts: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head houses their large, compound eyes, which provide nearly 360-degree vision, allowing them to spot prey and predators from a distance. </p>



<p>Attached to the thorax are two pairs of strong, transparent wings and six legs. Unlike many insects, dragonflies can move each of their wings independently, contributing to their incredible flying skills. Their elongated abdomen comes in a variety of colors, often serving as a distinguishing feature among species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Life cycle and reproduction</h3>



<p>The life cycle of a dragonfly is a captivating process, involving a complete metamorphosis. It starts with eggs laid in or near water. Once hatched, the nymphs (or larvae) live in the water, where they undergo a series of molts, growing larger with each stage. This aquatic phase can last up to several years, depending on the species. </p>



<p>When ready, the nymph climbs out of the water onto a plant, where it emerges from its larval skin as an adult dragonfly. The adult stage, during which they take to the air, typically lasts only a few months, during which time they mate and lay eggs for the next generation.</p>



<p>Dragonflies are formidable hunters, both in their aquatic nymph stage and as airborne adults. Nymphs feed on a variety of aquatic organisms, including tadpoles and small fish. Adult dragonflies continue their predatory lifestyle, feeding on other insects such as mosquitoes, flies, and even smaller dragonflies. Their ability to hover, fly backward, and even upside down makes them adept at catching prey mid-air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological importance</h3>



<p>Beyond their beauty and awe-inspiring flight abilities, dragonflies play a significant role in their ecosystems. As predators, they help control populations of mosquitoes and other insect pests, contributing to human health and comfort. </p>



<p>Furthermore, both nymphs and adults serve as important food sources for a variety of animals, including birds, fish, and amphibians. The presence of dragonflies in an area often indicates a healthy, biodiverse ecosystem.</p>



<p>In summary, dragonflies are not only fascinating creatures due to their physical abilities and appearance but also because of their ecological significance. They are ancient insects, with fossil records dating back hundreds of millions of years, yet they continue to thrive in a wide range of environments today. </p>



<p>By understanding more about dragonflies, including how they use waxy coatings as a survival strategy, we can appreciate their role in nature and the importance of conserving their habitats for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313371121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. </p>



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Dragonflies develop a waxy coating to withstand warmer climates

As our planet warms, some creatures struggle, while others adapt...

<p>In a world where the richness of species diversity is steadily waning, largely due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-extinction-risk-is-heavily-influenced-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human activity and exploitation</a> of natural resources, the pressing need for effective species conservation strategies has never been more evident. </p>



<p>Traditionally, conservation efforts have zeroed in on species teetering on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sounding-the-alarm-half-of-earths-species-are-experiencing-rapid-population-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brink of extinction</a>. This approach, while necessary, often forces difficult decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources. </p>



<p>However, a shift in focus towards long-term preventative measures rather than short-term crisis intervention might offer a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-fifth-of-the-species-on-the-european-red-list-may-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable solution</a>, ensuring that species common today do not become the rarities of tomorrow.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plight-of-the-pronghorn-serves-as-a-wakeup-call">Plight of the pronghorn serves as a wakeup call</h2>



<p>A recent study presented in <em>Global Ecology and Conservation</em> emphasizes this argument through its examination of declining pronghorn productivity in Wyoming, illustrating the broader implications of immediate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-analysis-can-predict-which-animals-are-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation actions</a>. </p>



<p>The research, co-authored by Caleb Roberts, a research ecologist with the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> at the Arkansas Cooperative Fish &amp; Wildlife Research Unit, underscores the adverse effects of human-driven changes on pronghorn populations -- a species emblematic of North America's natural heritage.</p>



<p>Analyzing 40 years of data from 40 pronghorn herds in Wyoming's Basin Shrub Steppe, the study reveals a concerning trend: an overwhelming majority (80%) of these herds have experienced a decline in productivity, defined as the number of juveniles per 100 females, with nearly 43% facing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sixth-mass-extinction-is-currently-in-progress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant downturns</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-are-clearly-causing-rapid-pronghorn-decline">Humans are clearly causing rapid pronghorn decline</h2>



<p>Pronghorn, often mistakenly referred to as antelope, boast the title of North America's fastest land animals. Their significance extends beyond their speed, representing an iconic figure in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-future-of-the-endangered-species-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continent's fauna</a>.</p>



<p>The investigation into the factors behind this decline pinpointed two primary culprits: the surge in oil and gas development and the phenomenon known as woody encroachment. </p>



<p>Wyoming has witnessed an explosion in oil and gas extraction activities over recent decades, leading to a proliferation of well pads and an associated increase in road construction. These developments create physical barriers that fragment the pronghorn's habitat, severely impacting their migration patterns and, by extension, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">their survival</a>.</p>



<p>Woody encroachment, the gradual takeover of rangelands by trees and shrubs, further exacerbates the situation by diminishing the availability of suitable forage. Pronghorns thrive in environments rich in shrubs and non-woody biomass; the encroachment of trees into these habitats directly threatens their food sources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-case-for-proactive-species-conservation-efforts">Crucial case for proactive species conservation efforts</h2>



<p>The research advocates for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-species-day-millions-of-species-share-the-earth-with-humans-and-they-need-our-help/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proactive stance</a> on conservation, particularly the management of woody vegetation, to preserve adequate foraging grounds for pronghorn and maintain their population productivity. </p>



<p>Roberts emphasizes the broader applicability of their findings and approach. “Although our paper centers on Wyoming, our results and approach are applicable everywhere — including Arkansas,” he explains. </p>



<p>“If we want to keep common species common, like pronghorn in Wyoming or turkey in Arkansas, we need to constantly look for early signals of declines and link those signals to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-fish-and-wildlife-service-declares-21-species-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">causes of declines</a>. That way, we can act before the problem becomes insurmountable and we lose critical natural resources and species," Roberts concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-blueprint-for-preventive-species-conservation">Universal blueprint for preventive species conservation</h2>



<p>In summary, the declining productivity of pronghorn populations in Wyoming serves as a critical indicator of the broader environmental challenges facing our planet, underscoring the urgent need for a shift towards preventative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-population-north-america-dramatic-decline-lost-3-billion-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation strategies</a>. </p>



<p>By proactively managing threats such as habitat fragmentation and woody encroachment, we can safeguard the future of iconic species like the pronghorn, ensuring that they continue to thrive in their natural habitats. </p>



<p>This approach preserves the intricate balance of ecosystems and represents a more sustainable and effective way to maintain biodiversity. Ultimately, the lessons learned from the pronghorn's plight highlight the importance of early intervention and adaptive management in the ongoing battle to protect our world's natural heritage for generations to come.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424000520?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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Pronghorn lessons: Conservation is crucial for preventing species extinctions

In a world where the richness of species diversity is...

Sea,Squirt

<p>Sea squirts, unassuming marine organisms, are at the forefront of a revolutionary cancer treatment strategy. Scientists are testing a promising drug called trabectedin, which is derived from the the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/friction-is-the-force-that-initiates-life-in-sea-squirts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea squirt</a> species <em>Ecteinascidia turbinata</em>.</p>



<p>In the relentless battle against cancer, the quest for drugs capable of halting cancer cells by targeting their DNA is paramount. Yet, these cells often devise strategies to repair the damage caused by such drugs, diminishing their effectiveness. </p>



<p>As a result, the medical community is increasingly turning to precision medicine. This innovative approach tailors treatments to the unique genetic makeup of an individual's cancer. It shows significant promise against forms resistant to traditional therapies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Trabectedin, sea squirts, and cancer</h2>



<p>At the heart of this important research is trabectedin, a promising drug derived from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-sea-squirts-may-reverse-aging-processes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea squirt</a> <em>Ecteinascidia turbinata</em>. Trabectedin stands out as a beacon of hope for cancers that have become resistant to conventional treatments. </p>



<p>The enigma of trabectedin’s mechanism of action was deciphered through the collaborative efforts of Dr. Son Kook and Professor Orlando D. Schärer from the Center for Genomic Integrity at the Institute for Basic Science in South Korea, alongside Dr. Vakil Takhaveev and Professor Shana Sturla from ETH Zurich, Switzerland.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-dna-in-cancer-cells">Targeting DNA in cancer cells</h2>



<p>Their pioneering research revealed that trabectedin induces persistent DNA breaks in cancer cells. This phenomenon notably occurs in cells with robust DNA repair mechanisms, especially those using the transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) pathway. </p>



<p>TC-NER is crucial for detecting DNA damage during transcription and initiating the repair process. Trabectedin disrupts this repair process by targeting two key enzymes, ERCC1-XPF and XPG, preventing the completion of the repair mechanism. This disruption leads to enduring DNA breaks, culminating in the death of the cancer cells.</p>



<p>Through these insightful discoveries, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/promising-anti-cancer-treatment-discovered-in-sea-squirts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea squirts</a> have become an unlikely ally in the ongoing war against cancer. These findings demonstrate the vast potential of the natural world in developing life-saving treatments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-method-of-trabi-seq">Innovative method of TRABI-Seq</h2>



<p>The team's research delved further into the distribution of these DNA breaks. They found that the breaks occur throughout the genome but are concentrated at sites of active transcription where TC-NER is most prevalent. </p>



<p>This insight was pivotal in developing a novel method known as TRABI-Seq (TRABectedin-Induced break sequencing). TRABI-Seq pinpoints the specific locations within the DNA where trabectedin exerts its effects.</p>



<p>Dr. Son Kook elaborates, “This incision by ERCC1-XPF creates a notable free hydroxyl group in the DNA, allowing us to sequence the DNA and precisely locate these breaks.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-squirts-and-the-therapeutic-promise-of-trabectedin">Sea squirts and the therapeutic promise of trabectedin</h2>



<p>The application of TRABI-Seq across various cancer cells is paving the way to understand trabectedin's effectiveness in targeting tumors with advanced DNA repair mechanisms. </p>



<p>These tumors often have high transcription levels due to the activation of oncogenes. The insights from this research position trabectedin as a valuable predictive marker for identifying susceptible cancers. </p>



<p>They also establish it as a viable therapeutic option for precision medicine. Trabectedin offers new hope by targeting tumors resistant to traditional treatments, especially those with active DNA repair mechanisms.</p>



<p>Through meticulous research and collaborative effort, the scientific community continues to unlock the secrets of cancer treatment. The journey of trabectedin, from a compound found in sea squirts to a potential lifesaver, exemplifies the innovative pathways being explored to conquer cancer.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45664-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Sea squirts and the future of cancer treatment drug trabectedin

Sea squirts, unassuming marine organisms, are at the forefront of...

<p>National Panda Day, celebrated annually on March 16, marks an important occasion to honor and raise awareness about one of the most beloved and iconic species on the planet. Originating from China, pandas are not just a source of national pride but also play a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>There are two subspecies of panda - the Giant, black and white panda, and the much rarer, Qinling panda, a brown subspecies discovered in 1985 in the mountain ranges of southern Shaanxi Province, China.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-of-pandas">Conservation status of pandas</h2>



<p>In the wild, giant pandas are found exclusively in remote mountainous regions of China. Despite the challenges they face, including habitat loss, farming, fur hunting, and a naturally low birth rate, conservation efforts over the years have led to a positive outcome. By 2019, the status of pandas was upgraded from "endangered" to "vulnerable."&nbsp;</p>



<p>The significant improvement in the panda's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-removed-from-chinas-endangered-species-list/">conservation status</a> by 2020 can be attributed to various efforts, including reproduction programs in zoos, reforestation, and conservation campaigns. However, with less than 2,000 pandas left in the wild, the fight to protect these creatures and their habitat is far from over.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-pandas">Ecological role of pandas</h2>



<p>Pandas are more than just charismatic animals; they are a keystone in the conservation efforts for biodiversity, making their protection vital for ecological health and sustainability. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-health">Ecosystem health</h3>



<p>Pandas play a crucial role in the biodiversity of the forests they inhabit. As bamboo specialists, they help maintain the health and growth of bamboo forests by spreading seeds and facilitating growth. Their activities support a variety of other organisms in these ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-umbrella-species">Umbrella species</h3>



<p>Pandas are considered an umbrella species. Protecting pandas and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-have-the-perfect-camouflage-for-their-natural-habitat/">habitat</a> benefits a multitude of other species. Conservation efforts aimed at pandas indirectly protect the broader ecological community and other endangered species sharing their habitat.</p>



<p>A scientific paper published in 2015 by The Society for Conservation Biology revealed that preserving the panda's natural habitat aids 70% of the country’s forest birds, 70% of mammals, and 31% of amphibians.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-benefit-of-pandas">Economic benefit of pandas</h3>



<p>Pandas have significant economic benefits through ecotourism. Many people travel to reserves and zoos to see these unique animals, bringing income to local communities and funding for conservation projects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-symbol">Cultural symbol</h3>



<p>The giant panda is a symbol of peace and friendship in China, representing conservation efforts worldwide. Its image is globally recognized and used in wildlife conservation campaigns, highlighting the importance of environmental protection.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-research">Scientific research</h3>



<p>Studying pandas helps scientists understand the requirements for species conservation, including habitat preservation, the impact of human activity on wildlife, and the complex interactions within ecosystems. Research on pandas can offer insights applicable to the conservation of other species as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-pandas">Fascinating facts about pandas</h2>



<p>Giant pandas are incredibly fascinating creatures with a number of distinctive traits and behaviors. These unique adaptations underscore the global effort required to preserve such an iconic species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specialized-diet">Specialized diet</h3>



<p>Despite belonging to the carnivorous bear family, pandas have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-gut-bacteria-turn-nutrient-poor-food-into-fat/">diet</a> that is almost entirely bamboo. They eat 26 to 84 pounds of bamboo a day, depending on what part of the bamboo they are eating. This diet requires them to eat for up to 12 hours a day.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bamboo-digestion">Bamboo digestion</h3>



<p>Pandas have a carnivore's digestive system but have adapted to their bamboo diet by developing a strong, muscular esophagus and stomach to digest the tough bamboo. They can only digest about 17% of the bamboo they eat, so they have to eat a lot to get enough nutrients.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thumb-like-appendage">Thumb-like appendage</h3>



<p>Pandas have an enlarged wrist bone that acts like a thumb, which helps them to hold bamboo while eating. This adaptation is crucial for their bamboo-centric diet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-vision-in-pandas">Color vision in pandas</h3>



<p>Unlike many mammals, pandas can see in color. This ability may help them differentiate between the nutritious and fresh green bamboo and the less nutritious yellow bamboo.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-births">Unique births</h3>



<p>Panda mothers are known to give birth to one of the smallest mammal newborns relative to the mother's size. A newborn panda is about 1/900th the size of its mother, blind, and helpless.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solitary-creatures">Solitary creatures</h3>



<p>Pandas are solitary animals, with adults only coming together to mate. They communicate through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-social-lives-pandas-have-their-own-version-of-facebook/">scent marks</a>, calls, and occasional meetings.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-conservation">Energy conservation</h3>



<p>Due to their low-nutrition diet, pandas have a low metabolism and prefer to conserve energy. They often appear to be resting or moving slowly when not eating.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity">Longevity</h3>



<p>In the wild, pandas can live up to 20 years, but in captivity, they have lived to be as old as 38 years, thanks to advancements in veterinary care and improved living conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-coloring-nbsp-of-pandas">Distinctive coloring&nbsp;of pandas</h2>



<p>The giant panda's distinctive black-and-white coloring is one of its most famous features, and it serves as more than just an adorable aspect of their appearance. This unique coloration provides effective camouflage in their natural habitat, aiding their survival in several ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blending-with-snow-and-shadows">Blending with snow and shadows</h3>



<p>The white parts of the panda's fur help it blend in with the snowy backdrop of its mountainous habitat in China, while the black parts provide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panda-bears-fur-communication-camouflage/">camouflage</a> in the shadows of the dense bamboo forests where it lives and feeds. This contrast is thought to help them remain inconspicuous to predators and prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-nbsp">Communication&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The stark contrast in their fur might also play a role in communication. The distinctive markings on their face help pandas recognize each other and may also convey expressions or emotional states, which is crucial for a mostly solitary animal.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermal-regulation">Thermal regulation</h3>



<p>Some researchers suggest that the black and white fur may also have a role in thermal regulation, with the black parts absorbing heat from the sun and the white parts reflecting it, although this theory is more speculative.</p>



<p>Despite their size and distinct coloring, pandas can blend remarkably well into their surroundings, a testament to the evolutionary adaptations that have allowed them to survive in their specific ecological niche.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-national-panda-day-nbsp">Significance of National Panda Day&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The creation of National Panda Day, while its origins remain unclear, was likely intended to draw attention to the plight of the pandas and motivate efforts to prevent their extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since its formation in 1961, the <a href="http://www.worldwildlife.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Wildlife Fund</a> (WWF) has adopted the panda in its logo. This emblem has become a global call to action to preserve endangered species and their natural habitats.</p>



<p>National Panda Day serves as a reminder of the beauty and fragility of wildlife, encouraging ongoing efforts in conservation. Today, we must reaffirm our commitment to protecting these gentle giants and the biodiversity they represent.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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National Panda Day 2024: Recognizing the beauty and fragility of the giant panda 

National Panda Day, celebrated annually on March 16, marks an...

A,3d,Render,Of,What,Hell,Creek,May,Have,Looked

<p>In the remote expanse of northwestern Alaska, the discovery of ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-track-site-in-alaska-reveals-remarkable-details-of-the-past/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur tracks</a>, alongside fossilized plants and tree stumps, has offered unprecedented insights into the lush and wet environments of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-dinosaur-fossils-discovered-from-the-end-of-cretaceous-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric era</a> when dinosaurs freely roamed between Asia and North America.</p>



<p>This significant find dates back approximately 100 million years ago. It illuminates new aspects of the climate and animal migration patterns of that era. This discovery provides a clearer picture of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-alaska-dinosaurs-lived-where-rainfall-was-optimal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient world</a> that once existed in this region. </p>



<p>The study was led by Anthony Fiorillo from <a href="https://www.smu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMU</a> and Paul McCarthy of University of Alaska Fairbanks (<a href="https://www.uaf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF</a>), and UAF graduate student Eric Orphys, was published in the journal <em>Geosciences</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-alaska-s-ancient-climate-secrets">Unraveling Alaska's ancient climate secrets</h2>



<p>For over two decades, Fiorillo and McCarthy have explored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tooth-alaskas-first-inhabitants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska's prehistoric landscapes</a>. They have been striving to integrate geological and paleontological data to reconstruct ancient climates. </p>



<p>“We've had projects for the last 20 years in Alaska trying to integrate sedimentology, dinosaur paleontology and the paleoclimate indicators,” McCarthy said. “We’ve done work in three other formations -- in Denali, on the North Slope and in Southwest Alaska -- and they're about 70 million years old.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bering-land-bridge-and-the-nanushuk-formation">Bering Land Bridge and the Nanushuk Formation</h2>



<p>Their recent focus on the Nanushuk Formation has unveiled fascinating details about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-new-dinosaur-was-hidden-in-spains-early-cretaceous-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous</a> period. This includes insights into the Bering Land Bridge, which served as a vital connection between the continents. </p>



<p>Fiorillo, who now works at <a href="https://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science</a>, highlighted the significance of this era in ancient Alaska.</p>



<p>"What interested us about looking at rocks of this age is this is roughly the time that people think of as the beginning of the Bering Land Bridge -- the connection between Asia and North America,” he said. “We want to know who was using it, how they were using it and what the conditions were like."</p>



<p>Their research provides insights into contemporary climate change. According to the team, studying ancient climates helps us comprehend the challenges of our warming planet. </p>



<p>“The mid-Cretaceous was the hottest point in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-coexisted-with-dinosaurs-yes-according-to-shocking-new-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous</a>,” McCarthy noted. “The Nanushuk Formation gives us a snapshot of what a high-latitude ecosystem looks like on a warmer Earth.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treasure-trove-of-prehistoric-life">Treasure trove of prehistoric life</h2>



<p>The Nanushuk Formation spans the central and western North Slope and is a rich source of evidence. It dates back to the mid-Cretaceous, around the time when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-arrived-in-the-americas-10000-years-earlier-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bering Land Bridge</a> first emerged. </p>



<p>Fieldwork conducted between 2015 and 2017 in the Coke Basin area revealed about 75 fossil tracks. These findings and other remnants indicate a vibrant, riverine ecosystem in ancient Alaska.</p>



<p>Their findings included diverse dinosaur tracks and numerous fossilized tree stumps, some measuring up to 2 feet in diameter. This painted a vivid picture of a lush, prehistoric environment. The researchers' analysis of these tracks revealed a predominance of bipedal plant-eating dinosaurs. These constituted 59% of the total tracks found.</p>



<p>Moreover, the abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-tracks-discovered-that-predate-the-oldest-birds-by-60-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird tracks</a> unearthed suggests the warm paleoclimate of the area may have attracted avian species during the Cretaceous. This role mirrors how it attracts North America’s shorebirds today.</p>



<p>“We were at a spot where we eventually realized that for at least 400 yards we were walking on an ancient landscape,” Fiorillo said. “On that landscape we found large upright trees with little trees in between and leaves on the ground. We had tracks on the ground and fossilized feces.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-alaska-was-wet-warm-and-lush">Ancient Alaska was wet, warm and lush</h2>



<p>Through carbon isotope analysis of wood samples, the team determined that the region received approximately 70 inches of annual precipitation. This supports the theory of a significantly warmer and wetter climate during the mid-Cretaceous compared to present-day conditions. </p>



<p>Fiorillo likened the ancient climate to modern-day Miami, highlighting the significant differences in temperature and rainfall.</p>



<p>“The temperature was much warmer than it is today, and what’s possibly more interesting is that it rained a lot,” Fiorillo said. “The samples we analyzed indicate it was roughly equivalent to modern-day Miami. That’s pretty substantial.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-implications-and-future-study">Environmental implications and future study</h2>



<p>McCarthy's expertise in fossil soils allowed the team to reconstruct the ancient landscape of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-alaskan-hunters-advanced/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska</a>. They identified river channels, flood deposits, and other environmental features. These features provided a habitat for diverse dinosaur species.</p>



<p>“We can say here's a river channel, here's a flood deposit, here's a levee, here's the floodplain, here's a swamp,” McCarthy said. “And so if we're able to find tracks in that section, then you can sometimes say that a group of dinosaurs seems to have really liked being here as opposed to there.”</p>



<p>Fiorillo insists that there’s much more work to be done. “This puts a new dot on the map and tells us there's a lot here, and it fits into the bigger picture,” he concluded. “The big picture is we're trying to get better resolution on what life was like in the high latitudes back at the time the dinosaurs were roaming around.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-lessons-learned-from-ancient-alaska">Modern climate lessons learned from ancient Alaska</h2>



<p>This important work by Fiorillo, McCarthy and their team in northwestern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-unleashing-ancient-zombie-viruses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alaska</a> unveils a captivating glimpse into the prehistoric world, bridging the gap between past and present climates. </p>



<p>By uncovering a trove of dinosaur tracks, fossilized plants, and evidence of a rich ecosystem dating back 100 million years, the study enriches our understanding of the Earth's geological history and offers valuable insights into the effects of climate change. </p>



<p>The findings from the Nanushuk Formation highlight the dynamic interplay between flora, fauna, and climate during the mid-Cretaceous period, underscoring the importance of continued exploration and study to fully grasp the complexities of our planet's past and its implications for our future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/2/36" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geosciences</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Dinosaur discovery reveals ancient Alaska's warm, lush landscape

In the remote expanse of northwestern Alaska, the discovery of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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